Name of Candidate: SADEEQ AKBAR

Course Name: ENGLISH

Teacher Name: Zakir Sir
Program : BBA (2 years)
Semester: 1st
Examination: Final Term Open book

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  Explain Adverb Clauses of time, place, purpose, reason, condition, result and
supposition. Also, discuss Noun clauses with examples.

Answer:

 Adverb clauses: (Adverbial clauses) are groups of words with a subject and a verb that
function as adverbs. There are many different types: contrast, purpose, cause, effect,
comparison, time, place, manner, reason and condition, result, supposition.

 Adverb Clause of Time: Adverb clauses of time tell us about when something happens. We can
use conjunctions like ‘when, whenever, before, after, as, while’ until, as soon as, and ‘since’:
- Examples:
- I stopped running when I saw my father is coming.
- I will do my assignment before I go back to university.
- My brother gets excited whenever he sees a dog.
- I went to football ground recently.
- My sister vacuumed the floor few minutes ago.

 Adverb Clause of Place: Adverb clauses of place tell us about where something happens. We
can use ‘where, wherever, and ‘everywhere’:
- Examples:
- Wherever I go, I always see my friends.
- I know where he lives.
- We met kind people everywhere we went.

 Adverb Clause of Purpose: Adverb clause of purpose show why something is happening (the
intended result). We can use ‘so that, lest’ and ‘in order that’.
- Examples:
- Husain took off his shoes, so that he would not ruin the floor.
- Watch your steps dear, lest you should fall.
- The doctors did extensive research in order that they can find the cure for that disease.

 Adverb Clauses of Cause/Reason: Clauses of cause are used to show why something happens.
These clauses begin with the conjunctions ‘because’, ‘since’, and ‘as’.
- Examples:
- I like to listen bird’s voice, because it sounds beautiful.
- Since you’re so kind to me, I will help you.

 Adverb Clauses of Condition: Adverbial clauses of condition tell us about the circumstances
under which something happens. These clauses often begin with ‘if’, ‘unless’, or ‘provided
that’:

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- Examples:
- I only watch football if my favorite player is on field.
- He won’t go to national team, unless he practices very hard.
- You can play badminton, provided that you follow the basic rules.
-
 Adverb clauses of result: are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions that, so…that, so
that and such…that.

- Examples;
- Hamza is such a good boy that all respect him.
- Mr. Faheem Akbar fought so bravely that the Corona fled.
- Our math teacher Mr.Jamaluddin Saba spoke in such a low voice that few students could hear
him.
 Adverb clauses of Supposition: Adverb clause of concession/Supposition describes contrasting
statements or circumstances despite which something happens. They usually begin with
‘although’, ‘though’, “even if’, ‘even though’, ‘while’ or ‘whereas’.

- Examples:
- I enjoyed the ride thought it was expensive.
- Zain ul Abideen while he was almost crying from the headache, Decided to finish the exam
preparation.
- Abdullah was very popular, whereas his brother Sadeeq Akbar had more Enemies than friends.

 Noun Clauses: A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as a noun. Noun
clauses begin with words such as how, that, what, whatever, when, where, whether,
which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, and why. Noun clauses can act as
subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nominatives, or objects of a
preposition.

- Examples:
- Choose a pen for whomever you want.
- Do you know what the price will be?
- My greatest asset is that I am hard worker.
- Whichever car you pick is fine with me.

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  Discuss:
- Adjective Phrases.
- Auxiliaries and Modals.
- Adverb Phrases.
- Principal stops of punctuation.

 Adjective Phrases:

An adjective phrase is a group of words that describe a noun or pronoun in a sentence. The adjective in
an adjective phrase can appear at the start, end, or in the middle of the phrase. The adjective phrase can
be placed before, or after, the noun or pronoun in the sentence.

- Examples:
- That movie is getting scarier and scarier.
- My brother is older than me.
- I feel sorry for people living on the streets.
- That old Burger tastes awfully bad.
- People with a strong immune system are most likely to recover from Corona Virus.

 Auxiliaries and Modals :

- An auxiliary verb is a verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in which it
appears, so as to express tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis, etc.
- Be, have and do can be auxiliaries and main verbs.
- They have grammatical functions and are used for forming tenses, questions, the passive, etc.
Models are can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would and need (need can
also be a main verb).

- Examples:
- We could play football.
- We might play football.
- We may play football.
- We must play football.

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Long and contracted forms of modals:

Affirmative Negative

Long forms Contracted forms Long forms Contracted forms

can --- Can not Can`t

could --- Could not Couldn`t

May May not ---

Might --- Might Not ---

Need Need Not Needn`t

Shall ll Shall not Shan`t

Should `d Should not Shouldn`t

 Adverb Phrases:
- An adverb phrase is simply a group of two or more words that function as an adverb in a
sentence. Just as an adverb can modify a verb, adjective or another adverb, an adverb phrase of
more than one word can further describe a verb, adverb, or adjective.
- Adverb phrases typically answer the questions how, where, why or when something was done,
as you'll see in the adverb phrase examples below.

- Examples:

- I parked the car.

- I parked the car here.
- I parked the car right here.
- I parked the car right here under the bridge.

o The first sentence does not contain an adverb or adverb phrase at all.
o The second sentence contains the adverb "here" to describe where the car was parked.
o The third sentence contains the adverb phrase "right here," which emphasizes where
the car was parked and employs a phrase instead of a single adverb.
o The final sentence of the group contains a longer, more informative adverbial phrase.
Note that "right here under the bridge" is a prepositional phrase that uses the
preposition "under" and the object "bridge.

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  Principal stops of punctuation:
Punctuation marks are the signs which adds meaning to the sentences if placed in a correct
position.
The principal stops are discussed as under:

1. Comma - It's principal stop is when words are required to be separated. These words can be
series, lists, independent clauses, adjectives, nouns, etc.

2. Exclamation mark - Its principal stop is, end of the sentence expressing any feeling like
sorrow or after interjections, etc.

3. Question mark - Its principal stop is at the end of the sentence when you are asking
question.

4. Full stop - Its principal stop is end of the sentence.

The following are the principal punctuation marks in English.

- Full stop (.)

- Comma (,)
- Semicolon (;)
- Colon (:)
- Interrogation mark (?)
- Exclamation mark (!)
- Inverted commas or Quotation marks (”)

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  Adverb is a word that modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Elaborate the statement and explain in detail the comparison, formation and position of
adverbs with cogent examples.

 Adverbs: are words that describe verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or clauses. Adverbs often
answer the questions “How?” and “In what way?”

- Examples:
- He plays beautifully.
(In what way does he play?) Beautifully.
- He runs very slow
(How slow does he run?) Very slow.
- I occasionally practice speaking English.
(How frequently do I practice?) Occasionally.

 The position of adverbs in the sentence depends on what type of adverb it is.

Do Not Place An Adverb Between A Verb And Its Object.

In the following sentence, painted is the verb, and the house is the object. Carefully is the
adverb.
- I carefully painted the house. = Correct
- I painted the house carefully. = Correct
- I painted carefully the house. = Incorrect

Here’s another example. In this sentence, read is the verb, a book is the object, and sometimes
is the adverb.
- I sometimes read a book before bed. = Correct
- Sometimes I read a book before bed. = Correct
- I read a book before bed sometimes. = OK, but informal
- I read sometimes a book before bed. = Incorrect

There Are Three Normal Positions For Adverbs.

 FRONT POSITION: AT THE BEGINNING OF A CLAUSE

- Suddenly the phone rang.
- Fortunately, nobody was injured.
- Maybe I’ll go for a walk.

 MID-POSITION: NEXT TO THE MAIN VERB

- They have completely forgotten about our appointment.
- He was probably late for the interview.
- She slowly began to recover from her illness.

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  END-POSITION: AT THE END OF A CLAUSE
- You speak English well.
- Please sit there.
- They ate dinner quietly.

 The Position Of Adverbs Depends On Their Type. Some Adverbs Can Go In Various
Positions.

Adverbs of Manner:

Example: quickly, slowly, easily, happily, well,* badly, seriously

Mid-position: gives less emphasis to the adverb:

- He quickly corrected his mistake.

- She easily passed the test.
- We happily accepted the invitation.

End-position: gives more emphasis to the adverb:

- He corrected his mistake quickly.

- She passed the test easily.
- We accepted the invitation happily.

Adverbs of manner not ending in -ly (like well, hard, and fast) can only appear in the end position.

- They dance well.

- He’s working hard.
- She runs fast.

Adverb of time and frequency:

Example: daily,* weekly,* every year, last week

Front-position or end-position (more common).

- I study English every day.

- Every day, I study English.
- We went to Malakand last year.
- Last year we went to Malakand.

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 Adverb of Place:

Example: downstairs, outside, nearby, south/southward, towards, backwards, everywhere Usually go in

end-position or mid-position immediately after the verb.

- The children are playing outside.

- The glass shattered and the pieces flew everywhere.
- They drove south on the Moterway.
- He walked towards the railway station.

 Position of adverbs:

Type Position Example

Adverbs of Adverbs of manner are placed after the verb or entire Their teacher speaks quickly.
Manner expression (at the end of the sentence).

Adverbs of Time Adverbs of time are placed after the verb or entire She visited her friends last year.
expression (at the end of the sentence).

Adverbs of Adverbs of frequency are placed before the main verb (not He often goes to bed late.
Frequency the auxiliary verb). Do you sometimes get up early?

Adverbs of Adverbs of degree are placed after the verb or entire She'll attend the meeting as well.
Degree expression (at the end of the sentence).

Adverbs of Adverbs of comment are placed at the beginning of a Luckily, I was able to come to the
Comment sentence. presentation.

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  Formation of adverbs:
- Most of the times, an adverb is formed by adding ‘ly’ to an adjective.
- Formation of Adverbs Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an adjective (example-
quickly). It has been observed the adverbs that end in -ly usually are adverbs of manner or
adverbs of degree. Basically, an adverb that answers the question of how?

Adverbs are usually formed by adding '-ly' to an adjective. bad - badly

quiet - quietly
careful - carefully
careless - carelessly

Adjectives ending in '-le' change to '-ly'. possible - possibly

probable - probably
incredible – incredibly

Adjectives ending in '-y' change to '-ily': consonant + y lucky - luckily

Compare: vowel + y happy - happily
angry - angrily
day (noun) - daily

Delete -e and add -ly for endings in -le noble - nobly

Adjectives ending in '-ic' change to '-ically'. fantastic - fantastically

basic - basically
ironic - ironically
scientific - scientifically

Some adjectives are irregular. good - well

hard - hard
fast -fast

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  Discuss the following with examples:
- Spelling rules.
- Gerund.
- Use of the participle.
- Order of adjectives.

 Spelling rules:

1 Every word has at least one vowel.

2 Every syllable has one vowel.
3 C can say /k/ or /s/. C says /s/ before an e, i, or y (cent, city, cycle). It says /k/ before
everything else (cat, clip).
4 G can say /g/ or /j/. G may say /j/ before an e, i, or y (gem, giant, gym). It says /g/
before everything else (garden, glad).
5 Q is always followed by a u (queen).
6 Double the consonants f, l, and s at the end of a one-syllable word that has just one
vowel (stiff, spell, pass).
7 To spell the sound of /k/ at the end of a word, we use ck or k. Use ck after a short vowel
(sick). After everything else, use a k (milk).
8 A, e, o, and u usually say their name at the end of a syllable (a-pron, me, go, u-nit).
9 Words do not end in v or j. We add a silent e at the end of the word (have).
10 Contractions replace letter(s) with an apostrophe to shorten a phrase (I’ve represents I
have).
11 I and o may say /ī/ and /ō/ before two consonants (kind, sold). /j/ is spelled dge after a
short vowel (edge).
12 Capitalize the names of places.

 Gerund: Gerunds are words that are formed with verbs but act as nouns. They’re very easy to
spot, since every gerund is a verb with ing tacked to its tail. To find gerunds in sentences, just
look for a verb + ing that is used as a noun.

Examples:

- I delayed telling Abdullah the bad news.

- Bakht-e- Rahman avoided doing his math assignment because the Game of Thrones Series was
on.
- Swimming in the jeel Saiful Malok has been shehzaad passion since he was five years old.

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 - Bakht-e-Rahman decided that flying above the clouds was the most incredible experience he’d
ever had.

 Use of the participle: A participle is a verb form that can be used:

(i) as an adjective,
(ii) to create verb tense, or
(iii) to create the passive voice

There are two types of participles:

- Present participle (ending -ing)

- Past participle (usually ending -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n).

Examples of Participles Being Used as Adjectives

Here are some Present and Past participles being used as adjectives:

The Verb The Present Participle The Past Participle

To rise the rising sun the risen sun

To boil the boiling water the boiled water

To break the breaking news the broken news

To cook the cooking ham the cooked ham

Present participles end in -ing. Here are some more examples:

- boiling water
- caring nature
- deserving recipient

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  Some real-life examples of present participles being used as adjectives:

 A laughing man is stronger than a suffering man. (Gustave Flaubert, 1821-1880)

 If you pick up a starving dog and make him prosperous, he will not bite you. This is the
principal difference between a dog and a man. (Mark Twain, 1835-1910)
 The only thing that comes to a sleeping man is dreams. (Tupac Shakur)

 More Examples of Past Participles as Adjectives:

Past participles have various endings, usually -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n.

Examples:

- broken window
- painted frame
- destroyed bridge

 Some real-life examples of past participles (shaded) being used as adjectives:

 A swollen eye is God's way of telling you to improve your interpersonal skills.
 Do not waste time staring at a closed door.
 I like children...if they're properly cooked. (W.C. Fields)

 Order of adjectives: The order of adjectives is the sequence used when there is more than one
adjective to describe a noun. This order helps the sentence makes sense when you read it. The
correct order is: number, opinion, size, shape, condition, age, color, pattern, origin, materials,
and purpose.
- In many languages, adjectives denoting attributes usually occur in a specific order. Generally,
the adjective order in English is:
1. Quantity or number
2. Quality or opinion
3. Size
4. Age
5. Shape
6. Color
7. Proper adjective (often nationality, other place of origin, or material)
8. Purpose or qualifier.

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 Examples:

 My brother Hamza adopted a beautiful big white bulldog.

 I like that big old green car that always parked at the end of the street.

 When there are two or more adjectives that are from the same group, the word and is placed
between the two adjectives:

 The house is green and red.

 The library has old and new books.

 When there are three or more adjectives from the same adjective group, place a comma
between each of the coordinate adjectives:

 We live in the big green, white and red house at the end of the street.
 My friend lost a red, black and white watch.

 More Examples:
- I like that beautiful old big green car that always parked at the end of the street. [quality – age –
size – color – proper adjective]
- My Brother has a big beautiful white bulldog. [size – quality – color – color]
- A wonderful old Italian clock. [opinion – age – origin]
- A big square blue box. [dimension – shape – color]
- Some slim new French trousers. [dimension – age – origin]
- An amazing new American horror movie. [opinion – age – origin]
- I bought a pair of black leather shoes. [color – material]

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 Explain Articles in detail. Also, discuss the ways of forming the feminine gender of nouns.

 Articles:

- Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific.

- Articles ("a," "an," and "the") are determiners or noun markers that function to specify if the
noun is general or specific in its reference. Often the article chosen depends on if the writer and
the reader understand the reference of the noun.
- The articles "a" and "an" are indefinite articles. They are used with a singular countable noun
when the noun referred to is nonspecific or generic.
- The article "the" is a definite article. It is used to show specific reference and can be used with
both singular and plural nouns and with both countable and uncountable nouns.

English has two types of articles: definite and indefinite . Let’s discuss

 The Definite Article:

It limits the meaning of a noun to one particular thing. For example, your friend might
ask, “Are you going to the party this weekend?” The definite article tells you that your
friend is referring to a specific party that both of you know about. The definite article
can be used with singular or uncountable nouns.

- Examples:
- Please give me the hammer.
- Please give the red hammer: the blue one is too small.
- Please give me the nail.

 The Indefinite Article:

The indefinite article takes two forms. It’s the word a when it precedes a word that
begins with a consonant. It’s the word an when it precedes a word that begins with a
vowel. The definite article Indicates that a noun refers to a general idea rather than a
particular thing. For example, you might ask your friend, “Should I bring a gift to the
party?” Your friend will understand that you are not asking about a specific type of gift
or a specific item. “I am going to bring an apple pie,” your friend tells you. Again, the
indefinite article indicates that she is not talking about a specific apple pie. Your friend
probably doesn’t even have any pie yet. The indefinite article only appears with singular
nouns.

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- Examples:
- Please hand me a book; any book will do
- Please hand me an autobiography; any autobiography will do.

Exceptions: Choosing A or An:

When to Use "A" or "An" "A" and "an" are used with singular countable nouns when the
noun is nonspecific or generic.
There are a few exceptions to the general rule of using a before words that start with
consonants and an before words that begin with vowels.

- Examples:
- She is an Pakistani senator = Incorrect
- She is a Pakistani senator = Correct
- I do not own a car.
- She would like to go to a university that specializes in teaching.
- I would like to eat an apple.

 "A" is used when the noun that follows begins with a consonant sound.

- A book
- A pen
- A uniform. ("uniform" starts with a vowel, but the first sound is /j/ or a “y” sound.
Therefore "a" instead of "an" is used here.)
-
 "An" is used when the noun that follows begins with a vowel sound.

- An elephant
- An American
- An MBA. ("MBA" starts with a consonant, but the first sound is /Ɛ/ or a short “e” sound.
Therefore, "an" instead of "a" is used here.)

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  When to Use "The"
"The" is used with both singular and plural nouns and with both countable and
uncountable nouns when the noun is specific.

- The book that I read last night was great.

o In this sentence, "book" is a singular, countable noun. It is also specific because
of the phrase “that I read last night.” The writer and reader (or speaker and
listener) know which book is being referred to.

- The books assigned for this class are very useful.

o In this sentence, "books" is a plural, countable noun. It is also specific because of
the phrase “for this class.” The writer and reader (or speaker and listener) know
which books are being referred to.

- The advice you gave me was very helpful.

o In this sentence, "advice" is an uncountable noun. However, it is specific because
of the phrase “you gave me.” It is clear which piece of advice was helpful.

 In general, use "the" with plural proper nouns.

- The Great Lakes.

- The Punjabi.
o "The" is often used with proper nouns that include an “of” phrase.
- The United States of America.
- The United Arab Emirates’
- The University of Swabi.
- The International Cricket Stadium Lahore.

 Ways of Forming the Feminine of Nouns:

There are numerous ways of changing gender. Gender change is possible only between
two forms. These are masculine and feminine.
The rules are:
We can change gender by using an entirely different word; as, boy - girl
By adding syllables; as, God-goddess (here ‘ess’ is a syllable).
By joining a word after or before; as, grandfather - grandmother
Sometimes it is to be seen that feminine words are made through joining ‘a’, ‘ine’, ‘ix’;
as, Hero-heroine.

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  There are three ways of forming the Feminine of Nouns:

1 By a change of words:

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2 By adding ‘ess’ to the Masculine.

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3 By adding –ess to the Masculine in a less regular way:

4 By using a word after or before:

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