Media and Information Literacy Pre-Industrial Age – People discovered fire, developed paper

from plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze,
DEFINITION OF TERMS copper, and iron.
Communication is a process of sharing ideas and opinions
about issues, people, events, and places between or among Industrial Age – People used the power of steam, developed
persons through various channels with the intent to gain machine tools, established iron production, and the manufacturing
common understanding. of various products (including books through printing press).

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY Electronic Age – People harnessed the power of transistors that
MIL is defined by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early
Scientific, and Cultural Organization) as a set of competencies computers. In this age, long distance communication became
that empowers citizens to access, retrieve, understand, evaluate, more efficient. (Remember that in your book, Radio would be the
and use, to create as well as share information and media start of this age.)
content in all formats, using various tools, in a critical, ethical and
effective way, in order to participate and engage in personal, Information Age – The internet paved the way for faster
professional, and societal activities. communication; the creation of social network. People advanced
the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal
In order to be a media and information literate individual, one computers, mobile devices, and wearable technologies. (This age
must consider the following: would start on page 21, with Mobile Phones.)

Media Literacy – the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and WHAT IS MEDIA TO US?
create media in a variety of forms, knowing how to engage with
traditional media and new technologies. Media refers to the Media serve to us the following purposes: a form of
physical objects used to communicate messages. entertainment, source of education, a medium for public forum,
and a way to be watchdogs. (For more details, read page 22.)
Information Literacy – the ability to recognize when information
is needed, and to locate, evaluate, and effectively communicate Further, as media provides information, we must consider that
information in its various formats. Information is a broad term one party is the recipient of information, referred to as the
that covers processed data, knowledge derived from study, information consumer, and the other party that distributes
experience, instruction, signals, or symbols. information would be the information provider. This theory that
the information provider has a limitless amount of information is
Technology Literacy – the ability of an individual, either working referred to as ALLOCUTION.
independently or with others, to responsibly, appropriately, and
effectively use technological tools. TYPES OF MEDIA

The stages/elements of information literacy include: Print Media – This refers to paper publications such as books,
 Identifying/recognizing information needs newspapers, magazines, journals, newsletters, and other
 Determining sources of information materials that are physically printed on paper.
 Locating or searching for information Broadcast Media – This consists of programs produced by
 Analyzing and evaluating the quality of television networks and radio stations. Radio, television, and films
information are the three forms of media.
 Organizing, storing or archiving information New Media – This uses the latest technologies, with the internet
 Using information in an ethical, efficient and acting as the main gateway for accessing information.
effective way
 Creating and communicating new knowledge Because of the opportunities and speed new media provides,
traditional media (i.e. print and broadcast media) had to adapt.
EVOLUTION OF MEDIA Hence, the co-existence of traditional and new media
commenced, known as Media Convergence. This allowed 1. Trademark is a word, phrase, symbol, and/or design
content to flow across various platforms, transforming different that identifies and distinguishes the source of the goods
kinds of media into digital code. of one party from those of others. The term "trademark"
As mass media continue to evolve, certain portrayals of society is often used in a general sense to refer to both
also rose. We have issues like stereotypes, gender roles, and trademarks and service marks.
racism that mass media may either be reinforced or debilitated. 2. Patent gives the inventor the right to exclude others
To read more on this, go to pages 36 to 39 of your book. from making, using, or selling the product of his
invention during the life of the patent.
3. Copyright protects the expression of ideas. Artistic
works are generally considered to be expressions of
MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES ideas—books, paintings, songs, movies, letters,
Indigenous Media This form of media is highly credible and lectures, and works of drawing
influential as they are near the source of information. Hence, they a. Copyright Infringement is the violation of
can result to development and innovations of a certain locality. copyright.
Library The three types of the library are the following: public, b. Fair Use is the copying of copyrighted material
school, and specialized. done for a limited and “transformative” purpose,
Internet With the infinite amount of information available online, such as to comment upon, criticize, or parody a
evaluating them is important. Consider the following when getting copyrighted work or use it for academic purposes
information from the internet. and news writing.
a. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the report to the actual 4. Plagiarism is act or instance of using or closely
data. imitating the language and thoughts of another author
b. Reliability refers to information that can be verified by without authorization; the representation of that author's
checking the author, the date of publication, citations, work as one's own, as by not crediting the original
advertisements, domain of the site and/or its design. author.
c. Value refers to relevance of the information, aiding the user in a. Copying words or ideas without credit
making decisions. b. Failing to put quotation marks
d. Authority refers to whether the source has credibility on the c. Incorrect information about the source
subject. d. Copying the sentence structure
e. Timeliness refers to whether the information is updated. e. Turning in someone else’s work as yours

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LANGUAGES

Language pertains to technical and symbolic codes that media
and information professionals may select and use in an effort to SOCIAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES
communicate ideas. Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (R.A. 10175) is a
Media Languages Philippine Republic Act signed by President Aquino on
Visual Language (semiotics) 12 September 2012. It aims to address legal issues
Aural Language concerning online interactions. Among the cybercrime
Textual Language offenses included in the bill are cybersquatting,
Verbal Language cybersex, child pornography, identity theft, illegal access
Non-Verbal Language to data and libel […]
a. Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place online,
LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND SOCIAL ISSUES or using electronic technology such as cell phones,
computers, and tablets over communication tools
Intellectual Property refers to creations of the mind, such as including social media sites, text messages, chat,
inventions; literary and artistic works, designs and symbols; and and websites. Examples of cyber bullying: text
names and images used in commerce messages or emails composed to insult or demean;
rumors or false statements spread by email or
posted on social networking sites; and humiliating
 photos, videos, websites, or fake profiles
deliberately shared across social media.
b. Computer Addiction is the excessive use of
computers to the extent that it interferes with daily
life. This excessive use may for example interfere
with work or sleep, result in problems with social
interaction, or affect mood, relationships, and
thought processes.
c. Digital Divide is an economic inequality between
groups in terms of access to, use of, or knowledge
of ICT. The divide within countries (such as the
digital divide in the United States) can refer to
inequalities between individuals, households,
businesses, and geographic areas at different
socioeconomic (and other demographic) levels. The
Global digital divide designates countries as the
units of analysis, and examines the divide between
developing and developed countries on an
international scale.

“THERE ARE NO FAILURE, ONLY

QUITTERS.”