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Acceleration, Equation of Motion Under Uniform Acceleration

The document discusses the equations of motion under uniform acceleration. It defines key terms like acceleration, velocity, displacement, and time. It then derives the four kinematic equations of motion: (1) final velocity = initial velocity + acceleration × time, (2) displacement = initial velocity × time + 1/2 × acceleration × time^2, (3) displacement = 1/2 × (initial velocity + final velocity) × time, and (4) final velocity^2 = initial velocity^2 + 2 × acceleration × displacement. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to set up and solve problems using these equations.

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Ahmed Raza
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86 views

Acceleration, Equation of Motion Under Uniform Acceleration

The document discusses the equations of motion under uniform acceleration. It defines key terms like acceleration, velocity, displacement, and time. It then derives the four kinematic equations of motion: (1) final velocity = initial velocity + acceleration × time, (2) displacement = initial velocity × time + 1/2 × acceleration × time^2, (3) displacement = 1/2 × (initial velocity + final velocity) × time, and (4) final velocity^2 = initial velocity^2 + 2 × acceleration × displacement. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to set up and solve problems using these equations.

Uploaded by

Ahmed Raza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Acceleration; Equation

of motion under uniform


acceleration
Acceleration
• When an object's velocity changes, it
accelerates.
• Acceleration shows the change in
velocity during a period of time.

• Acceleration = change in velocity / time

• ms-2 ms-1 s
“change in velocity”
∆ - this symbol is a Greek (capital) letter,
called delta. We use it in physics (and
maths) to mean “the change in” a quantity.
∆ - we use it to save us from writing
“change in” all the time!
∆ - To calculate the “change in” something
we always minus the final quantity from
the initial quantity
For example:
• Acceleration = change in velocity / time

..........can written much easier and


quicker as:

a = ∆v / t
Warm up questions

QUESTION one: If a car accelerates from 5 m/s to 15


m/s in 2 seconds, what is the car's average
acceleration?

QUESTION two: How long does it take Kitty to


accelerate an object from rest to 10 m/s if the
acceleration was 2 m/s2?

QUESTION three: Ella was running at 16m/s on the


pavement. She starts to run on the sand and now has a
speed of 10m/s. This change in speed took 2 seconds.
What is her “acceleration”?
QUESTION one: If a car accelerates from 5 m/s to
15 m/s in 2 seconds, what is the car's average
acceleration?

Initial velocity = 5 m/s


Final velocity = 15 m/s
Time = 2 s
a = ? m/s/s

a = ∆v /t = (15 – 5) / 2 = 10 / 2
= 5 m/s/s
How long does it take Kitty to accelerate an object from rest
to 10 m/s if the acceleration was 2 m/s2?

Initial velocity = 0 m/s


Final velocity = 10 m/s
Acceleration = 2 m/s2
Time = ?s
a = ∆v /t so t = ∆v / a
= (10 – 0) / 2
= 10 / 2
= 5s
Clio was running at 16m/s on the pavement. She starts to run on the
sand and now has a speed of 10m/s. This change in speed took 2
seconds. What is her “acceleration”?

Initial velocity = 16 m/s


Final velocity = 10 m/s
Time = 2 s
“Acceleration” = ? m/s/s
a = ∆v / t = (10 – 16) / 2
=-6/2
= - 3 m/s/s
The minus tells us that it is deceleration!!
Slightly more complex..
• Harriet is riding her bike at 4m/s when she
decides to go a bit faster. She accelerates at
3m/s/s for 5s. What is her final velocity?
• Tizzy is walking home at 2m/s when she sees
the burglar coming out of a house, she gives
chase and accelerates at a rate of 2ms-2. If it
takes her 4s to accelerate what is her final
speed?
• The burglar has eaten too many pies and
cannot accelerate as fast. He goes from
stationary to 1m/s in 3s. What is his
acceleration?
• Will Tizzy catch the burglar?
Hattie is riding her bike at 4m/s when she decides to go a
bit faster. She accelerates at 3m/s/s for 5s. What is
her final velocity?

Acceleration = 3 m/s/s
Time = 5s
Initial velocity = 4m/s
Final velocity = ? m/s
a = ∆v / t
∆v = a x t = 3 x 5 = 15m/s
∆v = final velocity – initial velocity
Final velocity = ∆v + initial velocity
= 15 m/s + 4
= 15 + 4
= 19m/s
Tizzy is walking home at 2m/s when she sees the burglar coming out of
a house, she gives chase and accelerates at a rate of 2ms-2. If it
takes her 4s to accelerate what is her final speed?

Acceleration = 2 ms-2
Time = 4s
Initial velocity = 2m/s
Final velocity = ? m/s
a = ∆v / t
∆v = a x t = 2 x 4 = 8ms-1
∆v = final velocity – initial velocity
Final velocity = ∆v + initial velocity
= 8ms-1 + 2ms-1
= 10ms-1
The burglar has eaten too many pies and cannot accelerate as fast. He
goes from stationary to 1m/s in 3s. What is his acceleration?

Acceleration = ? ms-2
Time = 3s
Initial velocity = 0m/s
Final velocity = 1ms-1

a = ∆v / t
a = (1 – 0) / 3
a = 0.3ms-2
Acceleration due to gravity
When objects fall freely through the air on
Earth do they fall at
(b)Constant speed
(c) Accelerate at a constant rate
(d)Accelerate at an increasing rate
(e)Decelerate
Acceleration due to gravity
When objects fall freely through the air on
Earth they fall at:
(b)Constant speed
(c) Accelerate at a constant rate

At first an object will accelerate at a constant


rate and then gradually – as drag builds
up, it will fall at a constant speed.
Uniformly accelerated motion in a
straight line
• There are 4 equations known as the
“kinematic equations” or “equations of
motion” that will completely describe the
motion of a particle if it is travelling in a
straight line and with uniform motion:
• You need to know where they come from
as well as being able to use them!
• The equations of motion are valid only
when acceleration is constant and
motion is constrained to a straight line.

• We are over simplifying reality with a


model so that we can an idea of the actual
value.
What are the symbols and
variables involved?
• s Displacement (m)
• u Initial velocity (ms-1)
• v Final velocity (ms-1)
• a Acceleration (ms-2)
• t Time (s)
Deriving the equations (There are 4
of them)
• You know the first one already but now it
is written with v (final velocity) as the
subject of the equation.

• a = v – u / t now written as

• v = u + at EQUATION ONE
Equation TWO: What is the displacement of
this object?

• Note: v = u + at so v – u = at
The area below the line of this graph
Velocity tells you the displacement of the
(ms-1) V
object:
U
Area of triangle: (v – u) x t / 2

Time (s) t
Area of rectangle: ut

Total area: rectangle + triangle


= ut + (v-u)t / 2
= ut + at x t / 2
= ut + ½ at2
Equation Two

s = ut + ½at 2
Equations so far:

v = u + at
s = ut + ½at 2
Equation Three: What is the displacement, s
of this object?

The area below the line of this graph


Velocity tells you the displacement of the
(ms-1) V
object:
U
Total area: rectangle + triangle

t s = ut + (v-u) ½ t
Time (s)

MULTIPLE OUT THE


BRACKETS!
ut + (v-u) ½ t
ut + ½ vt - ½ ut

ut - ½ ut = ½ ut

½ vt + ½ ut Factorise:

½ t (v + u)
Equation Three

s = ½ t (v + u)
Equations so far:

v = u + at
s = ut + ½at 2

s = ½ t (v + u)
Equation 4:
• All three equations so far have t in them -
it would be useful to get rid of it.
• Starting with the first equation, v = u + at
we can write:
t = (v-u)÷a
This can be substituted into
the third, s = ½ (u+v) t :

s = ½ (u+v) (v-u)÷a
s = ½ (u+v) (v-u)÷a
• Expanding the brackets, and multiplying
out the ½ and a:
2as = (u+v)(v-u)

uv - u2 + v2 + uv
2as = v² - u²

• This rearranges to: v² = u² + 2as


4 Equations of Motion

v = u + at
s = ut + ½at 2

s = ½ t (v + u)
v² = u² + 2as
Example:
A car is travelling at 15ms-1 when it breaks
and takes 50m to stop. Calculate the
deceleration of the car.
s = 50m Which equation should you
u = 15ms-1 use?
v = 0ms-1 HINT:
a = ?ms-2
It has to be one without t in
t = ?s it!!!
4 Equations of Motion

v = u + at
s = ut + ½at 2

s = ½ t (v + u)
v² = u² + 2as
v² = u² + 2as
A car is travelling at 15ms-1 when it breaks
and takes 50m to stop. Calculate the
deceleration of the car.
Re arrange first:
s = 50m
v² = u² + 2as
u = 15ms-1
a = (v² - u² ) / 2s
v = 0ms-1
a = (0 – 152) / (2 x 50)
a = ?ms-2
a = - 225 / 100
t = ?s
a = -2.25ms -2

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