Scribd
Upload
35 views

Week 2

The document discusses IP addresses, subnetting, and the Domain Name System (DNS). It explains that IP addresses are written in dotted decimal notation representing the binary address. Subnetting divides a large network into smaller networks by using a subnet mask to partition the host field. DNS resolves domain names to IP addresses in a four step process involving recursors, root nameservers, top-level domain servers, and authoritative nameservers.

Uploaded by

shiraz ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
35 views

Week 2

The document discusses IP addresses, subnetting, and the Domain Name System (DNS). It explains that IP addresses are written in dotted decimal notation representing the binary address. Subnetting divides a large network into smaller networks by using a subnet mask to partition the host field. DNS resolves domain names to IP addresses in a four step process involving recursors, root nameservers, top-level domain servers, and authoritative nameservers.

Uploaded by

shiraz ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

Week 2

IP Address
Department of CS & IT
University of Mianwali
IP Address Binary Representation
 IP addresses are usually written in dotted decimal
notation, with a decimal number representing each of the
octets of the 32-bit address. For example, the IP address
11000000 11100100 00010001 00111001 is written as
192.228.17.57
 192.168.10.1
 192.228.17.57
 255.128.11.90
 280.255.168.1
 210.190.210.90
Subnet, Subnet Masking
 Consider an internet that includes one or more WANs and
a number of sites, each of which has a number of LANs.
We would like to allow arbitrary complexity of
interconnected LAN structures within an organization
while insulating the overall internet against explosive
growth in network numbers and routing complexity.
 One approach to this problem is to assign a single network
number to all of the LANs at a site.
 From the point of view of the rest of the internet, there is
a single network at that site, which simplifies addressing
and routing.
 To allow the router within the site to function properly,
each LAN is assigned a subnet number.
Subneting

 Dividing a large network into multiple small networks is


called subnetting
 IP address
 1-126
 Default subnet mask
 255.0.0.0
 CIDR = 8 CLASSLESS INTER DOMAIN ROUTING, TOTAL
NUMBER OF NETWORK BITS
 The host portion of the internet address is partitioned
into a subnet number
and a host number to accommodate this new level of
addressing.

 Note that the effect of the subnet mask is to erase the


portion of the host field that refers to an actual host on a
subnet.

 WHERE THIS SUBNET MASK COME FROM ?


EXAMPLE

 192.168.10.0/24 , 192.168.10.10/25

255 255 255 0


27
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 WHY THIS SUBNET MASK IS 255.255.255.0

 IPv4 IS 32 BIT, DIVIDED INTO FOUR BLOCKS. 1,2,3,4


 DEFAULT
 ONLY NETWORK NOT HOST
Number of IP address of each network

 How to find Number of network ? (barrowed)


 2n = 21 =2
 How to find Number of IP address which we get on each network ? (remaining)
 2n = 27 = 128
 Number of IP address on each network
 How to find number of host on each network ?
 Number of IP address we can assign to devices in network.
 2n-2 n = host bits 2n-2=126
 126 host IP address on each network
 Why 2 subtracted , first network ID and last broadcast ID
255 255 255 0

27
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Network 1 Network 2
192.168.10.0 Net id 192.168.10.128 Net id
192.168.10.1 192.168.10.129

192.168.10.126 192.168.10.254
192.168.10.127 bd 192.168.10.255 bd id
id
Domain Name System (DNS)

 IP address is difficult to remember for user, the domain names are alphabetic
and are easier to remember.
 DNS resolves the name of website typed in browser with IP address of server
that send requested information from that website.
 For example www.example.com might be translated to 198.105.229.9
Four steps of DNS
 1. DNS Recursor: The recursor can be thought of as a
librarian who is asked to go find a particular book
somewhere in a library. The DNS recursor is a server
designed to receive queries from client machines through
applications such as web browsers
 2. Root Nameserver: The root server is the first step in
translating (resolving) human readable host names into IP
addresses.
 3. TLD Nameserver: The top level domain server (TLD)
can be thought of as a specific rack of books in a library.
This nameserver is the next step in the search for a
specific IP address, and it hosts the last portion of a
hostname (In example.com, the TLD server is “com”)
 4. Authoritative nameserver: This final nameserver can
be thought of as a dictionary on a rack of books, in which
a specific name can be translated into its definition. The
authoritative nameserver is the last stop in the
nameserver query.

You might also like