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4. Bending theory of shells of revolution under

axisymmetric loads

Axis of revolution
General Basic equations for general SOR under axisymmetric
• Our goal is to provide an analogy of the differential conditions
equation of the circular cylindrical shell and the • Equilibrium (Kinetic) relationships:
general shell of revolution (internal analogy) and an
analogy of the corresponding stiffness relationships
(external analogy) approach.
• Thin shell theory with normal hypothesis will be used
in the discussion on bending theory of shells of
revolution under axisymmetric loads and boundary
conditions.
• As a result of the normal hypothesis, the equation
obtained from setting the transverse shear strains to
zero, will be used as an additional equation along with
the existing ones.

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Basic equations for general SOR under axisymmetric Basic equations for general SOR under axisymmetric
conditions conditions
• Geometric (compatibility) relationships: • Material (constitutive) relationships:

Decomposition of the basic equations into symmetric After neglecting the derivatives with respect to the
and asymmetric parts: circumferential angle φ and the asymmetric part, the expressions
• Asymmetric part: for the modified section forces and stresses will be:
The asymmetric part, shaded gray in the above equations, will • Equilibrium (Kinetic) relationships:
not have an effect on the edge bending phenomena, hence, will
not be considered.

• Symmetric part:
Setting the asymmetric part to zero will reduce the equations to
the symmetric part only; which will lead to the solution of the
edge bending problem as has been done in the case of
cylindrical shells.

where is derivative w.r.t. the arc length

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• Geometric (compatibility) relationships: • Material (constitutive) relationships:

Or

Using the normal hypothesis and considering the last row of the
above matrix,
With and

Transformation of the basic equations

• Meridional (membrane–type) edge loading
—> use of global deformation and force quantities
This case is not discussed further here since it represents a
• Instead of the meridional displacement component U membrane–type loading case.
and the outward normal displacement W we • Edge bending problem
introduce the axial (vertical) displacement U* and the There is one important condition which defines the isolated
radial (horizontal) displacement W*. For the circular edge bending problem and which states that the resulting
cylindrical shell case, U = U* and W = W*. section force in longitudinal (or axial) direction, which for
clarification is the direction parallel to the axis of revolution,
has to be zero.
• Instead of the membrane normal force & the local
transverse shear force we introduce the global By introducing the transformed global deformation and force
transversal (radial) force and the longitudinal (or quantities this condition can be fulfilled in a very easy way, i.e.
axial) force simply by setting the longitudinal force to zero (condition
for the edge bending problem).

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Transformed deformation and force quantities:

The relationship between the local and global
deformation and force quantities is defined by
introducing a (rotation) transformation matrix as
follows:

Transformation of the kinetic equations (formulation in L and T) Transformation of the compatibility equations (formulation in
Equilibrium in the vertical direction: U* and W*)
The relationship between the local and global deformations can
be re-written as:
Constant
For edge bending problem:

The transversal/horizontal shear force T can also be Using the global deformation components, the compatibility
expressed as (using the equations from the previous relationship can also be re-written as:
slide):
Equilibrium in the horizontal direction:

And from the basic equilibrium equations, one can see that:

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Summary of the globally transformed basic equations Summary of the globally transformed basic equations

• Equilibrium (Kinetic) relationships: • Geometric (compatibility) relationships:

Summary of the globally transformed basic equations Basic (Reissner–Meisner) equations – meridional
• Material (constitutive) relationships: moment equilibrium and normal hypothesis expressed
by βφ and T:

• Moment equilibrium expressed by βφ and T :

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• Normal hypothesis expressed by βφ and T : • Therefore we introduce now the differential operator
L( ) which permits us to write down these equations
in compact form as follows:

• We can now express the meridional moment

equilibrium and the normal hypothesis (= Kirchhoff
assumption) as follows:

• Special case I: Circular cylindrical shell By elimination of the radial transversal force , i.e. by expressing
it in dependency of βφ with the help of the meridional moment
equilibrium (1) and inserting it into the normal hypothesis (2) we
obtain an ordinary linear differential equation, with constant
The Reissner–Meissner differential operator simplifies coefficients, of 4th order in βφ as follows:
considerably as follows:

• By introducing the non–dimensional parameter , we

arrive at the following final ODE of 4th order for the system
parameter βφ which also holds for the radial displacement W*:

• By comparison with the formerly derived equation for the

circular cylindrical shell, we can recognize their identity — as
it should be.

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• Special case II: Conical shell • Special case II: Spherical shell

Here we have

The Reissner–Meissner differential operator for the

The Reissner–Meissner differential operator for the spherical shell now simplifies as follows:
conical shell now simplifies as follows:

GECKELER-APPROXIMATION AND ANALOGY MODEL

• We want an analogy of the differential equations for
a circular cylindrical shell and that of a general shell
of revolution.
• To achieve this, we must simplify the basic equations
for the general shell of revolution by means of the
Analogy relationship (Geckeler 1926): so-called Geckeler approximation.
• The aim of this simplification is simply to reduce the
shell of revolution vs. cylindrical shell
basic equations of the general shell of revolution to
come to a differential equation, which is similar to
the equation for the circular cylindrical shell.
• If we succeed in an analogy of the differential
equation as stated above, then the so-called 'internal
analogy' will result.

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GECKELER-APPROXIMATION AND ANALOGY MODEL GECKELER-APPROXIMATION AND ANALOGY MODEL

• Subsequently, we can also compare the stiffness of • In Geckeler’s approximation, only the functions
the circular cylindrical shell with that of the general themselves and their derivatives of higher order are
shell of revolution, 'external analogy’. retained and the lower order derivatives are discarded.
• This comparison of the differential equation of the • The Geckeler’s approximation is based on the physical
type and stiffness relationship goes back to Geckeler argument that the boundary effects are localized and
thus the higher order derivatives are of greatest
and is therefore called Geckeler analogy.
importance.
• We know from chapter 2 that the application of an • Hence, in each equation, only the highest order
axisymmetric out-of-plane shear load to a thin derivative of the main function and the zero order
cylindrical shell of radius R and thickness t yields a derivative of another, coupling function, shall be
solution in which all relevant quantities vary in the retained.
axial direction in a strongly decaying oscillatory • On the basis of this argument, the Reissner-Meissner
fashion with a characteristic length of order Sqrt(Rt). equations shown below can be re-written as will be
shown later.

Approximation of the transverse force as a function of

global displacement parameters :

using Geckeler’s approximation

and using the relationship obtained from the normal

hypothesis,

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Approximation of the vertical equilibrium equation Approximation of the horizontal equilibrium equation

In this case one can see that all the terms are of the
Using order of magnitude estimation, the above same order of magnitude. Hence, the above equation
equation can approximately be expressed as: can be taken as it is.

Elimination of the vertical displacement: Using order of magnitude estimation, the matrix
The last two equations can be re-written in matrix form equation can approximately be expressed as:
as follows: i.e.,

Let or then,

Thus, an 'internal analogy', that is an analogy of the differential

equation type, between the circular cylindrical shell and the
general rotation shell is obtained.

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Once the fourth order differential equation is solved in exactly Rotation of the meridional tangent:
the same manner as that of the cylindrical shell, the remaining
displacements, strains and section force components can be
obtained as a function of the horizontal displacement W* as
follows. Normal strain and curvature components:
Local and global displacement components:

Global and normal transverse shear force components:

Normal section force and moment components:

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• For cylindrical shells: • For general shells of revolution, it can also be re-
written as:

with

• For general shells of revolution:

with

with

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CHAPTER
END!

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