EXERGY ANALYSIS IN INDUSTRY

Dr. Khoa Ta Dang

 References

[1] • Dincer I. & Rosen M.A. “Exergy – Energy, environment

and sustainable development”, John Wiley & Sons, 2007

[2] • Cornelissen R.L. “Thermodynamics and sustainable

development”, Febodruk BV, 1997

[3] • Wall G. “Exergetics”, Bucaramanga, 2009

 Lecture 1

Exergy Concept
 Content
What is energy savings ?

The Value of Energy

“Efficiency” vs “Speed”

Work vs Heat

Exergy concept
 Content
Exergy of Heat

Exergy of Process streams

Characteristics of Exergy

Energy vs Exergy
What is energy savings ?

Energy is always
Energy saving conserved
performance
 What is energy savings ?

Heat recovery from flue gas, cooling Heat lost reduction by isolation
water reduction…
It’s a right way, but it’s just the after–effect solutions
Energy saving performance should be
considered before than after use
 The Value of Energy

2000 psi

Which is the best ?

15 psi
The Value of Energy

Which is the best ?

 The Value of Energy

Which is the best ?

Whisky Beer
 The Value of Energy
Fast but low occupant

Which is the best ?

Slow but high passengers

 The Value of Energy

The value of energy depends on

‒ Amount
‒ Potential
 The Value of Energy

• Amount gives result

Extensive quantities: 𝑚, 𝑉, 𝑄

• Potential makes things happen

Intensive quantities: 𝐶, 𝑃, 𝑇
 The Value of Energy

• Amount Result of process

Quantitative

• Potential Reason of process

Qualitative (speed)
 “Potential” vs “Driving force”

• Potential relates to 𝐶, 𝑃, 𝑇

• Potential differences ∆𝐶, ∆𝑃, ∆𝑇

are driving forces
to make things happen,
we sacrifice
POTENTIAL
1000℃ 2000℃

2000℃ 2000℃

4000℃ 2000℃
 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟

5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟

10 𝑏𝑎𝑟 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝐶 = 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙Τ𝑚3 𝐶 = 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙Τ𝑚3

No diffusion

𝐶 = 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 Τ𝑚3 𝐶 = 2 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 Τ𝑚3

Solvent

Diffusion
A process will not happen if
there is zero driving force
∆𝑥𝑖 = 0
The driving force is as
“necessary condition”
of a process
to quantify these concepts
we need
DEFINITIONS & EQUATIONS
 Work vs Heat

𝟏𝑴𝑱 𝟏𝑴𝑱

𝟏𝑴𝑱
< 𝟏𝑴𝑱

Work “better” than Heat

 Work vs Heat

Heat
𝑄

Work

Possible or Not ?
 Work vs Heat

to quantify the useful part of energy,

“Work” better than “Heat”

 Definition of Exergy

In our everyday environment,

the maximum work that can
be obtained from any quantity
of energy is its EXERGY
Definition of Exergy

Energy

Exergy Entropy
 Characteristics of Exergy

1 • A system in complete equilibrium with its environment

does not have any exergy

2 • The exergy of a system increases the more it deviates

from the environment

3 • When energy loses its quality, exergy is destroyed.

Exergy is the useful part of energy

4 • Exergy depends not just on the state of a system, but

also on the state of the environment
 Characteristics of Exergy

5 • Exergy efficiency is a measure of approach to

reversibility

6 • Exergy can be considered a valuable resource (energy

and non–energy resources)

7 • Energy forms with high exergy contents are typically

more valued and useful than that with low exergy

8 • Exergy increases with the concentration of the mineral

 Energy vs Exergy
Energy Exergy
Dependent on properties of only a
Dependent on properties of both a
system, independent of environment
system and the environment
properties

Has value different from zero when in Equal to zero when in the dead state
equilibrium with the environment by virtue of being in complete
(Einstein’s equation) equilibrium with the environment

Conserved for reversible processes

Conserved for all processes (1st law) only and not conserved for real
processes (2nd law)
 Energy vs Exergy
Energy Exergy
Can be neither destroyed nor
produced in a reversible process, but
Can be neither destroyed or produced
is always consumed in an irreversible
process

Appears in many forms, and is

Appears in many forms, and is
measured on the basis of work or
measured in that form
ability to produce work

A measure of quantity only A measure of quantity and quality

 History of Exergy
1824

1850

1873

1953

1973
1983

2016
Carnot realized that: requirements for power generation are
consumption of heat and difference of body temperature
Rant first suggested the word EXERGY
Clausius generalised Carnot’s statement by means of the
second EXERGY
law of thermodynamics
has become the main interest of
many researchersEntropy 𝑠
as a tool to improve energy
efficiency performance
Gibbs generated because energy
a new thermodynamic crisis which is
measure
Gibbs free energy 𝑔 as a function of enthalpy ℎ from the
EXERGY concept has been researching and developing
first law and entropy 𝑠 from the second law
Available work, useful energy, …
The Role of Exergy
Researches on Exergy
Researches on Exergy
Researches on Exergy
 Researches on Exergy

1st Law: The amount of energy in the universe is always constant

The Big Bang 10100 years

 Exergy of Heat

Energy content Exergy content

1𝑀𝐽 of shaft work 𝐸𝑥 = 1𝑀𝐽
1𝑀𝐽 of heat at 𝑇𝑜 𝐸𝑥 = 0𝑀𝐽
1𝑀𝐽 of heat at 𝑇 𝐸𝑥 = ?
Material stream at 𝑇, 𝑃 𝐸𝑥 = ?
 Exergy of Heat

Source 𝑇
Above ambient
Heat
𝑄

𝑇𝑜
Work 𝑊 =𝑄 1−
𝑇

Heat

Ambient sink 𝑇𝑜
 Exergy of Heat

Ambient source 𝑇𝑜
Heat
𝑄1

𝑇𝑜 𝑇
𝑊 = 𝑄2 −1 Work 𝑊 = 𝑄1 1−
𝑇 𝑇𝑜
Heat other hand: 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑊
𝑄2

Below ambient
Even colder sink 𝑇
 Exergy of Heat
For amount of 𝑄 at temperature 𝑇

Above ambient Below ambient

𝑇𝑜 𝑇𝑜
𝐸𝑥 = 𝑄 1 − 𝐸𝑥 = 𝑄 −1
𝑇 𝑇
 Exergy of Heat

600𝐾 1𝑀𝐽 𝐸𝑥𝑄 = 0.5𝑀𝐽

𝑇𝑜 = 300𝐾

200𝐾 1𝑀𝐽 𝐸𝑥𝑄 = +0.5𝑀𝐽

Refrigeration is expensive !
 Exergy of Heat

Example

a) Plot the work equivalent of heat at a temperature 𝑇:

𝑊
=𝑓 𝑇
𝑄
for the range: T = 0 ∞𝐾 𝑇𝑜 = 298𝐾

b) What is the significance of the work equivalent of

heat at 𝑇 = 0𝐾 and 𝑇 = ∞
 Exergy of Process streams
Which stream is better ?

Stream Work ?
at 𝐴
𝐴
Stream 𝐵
at 𝐶

𝑃𝐵
Stream Work ?
at 𝐵 𝐶 Ambient
 Exergy of Process streams
Stream 𝑇, 𝑃, 𝐻, 𝑆, 𝐸𝑥

ideal 𝑾 = 𝑬𝒙
system

Ambient Stream 𝑇𝑜 , 𝑃𝑜 , 𝐻𝑜 , 𝑆𝑜 , 𝐸𝑥𝑜 = 0

 Exergy of Process streams

Energy balance 𝑊 = 𝐻 − 𝐻𝑜 + 𝑄𝑜

𝑄𝑜
Entropy balance (ideal) 𝑆 + = 𝑆𝑜
𝑇𝑜

𝑄𝑜 = 𝑇𝑜 𝑆𝑜 − 𝑆

𝑊 = 𝐻 − 𝐻𝑜 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑆 − 𝑆𝑜 = 𝐸𝑥
 Exergy of Process streams
Stream 𝑇, 𝑃, 𝐻, 𝑆, 𝐸𝑥

ideal 𝑾
system Heat transferred at 𝑇
𝑄
𝑤
Heat pump required HP

𝑄𝑜 at 𝑇𝑜
Ambient Stream 𝑇𝑜 , 𝑃𝑜 , 𝐻𝑜 , 𝑆𝑜 , 𝐸𝑥𝑜 = 0
 Exergy of Process streams
Stream 𝑇, 𝑃, 𝐻, 𝑆, 𝐸𝑥 𝐸𝑥 = 𝐻 − 𝐻𝑜 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑆 − 𝑆𝑜

ideal 𝑾
system

Ambient Stream 𝑇𝑜 , 𝑃𝑜 , 𝐻𝑜 , 𝑆𝑜
 Exergy of Process streams
Exergy is a function of state
∆𝐸𝑥 = ∆𝐻 − 𝑇𝑜 ∆𝑆
State 1
𝐸𝑥1
State 2
𝐸𝑥2
∆𝐸𝑥 is independent of the path
∆𝐸𝑥 = −𝐸𝑥1 ∆𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸𝑥2

𝐸𝑥 = 0 Ambient 𝑇𝑜 , 𝑃𝑜 𝐸𝑥 = 0
Exergy of Process streams

∆𝐸𝑥 = ∆𝐻 − 𝑇𝑜 ∆𝑆

not always
available

Develop simplified formulae

 Exergy of Process streams
Example
𝑇𝑜
∆𝐸𝑥 = −𝑊 = −𝑄 1 −
𝑇
State 1 𝑇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 State 2
𝑄

–ve
Ambient 𝑇𝑜

∆𝐻 𝑇𝑜
∆𝐸𝑥 = ∆𝐻 − 𝑇𝑜 ∆𝑆 = ∆𝐻 − 𝑇𝑜 = ∆𝐻 1 −
𝑇 𝑇
 Exergy of Process streams
Condense Vaporize
𝑇 𝑇

HE 𝑊 ቊ ∆𝐻 = −𝑣𝑒 HP 𝑊 ቊ ∆𝐻 = +𝑣𝑒
∆𝐸𝑥 = −𝑣𝑒 ∆𝐸𝑥 = +𝑣𝑒
𝑇𝑜 𝑇𝑜
𝑇𝑜
∆𝐸𝑥 = ∆𝐻 1 −
𝑇
𝑇𝑜 𝑇𝑜

HP 𝑊 ቊ ∆𝐻 = −𝑣𝑒 HE 𝑊 ቊ ∆𝐻 = +𝑣𝑒
∆𝐸𝑥 = +𝑣𝑒 ∆𝐸𝑥 = −𝑣𝑒
𝑇 𝑇
Condense Vaporize
 Exergy of Process streams

Energy content Exergy content

𝑊 units of shaft work 𝐸𝑥 = 𝑊
𝑄 units of heat at 𝑇𝑜 𝐸𝑥 = 0
𝑇𝑜
𝐸𝑥 = 𝑄 1 − 𝑇 > 𝑇𝑜
𝑇
𝑄 units of heat at 𝑇
𝑇𝑜
𝐸𝑥 = 𝑄 − 1 𝑇 < 𝑇𝑜
𝑇
Material streams 𝐸𝑥 = 𝐻 − 𝐻𝑜 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑆 − 𝑆𝑜
‒ Exergy change ∆𝐸𝑥 = ∆𝐻 − 𝑇𝑜 ∆𝑆
𝑇𝑜
‒ Exergy change at constant 𝑇 ∆𝐸𝑥 = ∆𝐻 1 −
𝑇
 Exergy of Process streams
Example of exergy loss in a condenser

𝑇 = 80℃ Process stream

𝐻 = 294𝑀𝐽

𝑇 = 25℃ 𝑇 = 35℃
𝐻 = 0𝑀𝐽
𝑆 = 2.4 𝑀𝐽Τ℃
Condenser 𝐻 = 274.5𝑀𝐽
𝑆 = 3.3 𝑀𝐽Τ℃

Cooling water
𝑇 = 80℃
𝐻 = 19.5𝑀𝐽
 Exergy of Process streams
Example of exergy loss in a condenser

a) What is exergy change of the process stream

𝑇𝑜 = 25℃ ?

b) How much work could be generated by a heat engine

using the condenser heat if the heat engine has an
efficiency of 70% compared to an ideal heat engine?

c) What is the exergy loss, 𝐸𝑥𝐿, over the condenser?