NORZAGARAY COLLEGE

Municipal Compound, Norzagaray, Bulacan

LEARNING MODULE
IN

DIGITAL DESIGN
(DD 101)
PRELIMINARY TERM
1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2020-2021

GERALD R. ALBANO
Subject Instructor

COLLEGE OF COMPUTING STUDIES (BSCS)

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

 COVER PAGE........................................................................................................p. 1
 WELCOME NOTE..................................................................................................p. 3
 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................p. 4
 STUDY GUIDES & HOUSE RULES.......................................................................p. 4
 COURSE OUTLINE................................................................................................p. 4-5
 LEARNING TASK 1................................................................................................p. 8
 Class Orientation
 PRE-ASSESSMENT 1............................................................................................p. 8
 CONTENT DEVELOPMENT 1...............................................................................p. 9
 POST-ASSESSMENT 1.........................................................................................p. 9
 LEARNING TASK 2................................................................................................p. 10
 Introduction to Number System
 Conversion of Base Number System
 PRE-ASSESSMENT 2............................................................................................p. 10
 CONTENT DEVELOPMENT 2...............................................................................p. 11-15
 POST-ASSESSMENT 2.........................................................................................p. 15
 LEARNING TASK 3................................................................................................p. 16
 One’s and Two’s Complement
 Binary Arithmetic Operation
 PRE-ASSESSMENT 3............................................................................................p. 16
 CONTENT DEVELOPMENT 3...............................................................................p. 17-19
 POST-ASSESSMENT 3.........................................................................................p, 20
 LEARNING TASK 4................................................................................................p. 21
 Octal Arithmetic Operation
 Hexadecimal Arithmetic Operation
 PRE-ASSESSMENT 4............................................................................................p. 21
 CONTENT DEVELOPMENT 4...............................................................................p. 22-24
 POST-ASSESSMENT 4.........................................................................................p. 25
 LEARNING TASK 5................................................................................................p. 26
 Codes in Digital Circuits
 BCD
 Gray Code
 Hamming Code
 PRE-ASSESSMENT 5............................................................................................p. 26
 CONTENT DEVELOPMENT 5...............................................................................p. 27-31
 POST-ASSESSMENT 5.........................................................................................p. 32
 PRELIMINARY EXAM............................................................................................p. 33-34

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 NORZAGARAY COLLEGE
Municipal Compound, Brgy. Poblacion
Norzagaray, Bulacan

COLLEGE OF COMPUTING STUDIES

I. WELCOME NOTE

Welcome to the 2020-2021 Academic Year

Dear Students,

I am counting on you to make this your best year at Norzagaray College. We are here to support you every step of the
way.

For those of you returning to Norzagaray College, we are glad to have you back as you continue your journey to the
graduation stage. For those new students who are just joining the institution, we encourage you to make the most of
your time here. Your college experience will be what you make it, and your opportunities will only be limited by the
limits you place on yourself.

As you start a new academic year, take advantage of the many services available to help you achieve your full
potential. Norzagaray College offers many programs to keep you on the road to graduation and professional success,
such as tutoring and workshops on skills and knowledge development, laboratory exercises and test preparation.

During the year, you can also join me for a chat session – an opportunity for me to learn more about you, your plans for
your future, and to answer your questions.

College life however, is not really a hand full of burden if you just know how to start your new academic life – the
right way.

Now that we are going to embrace the new learning modality this 1st Semester of A.Y. 2020-2021 amidst
COVID-19 pandemic, here are some important details that you have to remember:

Course Code: DD 101

Course Title: Digital Design
Subject Instructor: Gerald R. Albano
Section: BSCS 1A
Class Schedule:

Contact Details of Instructor: 09152800175

FB messenger: Gerald Albano
e-mail address: [email protected]
albanogerald [email protected]

Please take note that if you have questions regarding your learning modules/tasks, you may reach me
thru my contact details based on our class schedule ONLY.

Since, this is our first day of meeting , I prepared an introduction spiel for you to answer. You just need to
supply the necessary information in the blanks.

Introduce Yourself:

Hello everyone!

I am (your name) _ . You can call me for

short. I am years old. I live at . I enrolled at
Norzagaray College because
.
I chose my course because .

My skills/talents are . If I have one word to describe myself

that is because .

In this subject Digital Design, I am expecting that I will learn to

.

That would be all, thank you!

3
 II. INTRODUCTION

Digital circuits are circuits dealing with signals restricted to the extreme limits of zero and some full amount.
This stands in contrast to analog circuits, in which signals are free to vary continuously between the limits
imposed by power supply voltage and circuit resistances. These circuits find use in “true/false” logical
operations and digital computation.

The circuits in this chapter make use of IC, or integrated circuit, components. Such components are actually
networks of interconnected components manufactured on a single wafer of semiconducting material.

Modern ICs are enormously complicated. An average desktop computer chip, as of 2015, has over 1 billion
transistors. The rules for what can and cannot be manufactured are also extremely complex. Common IC
processes of 2015 have more than 500 rules. Furthermore, since the manufacturing process itself is not
completely predictable, designers must account for its statistical nature. The complexity of modern IC design,
as well as market pressure to produce designs rapidly, has led to the extensive use of automated design tools
in the IC design process.

With the new learning modality that we are going to embrace for this academic year due to COVID-19
pandemic, our major concern now is the health and safety not only of our students but also our school
personnel. Hence, this module is created to ensure that learning will continue amidst the health situation.

III. STUDY GUIDE AND HOUSE RULES

My dear students, since we adopted modular approach this Preliminary term, here are some rules and reminders
that you have to bear in mind while accomplishing this module.

1. You are going to accomplish the learning tasks on your own. Therefore, BE HONEST!

2. If you see a certain part which requires your NAME, COURSE & SECTION, then it is the only part that you
must answer and to be submitted to me. You are NOT going to submit the whole learning module.

3. When you encounter unfamiliar word/s while browsing this module, DON’T just ignore it, instead get a
dictionary and look for the meaning of it.

4. If you have queries regarding your learning module, please feel free to reach me thru my provided contact
details during our CLASS SCHEDULE ONLY.

5. If you are going to send me a message, please DON’T FORGET to give your complete name and section so I
can recognize you.

6. If you have social media account/s, please USE your real name and a clear picture of you so it will be easier
for me to recognize you.

7. NEVER HESITATE to ask me questions or raise your concerns for as long as it is related to our learning
module.

8. Always KEEP TRACK of the timetable when to accomplish and to submit the learning tasks.

9. Be reminded that all of us are still adjusting in this new normal, hence, it will be easier for you to accomplish the
learning tasks if you are going to have TIME MANAGEMENT.

10. Lastly, ASK GUIDANCE from our Holy Father while accomplishing your tasks and surely everything will work
well.

IV.COURSE OUTLINE

1st Year 1st Semester A.Y. 2020-2021

Course Code : DD 101

Course Title : Digital Design

Course Credit : 3 units

Course Description :

This course covers the operation, application, and troubleshooting of TTL and CMOS electronic logic devices,
their use in combinatorial and sequential logic circuits, the interface between the logic families, and the
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interface between digital and analog circuits. The course also provides a study of Boolean algebra, binary
and hexadecimal number systems, binary codes, and the analysis of the basic components and circuits used
in semiconductor switching and the use of K Mapping and Quine Mc Cluskey Method.

Time Allotment : 18 weeks

Desired Student Learning Outcomes :

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

1. Identify analog and digital electrical signals.
2. Convert numbers between decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal number systems.
3. Explain the operation of digital logic gates.
4. Use Boolean algebra to express logic operations as equations.
5. Use Karnaugh maps to minimize (simplify) Boolean equations.
6. Identify combinatorial logic circuits and sequential logic circuits, and explain their operation.
7. Identify, explain, and implement various types of flip-flops, counter circuits, shift registers, and other
logic circuits.
8. Identify com m only used integrated circuit families used in digital equipment.

Course Content

TOPICS TIME ALLOTMENT

PRELIMINARY PERIOD

I. Class Orientation Week 1

 VMGO’s and Core Values September 14-18, 2020
 Course Outline
 Course Requirements
 Grading System
 Classroom Rules

II.
 Introduction to Number System Week 2
 Conversion of Base Number System September 21-25, 2020

III.
 One’s and Two’s Complement Week 3
 Binary Arithmetic Operation September 28-October 2, 2020

IV.
 Octal Arithmetic Operation Week 4
 Hexadecimal Arithmetic Operation October 5-9, 2020

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V.
 Codes In Digital Circuits Week 5
October 12-16, 2020

Week 6
PRELIM EXAM: October 19-24, 2020

MIDTERM PERIOD

VI.
 Introduction to Boolean Algebra Week 7
 Logic Gates October 26-30, 2020

VII.
Week 8
 Simplifying Logic Gates using Boolean November 2-6, 2020
Algebra Law
 K Mapping

VIII.
 Simplifying Logic gates using K Map Week 9
November 9-13, 2020
 Canonical Form Conversion

IX. Week 10
November 16-20, 2020
 Sum of Product Form
 Product of Sum Form
X. Week 11
November 23-27, 2020
 Quine Mc Cluskey Method
Week 12
MIDTERM EXAMINATION: December 1-5, 2020

FINAL PERIOD

XI. Week 13 December 7-11, 2020

 Combinational Logic Gates
 Combinational Circuits
XII. Week 14 December 14-18, 2020
 Full and Half Adder
 Full and Half Subtractor

XIII. Week 15 January 4-8, 2021

 Finite State Machine
 Mealy and Moore Machines
Week 16 January 11-15, 2021
XIV.
 Conversion of Mealy Machine
 Conversion of Moore Machine
Week 17 January 18-22, 2021
XV.
 Introduction to Sequential Circuits

Week 18
FINAL EXAMINATION: Jan. 25-30, 2021
Suggested Readings and References: Digital Integrated Electronics
by Herbert Taub , Donald Schilling, 2017
Digital Electronics by John Morris, 2015
6
 John F. Wakerly, Digital Design: Principles and Practices,
Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006.
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/digital-electronics-logic-
design-tutorials
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/digital_circuits/index.htm
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/digital

Course Requirements:
 Accomplish learning tasks properly
 Submit learning tasks on time

Grading System:

Class Standing 30%

Learning Tasks 30%

Major Exam 40%

100%

Prepared by: Noted by:

GERALD R. ALBANO DR. MINDALITA O. CRUZ

Instructor I Dean, College of Computing Studies

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 LEARNING TASK 1 (September 14-18, 2020)

TOPIC

 CLASS ORIENTATION

TOPIC OVERVIEW

This week is intended for the class orientation of the students wherein the mission, vision and objectives of
the institution will be discussed as well as the vision and mission of the department where the student belongs.

Desired Learning Outcome:

1. To familiarize with the VMGO’s of NC and the College of Computing Studies

PRE-ASSESSMENT 1

NAME: COURSE & SECTION:

STUDENT NO.:_____________________________________SCORE:_______________________________

Answer the following questions:

1. Why do you think Norzagaray College (NC) was established?

2. In what ways can NC help students like you?

3. How do you see yourself ten (10) years from now?

4. What do you think are the characteristics and skills that you possess that will be an asset to the
program/department where you belong?

Scoring Rubric:

Content/Idea: 5pts
Coherence: 3pts
Handwriting: 2pts
Total Score: 10pts

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CONTENT DEVELOPMENT

NORZAGARAY COLLEGE VISION, MISSION and OBJECTIVES

VISION:

Norzagaray College envisions itself to transform lives of individuals and communities through life-long learning.

MISSION:

As an Institution of Higher Education, we commit ourselves to:

1. produce local and global competitive professionals through quality, accessible and affordable education;
2. develop the intellectual, physical, social, spiritual, cultural and career potential of the individual capable
of meeting the needs of industry, public service and civil society;
3. provide innovative educational environment, opportunities and experiences that enable individuals and
communities to grow, thrive and prosper.

OBJECTIVES:

To achieve the stated vision and mission, NC shall:

1. provide students with excellent academic instructions, skills and trainings that are relevant in the
practice of their chosen field;
2. engage students to programs and activities that will develop their holistic potential;
3. establish local, national and international linkages by strengthening partnership with other higher
educational institutions, industry, government and non-government offices for the educational
advancement of institution and development of the community

The Norzagaray College values the following as central to our success:

Professionalis
m
Responsibility
Integrity
Diversity
Excellence

COLLEGE OF COMPUTING STUDIES VISION AND MISSION

VISION
To be recognized nationally and internationally as a benchmark for excellence, innovation, integrity, and
distinctiveness in bachelor's level education taught from
global perspective.

MISSION
To provide the Computer Science students with a solid, technical foundation that enables them to be
globally competitive professionals.

POST ASSESSMENT 1
Memorize the NC Vision, Mission and Objectives as well as the Vision and Mission of the department where
you belong. Be ready to recite it when face-to-face classroom instruction is allowed.

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 LEARNING TASK 2 (September 21-25, 2020)

TOPIC

 Introduction to Number System

 Conversion of Base Number System

TOPIC OVERVIEW

Learning Task 2 will discuss number system in a way to represent numbers. Using the base-10 number
system, called decimal. Other common number systems include base-16 (hexadecimal), base-8 (octal), and
base-2 (binary). These topics also include the different ways to convert numbers into different number system.

Desired Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe various number systems
2. Compare base-10 to a binary system
3. Convert numbers into different number systems

PRE-ASSESSMENT 2

NAME: _ COURSE & SECTION:

STUDENT NO.:___________________________________________SCORE:_________________________

Whole Numbers Integers Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers Real Numbers

1. Write down everything you remember about.

2. In your own words. What is a decimal number?

3. What is a number system?

10
 CONTENT DEVELOPMENT

Digital Number System

A digital system can understand positional number system only where there are a few symbols called digits
and these symbols represent different values depending on the position they occupy in the number.

A value of each digit in a number can be determined using

1. The digit
2. The position of the digit in the number
3. The base of the number system (where base is defined as the total number of digits available in the
number system).

Decimal Number System

The number system that we use in our day-to-day life is the decimal number system. Decimal number
system has base 10 as it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9. In decimal number system, the successive positions
to the left of the decimal point represents units, tens, hundreds, thousands and so on.

Each position represents a specific power of the base (10). For example, the decimal number 1234
consists of the digit 4 in the units position, 3 in the tens position, 2 in the hundreds position, and 1 in the
thousands position, and its value can be written as
 (1×1000) + (2×100) + (3×10) + (4×l)
 (1×103)+(2×102)+(3×101)+(4×l00)
 1000 + 200 + 30 + 1
 1234

Number System & Description

1. Binary Number System Base 2. Digits used: 0, 1
2. Octal Number System Base 8. Digits used: 0 to 7
3. Hexa Decimal Number System Base 16. Digits used: 0 to 9, Letters used: A- F

Example
Binary Number: 101012
Calculating Decimal Equivalent −

Step Binary Number Decimal Number

Step 1 101012 ((1 × 24) + (0 × 23) + (1 × 22) + (0 × 21) + (1 × 20))10

Step 2 101012 (16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1)10

Step 3 101012 2110

Note: 101012 is normally written as 10101.

Example
Octal Number − 125708
Calculating Decimal Equivalent −

Step Octal Number Decimal Number

Step 1 125708 ((1 × 84) + (2 × 83) + (5 × 82) + (7 × 81) + (0 × 80))10

Step 2 125708 (4096 + 1024 + 320 + 56 + 0)10

Step 3 125708 549610

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Note: 125708 is normally written as 12570.

Example −
Hexadecimal Number: 19FDE16
Calculating Decimal Equivalent −

Step Hexadecimal Number Decimal Number

Step 1 19FDE16 ((1 × 164) + (9 × 163) + (F × 162) + (D × 161) + (E × 160))10

Step 2 19FDE16 ((1 × 164) + (9 × 163) + (15 × 162) + (13 × 161) + (14 × 160))10

Step 3 19FDE16 (65536 + 36864 + 3840 + 208 + 14)10

Step 4 19FDE16 10646210

Note − 19FDE16 is normally written as 19FDE.

Number System Conversion

Decimal to Other Base System
 Step 1 − Divide the decimal number to be converted by the value of the new base.

 Step 2 − Get the remainder from Step 1 as the rightmost digit (least significant digit) of new base number.

 Step 3 − Divide the quotient of the previous divide by the new base.

 Step 4 − Record the remainder from Step 3 as the next digit (to the left) of the new base number.

 Repeat Steps 3 and 4, getting remainders from right to left, until the quotient becomes zero in Step 3.

 The last remainder thus obtained will be the Most Significant Digit (MSD) of the new base number.

Example −
Decimal Number: 2910
Calculating Binary Equivalent −

Step Operation Result Remainder

Step 1 29 / 2 14 1

Step 2 14 / 2 7 0

Step 3 7/2 3 1

Step 4 3/2 1 1

Step 5 1/2 0 1

As mentioned in Steps 2 and 4, the remainders have to be arranged in the reverse order so that the first
remainder becomes the Least Significant Digit (LSD) and the last remainder becomes the Most Significant Digit
(MSD).
Decimal Number − 2910 = Binary Number − 111012

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Other Base System to Decimal System
Step 1 − Determine the column (positional) value of each digit (this depends on the position of the digit
and the base of the number system).
Step 2 − Multiply the obtained column values (in Step 1) by the digits in the corresponding columns.
Step 3 − Sum the products calculated in Step 2. The total is the equivalent value in decimal.

Example
Binary Number − 111012
Calculating Decimal Equivalent −

Step Binary Number Decimal Number

Step 1 111012 ((1 × 24) + (1 × 23) + (1 × 22) + (0 × 21) + (1 × 20))10

Step 2 111012 (16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1)10

Step 3 111012 2910

Binary Number − 111012 = Decimal Number − 2910

Other Base System to Non-Decimal System
 Step 1 − Convert the original number to a decimal number (base 10).
 Step 2 − Convert the decimal number so obtained to the new base number.

Example
Octal Number − 258
Calculating Binary Equivalent −

Step 1 − Convert to Decimal

Step Octal Number Decimal Number

Step 1 258 ((2 × 81) + (5 × 80))10

Step 2 258 (16 + 5 )10

Step 3 258 2110

Octal Number − 258 = Decimal Number − 2110

Step 2 − Convert Decimal to Binary

Step Operation Result Remainder

Step 1 21 / 2 10 1

Step 2 10 / 2 5 0

Step 3 5/2 2 1

Step 4 2/2 1 0

Step 5 1/2 0 1

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Decimal Number − 2110 = Binary Number − 101012
Octal Number − 258 = Binary Number − 101012

Shortcut method - Binary to Octal

 Step 1 − Divide the binary digits into groups of three (starting from the right).
 Step 2 − Convert each group of three binary digits to one octal digit.
Example
Binary Number − 101012
Calculating Octal Equivalent −

Step Binary Number Octal Number

Step 1 101012 010 101

Step 2 101012 28 58

Step 3 101012 258

Binary Number − 101012 = Octal Number − 258

Shortcut method - Octal to Binary

 Step 1 − Convert each octal digit to a 3 digit binary number (the octal digits may be treated as
decimal for this conversion).
 Step 2 − Combine all the resulting binary groups (of 3 digits each) into a single binary number.
Example
Octal Number − 258
Calculating Binary Equivalent −

Step Octal Number Binary Number

Step 1 258 210 510

Step 2 258 0102 1012

Step 3 258 0101012

Octal Number − 258 = Binary Number − 101012

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 Shortcut method - Binary to Hexadecimal
 Step 1 − Divide the binary digits into groups of four (starting from the right).
 Step 2 − Convert each group of four binary digits to one hexadecimal symbol.

Example
Binary Number − 101012
Calculating hexadecimal Equivalent −

Step Binary Number Hexadecimal Number

Step 1 101012 0001 0101

Step 2 101012 110 510

Step 3 101012 1516

Binary Number − 101012 = Hexadecimal Number − 1516

Shortcut method - Hexadecimal to Binary

 Step 1 − Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4 digit binary number (the hexadecimal digits may be
treated as decimal for this conversion).
 Step 2 − Combine all the resulting binary groups (of 4 digits each) into a single binary number.

Example
Hexadecimal Number − 1516
Calculating Binary Equivalent −

Step Hexadecimal Number Binary Number

Step 1 1516 110 510

Step 2 1516 00012 01012

Step 3 1516 000101012

Hexadecimal Number − 1516 = Binary Number − 101012

POST ASSESSMENT 2
NAME: _ COURSE & SECTION:
STUDENT NO.:___________________________________________SCORE:_________________________

ACTIVITY ON BASE CONVERSION:

1. Convert 101 101 110 from binary to base 8 12. Convert 1001 0101 from base 2 to decimal
2. Convert 111 010 100 from binary to octal 13. Convert 1100 0001 from binary to decimal
3. Convert 0100 1111 0111 1010 to hexadecimal 14. Convert 1111 0101 from base 2 to base 10
4. Convert B9E1 from base 16 to base 2
5. Convert 100 from base 10 to binary
6. Convert A857 from base 16 to binary
7. Convert 1011 1110 from binary to base 10
8. Convert 144 from decimal to binary
9. Convert 011 000 100 from binary to base 8
10. Convert 3 from octal to binary
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11. Convert 1111 1101 from base 2 to base 10

LEARNING TASK 3 (September 28-October 2, 2020)

TOPICS

 One’s and Two’s Complement

 Binary Arithmetic Operation

TOPIC OVERVIEW

Learning Task 3 will discuss the use of complements in the digital computers in order to simplify the
subtraction operation and for the logical manipulations. It also includes the different binary arithmetic operation
which is essential part of all the digital computers and many other digital system.

Desired learning outcomes:

1. Determine the properties of a given binary operation.

2. Formulate using adequate symbols, a property of a binary operation and its negation.
3. To understand and examine the structure of various number systems and its application in digital design.

PRE-ASSESSMENT 3

NAME: COURSE & SECTION:

STUDENT NO.:______________________________________SCORE:______________________________

1. Explain what you can say about the picture?

2. Compute the following.

111 + 100 = 10111 x 1101=

101 + 110 = 1010 × 101 =

1111 + 111 = 10001 x 111=

111 – 101 = 01111100 ÷ 0010 =

110 – 11 = 101101 ÷ 101=

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CONTENT DEVELOPMENT

Binary Arithmetic

Binary Addition
It is a key for binary subtraction, multiplication, division. There are four rules of binary addition.

In fourth case, a binary addition is creating a sum of (1 + 1 = 10) i.e. 0 is written in the given column and a carry
of 1 over to the next column.

Example − Addition

Binary Subtraction
Subtraction and Borrow, these two words will be used very frequently for the binary subtraction. There are four
rules of binary subtraction.

Example − Subtraction

Binary Multiplication
Binary multiplication is similar to decimal multiplication. It is simpler than decimal multiplication because only 0s
and 1s are involved. There are four rules of binary multiplication.

17
Example − Multiplication

Binary Division
Binary division is similar to decimal division. It is called as the long division procedure.

Example − Division

Complement Arithmetic
Complements are used in the digital computers in order to simplify the subtraction operation and for the logical
manipulations. For each radix-r system (radix r represents base of number system) there are two types of
complements.

S.N Complement Description

.

1 Radix Complement The radix complement is referred to as the r's

complement

2 Diminished Radix Complement The diminished radix complement is referred to as the

(r-1)'s complement

Binary system complements

As the binary system has base r = 2. So the two types of complements for the binary system are 2's complement
and 1's complement.

1's complement
The 1's complement of a number is found by changing all 1's to 0's and all 0's to 1's. This is called as taking
complement or 1's complement. Example of 1's Complement is as follows.

18
2's complement
The 2's complement of binary number is obtained by adding 1 to the Least Significant Bit (LSB) of 1's
complement of the number.
2's complement = 1's complement + 1

Example of 2's Complement is as follows.

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 POST ASSESSMENT 3

NAME: COURSE & SECTION:

STUDENT NO.:_______________________________________SCORE:_____________________________

1. On addition of 28 and 18 using 2’s complement, we get ____________

a) 00101110
b) 0101110
c) 00101111
d) 1001111

2. On addition of +38 and -20 using 2’s complement, we get ____________

a) 11110001
b) 100001110
c) 010010
d) 110101011

3. On subtracting (01010)2 from (11110)2 using 1’s complement, we get ____________

a) 01001
b) 11010
c) 10101
d) 10100

4. On subtracting (010110)2 from (1011001)2 using 2’s complement, we get ____________

a) 0111001
b) 1100101
c) 0110110
d) 1000011

5. 1’s complement of 1011101 is ____________

a) 0101110
b) 1001101
c) 0100010
d) 1100101

6. 2’s complement of 11001011 is ____________

a) 01010111
b) 11010100
c) 00110101
d) 11100010

7. Perform multiplication of the binary numbers: 01001 × 01011 = ?

a) 001100011
b) 110011100
c) 010100110
d) 101010111

8. Divide the binary number (011010000) by (0101) and find the quotient
a) 100011
b) 101001
c) 110010
d) 010001

9. Perform binary subtraction: 101111 – 010101 = ?

20
 a) 100100
b) 010101
c) 011010
d) 011001

10. What is the addition of the binary numbers 11011011010 and 010100101?
a) 0111001000
b) 1100110110
c) 11101111111
d) 10011010011

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 LEARNING TASK 4 (October 5-9, 2020)

TOPICS

• Octal Arithmetic Operation

• Hexadecimal Arithmetic Operation

TOPIC OVERVIEW

Learning Task 4 will discuss octal and hexadecimal number representation is expressed by subscript 8
and subscript 16. Base of 8 digits ranging from 0 to 7 and base of 16 digits ranging from 0-9 and A-F. Arithmetic
operations of octal and hexadecimal numbers are also performed the same as decimal or binary arithmetic
operations.

Desired Learning Outcome:

1. Perform Arithmetic Operations in Octal and Hexadecimal.

2. Determine the properties of a given octal operation.
3. Determine the properties of a given hexadecimal operation.

PRE-ASSESSMENT 4

NAME: COURSE & SECTION:

STUDENT NO.:______________________________________SCORE:______________________________

1. I want you to say something about the table.

Perform the following operation.

2. (162)8 + (537)8 = 7218

3. (136) 8 + (636) 8 = 7748

4. (25.27) 8 + (13.2) 8 = (40.47)8

5. 3458-1468 = 1778

6. 757.768-451.778 = 305.778

7. 68 × 238 = 1628

8. 158 × 448 = 7248

9. B A 316 + 5 D E16 = 1 1 8 1

10. 180BF16 − FFDF16 = 80E016

22
CONTENT DEVELOPMENT

Octal Arithmetic

Octal Number System

Following are the characteristics of an octal number system.
 Uses eight digits, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7.
 Also called base 8 number system.
 Each position in an octal number represents a 0 power of the base (8). Example: 80
 Last position in an octal number represents an x power of the base (8). Example: 8 x where x represents
the last position - 1.

Example
Octal Number − 125708
Calculating Decimal Equivalent −

Step Octal Number Decimal Number

Step 1 125708 ((1 × 84) + (2 × 83) + (5 × 82) + (7 × 81) + (0 × 80))10

Step 2 125708 (4096 + 1024 + 320 + 56 + 0)10

Step 3 125708 549610

Note − 125708 is normally written as 12570.

Octal Addition
Following octal addition table will help you to handle octal addition.

To use this table, simply follow the directions used in this example: Add 6 8 and 58. Locate 6 in the A column then
locate the 5 in the B column. The point in 'sum' area where these two columns intersect is the 'sum' of two
numbers.
68 + 58 = 138.

Example − Addition

23
 Octal Subtraction
The subtraction of octal numbers follows the same rules as the subtraction of numbers in any other number
system. The only variation is in borrowed number. In the decimal system, you borrow a group of 10 10. In the
binary system, you borrow a group of 210. In the octal system you borrow a group of 810.

Example − Subtraction

Hexadecimal Arithmetic

Hexadecimal Number System

Following are the characteristics of a hexadecimal number system.
 Uses 10 digits and 6 letters, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.
 Letters represents numbers starting from 10. A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15.
 Also called base 16 number system.
 Each position in a hexadecimal number represents a 0 power of the base (16). Example − 160
 Last position in a hexadecimal number represents an x power of the base (16). Example − 16 x where x
represents the last position - 1.

Example
Hexadecimal Number − 19FDE16
Calculating Decimal Equivalent −

Step Hexadecimal Number Decimal Number

Step 1 19FDE16 ((1 × 164) + (9 × 163) + (F × 162) + (D × 161) + (E × 160))10

Step 2 19FDE16 ((1 × 164) + (9 × 163) + (15 × 162) + (13 × 161) + (14 × 160))10

Step 3 19FDE16 (65536 + 36864 + 3840 + 208 + 14)10

Step 4 19FDE16 10646210

Note − 19FDE16 is normally written as 19FDE.

Hexadecimal Addition
Following hexadecimal addition table will help you greatly to handle Hexadecimal addition.

24
To use this table, simply follow the directions used in this example − Add A16 and 516. Locate A in the X column
then locate the 5 in the Y column. The point in 'sum' area where these two columns intersect is the sum of two
numbers.
A16 + 516 = F16.

Example − Addition

Hexadecimal Subtraction
The subtraction of hexadecimal numbers follow the same rules as the subtraction of numbers in any other
number system. The only variation is in borrowed number. In the decimal system, you borrow a group of 10 10. In
the binary system, you borrow a group of 210. In the hexadecimal system you borrow a group of 1610.

Example - Subtraction

Hexadecimal Multiplication

Example

25
POST ASSESSMENT 4

NAME: COURSE & SECTION:

STUDENT NO.:______________________________________SCORE:______________________________

1. 73278 + 63028 = 156318

2. 13218 + 50438 = 63648

3. 31168 + 17418 = 50578

4. 26728 + 60568 = 107508

5. 11578 + 25578 = 37368

6. 53438 − 24018 = 27428

7. 53538 − 40748 = 12578

8. 145108 − 47318 = 75578

9. 71458 − 13618 = 55648

10. 47158 − 12378 = 34568

11. EF8616 + 6C3916 = 15BBF16

12. A13A16 + D93F16 = 17A7916

13. 9E4116 + CDCD16 = 16C0E16

14. 80D316 + 74C216 = F59516

15. C19116 + C57B16 = 1870C16

26
 LEARNING TASK 5 (October 12-16, 2020)

TOPICS

 Codes In Digital Circuits

 Binary Coded Decimal
 Gray Code
 Hamming Code

TOPIC OVERVIEW

Learning Task 5 will discuss the numbers, letters or words are represented by a specific group of symbols
being encoded. The group of symbols is called as a code. The digital data is represented, stored and transmitted
as group of binary bits. This group is also called as binary code. The binary code is represented by the number
as well as alphanumeric letter. It also include conversion of gray code and error detecting and correcting through
the use of hamming code.

Desired Learning Outcome:

1. Perform Binary Coded Decimal Operation

2. Convert Binary to Gray Code
3. Differentiate Hamming Code Error Correction and Detection.

PRE – ASSESSMENT 5

NAME: COURSE & SECTION:

STUDENT NO.:______________________________________SCORE:______________________________

Binary Coded Decimal Representation of a Decimal Number

1. Fill up the necessary numbers of this table.

2. Complete each table by filling up the necessary information.

10
10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

3. Decimal-to-Binary Coded Decimal Conversion

8510 =
57210 =

27
 857910 =

CONTENT DEVELOPMENT

Binary Codes

In the coding, when numbers or letters are represented by a specific group of symbols, it is said to be that number
or letter is being encoded. The group of symbols is called as code. The digital data is represented, stored and
transmitted as group of bits. This group of bits is also called as binary code.

Binary codes can be classified into two types.

1. Weighted codes
2. Unweighted codes
If the code has positional weights, then it is said to be weighted code. Otherwise, it is an unweighted code.
Weighted codes can be further classified as positively weighted codes and negatively weighted codes.

Binary Codes for Decimal digits

The following table shows the various binary codes for decimal digits 0 to 9.

We have 10 digits in decimal number system. To represent these 10 digits in binary, we require minimum of 4
bits. But, with 4 bits there will be 16 unique combinations of zeros and ones. Since, we have only 10 decimal
digits, the other 6 combinations of zeros and ones are not required.

8 4 2 1 code
The weights of this code are 8, 4, 2 and 1.

This code has all positive weights. So, it is a positively weighted code.
This code is also called as natural BCD BinaryCodedDecimal code.

Example
Let us find the BCD equivalent of the decimal number 786. This number has 3 decimal digits 7, 8 and 6. From
the table, we can write the BCD 84218421 codes of 7, 8 and 6 are 0111, 1000 and 0110 respectively.

∴ 78678610 = 011110000110011110000110BCD

There are 12 bits in BCD representation, since each BCD code of decimal digit has 4 bits

28
Gray Code

The following table shows the 4-bit Gray codes corresponding to each 4-bit binary code.

This code doesn’t have any weights. So, it is an un-weighted code.

In the above table, the successive Gray codes are differed in one bit position only. Hence, this code is called as
unit distance code.

Binary to Gray conversion :

1. The Most Significant Bit (MSB) of the gray code is always equal to the MSB of the given binary code.
2. Other bits of the output gray code can be obtained by XORing binary code bit at that index and previous
index.

Example

1. Binary : 0011
Gray : 0010

2. Binary : 01001
Gray : 01101

Error Detection & Correction Codes

We know that the bits 0 and 1 corresponding to two different range of analog voltages. So, during transmission
of binary data from one system to the other, the noise may also be added. Due to this, there may be errors in the
received data at other system.
That means a bit 0 may change to 1 or a bit 1 may change to 0. We can’t avoid the interference of noise. But, we
can get back the original data first by detecting whether any error s present and then correcting those errors. For
this purpose, we can use the following codes.

 Error detection codes

 Error correction codes

29
Parity Code
It is easy to include append one parity bit either to the left of MSB or to the right of LSB of original bit stream.
There are two types of parity codes, namely even parity code and odd parity code based on the type of parity
being chosen.

Even Parity Code

The value of even parity bit should be zero, if even number of ones present in the binary code. Otherwise, it
should be one. So that, even number of ones present in even parity code. Even parity code contains the data bits
and even parity bit.

The following table shows the even parity codes corresponding to each 3-bit binary code. Here, the even parity bit
is included to the right of LSB of binary code

Here, the number of bits present in the even parity codes is 4. So, the possible even number of ones in these
even parity codes are 0, 2 & 4.
 If the other system receives one of these even parity codes, then there is no error in the received data.
The bits other than even parity bit are same as that of binary code.
 If the other system receives other than even parity codes, then there will be an error s in the received
data. In this case, we can’t predict the original binary code because we don’t know the bit position s of
error.
Therefore, even parity bit is useful only for detection of error in the received parity code. But, it is not sufficient to
correct the error.
Odd Parity Code
The value of odd parity bit should be zero, if odd number of ones present in the binary code. Otherwise, it should
be one. So that, odd number of ones present in odd parity code. Odd parity code contains the data bits and odd
parity bit.

The following table shows the odd parity codes corresponding to each 3-bit binary code. Here, the odd parity bit is
included to the right of LSB of binary code.

Here, the number of bits present in the odd parity codes is 4. So, the possible odd number of ones in these odd
parity codes are 1 & 3.

30
  If the other system receives one of these odd parity codes, then there is no error in the received data. The
bits other than odd parity bit are same as that of binary code.
 If the other system receives other than odd parity codes, then there is an error s in the received data. In
this case, we can’t predict the original binary code because we don’t know the bit position s of error.
Therefore, odd parity bit is useful only for detection of error in the received parity code. But, it is not sufficient to
correct the error.
Hamming Code
Hamming code is useful for both detection and correction of error present in the received data. This code uses
multiple parity bits and we have to place these parity bits in the positions of powers of 2.
The minimum value of 'k' for which the following relation is correct valid is nothing but the required number of
parity bits.

The decimal equivalent of the check bits in the received data gives the value of bit position, where the error is
present. Just complement the value present in that bit position. Therefore, we will get the original binary code
after removing parity bits.

31
Example 1
Let us find the Hamming code for binary code, d4d3d2d1 = 1000. Consider even parity bits.
The number of bits in the given binary code is n=4.
We can find the required number of parity bits by using the following mathematical relation.

The minimum value of k that satisfied the above relation is 3. Hence, we require 3 parity bits p1, p2, and p3.
Therefore, the number of bits in Hamming code will be 7, since there are 4 bits in binary code and 3 parity bits.
We have to place the parity bits and bits of binary code in the Hamming code as shown below

Example 2

In the above example, we got the Hamming code as  b7b6b5b4b3b2b1=1001011. Now, let us find
the error position when the code received is b7b6b5b4b3b2b1=1001111.

32
POST ASSESSMENT 5

NAME: COURSE & SECTION:

STUDENT NO.:______________________________________SCORE:______________________________

Binary to Gray Code Conversion. Convert the following. Show your solution.

1. 101001 = 6. 1110001 =
2. 10010011 = 7. 111000101 =
3. 010010011 = 8. 00111000101 =
4. 01001001100 = 9. 0001110101 =
5. 0100100110011 = 10. 0001110000 =

Decimal to Gray Code Conversion. Convert the following. Show your solution. Note: First convert the decimal
number to it’s binary representation then convert to gray code.

1. 25 6. 90
2. 45 7. 34
3. 54 8. 18
4. 78 9. 19
5. 67 10. 20

33
 NORZAGARAY COLLEGE
Norzagaray Municipal Compound
Norzagaray, Bulacan

PRELIMINARY EXAM IN DIGITAL DESIGN

NAME: _____________________________________________COURSE & SECTION: ____________

STUDENT NO._______________________________________SCORE:_____________________

I. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct

answer.

1. Any number with an exponent of zero is equal to:

A. zero
10. What is the decimal value of 2–1 ?
B. one
A. 0.5
C. that number
B. 0.25
D. ten
C. 0.05
D. 0.1
2. In the decimal numbering system, what is the MSD?
A. The middle digit of a stream of numbers
11. How many unique symbols are used in the decimal
B. The digit to the right of the decimal point
number system?
C. The last digit on the right
A. One
D. The digit with the most weight
B. Nine
C. Ten
3. What are the symbols used to represent digits in the
D. Unlimited
binary number system?
A. 0,1
12. If the decimal number is a fraction then its binary
B. 0,1,2
equivalent is obtained by ________ the number
C. 0 through 8
continuously by 2.
D. 1,2
a) Dividing
b) Multiplying
4.Give the decimal value of binary 10010.
c) Adding
A. 610 d) Subtracting

B. 910 13. The largest two digit hexadecimal number is ________

a) (FE)16
C. 1810 b) (FD)16
c) (FF)16
D. 2010 d) (EF)16

14. Convert the hexadecimal number (1E2)16 to decimal:

5. The output of a NOT gate is HIGH when ________.
a) 480
A. the input is LOW
b) 483
B. the input is HIGH
c) 482
C. the input changes from LOW to HIGH
d) 484
D. voltage is removed from the gate
15. What is the addition of the binary numbers
6. The output of an OR gate is LOW when ________.
11011011010 and 010100101?
A. all inputs are LOW
a) 0111001000
B. any input is LOW
b) 1100110110
C. any input is HIGH
c) 11101111111
D. all inputs are HIGH
d) 10011010011
7. Convert the fractional binary number 0000.1010 to
16. Perform binary subtraction: 101111 – 010101 = ?
decimal.
a) 100100
A. 0.625
b) 010101
B. 0.50
c) 011010
C. 0.55
d) 011001
D. 0.10
17. Perform multiplication of the binary numbers: 01001 ×
8. Convert the fractional decimal number 6.75 to binary.
01011 = ?
A. 0111.1100
a) 001100011
B. 0110.1010
b) 110011100
C. 0110.1100
c) 010100110
D. 0110.0110
d) 101010111
9. Convert the fractional binary number 0001.0010 to
18. Divide the binary number (011010000) by (0101) and
decimal.
find the quotient
A. 1.40
a) 100011
B. 1.125
b) 101001
C. 1.20
c) 110010
D. 1.80
d) 010001

34
19. 1’s complement of 1011101 is ____________
a) 0101110 III. Binary to Gray Code Conversion.
b) 1001101 Show your complete solution.
c) 0100010
d) 1100101 1. 11111
2. 011111
20. 2’s complement of 11001011 is ____________ 3. 10011111
a) 01010111 4. 0010011111
b) 11010100 5. 00001111
c) 00110101 6. 1100001111
d) 11100010 7. 1010101010
8. 1001001001010
21. On subtracting (01010)2 from (11110)2 using 1’s 9. 00100100
complement, we get ____________ 10. 11110000
a) 01001
b) 11010
c) 10101
d) 10100

22. On subtracting (010110)2 from (1011001)2 using 2’s

complement, we get ____________
a) 0111001
b) 1100101
c) 0110110
d) 1000011

23. On addition of 28 and 18 using 2’s complement, we

get ____________
a) 00101110
b) 0101110
c) 00101111
d) 1001111

24. On addition of +38 and -20 using 2’s complement, we

get ____________
a) 11110001
b) 100001110
c) 010010
d) 110101011

25. Binary coded decimal is a combination of __________

a) Two binary digits
b) Three binary digits
c) Four binary digits
d) Five binary digits

II. True or False. Write true if the statement is

correct otherwise write false in the space
provided.

__________1. The voltage levels used to represent

binary values (0 and 1) in a digital system are nearly
equal in value.

__________2. Binary means having two states or

values.

__________3. The decimal number system consists of

the digits 0–10.

__________4. A method of converting decimal to binary

is by successive division.

__________5. Digital circuitry is the foundation of digital

computers and many automated control systems.
__________6. The hexadecimal number system
consists of 16 digits, 0–15.
_________7. The 1's complement of a binary number
is derived by changing 0s to 1s and 1s to 0s.
__________8. A binary number with four digits has a
maximum value of 15.
__________9. The 2's complement of a binary number
is derived by adding 1 to the 1's complement.
__________10. A positive binary number is represented
by a 1 sign bit.
35