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Cornell Notes Template - Memory Summary Homework

There are three main types of memory according to the Cornell Notes Template: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory has a large capacity but brief retention, short-term memory can hold 7 plus or minus 2 items for around 30 seconds through rehearsal, and long-term memory has unlimited capacity through semantic encoding and is permanent. Memory involves encoding, storage, and retrieval across these three levels.

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185 views

Cornell Notes Template - Memory Summary Homework

There are three main types of memory according to the Cornell Notes Template: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory has a large capacity but brief retention, short-term memory can hold 7 plus or minus 2 items for around 30 seconds through rehearsal, and long-term memory has unlimited capacity through semantic encoding and is permanent. Memory involves encoding, storage, and retrieval across these three levels.

Uploaded by

Laura Sánchez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cornell Notes Template

CUE WORDS or QUESTIONS NOTES WRITTEN


Learning, Thinking and Processes of memory: encoding, storage and retrieval
Feeling

Three box theory Information must pass through at least three memory
levels or systems, before it achieves any sort of
permanence.

The multistore model of


memory
Short term memory Initial encoding and temporary use of info
Long term memory More or less permanent storage of info
Sensory memory Sensory register: immediate retention of incoming
signals

Encoding Memory as a library building


Hallway, waiting room (decisions must be made
about whether the “visitor” should be allowed to go
deeper into the building) and the “stacks”
SUMMARY
There are three processes of memory: encoding, storage and retrieval. So the three
box theory says that information must pass through at least three memory levels or
systems, before it achieves any sort of permanence. These three memory levels are
sensory, short-term and long-term memory. Memory is like a library building, with a
Hallway (sensory), waiting room (short- term) and the stacks (long-term). In all of
them is very important the encoding, is essential in memory concepts.

First Stop: the sensory register Large capacity

Contains sensory info (front hallway)


Forgotten Very brief retention of images (1/2s vis 2s audit)

Time to recognize features of a stimulus and to pick out


what we need from incoming information for transfer to
the next stage of memory
Info that don’t, vanish forever
Can be related with déjà vu but difficult to prove
Acts like a filter, keeping out extraneous and
unimportant information.
SUMMARY
The sensory register has a large capacity but with a very brief retention of images so
items there are easily forgotten, in a quarter to a half second. With auditory
information is a little bit longer, for 2 seconds but is still brief. It contains sensory
information that is transmitted to short term memory or it will be vanished forever.

Second stop: short-term 1. Limited capacity (7 +1 -2 small bits of info)


memory
2. Contents typically encoded acoustically but
Forgotten other types of encoding possible
3. Brief storage of items (30 s if no rehearsal)
4. Involved in conscious processing of info

Transferred to long-term memory


Active/working memory Retrieved by sensory register
Waiting room with 5-9 chairs

Retains info only temporarily (to a few min)


Material is no longer an exact sensory image
Encoding Word or a number

Transfer or decays and is lost forever

Any type of info, but most by sound

Importance of transferring info out to long term memory


Rehearsal (strategy) A serial position effect
SUMMARY
The short term memory has a limited capacity for 7 plus 1 or menus 2 items and has
30 seconds of retaining information, what means that is easily forgotten too. It
contents typically encoded information that is involved in conscious processing of
information. In the active or working memory, the information is transferred to long-
term memory, if not it is lost forever, and can be retrieved by sensory register. Here is
important the encoding of words and numbers more than the material. Finally,
rehearsal is the most proposed strategy for this memory stage.

1. Unlimited capacity
Final destination: long-term
memory
2. Contents typically encoded semantically as well
as in other ways
3. Storage thought by some to be permanent
4. Info highly organized and indexed

Retrieved to Short-term memory

Info encoded semantically rather than acoustically.

Heart of the mental storage system (stacks)


Organization
Grouping on categories By meaning

Info about a particular concept is indexed by the


concept’s semantic category
tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) Info is available in long-term memory even though one
state is having difficulty retrieving it.
SUMMARY
The long- term memory has an unlimited capacity with typically encoded
semantically rather than acoustically information. The storage here is permanent and
highly organized for example by meaning. This is the heart of the mental storage
system and is important to know that the information saved there is available forever
even though the person has difficulties retrieving it.

What is stored in long-term


memory?

Ways of grouping Familiarity, personal relevance, association


depending on the nature of the memory

Procedural memories Internal representations of stimulus-response


Actions and account for much of the operant
Semantic memories Internal representations of the world
Facts, rules, concepts
General knowledge
Episodic memories Internal representations of personally
Experienced events including the context in wich they
occurred
Travel back in time
SUMMARY
In long term memory there are three types of internal representations stored. The
first one is procedural memories, that are of stimulus-response, like actions and
account for much of the operant. The second is semantic memories, that are general
knowledge of the world, such as facts, rules and concepts. The third one is the
episodic memories, the ones from personal experiences and events including the
context in which they occurred. Is when people can travel back in time with memories.

Taking Psychology with You

Memory shortcuts Neuropsychologist continue to explore biological


avenues to better memory
Injections of hormones
Neurotransmitters in animals
Molecular changes that occur in learning and
memory
Drugs

Mnemonic devices Formal memory techniques


Rhymes
Formulas
Visual images
Verbal associations

Encode the material actively and thoroughly


Make info meaningful: easier to retrieve
Chunking Reduce amount of info

Strategies Pay attention, encode in more than one way, add


meaning, use visual imagery, take your time,

SUMMARY
In science, there are a lot of experiments to find biological avenues to have a better
memory. For example, injection of hormones, neurotransmitters and drugs. All this
exploration is based in the molecular changes that occur in learning and memory.
Further, there have been developed some mnemonic devices or memory techniques
such as rhymes, formulas and visual images because it is known that encoding the
material actively, reducing the amount of information and making it meaningful makes
easier to retrieve. Some strategies are paying attention, encoding in more than one
way and adding meaning, etc.

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