NON-CONVENTIONAL & RENEWABLE ENERGY

SOURCES

Non-conventional energy sources are the energy sources which gives renewable energy.

Non-renewable energy are the energies which are not replaced by new identical one in the place of the used ones. Best example for the non-conventional
energy source is fossil fuels. We cannot replace the used fuels by new one in the same source. Consider the sources to a pencil, if we sharpens it, the size reduces,
we cannot increase the size of used(sharpened) pencil. Similarly we cannot refill the source, if we take the fuel the amount of fuel decreases, one day it will be
completely exhausted.
Some other examples for the non-conventional energy sources tar sands, heavy oil, oil shale, bio-fuels

Energy is the key input to drive and improve the life cycle. Primarily, it is the gift of the nature to the mankind in various forms. the consumption of the energy is
directly proportional to the progress of the mankind with ever growing population, improvement in the living standard of the humanity, induatrialization of the
developing countries, the global demand for energy is expected to increase rather significantly in the near future. Environmental degradation caused by their
widespread use, particularly gloabal warming, urban air pollution and acid rain, strongly suggest thet harnessing of non-conventional, renewable and environment
friendly energy resources is vital for steering the global energy supplies towards a sustainable path

The Industrial Revolution of the 19th century ushered in new technologies. Some of these inventions involved use of natural resources like coal and oil. The
thought of exhaustible nature of these resources and the environmental damage from the use of these resources never occurred either to the inventors or the
subsequent generations. In the quest to sustain galloping economic activity, the dependence on coal and oil has soared at a phenomenal rate over the years. The
burnt fuels result in the release of carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere causing environmental damage. It has become imperative to look at energy
technology with a new perspective

The sources of energy which are being produced continuously in

nature and are in exhaustible are called renewable sources of energy (or)non-conventional energy

The energy system is unstable because the total energy available on earth is limited and man has exploited the conventional technologies to meet his needs. Consumption of energy
by man increased gradually as his wants also increased. Also, increase in energy consumption did not result in equivalent increase or growth in industrial production. As a result, new
options had to be looked at. One of them was to look at non-conventional and new sources, preferably renewable and develop technologies to utilize them. The other was to look at
energy consumption and introduce energy Conservation.

Few forms of energy generated by a source outside and renewed continuously are solar energy (by direct conversion through photovoltaic cells/solar collectors and via
photosynthesis), hydro electric energy, tidal energy, wind energy, energy from wastes, geothermal energy. These non-conventional resources have various uses other than energy
generation. Although these resources have some disadvantages like large variations in intensity of available energy, they are highly advantageous. Minimizing intermediate
conversions increase total utilization efficiency. Also, losses in transport and distribution are not there. Hence, proper recovery methods will not only reduce energy consumption for
industrial processes, but also generate additional energy and by-products.
To meet the future energy demands and to give quality and pollution free supply to the growing and today’s
environment conscious
Intensive burning population, the present
of fossil → world attention is to go inoffor
Larger percentage natural, clean and renewable energy
carbon
sources. These
fuels energy sources capture their energy from on-going natural processes,
dioxide in the atmosphere such as geothermal heat flows,
sunshine, wind, flowing water and biological processes.
Most renewable forms of energy, other than geothermal and tidal power ultimately
come from the Sun. Some forms of energy, such as rainfall and wind power are
considered short-term energy storage, whereas the energy in biomass is
accumulated over a period of months, as in straw, and through many years as in
wood. Fossil fuels too are theoretically renewable but on a very long time-scale
and if continued to be exploited at present rates then these resources may deplete
in the near future. Therefore, in reality, Renewable energy is energy from a source
that is replaced rapidly by a natural process and is not subject to depletion in a
human timescale.
Renewable energy resources may be used directly, such as solar ovens, geothermal heating, and water and windmills
or indirectly by transforming to other more convenient forms of energy such as electricity generation through wind
turbines or photovoltaic cells, or production of fuels (ethanol etc.) from biomass

• 82% of energy is from non-renewable resources

– 76% from fossil fuels
– 6% from nuclear
– 18% from renewable sources
• 50% of people in developing countries use wood and charcoal for heat and cooking
ncept of Renewable Energy
ewable energy sources also called non-conventional energy, are sources that are continuously replenished by natural processes. For example, solar energy, wind energy, bio-energy - bio-fuels
wn sustain ably), hydropower etc., are some of the examples of renewable energy sources
enewable energy system converts the energy found in sunlight, wind, falling-water, sea-waves, geothermal heat, or biomass into a form, we can use such as heat or electricity. Most of the
wable energy comes either directly or indirectly from sun and wind and can never be exhausted, and therefore they are called renewable.
wever, most of the world's energy sources are derived from conventional sources-fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gases. These fuels are often termed non-renewable energy sources.
hough, the available quantity of these fuels are extremely large, they are nevertheless finite and so will in principle ‘run out’ at some time in the future
ewable energy sources are essentially flows of energy, whereas the fossil and nuclear fuels are, in essence, stocks of energy
ious forms of renewable energy
Solar energy
Wind energy
Bio energy
Hydro energy
Geothermal energy
Wave and tidal energy

(a) Wind energy

Winds are caused because of two factors.
1. The absorption of solar energy on the earth’s surface and in the
atmosphere.

2. The rotation of the earth about its axis and its motion around the Sun.
A wind mill converts the kinetic energy of moving air into Mechanical
energy that can be either used directly to run the Machine or to run the
generator to produce electricity.

Wind energy

Wind energy is basically harnessing of wind power to produce electricity. The kinetic energy of the wind is converted to electrical energy. When solar radiation enters the
earth’s atmosphere, different regions of the atmosphere are heated to different degrees because of earth curvature. This heating is higher at the equator and lowest at the
poles. Since air tends
to flow from warmer to cooler regions, this causes what we call winds, and it is these airflows that are harnessed in windmills and wind turbines to produce power

The origin of Wind energy is sun. When sun rays fall on the earth, its surface gets heated up and as a consequence uneven winds are formed. Kinetic energy in the
wind can be used to run wind turbines but the output power depends on the wind speed. Turbines generally require a wind in the range 5.5 m/s.
Blowing wind spins the blades on a wind turbine -- just like a large toy pinwheel. This device is called a wind turbine The blades of the turbine are attached to a
hub that is mounted on a turning shaft. The shaft goes through a gear transmission box where the turning speed is increased. The transmission is attached to a high
speed shaft which turns a generator that makes electricity.
If the wind gets too high, the turbine has a brake that will keep the blades from turning too fast and being damaged.
You can use a single smaller wind turbine to power a home or a school. A small turbine makes enough energy for a house. In the picture on the right, the children
at this school are playing beneath a wind turbine that makes enough electricity to power their entire school.

India now has the 5th largest wind power installed capacity, of 359 5 MW, in th e world

SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE

CHEMICAL ELECTROMAGNETIC
ENERGY STORAGE ENERGY STORAGE
STORAGE

SENSIBLE LATENT CHEMICAL THERMOCHEMICAL

HEAT HEAT

ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE MECHANICAL ENERGY STORAGE

PUMPED COMPRESSED
HYDROELECTRIC AIR
STORAGE
CAPACITOR INDUCTOR BATTERY

FLYWHEEL

Solar energy can be used in two ways:

• Solar heating.
• Solar electricity.

Solar heating is to capture/concentrate sun’s energy for heating buildings and for cooking/heating foodstuffs etc.
Solar electricity is mainly produced by using photovoltaic solar cells which are made of semi-conducting materials
that directly convert sunlight into electricity. Obviously the sun does not provide constant energy to any spot on the
Earth, so its use is limited. Therefore, often Solar cells are used to charge batteries which are used either as
secondary energy source or for other applications of intermittent use such as night lighting or water pumping etc. A
solar power plant offers good option for electrification in areas of disadvantageous locations such as hilly regions,

3
 .

Solar energy can be used in two ways:

• Solar heating.
• Solar electricity

Solar electricity is mainly produced by using photovoltaic solar cells which are made of semi-conducting materials
that directly convert sunlight into electricity. Obviously the sun does not provide constant energy to any spot on the
Earth, so its use is limited. Therefore, often Solar cells are used to charge batteries which are used either as
secondary energy source or for other applications of intermittent use such as night lighting or water pumping etc. A
solar power plant offers THERMAL
good option for electrification in areas of disadvantageous locations such as hilly regions, forests, deserts,
and islands where other resources are neither available nor exploitable in techno economically
viable manner. MNES has identified 18, 000 such villages to be electrified through non-conventional sources

Brief history of solar energy (or) Importance of solar energy:

Energy from the sun is called solar energy. The Sun’s energy comes
from nuclear fusion reaction that take place deep in the Sun. Hydrogen
nucleus fuse into helium nucleus. The energy from these reactions flow out
from the sun and escape into space.

Energy from the sun is called solar energy. The Sun’s energy comes
from nuclear fusion reaction that takes place deep in the sun. Hydrogen
nucleus fuse into helium nucleus. The energy from these reactions flow out
from the sun and escape into space.
Solar energy is some times called radiant energy. These are different
kinds of radiant energy emitted by sun. The most important are light infrared
rays. Ultra violet rays, and X- Rays.

.• Solar heating.
•. Solar electricity.

2.3 Solar Radiation at the Earth’s Surface

The solar radiation that penetrates the earth’s atmosphere and reaches
the surface differs in both amount and character from the radiation at the top
of the atmosphere. In the first place. Part of the radiation is reflected back in
to the space, especially by clouds. Further more, the radiation entering the
atmosphere is od opti partly absorbed by molecules in the air. Oxygen and Ozone
(o3), formed from oxygen, absorb nearly all the Ultraviolet radiation, and water
vapour and carbon dioxide absorb some of the energy in the infrared range.
In addition, part of the solar radiation is scattered (i.e. its direction has been
changed) by droplets in clouds by atmosphere molecules, and by dust
particles.
Solar Radiation that has not been absorbed or scattered and reaches
the ground directly from the sun is called “Direct Radiation” or Beam
Radiation. Diffuse radiation is that Solar Radiation received from the sun after
its direction has been changed by reflection and scattering by the
atmosphere. Because of the Solar Radiation is cattered in all directions in the
atmosphere, diffuses radiation comes to the earth from all parts of the sky.
The sum of the beam and diffuse radiation flux is referred to as total or global
radiation.
12.4 Bio Energy
Biomass is a renewable energy resource derived from the carbonaceous waste of various human and natural activities. It is derived from numerous
sources, including the by-products from the wood industry, agricultural crops, raw material from the forest, household wastes etc.
Plants use photosynthesis to store solar energy in the form of chemical energy. The easiest way to release this
energy is by burning the dried up plants. Solid biomass such as firewood or comb ustible field crops including dried
manure is actually burnt to heat water and to drive turbines

Biomass does not add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as it absorbs the same amount of carbon in growing as it releases when consumed as a fuel. Its
advantage is that it can be used to generate electricity with the same equipment that is now being used for burning fossil fuels. Biomass is an important
source of energy and the most important fuel worldwide after coal, oil and natural gas. Bio-energy, in the form of biogas, which is derived from biomass, is
expected to become one of the key energy resources for global sustainable development. Biomass offers higher energy efficiency through form of Biogas
than by direct burning

The exhaustibility of LPG & other conventional sources has made these resources very costly.
A cheap way to produce cooking gas is by installing a Biogas plant.
When any organic matter, such as cowdung, crop residue and kitchen waste is fermented in the absence of oxygen, biogas is generated which contains
combustible methane (around 60% ) along with carbon dioxide, and traces of other gases. This gas can serve as a convenient fuel that can be used for a variety of
applications, such as cooking, lighting, and motive power.
Biomass is yet another important source of energy with potential to generate power to the extent of more than 50% of the country’s requirements.
India is predominantly an agricultural economy, with huge quantity of biomass
available in the form of husk, straw, shells of coconuts wild bushes etc.
Biomass is used as a fertilizer. It is the slurry produced from the Biogas plant.

Bio fuels
Unlike other renewable energy sources, biomass can be converted directly into liquid fuels— biofuels— for our transportation needs (cars, trucks, buses, airplanes, and trains).
The two most common types of biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel. See Figure 12.10.
Ethanol is an alcohol, similar to that used in beer and wine. It is made by fermenting any biomass high in carbohydrates (starches, sugars, or celluloses) through a process similar
to brewing beer. Ethanol is mostly used as a fuel additive to cut down a vehicle's carbon monoxide and other smog-causing emissions. Flexible-fuel vehicles, which run on
mixtures of gasoline and up to 85% ethanol are now available

Biodiesel, produced by plants such as rapeseed (canola), sunflowers and soybeans, can be extracted and refined into fuel, which can be burned in diesel engines
and buses. Biodiesel can also made by combining alcohol with vegetable oil, or recycled cooking greases. It can be used as an additive to reduce vehicle emissions
(typically 20%) or in its pure form as a renewable alternative fuel for diesel engines.

Biopower
Biopower, or biomass power, is the use of biomass to generate electricity. There are six major types of biopower systems: direct-fired, cofiring, gasification, anaerobic digestion,
pyrolysis, and small - modular.
Most of the biopower plants in the world use direct-fired systems. They burn bioenergy feedstocks directly in boiler to produce steam. This steam drives the turbo-generator. In
some industries, the steam is also used in manufacturing processes or to heat buildings. These are known as combined heat and power facilities. For example, wood waste is
often used to produce both electricity and steam at paper mills.
Many coal-fired power plants use cofiring systems to significantly reduce emissions, especially sulfur dioxide emissions. Cofiring involves using bio energy feedstock as a
supplementary fuel source in high efficiency boilers.
Gasification systems use high temperatures and an oxygen-starved environment to convert biomass into a gas (a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane). The gas
fuels a gas turbine, which runs an electric generator for producing power.

The decay of biomass produces methane gas, which can be used as an energy source. Methane can be produced from biomass through a process called anaerobic digestion.
Anaerobic digestion involves using bacteria to decompose organic matter in the absence of oxygen. In landfills –scientific waste disposal site - wells can be drilled to release the
methane from the decaying organic matter. The pipes from each well carry the gas to a central point where it is filtered and cleaned before burning. Methane can be used as an
energy source in many ways. Most facilities burn it in a boiler to produce steam for electricity generation or for industrial processes. Two new ways include the use of
microturbines and fuel cells. Microturbines have outputs of 25 to 500 kilowatts. About the size of a refrigerator, they can be used where there are space limitations for power
production. Methane can also be used as the "fuel" in a fuel cell. Fuel cells work much like batteries, but never need recharging, producing electricity as long as there is fuel.
In addition to gas, liquid fuels can be produced from biomass through a process called pyrolysis. Pyrolysis occurs when biomass is heated in the absence of oxygen. The biomass
then turns into liquid called pyrolysis oil, which can be burned like petroleum to generate electricity. A biopower system that uses pyrolysis oil is being commercialized.
Several biopower technologies can be used in small, modular systems. A small, modular system generates electricity at a capacity of 5 megawatts or less. This system is designed
for use at the small town level or even at the consumer level. For example, some farmers use the waste from their livestock to provide their farms with electricity. Not only do
these systems provide renewable energy, they also help farmers meet environmental regulations.
Biomass Cogeneration
Cogeneration improves viability and profitability of sugar industries. Indian sugar mills are rapidly turning to bagasse, the leftover of cane after it is crushed and its juice
extracted, to generate electricity. This is mainly being done to clean up the environment, cut down power costs and earn additional revenue. According to current estimates, about
3500 MW of power can be generated from bagasse in the existing 430 sugar mills in the country. Around 270 MW of power has already been commissioned and more is under
construction.

12.5 Hydro Energy

Energy in water can be harnessed and used, in the form of motive energy or temperature differences. Since water is
about a thousand times heavier than air is, even a slow flowing stream of water can yield great amounts of energy.
There are many forms:
• Hydroelectric energy, a term usually reserved for hydroelectric dams.
• Tidal power, which captures energy from the tides in horizontal direction. Tides co me in, raise water levels
in a basin, and tides roll out. The water is made to pass through a turbine to get out of the basin. Power
generation through this method has a varying degree of success.
• Wave power, which uses the energy in waves. The waves will usually make large pontoons go up and
down in the water. The wave power is also hard to tap.
Hydroelectric energy is therefore the only viable option. However, even probably this option is also not there with
the developed nations for future energy production, because most major sites within these nations with the potential
for harnessing gravity in this way are either already being exploited or are unavailable for other reasons such as
environmental considerations. On the other side, large hydro potential of millions of megawatts is available with the
dev eloping countries of the world but major bottleneck in the way o f development of these large Hydro projects is
that each site calls for huge investment.

The potential energy of falling water, captured and converted to mechanical energy by waterwheels, powered the start of the industrial revolution.
Wherever sufficient head, or change in elevation, could be found, rivers and streams were dammed and mills were built.
Water under pressure flows through a turbine causing it to spin. The Turbine is connected to a generator, which produces electricity (see Figure 12.11). In order to
produce enough electricity, a hydroelectric system requires a location with the following features:
Change in elevation or head: 20 feet @ 100 gal/min = 200 Watts. 100 feet head @ 20 gal/min gives the same output.
In India the potential of small hydro power is estimated about 10,000 MW. A total of 183.45 MW small Hydro project have been installed in India by the end of March
1999. Small Hydro Power projects of 3 MW capacity have been also installed individually and 148 MW projeconstruction.

Energy in water can be harnessed & used, in the form of motive energy or temperature differences. Since water is about thousand times heavier than air is, even a
slow flowing stream of water can yield great amounts of energy.

12.6 Tidal and Ocean Energy

Tidal Energy
Tidal electricity generation involves the construction of a barrage across an estuary to block the incoming and outgoing tide. The head of water is then used to drive
turbines to generate electricity from the elevated water in the basin as in hydroelectric dams.
Barrages can be designed to generate electricity on the ebb side, or flood side, or both. Tidal range may vary over a wide range (4.5-12.4 m) from site to site. A tidal
range of at least 7 m is required for economical operation and for sufficient head of water for the turbines.

Ocean Energy
Oceans cover more than 70% of Earth’s surface, making them the world’s largest solar collectors. Ocean energy draws on the energy of ocean waves, tides, or on the
thermal energy (heat) stored in the ocean. The sun warms the surface water a lot more than the deep ocean water, and this temperature difference stores thermal energy.
The ocean contains two types of energy: thermal energy from the sun’s heat, and mechanical energy from the tides and waves.
Ocean thermal energy is used for many applications, including electricity generation. There are three types of electricity conversion systems: closed-cycle, open cycle,
and hybrid. Closed cycle systems use the ocean’s warm surface water to vaporize a working fluid, which has a low boiling point, such as ammonia. The vapour expands
and turns a turbine. The turbine then activates a generator to produce electricity. Open-cycle systems actually boil the seawater by operating at low pressures. This
produces steam that passes through a turbine / generator. The hybrid systems combine both closed-cycle and open-cycle systems.
Ocean mechanical energy is quite different from ocean thermal energy. Even though the sun affects all ocean activity, tides are driven primarily by the gravitational pull
of the moon, and waves are driven primarily by the winds. A barrage (dam) is typically used to convert tidal energy into electricity by forcing the water through turbines,
activating a generator.
India has the World's largest programmes for renewable energy. Several renewable energy technologies have been developed and deployed in villages and cities
of India. A Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) created in 1992 for all matters relating to Non-Conventional / Renewable Energy. Government
of India also created Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA) to assist and provide financial assistance in the form of subsidy and low interest
loan for renewable energy projects.
IREDA covers a wide spectrum of financing activities including those that are connected to energy conservation and energy efficiency. At present, IREDA's lending is
mainly in the following areas: -
• Solar energy technologies, utilization of solar thermal and solar photo voltaic systems
• Wind energy setting up grid connected Wind farm projects
• Small hydro setting up small, mini and micro hydel projects
• Bio-energy technologies, biomass based co-generation projects, biomass gasification, energy from waste and briquetting projects
• Hybrid systems
• Energy efficiency and conservation

The estimated potential of various Renewable Energy technologies in India by IREDA are given below.
Geothermal Energy

Geothermal energy is a very clean source of power. It comes from radioactive decay in the core of the Earth, which
heats the Earth from the inside out and thus energy/power can be extracted owing to the temperature difference
between hot rock deep in the earth and relatively cool surface air and water. This requires that the hot rock be
relatively shallow, so it is site - specific and can only be applied in geologically active areas.
It can be used in two ways:
• Geothermal heating
• Geothermal electricity
As stated above, the geothermal energy from the core of the Earth is closer to the surface in some areas than in
others. Where hot underground steam or water can be tapped
and brought to the surface it may be used directly to
heat and cool buildings or indirectly it can be used to
generate electricity by running the steam/gas turb ines. Even
otherwise, on most of the globe, the temperature of the crust
a few feet below the surface is buffered to a constant 7-
14 degree Celsius, so a liquid can be pre-heated or pre-
cooled in underground pipelines, providing free cooling in
the summer and heating in the winter by using a heat pump

The gradual radioactive decay of elements within the

earth maintains the earth's core at temperatures in excess of
5000°C. Heat energy continuously flows from this hot core
by means of conductive heat flow and convective flows of
L
molten mantle beneath the crust. The result is that there is a
mean heat flux at the earth's surface of around 16 kilowatts of heat energy per square kilometre which is dissipated to the atmosphere and space. This heat flux is
not uniformly distributed over the earth's surface but tends to be strongest along tectonic plate boundaries where volcanic activity transports high temperature
material to near the surface. Only a small fraction of the molten rock feeding volcanoes actually reaches the surface. Most is left at depths of 5-20 km beneath the
surface, where it releases heat that can drive hydrological convection that forms high temperature geothermal systems at shallower depths of 500-3000m.

Whether geothermal energy is utilised for power production or for direct use applications, there are issues in geothermal utilisation that often have technical
implications.
Geothermal fluids often contain significant quantities of gases such as hydrogen sulphide as well as dissolved chemicals and can sometimes be acidic. Because of
this, corrosion, erosion and chemical deposition may be issues, which require attention at the design stage and during operation of the geothermal project. Well
casings and pipelines can suffer corrosion and /or scale deposition, and turbines, especially blades can suffer damage leading to higher maintenance costs and
reduced power output.
However, provided careful consideration of such potential problems is made at the design stage, there are a number of technological solutions available. Such
potential problems can be normally overcome by a combination of utilising corrosion resistant materials, careful control of brine temperatures, the use of steam
scrubbers and occasionally using corrosion inhibitors.
Provided such readily available solutions are employed, geothermal projects generally have a very good history of operational reliability. Geothermal power plants
for example, can boast of high capacity factors (typically 85-95%)

10. CONCLUSION

Keeping in view the reserves of the fo ssil fuels and the economy concerns, these fuels are likely to dominate the
world primary energy supply for another decade but environmental scientists have warned that if the present trend is
not checked then by 2100, the average temperature around the globe will rise by 1.4 to 5.8 degrees Celsius, which
will cause a upsurge in the sea water levels drowning all lands at low elevation along the coastal lines. So th e world
has already made a beginning to bring about the infrastructural changes in the energy sector so as to be able to
choose the renewable energy development trajectory. In developing countries, where a lot of new energy production
 10. CONCLUSION

Keeping in view the reserves of the fo ssil fuels and the economy concerns, these fuels
world primary
are likely energy supply
to dominate the for another decade but environmental scientists have
warned
not that ifthen
checked thebypresent
2100,trend is
the average temperature around the globe will rise by 1.4 to
will cause a Celsius,
5.8 degrees upsurge which in the sea water levels drowning all lands at low elevation along
the coastal
has alreadylines.
madeSo th e worldto bring about the infrastructural changes in the energy
a beginning
choose
sector sotheasrenewable
to be able energy
to development trajectory. In developing countries, where a
lot of newis energy
capacity production
to be added, the rapid increase of renewables is, in principle, easier than in
existing capacity
the industrial wouldwhere
countries need to be converted if a rapid change were to take place. That
is, developing countries
could have the competitive advantage for driving the world market. However, strong
countries is needed
participation since majority of energy technologies in use in developing
of developed
countries have been
commercialized developedcountries
in developed and first. Nevertheless, India must give more thrust
development in
to the research and the field of non-conventional energy sources not only to mitigate
greenhouse
lessen effect but
dependence on also to import, which consumes major chunk of foreign
oil/gas
an integrated
exchange en ergy
reserve. It issystem consisting
also clear that two or more renewable energy sources has the
advantage of stability,
reliability and are economically v iable. Last but not the least, it is for the citizens also
renewable
to believe in energy
powersources,
of and understand its necessity and importance.

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