Assignment 1

Unit 1
1. What is mobile Computing?
• Mobile Computing is defined as a computing environment which is mobile and
moves along with the user.
• It’s a Technology that allows transmission of data, voice, video via a computer or any
wireless device.
The Devices Which are used for mobile computing are:

1. Laptops
2. Palmtops
3. Cell phones
4. Pagers
5. Sensors

2. Explain the Characteristics of Mobile Computing.

The mobile computing consists of these characteristics:
▪ User Mobility
▪ Network Mobility
▪ Device Mobility
▪ Service Mobility
▪ Bearer Mobility
▪ Session Mobility
▪ Host Mobility

❖ User Mobility
User mobility refers to as users who have access to a similar telecommunication services at
different places that is the user can be mobile and can use the similar services offered by
the telecommunication network.
Example - User can login from anywhere into his account using any desktop or mobile for
emails and other stuff.

❖ Network Mobility
Network mobility is the mobility of an entire network that changes its point of attachment
to the Internet as a single unit.

❖ Device Mobility
Device mobility refers to the movement of the communication device from one location to
another with or without a user. For device mobility to take place, the communication type
must be wireless.
Example - When a mobile connection is weak, the device performs handover to its nearest
transmitter for better connection.

❖ Service Mobility
 Services at the same time - offers new possibilities for distributed applications. In addition to
information anywhere - anytime, the knowledge about the current location of a user or a
service can be used to provide new functionality.

❖ Bearer Mobility
The mobile channel that communicates instructions between a customer’s handset and a
mobile money platform. Mobile network operators provide the ‘bearer channel’ in any
deployment, sometimes for a fee to compensate them for the cost of data traffic.

❖ Session Mobility
User should be able to move from one user environment to another.
Ex: CDMA continues if it gets disconnected due to some reason and again gets restarted.

❖ Host Mobility
The user device can be either a client or a sever when it is a server or host, some of the
complexities change. In case of host mobility, the mobile IP need to be taken care of.

3. List out Application of Mobile Computing.

▪ For state Agents
▪ In Courts
▪ In companies
▪ Stock Information Collection & Control
▪ Credit Card verification
▪ Taxi/Truck Dispatch
▪ Electronic Mailing / Paging

4. Discuss Mobile Communication Generations.

❖ 1G
The original analog cellular systems are
considered the first generation of mobile
telephony (1G).
In the early 1980s, 1G systems were deployed.
AMPS

❖ 2G
After 1G, second generation of mobile telephony (2G)
came into being.
▪ The difference between 1G and 2G is in the
signaling techniques used:
▪ 1G used analog signaling,
▪ 2G used digital signaling.
▪ 2G-based mobile telephony were intended primarily for voice transmission and Data (low
rate)
▪ 3G for high speed data rate

❖ 2.5G
▪ 2.5G used some of the advanced technique like packet-switching
 ▪ This can use some of the existing 2G infrastructure in GSM and CDMA networks.
▪ GPRS is a 2.5G technology used by GSM operators.
▪ Some protocols, such as EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) for GSM and
CDMA2000 1x-RTT for CDMA have data rate of above 144 kbps are considered close to
3G.

❖ 3G
▪ 3G revolutionized mobile connectivity and the capabilities of cell-phones.
▪ In comparison to 2G, 3G was much faster and could transmit greater amounts of data.
This means that users could video call, share files, surf the internet, watch TV online and
play online games on their mobiles for the first time. Under 3G, cell-phones where no
longer just about calling and texting, they were the hub of social connectivity.
❖ 4G
▪ It’s five times faster than the 3G network – and can in theory provide speeds of up to
100Mbps.
▪ All mobile models released from 2013 onwards should support this network, which can
offer connectivity for tablets and laptops as well as smartphones.
▪ In 4G, users can experience better latency (less buffering), higher voice quality, easy
access to instant messaging services and social media, quality streaming and make faster
downloads.
❖ 5G
▪ The 5G network is yet to be released but is widely anticipated by the mobile industry.
▪ Many experts claim that the network will change not just how we use our mobiles, but
how we connect our devices to the internet.
▪ The improved speed and capacity of the network will signal new IoT trends, such as
connected cars, smart cities and IoT in the home and office.

5. Discuss N-tier architecture and its components with the diagram.

N-tier architecture is also called multi-tier architecture. Its also called as 3-tier architecture.

1St Layer: User Interface or presentation tier (Deals with user facing device handling & rendering)
2nd Layer: Process management or application tier (For application program or process
management where business logic and rules are executed. It’s also capable of accommodating
hundreds of users.)
3rd Layer: Database management or data tier (For database access management)

The 3-tier architecture provides increased performance, flexibility, maintainability, reusability and
scalability while hiding the complexity of distributed processing from the user.

Diagram – N-Tier for mobile computing:

Chrome Data Slice

Database Management
Process management

Proxies adaption
Business Task
(Middleware)

WAP Browser
Middleware

Voice
 Tire 1 Access Network Middle tier (Tire 2) Data Tier (Tier 3)

6. Discuss C/S Architectures and their components with diagram.

In the client-server architecture, when the client computer sends a request for data to the
server through the internet, the server accepts the requested process and deliver the data
packets requested back to the client. Clients do not share any of their resources.

Examples of Client-Server Model are Email, World Wide Web, etc.

• Client: In the digital world a Client is a computer (Host) i.e. capable of receiving
information or using a particular service from the service providers (Servers).
• Servers: In this digital world a Server is a remote computer which provides information
(data) or access to particular services.

Request

Phone

Server PC

Laptop

Response
7. Discuss Peer-to-Peer Architectures and their components with the diagram.
▪ In the common client-server architecture, multiple clients will communicate with a central
server.
▪ A peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture consists of a decentralized network of peers - nodes that
are both clients and servers.
▪ P2P networks distribute the workload between peers, and all peers contribute and consume
resources within the network without the need for a centralized server.

▪ There are three models of unstructured P2P computer network architecture:

a) Pure P2P
b) Hybrid P2P
c) Centralization P2P

8. State the difference between Mobile Agent Architecture and N-tier Architecture and
WWW.
Mobile Agent Architecture N-Tier Architecture WWW
▪ An agent server ▪ It means Multi-Tier ▪ It means World Wide
process runs on each Architecture/ 3 Tier Web.
participation host. Architecture.
▪ Participation host are ▪ Host network are linked ▪ All the devices are
network through links through servers so the connected to each
that can be low- bandwidth will be high other using the www
bandwidth and & reliable. so its reliable & high
unreliable. bandwidth.
▪ Mobile agent ▪ In N-Tier architecture ▪ WWW consists of
architecture works There are three layers models for
with some layers to for performing task performing the tasks.
get the required using Presentation layer, It consists of
output. Such as Agent Application layer & Data Client/Server Model,
manager, Security layer. The N-Tier Model &
manager & Language Services Oriented
manager. Architecture.
 9. Comparison of Analog Signal and Digital Signal

Analog Signal vs Digital Signal

An analog signal is a continuous signal that A digital signal is a discrete signal that
changes over a time period. carries information in binary form.
Analyzing
Difficult to analyze Easier to analyze
Representation
Represented by a sine wave A square wave represents this signal
Range
Contains a huge number of values that can Stays in a finite range. It can have either 0
be either positive or negative or 1
Distortion
It has more tendency to get distorted It has a less tendency to get distorted
Storage
Stores data in a form of wave signal. So, it Stores data in a form of binaries.
requires an infinite memory.
Examples
Human speech, instantaneous voltage, and Examples of digital signals are signals in
current are few examples of analog signals. Computers, optical drivers, and digital
phones.

Diagram:
10. Write the Full forms/Abbreviations of following terms: EHF, SHF, UHF, VHF, HF,
MF, LF, VLF, ULF, SLF, ELF, AM, FM, PM, SDM, FDM, TDM, CDM, DSS, FHSS

❖ EHF: Extremely high frequency

❖ SHF: Super high frequency
❖ HF: High frequency
❖ MF: Medium frequency
❖ LF: Low frequency
❖ VLF: Very low frequency
❖ ULF: Ultra low frequency
❖ SLF: Super low frequency
❖ ELF: Extremely low frequency
❖ AM: Amplitude modulation
❖ FM: frequency modulation
❖ PM: Phase Modulation
❖ SDM: Subscriber data management
❖ FDM: Frequency division multiplexing
❖ TDM: Time division multiplexing
❖ CDM: Code division multiplexing
❖ DSS: Decision support system
❖ FHSS: Frequency hopping spread spectrum

11. Define the following terms:

❖ Signal: A signal is an electrical or electromagnetic current that is used for carrying data from
one device or network to another.

It is the key component behind virtually all:

• Communication
• Computing
• Networking
• Electronic devices
Signal Can be either Analog or Digital.
❖ Frequency: Frequency is the rate at which current changes direction per second. It is measured
in hertz (Hz), an international unit of measure where 1 hertz is equal to 1 cycle per second.
❖ Bandwidth: Bandwidth is a broad term defined as the bit-rate measure of the transmission
capacity over a network communication system. Bandwidth is also described as the carrying
capacity of a channel or the data transfer speed of that channel. However, broadly defined,
bandwidth is the capacity of a network. Bandwidth exists in physical or wireless communication
networks.
❖ Antennas: An antenna is a transducer that converts radio frequency (RF) fields into alternating
current or vice versa. There are both receiving and transmission antennas for sending or
receiving radio transmissions. Antennas play an important role in the operation of all radio
equipment. They are used in wireless local area networks, mobile telephony and satellite
communication.
❖ Multiplexing: Multiplexing is a popular networking technique that integrates multiple analog
and digital signals into a signal transmitted over a shared medium. Multiplexers and de-
multiplexers are used to convert multiple signals into one signal. Its also called as Muxing.
❖ Modulation: Modulation is a process through which audio, video, image or text information is
added to an electrical or optical carrier signal to be transmitted over a telecommunication or
electronic medium. Modulation enables the transfer of information on an electrical signal to a
receiving device that demodulates the signal to extract the blended information.
❖ Spread Spectrum: Spread spectrum is a technique used for transmitting radio or
telecommunications signals. The term refers to the practice of spreading the transmitted signal
to occupy the frequency spectrum available for transmission. The advantages of spectrum
spreading include noise reduction, security and resistance to jamming and interception.

❖ Cellular System: Cellular refers to a network technology that facilitates mobile device
communication over areas comprised of cells and transceivers, which are also known as base
stations or cell sites. In a cellular network, the most widely used mobile transceivers are mobile
phones, or cell phones. Cellular technology allows mobile device users to perform a variety of
tasks, including:

• Placing calls
• Message transmission via short message service (SMS) and multimedia message service
(MMS)
• Web browsing
• Facebook updates

❖ Signal Propagation: The phase at which signals representing stimuli to a neural network are
processed by each neuron in the neural network and propagated through to each neuron's
output. All the neurons in the network are eventually processed to produce an output response
for the network. In networks with feedback, the output response to a single given
environmental stimuli pattern may change over successive iterations.