Unit # ONE

SKIN

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 UNIT # 1: SKIN

1 The term skin is commonly used to describe the body covering

2 of any animal but technically refers only to the body covering
3 of vertebrates (animals that have a backbone). The skin has the
4 same basic structure in all vertebrates including fish, reptiles,
5 birds, humans, and other mammals. This article focuses
6 primarily on human skin.
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8 The skin is essential to a person’s survival. It forms a barrier
9 that helps prevent harmful microorganisms and chemicals
10 from entering the body, and it also prevents the loss of life-
11 sustaining body fluids. It protects the vital structures inside
12 the body from injury and from the potentially damaging
13 ultraviolet rays of the sun. The skin also helps regulate body
14 temperature, excretes some waste products, and is an
15 important sensory organ. It contains various types of
16 specialized nerve cells responsible for the sense of touch.
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18 The skin is the body’s largest organ—that of an average adult
19 male weighs 4.5 to 5 kg (10 to 11 lb) and measures about 2 sq
20 m (22 sq ft) in area. It covers the surface of the body at a
21 thickness of just 1.4 to 4.0 mm (0.06 to 0.16 in). The skin is
22 thickest on areas of the body that regularly rub against
23 objects, such as the palms of the hands and the soles of the

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24 feet. Both delicate and resilient, the skin constantly renews
25 itself and has a remarkable ability to repair itself after injury.
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27 The skin is made up of two layers, the epidermis and the
28 dermis. The epidermis, the upper or outer layer of the skin, is a
29 tough, waterproof, protective layer. The dermis, or inner layer,
30 is thicker than the epidermis and gives the skin its strength and
31 elasticity. The two layers of the skin are anchored to one
32 another by a thin but complex layer of tissue known as the
33 basement membrane. This tissue is composed of a series of
34 elaborately interconnecting molecules that act as ropes and
35 grappling hooks to hold the skin together. Below the dermis is
36 the subcutaneous layer, a layer of tissue composed of protein
37 fibers and adipose tissue (fat). Although not part of the skin
38 itself, the subcutaneous layer contains glands and other skin
39 structures, as well as sensory receptors involved in the sense
40 of touch.

I. Pre-reading questions:

1. What is the largest organ of human body?

2. What is the weight of human skin?
3. What are the various functions of the skin?

II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to:

1. Line # 6 it: __________________________

2. Line # 8 it: __________________________
3. Line # 16 that: __________________________
4. Line # 18 itself: __________________________
5. Line # 20 two layers: __________________________
6. Line # 25 this tissue: __________________________
7. Line # 26 that: __________________________

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III. Vocabulary Preview
Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from
the reading passage. Make necessary grammatical
changes. Then go back and write their meaning in the right
column. (pair work)

Expressions / Words Meanings

(be) commonly used to
vital
mammals
primarily
focus on
life-sustaining
(be) responsible for
help regulate
resilient (to)
(be) made up of

1. Human beings are very _________________ different

changes.
2. Various antibiotics ___________________________
treat patients suffering from infections.
3. Life cannot be imagined on other planets which do not
have _____________________ elements like water
and air.
4. Human heart _________________ very strong tissues.
5. Air and water are the most _______________
elements for the presence of life on earth.
6. The purpose of administering vaccines is
______________ for preventing life-threatening
diseases.
7. All ______________ feed their young on milk from
the breast.
8. A good doctor ___________________ a proper
medical health-care.
9. The government has taken certain measures to
_______________ economic condition of the country.

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 10. A good teacher always ___________________ the
learning of his students.

IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions /

words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking)

V. Solve this crossword puzzle with the help of given clues.

Across
5. long bone (a series of bones) in the back
7. non-human living beings
9. part of human body
11. determining the weight
13. animals that creep on the ground
14. small organ that produce secretions
Down
1. breast-feeding animals
2. determining the size
3. the largest organ of human body
4. physical harm to a living being
6. mass of cells in living beings
8. a preventive boundary
10. extremely important
12. instrument that joins two things

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VI. Read the sentences that have the following words which
are underlined in the passage. Then match these words with
their meaning given in column B. (pair work)

Column A Column B
a. essential (line # 6) _____ to pass out
b. barrier (line # 6) _____ find the size,
length etc.
c. prevent (line # 8) _____ necessary
d. excrete (line # 11) _____ unusual
e. measure (line # 14) _____ that keep sth safe from
harm
f. remarkable (line # 18) _____ to stop sth / sb
g. protective (line # 22) _____ thing that prevents
movement

PRONUNCIATION FOCUS:

VII. These are the medical terms used in the reading passage.
Say these words aloud and memorize their meaning.

Term Pronunciation Meaning

ver-te-brate / vər΄tə-brāt /
mi-cro-or-gan-ism / mi΄΄kro-or΄gən-iz-əm /
sen-so-ry / sen΄sə΄ri /
epi-der-mis / ep΄΄ĭ- dər-mis /
der-mis / dər-mis /
base-ment mem-bra-ne / bās΄mint mem-bra΄n/
sub-cu-ta-ne-ous / sub΄΄ku-ta΄ne-əs /
re-cep-tor / re-sep΄tər /

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VIII. Write the correct pronunciation of the final –s, plural
form, for these nouns. Write s, z, or iz. Say them aloud.

Examples:
books /s/ pens /z/ tenses /iz/

1. terms / / 2. glands / /
3. fats / / 4. skins / /
5. reptiles / / 6. hooks / /
7. mammals / / 8. surfaces / /
9. microorganisms / / 10. injuries / /
11. ropes / / 12. senses / /
13. palms / / 14. products / /
15. strengths / /

IX. Write the correct final sound of the past form (-ed) for
these regular verbs. Write t, d, or id. Say them aloud.

Examples:
stopped /t/ formed /d/ shaded /id/

1. used / / 2. focused / /
3. described / / 4. prevented
5. referred / / 6. contained / /
7. helped / / 8. weighed / /
9. protected / / 10. rubbed / /
11. closed / / 12. regulated / /
13. anchored / / 14. excreted / /

X. Read the passage and write the paragraph number in the

space given in front of the appropriate title.

No Title Paragraph
number
1 important functions of the skin
2 the basic structure of the skin
3 the salient features of human skin
4 the definition of the skin

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XI. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer.
Circle a, b, c, or d. (group work)

1. All vertebrates have ________________ basic structure of

the skin.
a. a different b. uniform
c. a diverse d. no

2. The skin in human beings __________________ harmful

microorganisms from entering the body.
a. scares b. allows
c. permits d. bars
3. The basic function of the skin is to ________________ our
body.
a. protect b. beautify
c. shape d. spoil
4. Ultraviolet rays are _____________________ human body.
a. beneficial for b. healthy for
c. injurious to d. painful for

5. The skin in human beings ________________ body

temperature.
a. raises b. lowers
c. maintains d. does not effect

6. The skin has the quality to renew itself ________________.

a. annually b. monthly
c. weekly d. continuously

7. The epidermis is situated ____________________ the

dermis.
a. over b. under
c. beside d. away from

8. The dermis is _________________ than the epidermis.

a. thinner b. thicker
c. less important d. more important

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9. The basement membrane is situated _________ the dermis
and epidermis.
a. under b. above
c. between d. next to

10. The ______________ is composed of protein fibers and

adipose tissue.
a. dermis b. epidermis
c. basement membrane d. subcutaneous layer

XII. Read the second paragraph and circle all nouns. Write
them down on the lines given below. (pair work)

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

XIII. Read the passage and write “T” for true statements and
“F” for false statement. Mention the line number where this
information is stated. Correct the false statements and write
them on the lines given below. (pair work)

1. All animals have backbones. ( ) Line no: ______

2. Human beings are vertebrates. ( ) Line no: ______
3. Life-sustaining body fluids are excreted by the skin.
( ) Line no: ______
4. The skin saves the vital structures of the body from
injuries. ( ) Line no: ______
5. The skin is the thickest on the face. ( ) Line no: _____

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 6. The skin becomes delicate after rubbing against
objects. ( ) Line no: ______
7. The epidermis and dermis are situated under the skin.
( ) Line no: ______
8. The dermis gives strength and elasticity to the skin.
( ) Line no: ______
9. The subcutaneous layer is another name for the
basement membrane. ( ) Line no: ______
10. The subcutaneous layer is not a part of the skin.
( ) Line no: ______

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XIV. Read the fourth paragraph and complete the following
diagram.

the skin
-----------------
outer, ------------, --------- -------------, -----------------
dermis
gives ---------------------------------------------
-------------- ----------------------
holds ------------------------------------------------------
subcutaneous layer
----------- --------------- and --------------- ----------------
contains ------------------ --------- ------------------ -------
---------

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XV. Read the second paragraph and write down the various
functions of the skin. (group work)

1. ________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________

4. ________________________________________________

5. ________________________________________________

6. ________________________________________________

7. ________________________________________________

LISTENING FOCUS:

I. Listen to the passage and write “T” for true statements and
“F” for false statements. Listen again and correct the false
statements.

1. The skin is well-protected against injuries. ( )

2. The wounds heal quickly if only the epidermis
is affected. ( )
3. The epidermal cells move away from the wound. ( )
4. The cells divide to form the layers of the dermis. ( )
5. A clot forms to stop the blood if the wound is
deeper. ( )
6. The collagen and other molecules repair the
dermis. ( )
7. The scab peels off before the restoration of
normal skin. ( )

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II. Listen to the passage and put the sentences in order. Write
the correct number on the line given.

a. ______ The blood clot forms a scab.

b. ______ The collagen and other molecules repair the
dermis.
c. ______ The scab drops off.
d. ______ A clot is formed to stop blood flow.
e. ______ The fibroblast is formed that enters the wound.
f. ______ The epidermal cells form a sheet of cells over
the wound.
g. ______ The white blood cells enter to consume dead,
dying cells etc.

Medical Terminology:
Parts of a word:
Medical terms consist of one or more of these word parts.
a. Word root: It is the fundamental unit of each medical
word.
Ex: gastr/o, cardi/o, neur/o
b. Prefix: It is a short word part added in the beginning
of a root word.
Ex: epi-, electro-, trans-
c. Suffix: It is a short word part added at the end of a root
word.
Ex: -ic, -graphy, -logy

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I. Split the following terms into their different words parts:
i.e. roots, suffixes, and prefixes. Write the meaning for the
word parts. (pair work)

Term Suffix Root Prefix

(meaning) (meaning) (meaning)

psychology ----------------- ---------------- ---------------

----------------- ---------------- ---------------
synthesis ----------------- ---------------- ---------------
----------------- ---------------- ---------------
cardiac ----------------- ---------------- ---------------
----------------- ---------------- ---------------
electrocardiography
----------------- ---------------- ---------------
----------------- ---------------- ---------------
gastric ----------------- ---------------- ---------------
----------------- ---------------- ---------------
dermatitis ----------------- ---------------- ---------------
----------------- ---------------- ---------------
dermatoplasty ----------------- ---------------- ---------------
----------------- ---------------- ---------------
angiography ----------------- ---------------- ---------------
----------------- ---------------- ---------------
onychotomy ----------------- ---------------- ---------------
----------------- ---------------- ---------------
abnormal ----------------- ---------------- ---------------
----------------- ---------------- ---------------

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II. Match the following roots with their meanings.

1. cyan/o _____black
2. erythr/o _____ water
3. leuk/o _____ urine
4. melan/o _____ red
5. chlor/o _____ fat
6. aer/o _____ blue
7. hydr/o _____ pus
8. lip/o _____ white
9. py/o _____ air, gas
10. ur/o _____ green

GRAMMAR FOCUS:
Present Indefinite Tense

A: Complete the following sentences with the appropriate

forms of the verbs given in the parentheses.

1. The skin (cover) _________________ the bodies of

vertebrates.
2. Fruits (be) ______________ the main source of
vitamins.
3. The college (open) _______________ at 8:00 every
morning.
4. I usually (wake up) _________________ at 9:00 every
Friday.
5. Vertebrates (has) _______________ backbones.

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 6. The skin (prevent) __________________ harmful
microorganisms from entering the body.
7. The weight of the skin of an average male (be)
_________ 4.5 to 5 kg.
8. The epidermis (be) _____________ the outer layer of
the skin.
9. The basement membrane (hold) _____________ the
skin together.
10. The soles of the feet (keep) ______________ the
thickest skin.

B. Change the sentences in exercise A into negatives and

questions. Change the underlined words in exercise A with the
words given below. The first one is solved. (group work)

1. the skeleton
Does the skeleton cover the bodies of vertebrates?
No, the skeleton does not cover the bodies of
vertebrates.

2. fats
____________________________________________

____________________________________________

3. 10:00
____________________________________________

____________________________________________
4. every Saturday
____________________________________________

____________________________________________

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 5. exoskeletons
____________________________________________

____________________________________________
6. the kidneys
____________________________________________

____________________________________________
7. female
____________________________________________

____________________________________________
8. the dermis
____________________________________________

____________________________________________
9. the subcutaneous layer
____________________________________________

____________________________________________
10. thinnest
____________________________________________

____________________________________________

C. Read the following paragraph and insert the appropriate

punctuation. Rewrite the paragraph on the lines given below.

deep burns are often treated with skin grafts in this procedure
healthy skin removed from another area on the body is
transferred to the burned area to cover the wound if the burned
area is not too large the grafted skin will grow in its new
location and eventually fuse with the healthy skin at the edges
of the burn but if burns cover a large portion of a patient s
body and not enough healthy skin remains to use for a graft

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patients may receive grafts from dead bodies or even other
animal species

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D. Say these short forms aloud.

* He is = He’s * He is not = He’s not /

He isn’t
* She is = She’s * She is not = She’s not /
She isn’t
* It is = It’s * It is not = It’s not / It isn’t
* I am = I’m * I am not = I’m not
* You are = You’re * You are not = You’re not /
You aren’t
* We are = We’re * We are not = We’re not /
We aren’t

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 * They are = They’re * They are not = They’re not /
They aren’t
* He does not = He doesn’t * We do not = We don’t

E. Correct the following sentences. (pair work)

1. Do all mammals has the skin?

____________________________________________
2. She operate ten patients every day.
____________________________________________
3. The college does not opens at 7:00 every morning.
____________________________________________
4. Does the weight of the human skin is 5 kg?
____________________________________________
5. I am study at CMMS.
____________________________________________
6. All human beings has the skin.
____________________________________________
7. Do the basement membrane situated between the
dermis and the epidermis.
____________________________________________
8. Are the nurses record temperature carefully?
____________________________________________
9. The students are attend regular classes.
____________________________________________
10. Nobody does not like diseases.
____________________________________________

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 11. Does the children need good nutrition?
____________________________________________
12. Everybody are ready for the coming examination.
____________________________________________
13. Does the skin prevents the body from diseases?
____________________________________________

Speaking Focus

Activity: A
Memorize the various functions of the skin.
Work in two groups. One student from group A will ask a
question regarding the function of the skin, any student from
group B will stand and answer it. Switch the role after some
practice.

Examples:
A: Does the skin have the same basic structure?
B: Yes, it does.
B: Is the skin essential for digestion?
A: No, it isn’t.

Activity: B

Work in groups of fours and fives.

Discuss and make “yes / no” questions.
You may use the given clues but try to make your own
questions.
Group leader from each group will stand and ask the
questions from any student who will answer it by using the
abbreviated forms.

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Examples:
Are elephants big? Yes, they’re.
Do the Saudis speak French? No, they don’t.
Is this a chair? Yes, it’s.
No, it isn’t.

- balloon / light - American / Arabic

- like / blue colour - sheep / living beings
- Saudi Arabia / Europe - eat / rice / daily
- summer / hot - Jeddah / small
- live / Riyadh - classrooms / small
- chairs / comfortable - eat / fruit
- honey / healthy - teachers / hard working
- lions / brutal - cats / pet animals

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Unit # TWO
EAR

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 UNIT # 2: EAR

1 Ear is the organ of hearing and balance. Only vertebrates, or

2 animals with backbones, have ears. Invertebrate animals, such
3 as jellyfish and insects, lack ears but have other structures or
4 organs that serve similar functions. The most complex and
5 highly developed ears are those of mammals.
6 Like the ears of other mammals, the human ear consists of
7 three sections: the outer, middle, and inner ear. The outer and
8 middle ears function only for hearing, while the inner ear also
9 serves the functions of balance and orientation.

10 Outer Ear

11 The outer ear is made up of the auricle or pinna and the outer
12 auditory canal. The auricle is the curved part of the ear
13 attached to the side of the head by small ligaments and
14 muscles. It consists largely of elastic cartilage, and its shape
15 helps collect sound waves from the air. The earlobe, or lobule,
16 which hangs from the lower part of the auricle, mostly
17 contains fatty tissues.

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18 Middle Ear

19 The eardrum separates the outer ear from the middle ear. A
20 narrow passageway called the Eustachian tube connects the
21 middle ear to the throat and the back of the nose.
22 The middle ear is a narrow, air-filled chamber that extends
23 vertically for about 15 mm (about 0.6 in) and for nearly the
24 same distance horizontally. Inside this chamber is a linked
25 chain of three ossicles, or very small bones. Both the Latin
26 and common names of these bones are derived from their
27 shapes. They are called the malleus, or hammer; the incus, or
28 anvil; and the stapes, or stirrup. The stirrup is the tiniest bone
29 in the body, being smaller than a grain of rice.

30 The hammer is partly embedded in the eardrum, and the

31 stirrup fits into the oval window: a membrane that fronts the
32 inner ear. Vibrations of the eardrum move the hammer. The
33 motion of the hammer moves the anvil which in turn moves
34 the stirrup. As sound vibrations pass from the relatively large
35 area of the eardrum through the chain of bones, which have a
36 smaller area, their force is concentrated. This concentration
37 amplifies, or increases, the sound just before it passes through
38 the oval window and into the inner ear. When loud noises
39 produce violent vibrations, two small muscles, called the
40 tensor tympani and the stapedius, contract and limit the
41 movement of the ossicles, thus protecting the middle and inner
42 ear from damage.

43 Inner Ear

44 The chain of bones in the middle ear leads into the convoluted
45 structures of the inner ear, or labyrinth, which contains organs
46 of both hearing and balance. The three main structures of the
47 inner ear are the cochlea, the vestibule, and the three
48 semicircular canals.

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I. Pre-reading questions:

1. How do mammals listen?

2. Do all animals have ears?
3. What are the various parts of an ear?

II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to:

1. Line # 3 that: _________________________

2. Line # 12 it: __________________________
3. Line # 12 its: __________________________
4. Line # 13 which: __________________________
5. Line # 18 that: __________________________
6. Line # 22 their: __________________________
7. Line # 22 they: __________________________
8. Line # 30 their: __________________________

III. Vocabulary Preview

Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from
the reading passage. Make necessary grammatical
changes. Then go back and write their meaning in the right
column. (pair work)

Expressions / Words Meanings

such as
consist of
(be) attached to
(be) hang from
passageway
(be) derived from
(be) smaller than
(be) embedded in
fit into
lead into

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 1. Most of the medical terms ______________ Latin and
Greek terminology.
2. Everybody has to pass through the ________________
to enter the main hall.
3. The chandelier _________________ the ceiling.
4. Fahd was able to _________ all the equipment
_________ the leather case without any difficulty.
5. The arrow __________________ the wall.
6. A dictionary _______ usually _______________ an
encyclopedia.
7. CMMS _________________ Al-Hada hospital for the
next five years.
8. The passageway __________________ the
examination block.
9. Human skin _________________ three layers.
10. Reference books, _________________ dictionaries,
are very helpful for medical students.

IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions /

words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking)

V. Solve this crossword puzzle with the help of given clues.

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Across
3. bone-connecting tissues
6. connected
8. part
11. instrument used for weighing
12. locating the direction
14. listening to
15. way in which sth is put together
Down
1. slight continuous movement
2. not straight
4. parts of a skeleton
5. comparatively
7. have
9. extremely small
10. harm
12. external
13. inner side of neck

VI. Read the following words and then read the relevant
paragraphs to find their synonyms.
word synonym from passage
Example: listening (paragraph# 1) hearing

a. same (paragraph# 1) ___________________

b. work (paragraph# 1) ___________________
c. parts (paragraph# 1) ___________________
d. consist of (paragraph# 2) _________________
e. voice (paragraph# 2) ___________________
f. have (paragraph# 2) ___________________
g. not wide (paragraph# 3) __________________
h. room (paragraph# 3) ____________________
i. the smallest (paragraph# 3) _______________

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 PRONUNCIATION FOCUS

VII. These are the medical terms used in the reading passage.
Say these words aloud and memorize their meaning.

Term Pronunciation Meaning

au-ri-cle / aw΄rĭ-kəl /
au-di-tor-y / aw΄dĭ-tor΄΄e /
lob-ule / lob΄ūl /
eu-sta-chi-an / u-sta΄ke-ən /
oss-i-cle / os΄ĭ-kəl /
mall-e-us / mal΄e-əs /
in-cus / ing΄kəs /
stirr-up / stər΄əp /
ear-drum / ēr΄drəm /
ten-sor tym-pa-ni / ten΄sər tim΄pə-ni /
sta-pe-di-us / sta-pe΄de-əs /
coch-le-a / kok΄le-ə /
ves-ti-bule / ves΄tĭ-būl /

VIII. Write the correct pronunciation of the final –s, plural

form, for these nouns. Write s, z, or iz. Say them aloud.

1. insects / / 2. ears / /
3. backbones / / 4. balances / /
5. noses / / 6. throats / /
7. sections / / 8. vertebrates / /
9. cartilages / / 10. ligaments / /
11. orientations / / 12. auricles / /
13. damages/ / 14. lobules / /
15. noises / / 16. chambers / /

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IX. Write the correct final sound of the past form (-ed) for
these regular verbs. Write t, d, or id. Say them aloud.

1. lacked / / 2. consisted / /
3. functioned / / 4. served / /
5. liked / / 6. collected / /
7. attached / / 8. amplified / /
9. connected / / 10. embedded / /
11. passed / / 12. contracted / /
13. called / /

X. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. Circle

a, b, c, or d. (group work)

1. Jelly fish and insects are ___________________________.

a. vertebrates b. birds
c. mammals d. invertebrates

2. __________________ have highly developed ears.

a. Vertebrates b. Invertebrates
c. Mammals d. Insects

3. The function of the inner ear is ____________________.

a. only hearing b. only balance
c. only orientation d. a, b & c.

4. The pinna ____________________ the side of the head.

a. hangs from b. is attached to
c. fits into d. is embedded in

5. The earlobe consists of ___________________________.

a. fatty tissues b. elastic cartilage
c. ligaments d. lobule

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6. The eardrum is ___________________ the outer ear and
middle ear.
a. above b. below
c. in the middle of d. in front of

7. Latin names are ___________________ derived from their

shapes.
a. sometimes b. always
c. never d. never ever

8. The __________________ is a membrane that fronts the

inner ear.
a. stirrup b. oval window
c. eardrum d. hammer

9. The motion of the ___________________ moves the

stirrup.
a. anvil b. hammer
c. eardrum d. air

10. The ________________ contains organs of both hearing

and balance.
a. middle ear b. chain of bones
c. labyrinth d. outer ear

XI. Read the third paragraph and circle all adjectives. Write
them down on the lines given below.

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

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XII. Work in two groups. One student from Group# A will say
an adjective and anyone from Group# B will use it in a
sentence. The group that will make fewer mistakes will be the
winner. (speaking)

XIII. Read the following main ideas and match them with the
relevant paragraphs. Write the number of paragraph in the
box.

No Main idea Paragraph

number
a This part of the ear gathers sound waves
from the air.
b This part of the ear is mainly responsible
for hearing and balance
c Mammals have extremely developed
ears that consist of three sections.
d This part of the ear has a complex
mechanism of protecting the middle and
inner ear from damage.
e These three bones are named according
to their shapes.

XIV. Match the sentence part in column A with its part in

column B. (pair work)

Column A Column B
1. Invertebrate animals ___ by the eardrum.
2. The inner ear serves ___ is the tiniest bone in
human body.
3. The auricle is ___ lack ears.
4. The middle ear is separated ___ protect the middle
from the outer ear and inner ear from
damage.
5. The malleus is called ___ the functions of
hearing, balance
and orientation.

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6. The stapes or stirrup ___ organs of hearing
and balance.
7. The labyrinth contains ___ the hammer.
8. The tensor tympani and ___ attached to the side
stapedius of the head.

XV. Read the passage and answer the following questions.

1. What are vertebrates?

____________________________________________
____________________________________________
________________________
2. What kind of ears do the mammals have?
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
________________________
3. What are the different functions of three sections of the ear?
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
________________________
4. What is the shape of the middle ear?
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
________________________
5. What connects the middle ear to the throat?
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
________________________

34
6. What are the names of the three ossicles?
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
________________________
7. What is the size of the stirrup?
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
________________________
8. What is the function of the tensor tympani and stapedius?
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
________________________

LISTENING FOCUS:

I. Listen to the passage and circle the correct word.

---------------------------------------- waves through air / ear or

other gases, liquids, or solids. ---------------------------------------
-------------- The direction / detection of vibrations passing
through the ---------------------------------------------------

--------------------------- Sometimes sound waves are

transferred / transmitted to the inner ear by a method / system
of hearing called bone contraction / conduction. ----------------
-------------------------------- Only a clearly / relatively small
part of a normal person’s --------------------------------------------
-------

Humans hear ---------------------------- The auricles also select /

help locate the direction / detection of sound. -------------------
----------------------- Many animals / mammals, especially the

35
ones / those with large ears, such as / like rabbits, can ---------
--------------------------------------------------- easily.

II. Listen to the passage and write “T” for true statement and
“F” for false statement. Listen again and correct the false
statements.

1. Sound is a series of vibrations moving as ( )

waves through solids only.
2. Detection of sound vibrations is called ( )
hearing.
3. All animals can detect vibrations passing ( )
through the ground.
4. Humans can not hear vibrations passing ( )
through gases.
5. Some people hear their own voice partly ( )
by bone conduction.
6. Humans hear primarily by detecting ( )
airborne sound waves.
7. The auricles can not help locate the ( )
direction of sound.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

36
 Medical Terminology:

Silent letters and unusual pronunciations

Letters Pronunciation Example Transcription

ch k che-mist / kem΄ist /
dys dis dys-pep-sia / dis-pep΄se-ə /
eu u Eu-rope / u-ro΄p /
gn n gnat / nat /
ph f pho-to-syn-the-sis
/ fo΄΄to-sin΄thə-sis /
pn n pneu-mo-nia / noo΄mone-ə /
ps s psy-cho-lo-gy / si-kol΄ə-je /
pt t pto-sis / to΄sis /
rh r rheu-ma-tism / roo΄mə-tiz-əm /
x z Xe-rox / zēr-oks /

I. Write two examples each which begin with the following

unusual letters. Write the definitions of these examples as
well.

Letter Examples Definitions

ch _____________ __________________________

_____________ __________________________

dys _____________ __________________________

_____________ __________________________

eu _____________ __________________________

_____________ __________________________

37
gn _____________ __________________________

_____________ __________________________

ph _____________ __________________________

_____________ __________________________

pn _____________ __________________________

_____________ __________________________

ps _____________ __________________________

_____________ __________________________

pt _____________ __________________________

_____________ __________________________

rh _____________ __________________________

_____________ __________________________

x _____________ __________________________

_____________ __________________________

38
 Suffixes for diagnoses test information and surgical
procedures:

Suffix Meaning Example Definition

-ectomy surgical neu-rec-tomy removal of a
removing /noo-rak΄tome/ nerve or part of a
nerve
-gram written or car-di-o-gram graphic record of
pictorial /kahr΄de-o-gram΄/ heart
record
-graph device for car-di-o-graph the machine that
graphic or /kahr΄de-o-graf/ produces a
pictorial cardiogram
recording
-graphy act of car-di-o-graphy process of
graphic or /kahr΄de-o-gra-fe/ electrically
pictorial measuring heart
recording function
-meter device for he-mom-e-ter device of
measuring /he-mom΄ə-tər/ measuring
hemoglobin in
blood
-metry act of he-mom-e-try process of
measuring /he-mom΄e-tre/ measuring
hemoglobin in
blood
-plasty surgical la-ryn-go-plas-ty surgical repair of
repair /lə-ring΄go- larynx
plas΄΄te/
-scope device for la-ryng-o-scope an endoscope for
viewing /lə-ring΄gə-skōp/ laryngoscopy
-scopy act of la-ryng-os-co-py examination of
viewing /lə-ring΄gos΄kə- the interior of
pe/ larynx
-tomy incision lar-yngo-to-my surgical creation
/lar΄΄ingo΄tə-me/ of an artificial
opening into
larynx

39
II. Match the following roots and suffixes to make medical
terms. Write down their meaning as well. ( group work)

ROOTS: oste/o, rhino, dia,

angio, photo, trache/o
gestr/o sinus/o

SUFFIXES: -ectomy, -gram, -graph, -graphy,

-meter, -metry, -plasty, -scope,
-scopy, -tomy

NO MEDICAL DEFINITION
TERM

40
 GRAMMAR FOCUS
Passive Voice (Present Indefinite Tense)

A. Change the following sentences into passive voice.

Example: Human heart pumps the blood.

The blood is pumped by human heart.

1. Three sections make up human ear.

_________________________________________________
2. The outer ear collects sound waves from the air.
__________________________________________________
3. Friction causes movement.
__________________________________________________
4. The eardrum separates the outer ear.
__________________________________________________
5. The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the throat.
__________________________________________________
6. Vibrations of the eardrum move the hammer.
__________________________________________________
7. The anvil stirs the stirrup.
__________________________________________________
8. The chain of bones concentrates their force.
__________________________________________________
9. This concentration amplifies the sound.
__________________________________________________
10. Loud noises produce violent vibrations.
__________________________________________________

41
B. Write tag questions like the example. (pair work)

Example: Human heart pumps the blood, doesn’t it?

1. Three sections make up human ear, -----------------------------

2. The outer air collects sound waves from the air, --------------
3. Friction causes movement, ----------------------------------
4. The eardrum separates the outer ear, ----------------------------
5. The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the throat, --
-----------------
6. Vibrations of the eardrum move the hammer, -----------------
7. The anvil stirs the stirrup, ----------------------------------
8. The chain of bones concentrates their force, -------------------
9. This concentration amplifies the sound, ------------------------
10. Loud noises produce violent vibrations, ----------------------

C. Speaking:

Work in two groups.

Group A member will say a sentence and group B student will
add a tag question. Each pair will practice five sentences.
Likewise, other pairs will practice.

Examples:
Group A Group B
I wake up at 8 o’clock, ---------------------------- don’t I?
He sleeps during the day, ------------------------- doesn’t he?

42
D. Choose the appropriate adjective from the list and make
logical comparisons between the given items. Look at the
example.

small thin fast heavy

thick big flexible complex
intelligent qualified bright

Example: child’s heart / adult’s heart

A child’s heart beats faster than an adult’s heart.

1. human skin / lion’s skin

__________________________________________________
2. trees / flowers
__________________________________________________
3. rubber / wood
__________________________________________________
4. mammals’ ears / other vertebrates’ ears
__________________________________________________
5. sunlight / moonlight
__________________________________________________
6. elephant / sheep
__________________________________________________
7. doctor / nurse
__________________________________________________
8. heart / kidney
__________________________________________________
9. the dermis / the epidermis
__________________________________________________

43
10. human skin / any other human organ
__________________________________________________

E. Correct the following sentences. (group work)

1. The patient operated by Dr. Nihad.

____________________________________________
2. Do the eardrum separate the outer ear?
____________________________________________
3. The epidermis is thin than the dermis.
____________________________________________
4. A computers is fast than typewriter.
____________________________________________
5. Are they speak English at home?
____________________________________________
6. Human body covers by the skin.
____________________________________________
7. All the students except Ali is a student at CMMS.
____________________________________________
8. Elephants are the biggest than sheep.
____________________________________________
9. A healthy human heart is beats 72 times in a minute.
____________________________________________
10. Emails are send by his friend.
____________________________________________

44
 11. Do the heart bigger than the kidney?
____________________________________________
12. The skin is prevented the harmful bacteria from
entering the body.
____________________________________________

Speaking Focus

Activity: A
Memorize the various functions of three parts of the ear.
Work in groups of fours and each group will prepare an oral
summary about the various functions of one of the three parts
of ear.
Group representative of each group will stand and give the
oral summary.

Try to ask questions regarding that part of the ear.

Anybody from that group may respond and answer the
question.

45
Activity: B
Work in pairs.
Use the suggestive prompts to make comparisons.
Work in pairs and suggest different possible comparisons
using comparative adjectives.
Example: mutton / chicken
- Mutton is easier to cook than chicken.
- Chicken is healthier than mutton.
- Mutton is tastier than chicken.

1. boys / girls 2. cars / buses

3. cars / buses 4. human heart / human kidney
5. computer / laptop 6. school / university
7. veins / arteries 8. pens / pencils
9. water / juices 10. shoes / slippers
11. apartment / villa 12. bedroom / classroom
13. cats / dogs

46
Unit # THREE
LUNGS

47
48
 UNIT # 3: LUNGS

1 Lungs are spongy organs used in breathing and respiration.

2 Lungs are present in all mammals, birds, and reptiles. Most
3 amphibians and a few species of fish also have lungs.
4 In humans the lungs occupy a large portion of the chest cavity
5 from the collarbone down to the diaphragm, a dome-shaped
6 sheet of muscle that walls off the chest cavity from the
7 abdominal cavity. At birth the lungs are pink, but as a person
8 ages, they become gray and mottled from tiny particles
9 breathed in with the air. Generally, people who live in cities
10 and industrial areas have darker lungs than those who live in
11 the country.

12 Air travels to the lungs through a series of air tubes and

13 passages. It enters the body through the nostrils or the mouth,
14 passing down the throat to the larynx, or voice box, and then
15 to the trachea, or windpipe. In the chest cavity the trachea
16 divides into two branches, called the right and left bronchi or
17 the bronchial tubes that enter the lungs.

49
18 In the adult human, each lung is 25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 in) long
19 and roughly conical. The left lung is divided into two sections
20 or lobes: the superior and the inferior. The right lung is
21 somewhat larger than the left lung and is divided into three
22 lobes: the superior, middle, and inferior. The two lungs are
23 separated by a structure called the mediastinum which
24 contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and blood vessels. Both
25 right and left lungs are covered by an external membrane
26 called the pleura. The outer layer of the pleura forms the lining
27 of the chest cavity.

28 The branches of the bronchi eventually narrow down to tubes

29 of less than 1.02 mm (less than 0.04 in) in diameter. These
30 tubes, called the bronchioles, divide into even narrower tubes
31 called alveolar ducts. Each alveolar duct ends in a grapelike
32 cluster of thin-walled sacs, called the alveoli (a single sac is
33 called an alveolus). From 300 million to 400 million alveoli
34 are contained in each lung. The air sacs of both lungs have a
35 total surface area of about 93 sq m (about 1000 sq ft), nearly
36 50 times the total surface area of the skin.

37 In addition to the network of air tubes, the lungs also contain a

38 vast network of the blood vessels. Each alveolus is
39 surrounded by many tiny capillaries, which receive the blood
40 from the arteries and empty into the veins. The arteries join to
41 form the pulmonary arteries, and the veins join to form the
42 pulmonary veins. These large blood vessels connect the lungs
43 with the heart.

I. Pre-reading questions:

1. Can human beings breathe in water?

2. Can we breathe on other planets?
3. What organ of human body is responsible for breathing?

50
II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to:

1. Line # 5 that: __________________________

2. Line # 6 they: __________________________
3. Line # 8 those: __________________________
4. Line # 10 it: __________________________
5. Line # 14 that: __________________________
6. Line # 19 which: __________________________
7. Line # 32 which: __________________________

III. Vocabulary Preview

Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from
the reading passage. Make necessary grammatical
changes. Then go back and write their meaning in the right
column. (pair work)

Expressions / Words Meanings

(be) used in
dome-shaped
a series of
somewhat larger
(be) separated by
(be) covered by
divide into
end in
(be) contained in
(be) surrounded by

1. The bodies of animals that live in cold areas

_______usually ______________ thick hair.
2. The dermis and epidermis ______________ the
basement membrane.

51
 3. Penicillin _______ commonly _______________ the
treatment of infections.
4. The mosque has a __________________ ceiling.
5. The university campus _________________ a well-lit
boundary wall.
6. Millions of nephrons _______________ human
kidneys.
7. Some cells ____________________ two and multiply.
8. The auditorium of building 1 is __________________
than the halls of other buildings.
9. This passageway ________________ a beautiful lawn.
10. A big earthquake is usually followed by
_________________ after-shocks.

IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions /

words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking)

V. Solve this crossword puzzle with the help of given clues.

52
Across
3. empty space
4. thin covering
8. stuff like foam
9. layer
10. a line connecting the center of a circle
11. a muscular sheet that separate abdomen from chest
12. land away from cities
13. paired organs for breathing

Down
1. extremely thin blood vessel
2. closely linked system of sth
3. upper part of body
4. mass of tissues attached to a bone
5. sub-division
6. like a cone in shape
7. part

VI. Read the following words and then read the relevant
paragraphs to find their synonyms.

word synonym from passage

a. distinct kinds (paragraph# 1) ______________________

b. to take up (paragraph# 1) ______________________
c. tiny parts (paragraph# 1) ______________________
d. space (paragraph# 2) ______________________
e. subdivisions (paragraph# 2) ______________________
f. grown-up (paragraph# 3) _______________________
g. container (paragraph# 3) _______________________
h. outer (paragraph# 3) _______________________
i. lastly (paragraph# 4) _______________________
j. group (paragraph# 4) _______________________

53
 k. collect (paragraph# 5) _______________________
l. attach (paragraph# 5) _______________________

VII. Complete the table with appropriate forms of the given

words. Look at the example. (group work)

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

connection connect connected connectively
divide
occupation
generally
divided
live
containment

PRONUNCIATION FOCUS

VIII. These are the medical terms used in the reading

passage. Say these words aloud and memorize their meaning.

Term Pronunciation Definition

di-a-phragm / di΄ə-fram /
ab-dom-i-nal / ab-dom΄ĭ-nəl /
lar-ynx / lar΄inks /
tra-che-a / tra΄ke-ə /
bron-chi / brong΄ki /
me-di-as-ti-num / me΄΄de-əs-ti΄nəm /
e-sopha-gus / ə-sofə-gəs /
pleu-ra / plu-rə /

54
bron-chi-ole / brong΄΄ke-ōl /
al-ve-olar duct / al-ve΄ələr dŭkt /
al-ve-o-li / al-ve΄o-li /
cap-i-llar-y / kap΄-ĭ-lar΄΄e /

IX. Write the correct pronunciation of the final –s, plural

form, for these nouns. Write s, z, or iz. Say them aloud.

1. chests / / 2. passages / /
3. lungs / / 4. organs / /
5. sheets/ / 6. larynxes / /
7. mouths / / 8. amphibians / /
9. species / / 10. throats / /
11. portions / / 12. boxes / /
13. diaphragms/ / 14. hearts / /
15. branches / / 16. lobes / /
17. networks / / 18. surfaces / /
19. clusters / /

X. Write the correct final sound of the past form (-ed) for
these regular verbs. Write t, d, or id. Say them aloud.

1. occupied / / 2. formed / /
3. walled / / 4. breathed / /
5. lived / / 6. separated / /
7. traveled / / 8. entered / /
9. connected / / 10. surfaced / /

XI. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer.

Circle a, b, c, or d. (group work)

1. ____________________ have the lungs.

a. Mammals b. Birds
c. Reptiles d. a, b & c.

55
2. A dome-shaped sheet of muscles is called (the) _________.
a. collar bone b. chest cavity
c. diaphragm d. lungs

3. The chest cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity

by (the)_____________________.
a. diaphragm b. air
c. sponge d. lungs

4. People who live in countryside have ____________ lungs

than the people in cities.
a. larger b. darker
c. smaller d. healthier

5. Another name for left and right bronchi is (the) _________.

a. branches b. trachea
c. bronchial tubes d. wind pipe

6. The mediastinum ____________________ two lungs.

a. separates b. combines
c. connects d. presses

7. ______________ are covered by an external membrane

called the pleura.
a. Left lung b. Right lung
c. None d. Both lungs

8. The diameter of the bronchi is

__________________________.
a. 1.02 mm b. 0.04 in
c. smaller than a &b d. bigger than a &b

9. Another name for the bronchi is (the)

_______________________.
a. bronchioles b. alveolar ducts
c. both a & b d. neither a nor b

56
10. The alveoli are ____________________________.
a. grapes b. alveolar ducts
c. thin-walled sacs d. narrow tubes

XII. Read the first paragraph and circle all nouns. Write them
down on the lines given below.

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

XIII. Read the following sub titles and match them with the
relevant paragraphs. Write the number of paragraph in the
box.

No Sub titles Paragraph

number
a air passage in the lungs
b blood supply in the lungs
c sub-divisions of the bronchial tubes
d size of the lungs
e the lungs in human beings

XIV. Read the paragraph three and write the missing words.

57
 lungs

left

The inferior
lobe

Mediastinum
Contains _________________,
_________________, _____________ and
___________________

58
XV. Read the passage and write “T” for true statements and
“F” for false statements. Mention the line numbers where this
information is mentioned. Correct the false statements and
write them on the lines given below.

1. All amphibians have lungs. ( ) Line no _____

2. The collarbone consists of a dome-shaped sheet of
muscles. ( ) Line no _____
3. The lungs become grey as a person grows.
( ) Line no _____
4. Air travels to a series of tubes through the lungs.
( ) Line no _____
5. The trachea divides into two bronchial tubes.
( ) Line no _____
6. The right lung is bigger than the left lung.
( ) Line no _____
7. The mediastinum separates the two lungs.
( ) Line no _____
8. The branches of the bronchi are smaller than the
bronchioles. ( ) Line no _____
9. The alveolar ducts are grapelike clusters.
( ) Line no _____
10. Each alveolus receives the blood from the arteries.
( ) Line no _____

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

59
XVI. Read the passage and complete the following outline
about the lungs.

Definition:

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

Location:

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

Colour:

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

Size:

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

Shape:

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

Surface Area:

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

60
 LISTENING FOCUS:

I. Listen to the passage and tell how many times the following
words have been used in the passage.

a. breathing ----------------------

b. respiration ----------------------

II. Listen to the passage and answer the following questions.

1. What is breathing?
__________________________________________________

2. What is essential for aerobic respiration?

__________________________________________________

3. What waste product is formed during aerobic respiration?

__________________________________________________

4. How many times an adult normally breathe?

__________________________________________________

5. Who breathes about 40 breaths per minute?

__________________________________________________

61
 Medical Terminology:

Suffixes meaning “condition of”:

Suffix Meaning Example Definition

-ia condition ph-obi-a - persistent and
of / fo΄be-ə / exaggerated fear
- ism condition al-co-hol-is-m - impaired control
of /əl΄kə-hol-iz-əm/ of alcohol use
-sis condition ac-i-do-sis - acid condition of
of / as΄΄ĭ-do΄sis / body fluids
-y condition te-ta-ny - sustained muscle
of / ti-ta΄ne / contraction

I. Write two examples each for the following suffixes. Write

their transcription and definitions as well.

Suffix Example / Definition

Transcription
-ia

-ism

-sis

-y

62
II. Match the following general roots with their meanings.

1. carcin/o _____stone
2. crin/o _____ origin / production
3. esthesi/o _____ tumor / mass
4. fibr/o _____ cancer
5. gen/o _____ straight / normal
6. gynec/o _____ form
7. lith/o _____ fiber
8. morph/o _____ woman
9. necr/o _____ to secrete
10. onc/o _____ death
11. orth/o _____ sensation

III. Split the following terms into their different words parts:
i.e. roots, suffixes, and prefixes. Write the meaning for the
word parts.
Term Suffix Root Prefix
(meaning) (meaning) (meaning)

chloroform ----------------- --------------- - ----------------

----------------- --------------- - ----------------
urology ----------------- --------------- - ----------------
----------------- --------------- - ----------------
erythrocyte ----------------- --------------- - ----------------
----------------- --------------- - ----------------
aerobic ----------------- --------------- - ----------------
----------------- --------------- - ----------------
dehydration ----------------- --------------- - ----------------
----------------- --------------- - ----------------
melanocyte ----------------- --------------- - ----------------
----------------- --------------- - ----------------

63
leukemia ----------------- --------------- - ----------------
----------------- --------------- - ----------------
pyogenic ----------------- --------------- - ----------------
----------------- --------------- - ----------------
lipoid ----------------- --------------- - ----------------
----------------- --------------- - ----------------
cyanotic ----------------- --------------- - ----------------
----------------- --------------- - ----------------

GRAMMAR FOCUS:
Present Indefinite Tense: Wh- questions:

A: Write Wh- questions for the following statements. Make

questions for the underlined words.
Example: Ali comes to CMMS at 9:00 by car to take an exam.
1 2 3 4 5

1. Who comes to CMMS at 9:00 by car to take an exam?

2. Where does Ali come at 9:00 by car to take an exam?
3. When does Ali come to CMMS by car to take an exam?
4. How does Ali come to CMMS at 9:00 to take an exam?
5. Why does Ali come to CMMS at 9:00 by car?

1. The lungs are used in breathing.

_________________________________________________?
2. The heart is located between the lungs.
_________________________________________________?

64
3. Human beings breathe to inhale oxygen.
_________________________________________________?
4. Most amphibians have the lungs.
_________________________________________________?
5. Air enters the body through the nostrils.
_________________________________________________?
6. The classes start at 8:00.
_________________________________________________?
7. The outer ear collects sound waves.
_________________________________________________?
8. Antibiotics are used to treat infections.
_________________________________________________?
9. The arteries are called blood vessels.
_________________________________________________?
10. The students take examination in the auditorium.
_________________________________________________?

B: Write short answers like the examples.

Example: Do human beings have spongy lungs?

Yes, they do.

Are lungs present in all amphibians?

No, they aren’t.

1. Are lungs used for breathing?

__________________________________________________

65
2. Does the skin cover the human body?
__________________________________________________
3. Are fishes mammals?
__________________________________________________
4. Are human lungs grey at birth?
__________________________________________________
5. Does air enter the body through the pores?
__________________________________________________
6. Is the left lung bigger than the right lung?
__________________________________________________
7. Do human beings have two lungs?
__________________________________________________
8. Do human lungs occupy small area in the chest cavity?
__________________________________________________
9. Does the chest cavity contain the heart?
__________________________________________________
10. Is the diaphragm situated below the lungs?
__________________________________________________

C: Write the comparative and superlative forms of the

following adjectives.
comparative superlative
1. pretty _______________ ________________
2. dangerous _______________ ________________
3. sweet _______________ ________________
4. high _______________ ________________
5. lazy _______________ ________________

66
 6. clean _______________ ________________
7. confusing _______________ ________________
8. neat _______________ ________________
9. common _______________ ________________
10. wet _______________ ________________
11. funny _______________ ________________
12. careful _______________ ________________
13. good _______________ ________________
14. happy _______________ ________________
15. sad _______________ ________________
16. dark _______________ ________________
17. bad _______________ ________________
18. clever _______________ ________________
19. pleasant _______________ ________________
20. gentle _______________ ________________
21. old _______________ ________________
22. comfortable _______________ ________________
23. generous _______________ ________________
24. quiet _______________ ________________
25. important _______________ ________________

D. Work in two groups. Any one from group “A” will stand
and gives a comparative sentence. Any body from group “B”
will stand and make a superlative sentence of the same
adjective. (speaking)

67
Example:

A: An apple is bigger than a peach.

B: But a water melon is the biggest.

A: Jasmine is more beautiful than tulip.

B: But the rose is the most beautiful.

E. Correct the following sentences. (pair work)

1. Where you live in Taif?

____________________________________________
2. Human palms does not have thin skin.
____________________________________________
3. The epidermis is thin than the dermis.
____________________________________________
4. How does he spells this word?
____________________________________________
5. Ali is the most clever boy in the classroom.
____________________________________________
6. The capillaries are extremely thinner blood vessels.
____________________________________________
7. Five liters of blood are pumped.
____________________________________________
8. The right lung is biggest than the left lung.
____________________________________________
9. Who does call you every morning?
____________________________________________

68
 10. Water evaporate quickly in summer.
____________________________________________
11. English examination is the easiest than physics exam.
____________________________________________
12. The surgeon is admire by his patients.
____________________________________________
13. Why do Fatima goes to the market for shopping?
____________________________________________

Speaking Focus

Activity: A
Memorize the physiology of human lungs.

Work in two groups: Group A & Group B

One student from Group A will ask a question about the
physiology of human lungs.
Any student from group B will answer the question.
Change the role of the groups after some practice.
Examples:
* How does air travel to the lungs?
* What is the function of the diaphragm?
* What is the function of the windpipe?

69
Activity: B
Work in groups of fours and write general questions like the
example.
The group leader of each group will stand and ask a question.
Any one of the groups will respond with short answers. Any
student from that group may respond.
Switch the roles after some practice.

Examples:

* Are human beings mammals? Yes, they are.

* Does air contain oxygen? Yes, it does.
* Do fish have lungs? No, they don’t.

70
Unit # FOUR
LIVER

71
72
 UNIT # 4: Liver

1 The liver is the largest internal organ of the human body. The
2 liver, which is part of the digestive system, performs more
3 than 500 different functions, all of which are essential to life.
4 Its essential functions include helping the body to digest fats,
5 storing reserves of nutrients, filtering poisons and wastes from
6 the blood, synthesizing a variety of proteins, and regulating
7 the levels of many chemicals found in the bloodstream. The
8 liver is unique among the body’s vital organs in that it can
9 regenerate, or grow back cells that have been destroyed by
10 some short-term injury or disease. But if the liver is damaged
11 repeatedly over a long period of time, it may undergo
12 irreversible changes that permanently interfere with function.
13
14 The human liver is a dark red-brown organ with a soft, spongy
15 texture. It is located at the top of the abdomen, on the right
16 side of the body just below the diaphragm—a sheet of muscle
17 tissue that separates the lungs from the abdominal organs. The
18 lower part of the rib cage covers the liver, protecting it from
19 injury. In a healthy adult, the liver weighs about 1.5 kg (3 lb)
20 and is about 15 cm (6 in) thick.

73
21
22 Despite its many complex functions, the liver is relatively
23 simple in structure. It consists of two main lobes, left and
24 right, which overlap slightly. The right lobe has two smaller
25 lobes attached to it, called the quadrate and caudate lobes.
26 Each lobe contains many thousands of units called the lobules
27 that are the building blocks of the liver. The lobules are six-
28 sided structures each about 1 mm (0.04 in) across. A tiny vein
29 runs through the center of each lobule and eventually drains
30 into the hepatic vein, which carries blood out of the liver.
31 Hundreds of cubed-shaped liver cells, called the hepatocytes,
32 are arranged around the lobule's central vein in a radiating
33 pattern. On the outside surface of each lobule are small veins,
34 ducts, and arteries that carry fluids to and from the lobules. As
35 the liver does its work, nutrients are collected, wastes are
36 removed, and chemical substances are released into the body
37 through these vessels.
38
39 Unlike most organs, which have a single blood supply, the
40 liver receives the blood from two sources. The hepatic artery
41 delivers oxygen-rich blood from the heart, supplying about 25
42 percent of the liver's blood. The liver also receives oxygen-
43 depleted blood from the hepatic portal vein. This vein, which
44 is the source of 75 percent of the liver's blood supply, carries
45 the blood to the liver that has traveled from the digestive tract,
46 where it collects nutrients as food is digested. These nutrients
47 are delivered to the liver for further processing or storage.

I. Pre-reading questions:

1. What are the vital organs in human body?

2. What is the largest vital organ in human body?
3. What vital organ has the ability to regenerate destroyed
cells?

74
II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to:

1. Line # 3 which: __________________________

2. Line # 7 it: __________________________
3. Line # 7 that: __________________________
4. Line # 15 it: __________________________
5. Line # 20 which: __________________________
6. Line # 30 its: __________________________
7. Line # 38 that: __________________________
8. Line # 38 it: __________________________

III. Vocabulary Preview

Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from

the reading passage. Make necessary grammatical
changes. Then go back and write their meaning in the right
column. (pair work)

Expressions / Words Meanings

(be) essential to
(be) located at
weigh about
(be) relatively simple
run through
drain into
(be) arranged around
(be) released into
(be) the source of
(be) delivered to

1. A new-born baby ___________________ 7 to 8 lbs.

2. The blood ________________ whole human body to
provide oxygen.

75
 3. All veins __________ the blood _______ human heart.
4. The water supply _______ continuously ____________
the main pipe to be distributed to the whole city.
5. Water ________________ sustain life on earth.
6. Human digestive system _____________ as compared
to other systems.
7. Oxygenated blood _________________ all body parts
by the arteries.
8. The human mind __________________ control and
command for all human activities.
9. Many beautiful patterns of stars __________________
the moon in the sky.
10. The diaphragm __________________ the bottom of
human lungs.

IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions /

words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking)

V. Solve this crossword puzzle with the help of given clues.

76
Across
2. finally
5. gather
6. not same
8. the largest internal organ in humans
9. outer layer of something
10. present in the middle
11. of different kinds
12. sth done again and again
13. to some extent

Down
1. not like
3. extremely important
4. not temporary
5. instrument used to keep birds in
7. stored things

VI. Read the following words and then read the relevant
paragraphs to find their antonyms.

word antonym from passage

a. external (paragraph# 1) ________________________

b. exclude (paragraph# 1) ________________________
c. intact (paragraph# 1) ________________________
d. recoverable (paragraph# 1) ________________________
e. join (paragraph# 2) ________________________
f. sick (paragraph# 2) ________________________
g. simple (paragraph# 3) ________________________
h. detached (paragraph# 3) ________________________
i. huge (paragraph# 3) ________________________
j. initially (paragraph# 3) ________________________

77
k. annexed (paragraph# 3) ________________________
l. distribute (paragraph# 4) ________________________
m. collect (paragraph# 4) ________________________

PRONUNCIATION FOCUS

VII. These are the medical terms used in the passages. Say
these words aloud and memorize their meaning.
Term Pronunciation Definition

quad-rate /kwod΄rāt/
cau-date /kaw΄dāt/
he-pat-ic vein /hə-pat΄ik vān/
hep-a-to-cyte /hep΄ə-to-sīt/
por-tal vein /por΄təl vān/
glycol-gen /glīko-jən/
gly-co-ge-ne-sis /gli΄΄ko-jə –ne΄sis/
bile /bīl/
gall bladd-er /gawl΄blad΄΄ər/
al-bu-min /al-bu΄mən/
glo-bin /glo΄bin/
glob-u-lin /glob΄u-lin/

VIII. Write the correct pronunciation of the final –s, plural

form, for these nouns. Write s, z, or iz. Say them aloud.

1. nutrients / / 2. wastes/ /
3. livers / / 4. reserves / /
5. changes / / 6. adults / /
7. chemicals / / 8. cages / /
9. textures / / 10. substances / /
11. blocks / / 12. abdomens / /
13. thousands / / 14. sources / /
15. patterns / / 16. hepatocytes / /
17. supplies / /

78
IX. Write the correct final sound of the past form (-ed) for
these regular verbs. Write t, d, or id. Say them aloud.

1. included / / 2. synthesized / /
3. filtered / / 4. damaged / /
5. digested / / 6. overlapped / /
7. interfered / / 8. regenerated / /
9. arranged / / 10. located / /
11. released / / 12. delivered / /

X. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. Circle

a, b, c, or d. (group work)

1. The ____________________ performs more than 500

different functions.
a. liver b. digestive system
c. both a & b d. none

2. The liver can __________________ the destroyed cells.

a. redesign b. recycle
c. reproduce d. resize

3. The liver is _________________ other vital organs.

a. like b. unlike
c. same as d. similar to

4. The liver is situated ________________ the abdomen.

a. below b. under
c. beside d. at the top of

5. (The) ________________ separates the lungs from the

abdomen.
a. spongy texture b. liver
c. diaphragm d. none

79
6. The liver is relatively simple in structure _____________
its functions are complex.
a. because b. though
c. yet d. and

7. The lobules are six-sided structures having a

_______________ of 1 mm.
a. height b. radius
c. circumference d. diameter

8. The _______________ carries blood out of the liver.

a. tiny vein b. lobule
c. hepatic vein d. lobe

9. _______________ carry fluids to and from the lobules.

a. veins b. ducts
c. arteries d. a, b, & c.

10. The ________________ is the major source of blood

supply to the liver.
a. hepatic artery b. lobules
c. digestive tract d. hepatic vein

XI. Read the following sub titles and match them with the
relevant paragraphs. Write the number of paragraph in the
box.

No Sub titles Paragraph

number
a blood supply
b liver functions
c location of the liver
d liver structure

80
XII. Match the sentence part in column A with its part in
column B. (pair work)

Column A Column B
1. 500 different functions ___ grow back its cells.
2. The liver can ___ attached to the right
lobe.
3. Repeated damage ___ are performed by the
liver.
4. The lower part of the rib cage ___ cubed-shaped cells.
5. The quadrate and caudate ___ the major source of
lobes are liver’s blood supply.
6. The hepatocytes are ___ protects the liver
from injuries.
7. The hepatic artery is ___ may cause reversible
responsible for harm to the liver.
8. The hepatic portal vein is ___ 25% of liver’s blood
supply.

XIII. Read the first paragraph and circle all main verbs.
Write them down on the lines given below.

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

81
XIV. Read the passage and answer the following questions.

1. What are the various functions of the liver?

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

2. How is the liver different from other vital organs?

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

3. What is the function of the lower part of the rib cage?

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

4. What are the lobules?

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

5. Where are the hepatocytes situated?

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

6. What are the two sources of blood supply to the liver?

__________________________________________________

82
 LISTENING FOCUS:

I. Listen to the passage and match the main ideas to the

related paragraph. Write the paragraph number in front of the
correct column.

No Main idea Paragraph

number
a storing vitamin supplies
b producing proteins
c digesting lipids or fats
d maintaining glucose level in the blood

II. Listen to the passage and write “T” for true statements
and “F” for false statements. Listen again and correct the
false statements.

1. Glucose is made from glycogen. ( )

2. Creation of glycogen is called glycogenesis. ( )
3. Glycogen is a carbohydrate. ( )
4. A yellowish-brown liquid called salt contains
the bile. ( )
5. The bile is concentrated in the small intestine. ( )
6. The albumin is produced in the blood. ( )
7. The globin is produced in the liver. ( )

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83
 Medical Terminology:

Suffixes for Medical Specialties:

Suffix Meaning Example Definition

-ian specialist in pe-di-a-tri- - a physician who is
some field cian specializes in
/pe΄΄de-ə- pediatrics
trĭ΄shən/
- iatrics medical pe-di-at-rics -branch of medicine
specialty /pe΄΄de- deals with children
at΄riks/ health etc.
-iatry medical po-di-a-try -study and care of
specialty /po-di΄ə-tre/ foot
-ics medical ge-ne-tics - an expert in
specialty / je΄nə-tiks/ heredity
-ist specialist in chem-ist -an individual
some field /kem΄ist/ skilled in chemistry
-logy study of bi-ol-o-gy -science that deals
/bi-ol΄ə-je/ with life and living
organisms

I. Write two examples each for the following suffixes. Write

their transcription and definitions as well.

Suffix Example / Definition

Transcription
-ian

-iatrics

84
-iatry

-ics

-ist

-logy

II. Split the following terms into their different words parts:
i.e. roots, suffixes, and prefixes. Write the meaning for the
word parts.
Term Suffix Root Prefix
(meaning) (meaning) (meaning)

gynecology ---------------- ----------------- -----------------

---------------- ----------------- -----------------
anesthesia ---------------- ----------------- -----------------
---------------- ----------------- -----------------
necrotic ---------------- ----------------- -----------------
---------------- ----------------- -----------------
orthopedic ---------------- ----------------- -----------------
---------------- ----------------- -----------------
carcinogenesis ---------------- ----------------- -----------------
---------------- ----------------- -----------------

85
oncologist ---------------- ----------------- -----------------
---------------- ----------------- -----------------
lithotripsy ---------------- ----------------- -----------------
---------------- ----------------- -----------------
carcinogenic ---------------- ----------------- -----------------
---------------- ----------------- -----------------
endocrinology ---------------- ----------------- -----------------
---------------- ----------------- -----------------
fibroblast ---------------- ----------------- -----------------
---------------- ----------------- -----------------
polymorphic ---------------- ----------------- -----------------
---------------- ----------------- -----------------
III. Match the following general roots with their meanings.
1. path/o _____ speech
2. ped/o _____ mind
3. phas/o _____ disease
4. plas/o _____ child or foot
5. phob/o _____ sound
6. psych/o _____ nourishment /
development
7. scler/o _____ narrow
8. son/o _____ exaggerated fear
9. sten/o _____ poison
10. toxic/o _____ formation
11. troph/o _____ hard

86
 GRAMMAR FOCUS: Adverbs of frequency

A: Make sentences like the example. Use appropriate

frequency adverb.
Example: speak Arabic in class
I always/usually/seldom speak Arabic in class.

1. watch TV at night
_________________________________________________.
2. sleep in the afternoon
_________________________________________________.
3. send e-mails to friends
_________________________________________________.
4. eat rice for breakfast
_________________________________________________.
5.come to CMMS at 8:00
_________________________________________________.
6. absent from classes
_________________________________________________.
7. talk to my teachers in their offices
_________________________________________________.
8. take down notes during classes
_________________________________________________.
9. read newspapers
_________________________________________________.
10. brows internet
_________________________________________________.

87
B: Make questions and answers for the given prompts.

Example: read medical articles

How often do you read medical articles?
I frequently read medical articles for information.
1. visit library

_________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________

2. speak English with friends

_________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________
3. ride a bike to college
_________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________
4. play football on Friday
_________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________
5. read medical reference books
_________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________
6. do homework
_________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________

88
7. smoke
_________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________
8. offer prayers in mosque
_________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________

C: Add final –s or –es at the end of the following verbs.

1. catch___ 2. exist___ 3. remember___
4. study___ 5. buzz___ 6. prefer___
7. destroy___ 8. do___ 9. love___
10. possess___ 11. change___ 12. buy___
13. answer___ 14. pass___ 15. sing___
16. wash___ 17. hope___ 18. believe___
19. pay___ 20. hate___ 21. watch___

D: Correct the following sentences. (group work)

1. Medical staff usually is busy during the day.

____________________________________________
____________
2. How often does the patients has medical check-up?
____________________________________________
____________

89
3. A drowning man catchs at a straw.
____________________________________________
____________
4. Good students prepare always before examinations.
____________________________________________
____________
5. The sun set in the west.
____________________________________________
____________
6. Dr Suhail treates his patients carefully.
____________________________________________
____________
7. He forget never to brush his teeth before sleeping.
____________________________________________
____________
8. Why doesn’t they study for their final examinations?
____________________________________________
____________
9. A good Muslim always should offers prayers on time.
____________________________________________
____________
10. How often is you consult a medical dictionary?
____________________________________________
____________

90
 11. A lot of blood is deliver to the lungs for oxygination.
____________________________________________
____________
12. Everybody care for one’s good health.
____________________________________________
____________
13. They still rememberes the sweat memories of his
childhood.
____________________________________________
____________

Speaking Focus

Activity: A
Work in pairs and write down sentences about your daily
routine.
Write 15 to 20 sentences using adverbs of frequency.
Each student will stand one by one and orally tell his/her class
fellows about his/her daily routine.

Examples:

* I always wake up before Fajr prayer.

* I usually offer my Fajr in the mosque.
* I never stay in bed after sun rise.

91
Activity: B
Think about your daily routine.
Work in two groups: Group A & Group B
One student from Group A will ask a question about their
routine matters using “How often”.
Any student from group B will answer the question using
adverbs of frequency.

Change the role of the groups after some practice.

Examples:

* How often do you talk to your friends?

* How often do you sleep before 11 p.m.?

* How often do you visit recreation parks?

92
Unit # FIVE
KIDNEY

93
94
 UNIT # 5: KIDNEY

1 The kidneys are paired organ whose functions include

2 removing waste products from the blood and regulating the
3 amount of fluid in the body. The basic units of the kidneys are
4 microscopically thin structures called the nephrons which
5 filter the blood and cause wastes to be removed in the form of
6 urine. Together with the bladder, two ureters and the single
7 urethra, the kidneys make up the body’s urinary system.
8 Human beings, as well as members of all other vertebrate
9 species, typically have two kidneys.

10 The kidneys lie against the rear wall of the abdomen, on

11 either side of the spine. They are situated below the middle of
12 the back, beneath the liver on the right and the spleen on the
13 left. Each kidney is encased in a transparent, fibrous
14 membrane called the renal capsule which helps protect it
15 against trauma and infection. The concave part of the kidney
16 attaches to two of the body’s crucial blood vessels—the renal

95
17 artery and the renal vein—and the ureter, a tubelike structure
18 that carries urine to the bladder.

19 A primary function of kidneys is the removal of poisonous

20 wastes from the blood. Chief among these wastes are the
21 nitrogen-containing compounds urea and uric acid, which
22 result from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids. Life-
23 threatening illnesses occur when too many of these waste
24 products accumulate in the bloodstream. Fortunately, a
25 healthy kidney can easily rid the body of these substances.

26 STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY

27 The outermost layer of the kidney is called the cortex. Beneath

28 the cortex lies the medulla, an area that contains from 8 to 18
29 cone-shaped sections known as pyramids which are formed
30 almost entirely of bundles of microscopic tubules. The tips of
31 these pyramids point toward the center of the kidney. The
32 cortex extends into the spaces between the pyramids, forming
33 structures called renal columns. At the center of the kidney is
34 a cavity called the renal pelvis.

35 The task of cleaning, or filtering, the blood is performed by

36 millions of nephrons, remarkable structures that extend
37 between the cortex and the medulla. Under magnification, the
38 nephrons look like tangles of tiny vessels or tubules, but each
39 nephron actually has an orderly arrangement that makes
40 possible filtration of wastes from the blood. The primary
41 structure in this filtering system is the glomerulus, a network
42 of extremely thin blood vessels called the capillaries. The
43 glomerulus is contained in a cuplike structure called
44 Bowman’s capsule, from which extends a narrow vessel called
45 the renal tubule. This tube twists and turns until it drains into a
46 collecting tubule that carries urine toward the renal pelvis. Part
47 of the renal tubule, called the Henle’s loop, becomes
48 extremely narrow extending down away from the Bowman’s

96
49 capsule and then back up again in a U shape. Surrounding
50 Henle’s loop and the other parts of the renal tubule is a
51 network of the capillaries which are formed from a small
52 blood vessel that branches out from the glomerulus.

I. Pre-reading questions:

1. What human organ resembles beans in shape?

2. Where are the kidneys located in human body?
3. What are the functions of the kidneys?

II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to:
1. Line # 9 they: __________________________
2. Line # 11 it: __________________________
3. Line # 14 that: __________________________
4. Line # 18 these: __________________________
5. Line # 23 that: __________________________
6. Line # 32 that: __________________________
7. Line # 37 it: __________________________
8. Line # 42 which: __________________________

III. Vocabulary Preview

Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from

the reading passage. Make necessary grammatical
changes. Then go back and write their meaning in the right
column. (pair work)

Expressions / Words Meanings

together with
lie against
on either side of
(be) encased in
accumulate in

97
 life-threatening
point toward
extend into
(be) contained in
(be) formed from

1. De-oxygenated blood ________________ the lungs for

cleaning.
2. Fahd _______________ the mischievous boy who
broke the glass funnels yesterday.
3. The malleus ____________ the eardrum in human ear.
4. A combination of antibiotics ________________ local
application is used for severe infections.
5. Human eyes are situated _________________ the nose.
6. The esophagus _____________________ the stomach.
7. Human kidney ______________ millions of nephrons.
8. Thermo-sensitive medicines _________ usually
________________ dark-coloured bottles.
9. Malaria was considered a ___________________
disease three decades ago.
10. Human eyes ____________________ well-protected
sockets.

IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions /

words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking)

V. Search the words given at the end. Circle your answers.

98
M P E E D O I N D C F M G I D

L I A L V N Q L I O I V Z R I

D O C I U A T O U N L D P Z M

G B O R R B C X L V T D S Z A

K A F P O E U N F E R M O A R

R E A R B S D T O X A P E B Y

W O B D U S C T A C T K B Q P

O V D K P N I O P Q I C G B D

R K E L G I A R P L O Y F Y X

I E E Z E H O Y P I N K K V C

X E A N T T I U I V C M X U A

N B I T E P C W A M U A R T J

R P J I C A P S U L E X L F R

S I N Q S E I C E P S R O L Z

D S C W R E R C D L A Z H B Y

CAPSULE CONCAVE CONVEX

CUPLIKE FILTRATION FLUID
LOOP MICROSCOPICALLY PAIRED
PROTEINS PYRAMID REAR
SPECIES SPINE SPLEEN
TRAUMA TUBULE

99
VI. Read the relevant paragraphs to write the appropriate
words in front of their meaning. (pair work)

meaning word from passage

a. unnecessary (paragraph# 1) ________________________

b. cleaning impurities
(paragraph# 1) ________________________
c. placed (paragraph# 2) ________________________
d. under (paragraph# 2) ________________________
e. clear (paragraph# 2) ________________________
f. causing death or illness
(paragraph# 3) ________________________
g. happen (paragraph# 3) ________________________
h. luckily (paragraph# 3) ________________________
i. parts (paragraph# 4) ________________________
j. completely (paragraph# 4) ________________________
k. extremely small
(paragraph# 4) ________________________
l. done (paragraph# 5) ________________________
m. significant (paragraph# 5) ________________________
n. increase in size
(paragraph# 5) ________________________

PRONUNCIATION FOCUS

VII. These are the medical terms used in the passages. Say
these words aloud and memorize their meaning.
Term Pronunciation Definition

neph-ron / nef΄ron /
bladd-er / blad΄ər /
u-re-thra / u-re΄thrə /
nu-cle-ic ac-id / noo-kle΄ik as΄id /
cor-tex / kor΄teks /
me-dull-a / mə-dul΄ə /

100
glo-mer-u-lus / glo-mer΄u-ləs /
Bow-man’s cap-sule / bo΄mənz kap-səl /
Hen-le’s loop / hen΄lēz loop /
re-nal / renel /

VIII. Write the correct pronunciation of the final –s, plural

form, for these nouns. Write s, z, or iz. Say them aloud.

1. kidneys / / 2. nephrons / /
3. amounts / / 4. bladders / /
5. uriters / / 6. units / /
7. branches / / 8. urethras / /
9. spleens / / 10. proteins / /
11. pyramids / / 12. tips / /
13. tubules / / 14. columns/ /
15. loops / / 16. arrangements / /
17. tangles / / 18. capillaries / /

IX. Write the correct final sound of the past form (-ed) for
these regular verbs. Write t, d, or id. Say them aloud.

1. removed / / 2. situated / /
3. encased / / 4. carried / /
5. caused / / 6. occurred / /
7. resulted / / 8. attached / /
9. performed / / 10. accumulated / /
11. turned / / 12. branched / /
13. drained / / 14. twisted / /

101
X. Read the following sub titles and match them with the
relevant paragraphs. Write the number of paragraph in the
box.

No Sub titles Paragraph

number
a function
b basic units
c location
d structure of the nephrons
e basic structure

XI. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer.

Circle a, b, c, or d. (group work)

1. Human beings have ___________________ kidneys.

a. one b. two
c. three d. four

2. The nephrons filter _____________________.

a. blood b. wastes
c. urine d. kidneys

3. Urinary system is comprised of ___________________.

a. a bladder b. ureters & urethra
c. kidneys d. all a, b, & c

4. The kidneys are situated ___________________ the spleen.

a. above b. beneath
c. in front of d. next to

5. The ___________________ carries urine to the bladder.

a. renal artery b. renal vein
c. ureter d. renal capsule

102
6. A basic function of kidneys is the _______________ of
poisonous wastes.
a. selection b. detection
c. excretion d. production

7. Accumulation of waste products in the bloodstream causes

__________________ diseases.
a. fatal b. mild
c. inner d. external

8. The cortex is the __________________ layer of the kidney.

a. internal b. middle
c. inner d. external

9. ____________________ filter(s) the wastes from the blood.

a. A cortex b. A medulla
c. A nephron d. All a, b, & c

10. The __________________ is a u-shaped structure.

a. Bowman’s capsule b. collecting tubule
c. renel pelvis d. Henle’s loop

XII. Read the last paragraph and label the following diagram
of a nephron. (pair work)

103
XIII. Read the third paragraph and circle all prepositions.
Write them down on the lines given below.

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

XIV. Read the passage and answer the following questions.

1. What is a nephron?
__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

2. What organs constitute body’s urinary system?

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

3. What is the function of a renal capsule?

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

104
4. How is the uric acid produced?

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

5. How do the nephrons look like?

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

6. What is a Bowman’s capsule?

__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

XV. Read the last paragraph and write a brief note about the
function and structure of the nephrons.

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105
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------

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------------------------------------------------------------------

LISTENING FOCUS:

I. Listen to the passage and write down all the words used for
different blood vessels.

a: ___________________
b: ___________________
c: ___________________
d: ___________________
e: ___________________

II. Listen to the passage and choose the appropriate title.

a. KIDNEY STRUCTURE

b. URINE PRODUCTION

c. OXYGINATION OF BLOOD

III. Listen to the passage and write “T” for true statements
and “F” for false statements. Listen again and correct the
false statements.

1. The blood enters the renal artery through the kidneys.

( )

106
2. The capillary walls of the glomerulus are quite thin.
( )
3. Amino acids and uric acids are pushed out through
the capillary walls. ( )
4. Protein molecules are passed through with amino acids.
( )
5. Filtered blood enters the glomerulus through the arteries.
( )
6. The blood leaves the kidneys through the renal veins.
( )
7. Human kidneys clean 50 liters of blood in a day. ( )

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Medical Terminology:
Common roots of medical terms:

Root Refers to Example Definition

cardio heart car-di-ol-o-gy The study of heart
/ kahr΄΄de-ol΄ə-je /
derm/o skin der-ma-tol-ogy The study of skin
dermat/o / der΄΄mə-tol΄ə-je /
ger/o aged ger-on-tol-o-gy The study of aged
geront/o / jer΄΄on-tol΄ə-je / persons
hem/o blood he-ma-tol-o-gy The study of blood
hemat/o / he΄mə-tol΄ə-je /

107
neur/o a nerve neu-rol-o-gy The study of nerve cells
cell, the /noo-rol΄ə-je / or nervous system
nervous
system
oste/o bone os-te-ol-o-gy The study of bones
/os΄΄te-ol΄ə-je /
path/o disease pa-thol-o-gy The study of disease
/ pə-thol΄ə-je /
psych/o mind psy-chol-o-gy The study of human mind
/ si-kol΄ə-je /

I. Write two examples each for the following roots. Write their
transcription and definitions as well.

Root Example / Definition

Transcription
cardio

derm/o
dermat/o

ger/o
geront/o

hem/o
hemat/o

neur/o

108
oste/o

path/o

psych/o

II. Split the following terms into their different words parts:
i.e. roots, suffixes, and prefixes. Write the meaning for the
word parts.

Term Suffix Root Prefix

(meaning) (meaning) (meaning)

aphasia ------------------ ----------------- ---------------

------------------ ----------------- ---------------
sclerosis ------------------ ----------------- ---------------
------------------ ----------------- ---------------
stenosis ------------------ ----------------- ---------------
------------------ ----------------- ---------------
pathogenesis ------------------ ----------------- ---------------
------------------ ----------------- ---------------
hypertrophy ------------------ ----------------- ---------------
------------------ ----------------- ---------------
sonography ------------------ ----------------- ---------------
------------------ ----------------- ---------------

109
toxicology ------------------ ----------------- ---------------
------------------ ----------------- ---------------
psychotic ------------------ ----------------- ---------------
------------------ ----------------- ---------------
pediatrics ------------------ ----------------- ---------------
------------------ ----------------- ---------------
hydrophobia ------------------ ----------------- ---------------
------------------ ----------------- ---------------
dysplasia ------------------ ----------------- ---------------
------------------ ----------------- ---------------

GRAMMAR FOCUS: Past Indefinite Tense

A: Complete the following sentences with the appropriate

forms of the verbs given in the parentheses.

1. Dr. Fahd (operate) ___operated___ three patients this

morning.
2. Fatima (be) _________________ at home on Friday.
3. It (take) _____________ him 30 minutes to complete
frog dissection.
4. He (apply) ______________ analgesic cream to
relieve pain.
5. All the students (be) __________ in the library at
10:00.
6. He (quit) ___________ smoking last year.

110
 7. His tumor (enlarge) ___________________ due to
wrong treatment.
8. The students (attend) ______________ cardiac
conference last week.
9. The nurse (be) ____________ present during the
operation.
10. Dr. Ali (suggest) ______________ kidney transplant
in his report.
11. The doctor (transfer) ________________ the patient
to ICU.
12. The doctor (prescribe) ________________ immediate
surgery.

B. Change the sentences in exercise A into negatives and

questions. Change the underlined words with the words given
below. (group work)

1. yesterday
Did Dr. Fahd operate three patients yesterday?
No, he did not operate three patients yesterday.

2. last week
____________________________________________

_______________________________________________

3. two hours
____________________________________________

_______________________________________________

111
4. spray
____________________________________________

_______________________________________________

5. the teachers
____________________________________________

_______________________________________________

6. this year
____________________________________________

_______________________________________________

7. Her
____________________________________________

_______________________________________________

8. neurology conference
____________________________________________

_______________________________________________

9. absent
____________________________________________

_______________________________________________

10. dialysis
____________________________________________

_______________________________________________

112
 11. medical ward
____________________________________________

_______________________________________________

12. treatment
____________________________________________

_______________________________________________

C: Write the answers of part A and add tag questions like item
number one. Write short answer like the example.

1. Dr. Fahd operated three patients this morning, didn’t

he?
Yes, he did.
2. ___________________________________________?
__________________________
3. ___________________________________________?
__________________________
4. ___________________________________________?
__________________________
5. ___________________________________________?
_________________________
6. ___________________________________________?
__________________________
7. ___________________________________________?
__________________________
8. ___________________________________________?
__________________________

113
 9. ___________________________________________?
__________________________
10. ___________________________________________?
__________________________
11. ___________________________________________?
__________________________
12. ___________________________________________?
__________________________

D: Write past and past participle forms for the following

irregular verbs. (group work)

1. bend ______________ ______________

2. bring ______________ ______________
3. cost ______________ ______________
4. feed ______________ ______________
5. draw ______________ ______________
6. freeze ______________ ______________
7. grow ______________ ______________
8. hide ______________ ______________
9. lay ______________ ______________
10. lie ______________ ______________
11. mean ______________ ______________
12. shake ______________ ______________
13. slide ______________ ______________
14. strike ______________ ______________
15. spread ______________ ______________

114
 16. swear ______________ ______________
17. sweep ______________ ______________
18. teach ______________ ______________
19. wake ______________ ______________
20. wear ______________ ______________

E: Correct the following sentences. (pair work)

1. He ate his breakfast at 7:00 every morning.

____________________________________________
____________
2. Is the eye be a spherical structure?
____________________________________________
____________
3. My friend buyed a beautiful watch last week.
____________________________________________
____________
4. Do the ciliary muscle form the ciliary body?
____________________________________________
____________
5. Did the doctor asks you to eat light food?
____________________________________________
____________
6. Sleeplessness cause often eye redness.
____________________________________________
____________

115
7. The students did not slept well last night.
____________________________________________
____________
8. Three layers of tissues composed the outer part of the
eye.
____________________________________________
____________
9. Ali looked up the word in the dictionary if he does not
know its meaning.
____________________________________________
____________
10. The ears are use to listen.
____________________________________________
____________
11. Dr Hasan operates many patients during the last
summer vacation.
____________________________________________
____________
12. The students are go to the college every morning.
____________________________________________
____________
13. He get his shoes polish every morning.
____________________________________________
____________

116
 Speaking Focus

ACTIVITY: A
Work in two groups: Group A & Group B
One student from Group A will make a past statement.
Any student from group B will add a tag question to the
statement.
Change the role of the groups after some practice.
Examples:
* I ate lunch at a restaurant on Sunday.
Didn’t you?

* I didn’t waste any time last week.

Did you?

* I was very busy last week.

Weren’t you?

117
ACTIVITY: B
Work in pairs and write a report about what you did last
Friday.
Each student will stand and tell his class fellows about his last
Friday.
Ask the students to ask him questions regarding his speech.
Examples:
* Why didn’t you offer Fajr prayer?

* Did you eat dinner with your family?

* Why did you wake up so late?

118
Unit # SIX
EYE

119
120
 UNIT # 6: EYE

1 The entire eye, often called the eyeball, is a spherical structure

2 approximately 2.5 cm (about 1 in) in diameter with a
3 pronounced bulge on its forward surface. The outer part of the
4 eye is composed of three layers of tissues. The outside layer is
5 the sclera, a protective coating. It covers about five-sixths of
6 the surface of the eye. At the front of the eyeball, it is
7 continuous with the bulging, transparent cornea. The middle
8 layer of the coating of the eye is the choroid, a vascular layer
9 lining the posterior three-fifths of the eyeball. The choroid is
10 continuous with the ciliary body and with the iris, which lies
11 at the front of the eye. The innermost layer is the light-
12 sensitive retina.

13 The cornea is a tough, five-layered membrane through which

14 light is admitted to the interior of the eye. Behind the cornea is
15 a chamber filled with clear, watery fluid, the aqueous humor
16 which separates the cornea from the crystalline lens. The lens
17 itself is a flattened sphere constructed of a large number of

121
18 transparent fibers arranged in layers. It is connected by
19 ligaments to a ring like muscle, called the ciliary muscle,
20 which surrounds it. The ciliary muscle and its surrounding
21 tissues form the ciliary body. This muscle, by flattening the
22 lens or making it more nearly spherical, changes its focal
23 length.

24 The pigmented iris hangs behind the cornea in front of the

25 lens, and has a circular opening in its center. The size of its
26 opening, the pupil, is controlled by a muscle around its edge.
27 This muscle contracts or relaxes, making the pupil larger or
28 smaller, to control the amount of light admitted to the eye.
29 Behind the lens, the main body of the eye is filled with a
30 transparent, jellylike substance, the vitreous humor that is
31 enclosed in a thin sac which is called the hyaloid membrane.
32 The pressure of the vitreous humor keeps the eyeball
33 distended.

34 The retina is a complex layer that is largely composed of the

35 nerve cells. The light-sensitive receptor cells lie on the outer
36 surface of the retina in front of a pigmented tissue layer. These
37 cells take the form of rods or cones packed closely together
38 like matches in a box. Directly behind the pupil is a small
39 yellow-pigmented spot, the macula lutea, in the center of
40 which is the fovea centralis that is the area of greatest visual
41 acuity of the eye. At the center of the fovea, the sensory layer
42 is composed entirely of cone-shaped cells. Around the fovea
43 both rod-shaped and cone-shaped cells are present, with the
44 cone-shaped cells becoming fewer toward the periphery of the
45 sensitive area. At the outer edges are only rod-shaped cells.

I. Pre-reading questions:

1. What human organ resembles a camera?

2. What are the similarities between a human eye and a
camera?

122
 3. What is the size of human eye?

II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to:

1. Line # 3 its: __________________________

2. Line # 5 it: __________________________
3. Line # 9 which: __________________________
4. Line # 15 it: __________________________
5. Line # 16 which: __________________________
6. Line # 18 its: __________________________
7. Line # 21 its: __________________________
8. Line # 32 which: __________________________

III. Vocabulary Preview

Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from

the reading passage. Make necessary grammatical
changes. Then go back and write their meaning in the right
column. (pair work)

Expressions / Words Meanings

(be) composed of
three-fourth of
protective coating
light-sensitive
five-layered
(be) connected by
(be) admitted to
(be) controlled by
(be) filled with
directly behind

123
 1. Each kidney is encased in a _________________ called
the renal capsule.
3. The chamber behind the cornea ________________ a
clear watery fluid.
3. Water __________________ of hydrogen and oxygen.
4. All university offices _________________ a computer
networking.
4. The cardiac patient _____________________ the ICU
in a critical condition.
5. Human liver is situated ___________________ the
lower part of the rib cage.
7. All human activities _________________ human mind.
8. Water constitutes __________________ of the earth.
9. The aqueous humor is encased in a __________ cornea.
10. _______________ retina causes pupil of human eye to
dilate or contract.

IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions /

words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking)

V. Solve this crossword puzzle with the help of given clues.

124
Across
1. complicated
3. entered
6. outer layer
8. circular shape
9. like jelly
10. circular in shape
11. inner part
12. hide or protect sth
13. boundary of a surface
14. hard

Down
2. match sticks
4. swelled by means of pressure
5. related to senses
7. hole

VI. Read the following words and then read the relevant
paragraphs to find their synonyms.

word synonyms from passage

a. circular (paragraph# 1) ________________________

b. nearly (paragraph# 1) ________________________
c. external (paragraph# 1) ________________________
d. hard (paragraph# 2) _________________________
e. room (paragraph# 2) _________________________
f. encircle (paragraph# 2) _________________________
g. alter (paragraph# 2) _________________________
h. dilate (paragraph# 3) _________________________
i. entered (paragraph# 3) _________________________
j. material (paragraph# 3) _________________________

125
k. tightly (paragraph# 4) _________________________
l. completely (paragraph# 4) _________________________
m. sides (paragraph# 4) _________________________

PRONUNCIATION FOCUS

VII. These are medical terms used in the passages. Say these
words aloud and memorize their meaning.
Term Pronunciation Definition

scler-a /sklēr΄ə/
cor-ne-a /kor΄ne-ə/
chor-oids /kor΄oid/
a-que-ous hu-mor /a΄kwe-əs hu΄mər/
crys-ta-lline lens /kris΄tə΄lin -lēnz/
vit-re-ous hu-mor /vit΄re-əs hu΄mər/
hy-a-loid mem-brane /hi΄ə-loid mem-brān/
mac-u-la lu-te-a /mak΄u-lə loo΄te-ə/
fo-ve-o cen-tra-lis /fo΄ve-ə cen΄tra΄lis/

VIII. Write the correct pronunciation of the final –s, plural

form, for these nouns. Write s, z, or iz. Say them aloud.

1. bulges / / 2. lengths / /
3. diameters / / 4. tissues / /
5. coatings / / 6. irises / /
7. corneas / / 8. sacs / /
9. retinas / / 10. interiors / /
11. edges / / 12. lens / /
13. spheres / / 14. matches / /
15. spots / / 16. openings / /
17. sizes / / 18. pupils / /
19. receptors / /

126
IX. Write the correct final sound of the past form (-ed) for
these regular verbs. Write t, d, or id. Say them aloud.

1. packed / / 2. pronounced / /
3. lived / / 4. admitted / /
5. flattened / / 6. matched / /
7. controlled / / 8. relaxed / /
9. surrounded / / 10. filled / /
11. shaped / / 12. enclosed / /

X. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. Circle

a, b, c, or d. (group work)

1. The sclera serves the purpose of ___________________.

a. watching b. cleaning
c. seeing d. protection

2. The outer layer covers (a) __________________ of the

surface of the eye.
a. major part b. minor part
c. half d. quarter

3. The choroids is situated ________________ of the eye.

a. in the middle b. at the front
c. at the upper side d. at the back

4. The cornea _______________ light to the interior of the

eye.
a. prohibits b. permits
c. transfers d. stops

5. The aqueous humor is a ____________________.

a. clear fluid b. a chamber
c. watery fluid d. lens

127
6. The cornea is situated ___________________ the lens.
a. above b. behind
c. in front of d. below

7. The hyaloid membrane is a ___________________.

a. chamber b. lens
c. transparent substance d. jelly-like substance

8. The light-sensitive receptor cells are ______________ in

shape.
a. circular b. cubical
c. longitudinal d. round

9. The central part of the fovea is comprised of

_____________ cells.
a. circular b. cubical
c. conical d. round

10. The number of rod-shaped cells _____________________

toward the
periphery of the sensitive area.
a. increases b. decreases
c. becomes equal d. finishes

XI. Match the sentence part in column A with its part in

column B.

Column A Column B
1. The eyeball is ___ a light-sensitive
layer.
2. The outer eye is composed ___ consists of cone-
shaped cells.
3. The protective layer ___ a spherical structure.
4. The retina is ___ a circular opening in
the cornea.

128
5. The ciliary muscle ___ of three layers of
tissues.
6. The pupil is ___ is a transparent
substance.
7. The vitreous humor ___ is called the sclera.
8. The sensory layer ___ is a ring like muscle.

XII. Read the first and second paragraphs and circle all
proper nouns. Write them down on the lines given below.

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

XIII. Read the first and second passage and label the
diagram.

129
XIV. Read the passage and write “T” for true statements and
“F” for false statements. Mention the line numbers where this
information is mentioned. Correct the false statements and
write them on the lines given below.

1. Human eye comprises of three layers of tissues.

( ) Line no _____
2. The choroid constitutes three quarters of the eyeball.
( ) Line no _____
3. The cornea is a multi-layered membrane.
( ) Line no _____
4. The crystalline lens is filled with clear, watery fluid.
( ) Line no _____
5. Transparent fibers form the lens. ( ) Line no _____
6. The ligaments are ring like muscles. ( ) Line no _____
7. Eyeball distance is maintained by the pressure of
the vitreous humor. ( ) Line no _____

8. The pupil is a small yellow-pigmented spot.

( ) Line no _____
9. Cone-shaped cells form the sensory layer.
( ) Line no _____

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130
 LISTENING FOCUS:

I. Listen to the passage and fill in the blank spaces.

------The most important of these are (1) _____

_______________, two folds of skin and tissue, -----------------
----------- Inside the eyelids is a thin (2) _______________
membrane, the conjunctiva, which doubles over (3) ____
__________ the visible sclera. -------------- Normally the
eyelids of (4) __________ _______ close by reflex action
about every six seconds, but if dust reaches the surface of the
eye and is not (5) _________ __________, the eyelids blink
oftener and more tears are produced. --------------- The
eyebrows, located above each eye, also have a (6)
______________ ____________ in soaking up or deflecting
perspiration or rain and preventing the (7) _______________
from running into the eyes. --------------------------------------
The bony edges of the orbit, the frontal bone, and the (8)
______________________ protect the eye from mechanical
injury (9) _______________ or collisions.

II. Listen to the passage and answer the following questions.

1. What organs protect the eye?

__________________________________________________
_________
2. What is the function of the eyelashes?
__________________________________________________
_________

131
3. What is the lecrimal organ?
__________________________________________________
_________
4. How are small dust particles flushed away?
__________________________________________________
_________
5. What do the meibomian glands secrete?
__________________________________________________
_________
6. What is an orbit?
__________________________________________________
_________

Medical Terminology:
Common suffixes in medical terms:

Suffix Meaning Example Definition

-algia pain os-te-ol-gia pain in a bone
/ os΄΄te-al΄jə /
-ase enzyme li-pase enzyme that
/ li΄pās/ digest fats
-dynia pain os-te-o-dyn-i-a pain in a bone
/ os΄΄te-o-din΄e-
ə/
-it is inflammation car-di-tis inflammation of
/ kahr΄΄di-tis / heart muscles
-ache pain head-ache pain in the head
/ hed΄āk /

132
-pathy disease psy-chop-a-thy A mentally ill
/ si-kop΄ə-the / person
-ose sugar lac-tose milk sugar
/ lak΄tōs /

I. Write two examples each for the following suffixes. Write

their transcription and definitions as well.

Suffix Example / Definition

Transcription
-algia

-dynia

-itis

-ache

-pathy

-ase

-ose

133
Adjective forming suffixes: ( grpup#1)
These suffixes change roots or nouns to adjectives.

Suffix Meaning Example Definition

-ac referring to / car-di-ac pertaining to the
pertaining to /kar΄de-ak/ heart
-al referring to / der-mal pertaining to the
pertaining to /dər΄məl/ skin
-ar referring to / vas-cu-lar pertaining to the
pertaining to /vas΄ku-lar/ blood vessels
-ary referring to / di-e-try pertaining to the
pertaining to /di΄ə-tar΄΄e/ diet
-ical referring to / ana-tom-i-cal pertaining to the
pertaining to /an΄΄ə-tom΄ĭ- anatomy
k΄əl/
-eal referring to / la-ryn-ge-al pertaining to
pertaining to /lə-rin΄je-əl/ larynx
-iatric referring to / ger-i-at-ric pertaining to the
pertaining to /jer΄΄e-at΄rik/ elderly people
-ic referring to / he-mic pertaining to the
pertaining to /he΄mik/ blood

II. Match the following roots and suffixes to make medical

terms. Write down their meaning as well. ( group work)

ROOTS: apnea, digital, metre, getr/o,

surgi/o neur/o pelvis, saliva,
oste/o, spine, muscle, bronchi

SUFFIXES: -ac, -al, -ar, -ary, -ical, -eal,

-iatric, -ic

NO MEDICAL TERM/ DEFINITION

Transcription

134
 GRAMMAR FOCUS: Past Indefinite Tense

A: Fill in the blank spaces with appropriate form of the verb

given in the parentheses. (pair work)

Last week Fahd (be) ________ at home when he (feel)

____________ terrible pain in his abdomen. He (rush)
______________ to his father and (say) __________to him, “
I (have) ____________ a lot of pain in my stomach.” His
father (drive) _______________ him to the nearest hospital.

135
The doctor (ask) ____________ him, “What (eat) _________
you ___________ last night?” Fahd (tell) ___________ him,
“I (eat) ______________ my dinner in a restaurant yesterday.”
The doctor (tell) ____________ his father, “It (seem)
______________ he (suffer) ________________from food
poisoning.” The doctor (write) _____________ a prescription
and (advise) ______________ him bed-rest for two days. He
(follow) _______________ doctor’s advice and (get)
_______________ well in two days.

B: Change the following sentences into passive voice.

1. The teacher gave mid-term exam last week.

_______________________________________________
___________
2. Ali reviewed all chapters for final examination.
_______________________________________________
___________
3. The students scored excellent marks in the last quiz.
_______________________________________________
___________
4. The nurse prepared the patient for operation.
_______________________________________________
__________

136
 5. The patient thanked the doctor.
_______________________________________________
___________
6. The rain flooded the village last month.
_______________________________________________
___________
7. Graham Bell invented telephone.
_______________________________________________
___________
8. Malaria killed millions of people during Second World
War.
_______________________________________________
___________
9. Everybody admired Fahd’s presentation.
_______________________________________________
___________
10. The university enrolled one hundred freshmen in the
college of medicine.
_______________________________________________
___________

C: Use “used to” to make sentences from the following

prompts.
Example: go / school - university
Ali used to go to school but now he goes to the university.

137
1. play / football – basket ball
_______________________________________________
___________
2. attend college / daily - Saturdays
_______________________________________________
___________
3. listen to / lectures – small group discussions
_______________________________________________
___________
4. write / letters - emails
_______________________________________________
___________
5. travel / on foot - airplanes
_______________________________________________
_________
6. use / type writers - computers
_______________________________________________
___________
7. eat / simple food – fast food
_______________________________________________
___________
8. live / tents – air-conditioned houses
_______________________________________________
___________

138
 9. read / storybooks - textbooks
_______________________________________________
__________
10. play / outdoor games – computer games
_______________________________________________
___________

D: Change the sentences in exercise “C” into negative like the

example.
Example: go / school - university
Ali used to go to school but now he goes to the university.
Ali didn’t used to go to the university.

1. ________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________

4. ________________________________________________

5. ________________________________________________

6. ________________________________________________

7. ________________________________________________

8. ________________________________________________

139
9. ________________________________________________

10. _______________________________________________

D: Correct the following sentences. (group work)

1. Are you see that man over there?

____________________________________________
2. He isn’t stay with her.
____________________________________________
3. He sent an interesting email by his friend.
____________________________________________
4. They usually are on time for their classes.
____________________________________________
5. Omer is visiting his aunt once a week.
____________________________________________
6. What is you think about penicillin?
____________________________________________
7. I brushs generally my teeth before sleeping.
____________________________________________
8. The doctors are need to speak patiently with the
patients.
____________________________________________
9. A nice essay was wrote by him.
____________________________________________

140
 10. How often he goes to the medical college?
____________________________________________
11. He did not eat always breakfast at 7:00.
____________________________________________
12. Why do you phoned me this morning?
____________________________________________
13. They were buy an expensive dress last week.
____________________________________________

Speaking Focus

ACTIVITY: A

Think about the things you used to do when you were in

school.
Think about the busy schedule after joining the college of
medicine.
Compare your routine at school with the busy schedule at
college of medicine. Every student will make at least ten
sentences.
Examples:
* I used to sleep at 11:00 but now I have to study late
hours.

* I used to study for two hours but now I need to study

six hours every day.

141
 * I didn’t used to work on internet, but now I search
medical sites for my studies.

ACTIVITY: B

Work in two groups: Group A & Group B

One student from Group A will ask a question regarding any
past habit.
One student from group B will answer his question in
affirmative or negative.
Change the role of the groups after some practice.

Examples:
* Did you used to play football in school?
Yes, I used to play football in school.

* Did you used to read English newspaper two year

before?
No, I didn’t used to read English newspaper two
years before.

142
Unit # SEVEN
STOMACH

143
144
 UNIT # 7: STOMACH

1 Stomach is one of the major organs of the digestive system.

2 Most animals, like humans, have a single stomach, but birds
3 and ruminants have digestive organs composed of two or more
4 chambers. The outer surface of the stomach is smooth; the
5 inner surface is folded into numerous complex ridges which
6 assist in the mixing of food with digestive juices and channel
7 this material through the stomach into the intestines. Only
8 water, alcohol, and certain drugs seem to be absorbed from the
9 stomach while most food absorption takes place in the small
10 intestine.

11 In humans the stomach is situated in the upper part of the

12 abdominal cavity mostly to the left of the midline. The large,
13 domed end of the stomach, the fundus, lies in the left vault of
14 the diaphragm whereas the esophagus enters the upper side or
15 lesser curvature, a short distance below the fundus. The region
16 immediately below the fundus is called the body. The upper
17 part of the stomach, spoken of as the cardiac portion, includes
18 the fundus and the body. The lower or the pyloric portion
19 curves downward, forward, and to the right and includes the

145
20 antrum and pyloric canal. The latter is continuous with the
21 upper part of the small intestine, the duodenum.

22 The tissues of the stomach include an outer fibrous coat

23 derived from the peritoneum and, beneath this, a coat of
24 smooth muscle fibers arranged in diagonal, longitudinal, and
25 circular layers. At the junction of the esophagus and stomach,
26 the circular muscles are much enlarged, forming the
27 esophageal sphincter. Contraction of this muscle prevents the
28 regurgitation of gastric contents into the esophagus. A similar
29 structure, the pyloric sphincter, is found at the junction of the
30 pylorus and the duodenum. Another layer of the stomach, the
31 submucosa, is made up of loose connective tissue in which are
32 found numerous blood and lymph vessels and nerves of the
33 autonomic nervous system. The innermost layer, the mucosa,
34 contains secretary cells. One type secretes hydrochloric acid
35 which not only neutralizes the alkaline reaction of the saliva,
36 but also renders the gastric contents distinctly acid and
37 activates the gastric digestive juices. These juices are secreted
38 by a different type of cell. The enzymes found in gastric juice
39 are pepsin, which in the presence of acid splits proteins to
40 peptones; rennin which curdles milk; and perhaps lipase
41 which splits fats to fatty acids and glycerol. A third type of
42 cell secretes mucus for the protection of the stomach from its
43 own products.

44 The tissues of the stomach are digestible by the gastric juices,

45 as is mucus. Under normal conditions, however, the mucous
46 coating is renewed more rapidly than it is removed. When a
47 pathological or psychosomatic condition prevents the proper
48 secretion of the mucus, the gastric mucosa becomes eroded
49 and an ulcer forms. If neglected, this ulcer may perforate the
50 gastric wall and allow the stomach contents to escape into the
51 abdominal cavity, causing peritonitis.

146
I. Pre-reading questions:

1. What human organ resembles a camera?

2. What are the similarities between a human eye and a
camera?
3. What is the size of human eye?

II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to:

1. Line # 5 which: __________________________

2. Line # 22 this muscle: __________________________
3. Line # 23 a similar structure:
__________________________
4. Line # 27 the inner most layer:
__________________________
5. Line # 28 one type: __________________________
6. Line # 28 which: __________________________
7. Line # 30 these juices: __________________________
8. Line # 33 which: __________________________
9. Line # 35 its: __________________________

III. Vocabulary Preview

Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from

the reading passage. Make necessary grammatical
changes. Then go back and write their meaning in the right
column. (pair work)

Expressions / Words Meanings

(be) folded into
assist in
take place

147
 (be) situated in
at the junction of
(be) found at
(be) secreted by
in the presence of
more rapidly than
if neglected

1. Oxygenation of the blood _____________ in the lungs.

2. Chemical reactions speed up _____________ enzymes.
3. The mediastinum _________ the middle of both lungs.
4. The inner surface of the stomach _____________ many
layers.
5. ____________, minor diseases may cause fatal results.
6. Medical staff _________ the doctors _______ different
medical procedures.
7. The heart of a child beats ____________ an adult heart.
8. The sweat glands __________________ the outer layer
of the skin.
9. The saliva ________________ the cheek glands to help
facilitate digestion.
10. The basement membrane is present ____________ the
dermis and the epidermis.

IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions /

words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking)

V. Solve this crossword puzzle with the help of given clues.

148
Across
3. cells that produce secretions
4. opposite of dilation
7. that can be digested
8. a lot of
9. pertaining to the nerves
10. divide
11. sheet of muscles below the lungs
12. contain

Down
1. ingredients
2. slanting
3. organ responsible for digestion
5. under
6. towards down

149
VI. Read the following words and then read the relevant
paragraphs to find their antonyms.

word antonyms from passage

a. minor (paragraph# 1) ________________________

b. inner (paragraph# 1) ________________________
c. few (paragraph# 1) ________________________
d. large (paragraph# 1) ________________________
e. rarely (paragraph# 2) ________________________
f. exit (paragraph# 2) ________________________
g. written (paragraph# 2) ________________________
h. core (paragraph# 3) ________________________
i. above (paragraph# 3) ________________________
j. permit (paragraph# 3) ________________________
k. acidic (paragraph# 3) ________________________
l. raw material (paragraph# 3) ________________________
m. special (paragraph# 4) ________________________
n. removed (paragraph# 4) ________________________

PRONUNCIATION FOCUS

VII. These are the medical terms used in the passages. Say
these words aloud and memorize their meaning.
Term Pronunciation Definition

in-tes-tine / intes΄tin /
ab-do-mi-nal cav-ity / ab-dom΄ĭ -nəlkav΄ĭ-te /
fun-dus / fun΄dəs /

150
e-soph-a-gus / ə-sof΄ə-gəs /
py-lor-ic / pi-lor΄ik /
du-o-de-num / doo΄΄o-de΄nəm /
per-i-to-ne-um / per΄΄ĭ-to-ne΄əm /
e-soph-a-geal sphinc-ter / ə-sof΄ə-je΄əl sfing΄tər /
mu-co-sa / mu-ko΄sə /
pep-tone / pep΄tōn /
pep-sin / pep΄sin /
psy-cho-so-mat-ic / si΄΄ko-so-mat΄ik /
per-i-to-ni-tis / per΄΄ĭ-to-ni΄tis /

VIII. Write the correct pronunciation of the final –s, plural

form, for these nouns. Write s, z, or iz. Say them aloud.

1. stomachs / / 2. duodenums / /
3. vaults / / 4. ridges / /
5. birds / / 6. vessels / /
7. parts / / 8. foods / /
9. juices / / 10. coats / /
11. intestines / / 12. drugs / /
13. sphincters / / 14. distances / /
15. contents / / 16. curvatures / /
17. curves / /

IX. Write the correct final sound of the past form (-ed) for
these regular verbs. Write t, d, or id. Say them aloud.

1. composed / / 2. channeled / /
3. folded / / 4. seemed / /
5. absorbed / / 6. assisted / /
7. coated / / 8. domed / /
9. curved / / 10. continued / /
11. derived / / 12. escaped / /
13. enlarged / / 14. secreted / /
15. enlarged / / 16. neutralized / /
17. activated / / 18. rendered / /
19. perforated / / 20. renewed / /

151
X. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. Circle
a, b, c, or d. (group work)

1. Stomach is one of (the) _____________ parts of the

digestive system
a. least important b. less important
c. most important d. unimportant
2. Birds’ stomach is __________________ humans’.
a. like b. different
c. unlike d. similar
3. _______________ food items is (are) absorbed from the
stomach.
a. The majority b. The minority
c. All d. None of the
4. The fundus is situated ________________ the body of the
stomach.
a. below b. in front of
c. at the back of d. above
5. The esophageal sphincter has a _________________
opening as compared to the esophagus.
a. narrow b. wide
c. narrower d. wider
6. Gastric contents are ________________ by the esophageal
sphincter to enter the esophagus.
a. prohibited b. allowed
c. accelerated d. permitted
7. The pyloric sphincter is situated ______________ the
pylorus and the duodenum.
a. above b. below
c. between d. in
8. The mucosa contains _______________ type(s) of
secretory cells.
a. one b. two
c. three d. four
9. The mucus ______________ the stomach from its own
products.
a. hurts b. spoils
c. strengthen d. protects

152
10. A psychosomatic condition ______________ gastric
ulcers.
a. heals b. neutralizes
c. cures d. causes

XI. Read the passage and write “T” for true statements and
“F” for false statements. Mention the line numbers where this
information is mentioned. Correct the false statements and
write them on the lines given below. (pair work)

1. Ruminants are like birds and animals.

( ) Line no _____
2. Small intestine absorbs most of the food items.
( ) Line no _____
3. The fundus is situated right below the body.
( ) Line no _____
4. The fundus and the body are parts of the cardiac portion.
( ) Line no _____
5. Peritoneum constitutes the smooth muscle coat.
( ) Line no _____
6. The innermost layer secretes hydrochloric acid.
( ) Line no _____
7. Hydrochloric acid does not neutralize the alkaline
reaction of the saliva. ( ) Line no _____
8. Mucus is digested by the gastric juices.
( ) Line no _____
9. Cone-shaped cells form the sensory layer.
( ) Line no _____

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

153
XII. Read the passage and circle all irregular verbs. Write
them down on the lines given below.

_______________ ______________ _______________

_______________ ______________ _______________

_______________ ______________ _______________

XIII. Read paragraph three and write short notes on the

following:

fibrous coat: -----------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------
smooth muscle coat: --------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
sub mucosa: -----------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
mucosa: ----------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------
secretary cells:
a. type 1: ------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------
b. type 2: ------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------
c. type 3: ------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------

154
 LISTENING FOCUS:

I. Listen to the passage and choose the correct title.

a: The Stomach
b: The Small Intestine
c: The Large Intestine

II. Listen to the passage and circle the right word.

Most digestion/absorption, as well as digestion/absorption of

digested food, happens/occurs in the small intestine. -----------
------------------------------ --------------------------------------------
------------Over a time/period of three to six hours/minutes, ---
-------------------------------------, the duodenum/jejunum, and
finally/ultimately into the ileum, -----------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------- Bile
digests/breaks large fat molecules/globules into small
droplets, ----------------------------------------------------------------
---------------- fats into fatty acids and glycogen/glycerol, and
proteins into amino acids. -------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------- Structures
called Burner’s/Brunner’s glands secrete mucus to
digest/protect the intestinal walls -----------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

155
III. Listen to the passage and circle “T” for true statement
and “F” for false statements. Listen again and correct the
false statements.

1. The small intestine is 6 cm long. ( )

2. The ileum is the final part of the small intestine. ( )
3. The pancreas secretes the bile. ( )
4. The glands in the intestinal walls secrete the mucus. ( )
5. The inner walls of the small intestine are lined by
villi. ( )
6. The villi and the microvilli are same. ( )
7. Simple sugars enter the bloodstream through
the capillaries. ( )

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

156
 Medical Terminology:
Plural forming suffixes:

Word Plural Singular Plural example

endings ending example
a ae vertebra vertebrae
/ vər΄tə-brə / / vər΄tə-bre /
en ina lumen lumina
/ loo΄mĭ-n / / loo΄mĭ-nə /
ex, ix, yx ices matrix matrices
/ ma΄triks / / ma΄tricēz /
is es testis testes
/ tes΄tis / / tes΄tēz /
ma mata adenoma adenomata
/ ad΄΄ə-no΄mə / / ad΄΄ə-no΄matə /
nx nges meninx meninges
/ me΄ninks / / me΄ningēz /
on a ganglion ganglia
/ gang΄gle-on / / gang΄gleə /
um a omentum omenta
/ o-men΄təm / / o-men΄tə /
us ii focus foci
/ fo΄kəs / / fo΄ci /

I. Separate singular and plural terms. Write singular form for

the plural terms and plural form for the singular terms. Write
down their meaning and phonetics transcription.

foramina gingival appendix

diagnoses stigma phalanges
spermatozoon ova embolus
nuclei indices protozoon

157
 SINGULAR/ PLURAL/ DEFINITION
TRANSCRIPTION TRANSCRIPTION

Adjective forming suffixes:( grpup#2)

These suffixes change roots or nouns to adjectives.

Suffix Meaning Example Definition

-oid referering to he-mo-id pertaining to the
/ pertaining /he΄mo-id/ blood
to
-otic referering to va-so-spas-mo- pertaining to the
/ pertaining tic spasm of vessels
to /va΄zo-s΄paz-
mo-t΄ik/

158
-ous referering to ve-nous pertaining to the
/ pertaining /ve΄nəs/ veins
to
-tic referering to he-ma-tic pertaining to the
/ pertaining /he-mat΄ik/ blood
to
-ory referering to res-pi-ra-tory pertaining to the
/ pertaining /res΄pĭ-rə- respiration
to tor΄΄e/
-form referering to mu-ci-form resembling mucus
/ pertaining /mu΄sĭ-form/
to
-ile referering to feb-rile pertaining to the
/ pertaining /feb΄ril/ fever
to

II. Match the following roots and suffixes to make medical

terms. Write down their meaning as well. ( group work)

ROOTS: neur/o, derm/o, epileptic,

vir/o, spine oste/o,
tox/o, circulat/o, asthma
SUFFIXES: - oid, -otic -ous,
-tic -ory, -form,
-ile

NO MEDICAL TERM/ DEFINITION

Transcription

159
 GRAMMAR FOCUS: There is / There are

A: Make sentences with “there is” or “there are”. Use many,

much, a little or a few in your answer as needed.
Example: life-saving injections / medical store
There are many life-saving injections in the medical store.

1. trees / in the park

__________________________________________________
___________
2. windows / in the car
__________________________________________________
___________

160
3. milk / in the cup
__________________________________________________
___________
4. toys / in the toy shop
__________________________________________________
___________
5. water / in the pond
__________________________________________________
___________
6. students / at the university
__________________________________________________
___________
7. birds / in the nest
__________________________________________________
___________
8. information / on internet
__________________________________________________
___________
9. chairs / in the office
__________________________________________________
___________
10. chairs / in the auditorium
__________________________________________________
___________

161
11. sugar / in a candy
__________________________________________________
___________
12. sugar / in a biscuit
__________________________________________________
___________

B: Ask and answer like the example. Replace the subject with
the given nouns. Use any and some in your sentences.
Example: instruments
- Are thee any/some life-saving instruments in the
medical store?
- No, there aren’t any instruments but there are some
injections.

1. dogs
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
2. curtains
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
3. water
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
4. books
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------

162
5. coffee
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
6. mechanics
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
7. animals
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
8. advice
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
9. dining tables
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
10. tables
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
11. salt
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
12. chilies
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------

163
C: Correct the following sentences. (group work)
1. Water composes of oxygen and hydrogen.
____________________________________________
____________
2. Does he attend all lectures yesterday?
____________________________________________
____________
3. The pediatricians are treat sick people.
____________________________________________
____________
4. Third year students visited Hada hospital every week
these days.
____________________________________________
____________
5. His performance was appreciate by his supervisor.
____________________________________________
____________
6. Do there many patients in the surgical ward?
____________________________________________
____________
7. Why don’t she want to eat out?
____________________________________________
____________
8. We used to play football because we like it.
____________________________________________
____________

164
 9. There aren’t some chairs in the classroom.
____________________________________________
____________
10. She takes regular medicine when she was sick.
____________________________________________
____________
11. He often studied very hard before final exams.
____________________________________________
____________
12. Do we need to always write capital letter in the
beginning?
____________________________________________
____________
13. How much chaires do you want me to bring?
____________________________________________
____________

Speaking Focus

ACTIVITY: A

Work in small groups.

Imagine any place and make sentences about it using there is
and there are.
Group representatives will stand and tell the class about the
things at that place.

165
The students of other groups may ask questions regarding any
missing information.

Examples:
* Aren’t there many tall buildings in Riyadh?

* Isn’t there a big zoo?

ACTIVITY: B

Work in two groups: Group A & Group B

Discuss and make a list of various clues that can be used to
make questions that can be answered by many, much, a few, a
little, a lot of, lots of etc.
One student from Group A will ask a question using the clues.
Any student from group B will answer his question like the
example.
Change the role of the groups after some practice.

Examples:
* How much oxygen is there in the air?
There is a lot of oxygen in the air.

* How many tigers are there in Al-Shifa?

There are a few tigers in Al-Shifa.

166
 Appendix 1a: Pronunciation Guide

VOWELS

ə sofa ŏ got
ā mate ū fuel
ă bat ŭ but
ē beam aw all
ĕ met oi boil
ī bite ōō boom
ĭ bit ŏo book
ō home ou fowl

CONSONANTS

b book s sigh
d dog t tin
f fog, photo w wood
g get z size, phase
h heat ch chin
j jewel, gem ks six
k cart, pick kw quote
l look ng sing
m mouse sh should
n new th thin, than
p park zh measure
r rat

167
 Appendix 1b: Pronunciation Guide

* The phonetic spelling is kept as possible, with few

diacritical marks; the only special character used is ə, the
schwa, used to represent the unstressed vowel sound heard at
the end of sofa. The schwa is also used in combination with r
to represent the sound heard in fur and the second syllable of
other.
* There are four basic rules:

1. An unmarked vowel ending syllable (an

“open” syllable) is long. Thus ma
represents the pronunciation of may.
2. An unmarked vowel in a syllable ending
in a consonant (a “closed” syllable) is
short. Thus not represents the
pronunciation of knot.
3. A long vowel in a closed syllable is
indicated by a macron. Thus māt
represents the pronunciation of mate.
4. A short vowel that ends or itself
constitutes a syllable is indicated by a
breve. Thus ĭ-mūn’ represents the
pronunciation of immune.

* Primary (΄) and secondary (΄΄) stresses are shown in

polysyllabic words, with unstressed syllables followed by
hyphens, as in mi΄΄kro-or΄gən-iz-əm. Monosyllables, even
when part of a compound term, have no stress mark, as in
bens jōnz.

168
 Appendix 1c: Final –s and –ed endings

FINAL –S ENDING (plural+3rd person singular)

plural+

The final –s ending is pronounced in three ways depending on

the ending of the noun or verb.

1. /iz/ is used after –ch, -sh, -s, -z, -dge, and –x endings
riches, washes, classes, buzzes, judges, boxes
2. /s/ is used after voiceless endings: p, t, k, f, (th) etc.
caps, kits, beaks, cliffs, baths
3. /z/ is used after voiced endings: b, d, g, v, l, n, (th) etc.
cabs, beads, hugs, caves, calls, nuns, bathes

FINAL–
FINAL –ed ENDING (past and past participle of
regular verbs)

The final –ed ending is pronounced in three ways depending

on the ending of the verb.

4. /id/ is used after –t, -d, -s, -z, -dge, and –x endings
added, fitted
5. /t/ is used after voiceless endings: p, k, f, sh, s etc.
clapped, kicked, puffed, wished, kissed
6. /d/ is used after voiced endings: b, g, v, z, n etc.
robbed, begged, caved, razed, shunned

169
 Appendix 2a: Present Simple
Tense

USAGE:

We Use present simple tense in the following ways:

1. for the things we regularly do, like our habits and

routines;
I wake up before Fajr during week days.

2. talking about the facts;

Allah is one.
The sun rises in the east.

3. talking about a situation that lasts for a long time;

She is not married.
Ali works in an iron factory.

4. talking about our feelings, thought, perceptions,

possession, mental activity etc.
He likes his family.
I believe in miracles.
Dr. Taha possesses a good reputation.

5. talking about a pre-planned arrangement;

I take morning flight tomorrow.
The next annual meeting starts next week.

170
 Appendix 2b: Present Simple Tense

statement Third person singular subjects

He-She-It-Ali speaks. Sun is hot.
goes. He is a student.
All plural + I-You subjects
They-We-I-You-Students speak. They are teachers.
go. The students are tall.
Note: add s/es with third person
singular subjects I am a doctor.

Negative He-She-It-Ali does not speak. Moon is not hot.

does not go. He is not a student.
They-We-I-You- do not speak.
do not go. They are not
Note: remove s/es from the verb teachers.
and add “does not” with third The students are not
person singular subjects tall.

I am not an engineer.
Question Does he-she-it-Ali speak? Is sun hot?
go? Is he a student?
Do they-we-I-you-students
speak? Are they teachers?
go? Are the students tall?
Note: remove s/es from the verb
and add “Does” with third Am I a doctor?
person singular subjects

171
 Appendix 2c: Present Simple Tens:
Short Questions

Is sun hot? Yes, he is.

Is he a student? No, he isn’t.

Are they teachers? Yes, they are.

Are the students tall? No, they aren’t.

Does the sun rise in the east? Yes, it does.

Does he take regular exercise? No, he doesn’t.

Do the trees grow? Yes, they do.

Do the stones move? No, they don’t.

172
 Appendix 2d: Passive Voice

We use passive voice in the following situations:

1. when the doer is not very important

The shoes are polished.
The letter is posted.

2. when it is important to highlight the importance of the

person or thing acted upon
The Great Wall of China is seen from the space.
The patient was operated upon.

Note: Passive voice is very common in scientific, technical

and research writings.

Formation

{object} + {be} + {past participle} + {by} + {subject}

making a passive sentence needs three steps:

1. The subject of the active sentence becomes the object

of the passive sentence.
2. We make the verb passive by using “be” and adding
the past participle.
3. The object of active sentence becomes the subject of
the passive sentence. We introduce it with by.

173
 Appendix 2e: Passive Voice; Examples

subject verb object

Intelligent students prepare their lessons.

Their lessons are prepared by intelligent

students.
students.

subject verb object

Intelligent students prepared their lessons.

Theirlessons
Theirlessons were prepared by intelligent
students.
students.

subject verb object

The smart teachers deliver the lectures.
lectures.

The lectures are delivered by the smart

teachers.
teachers.

subject verb object

The smart teachers delivered the lectures.

The lectures were delivered by the smart

teachers.
teachers.

174
 Appendix 2f: Comparative and
Superlative Adjectives

We use comparative adjectives to compare two things,

persons etc. We often use “than” when we compare two
things.

Ali is big, and Fahd is bigger.

Fahd is bigger than Ali.
This picture is more beautiful than that picture.

When we compare more than two things, we use the

superlative.

Ali is big, Fahd is bigger, and Wajid is the biggest.

Wajid is the biggest of the three.
This is the most beautiful picture.

Examples Guiding principle

Mono- Sami is thinner than * we add –er to make
syllabic Fahd. comparative and –est
adjectives Ali is the thinnest to make superlative to
student. one-syllable
adjectives.

Bi-syllabic Girls are happier * We usually add –er

adjectives than boys. to make comparative
Children are the and –est to make
happiest. superlative for
adjectives ending in er
or y.
Second quiz was
more stressful. * We usually add
Final exam was the more to make

175
 most stressful. comparative and the
most to make
superlative before
adjectives ending in
ful or re.
Other This pen is more * We add more to
adjectives expensive. make comparative and
That pen is the most the most to make
expensive. superlative for
adjectives of three or
more syllables.

*good/better/best, bad/worse/worst, far/farther/farthest,

little/less/least, many/more/most and much/more/most are
irregular comparative and superlative forms.

176
 Appendix 2g: Adverbs of Frequency

100% always
almost always
usually
often
frequently positive
generally adverbs of
sometimes frequency
sometimes
occasionally
seldom
rarely
hardly ever negative
almost never adverbs
never of frequency
never

0%

Maha usually wakes up at * Adverbs of frequency come

5:00. before a main verb but after a
Maha is usually on time. helping verb.
Does Maha usually wake * Adverbs of frequency come
up at 5:00? directly after the subject in
Is Maha usually on time? questions.
Maha usually does not * Most adverbs of frequency
wake up at 5:00. (except always and ever) come
Maha does not always in front of a negative verb.
wake up at 6:00.
Maha never wakes up at * Negative adverbs are not used
6:00. with negative verbs.

177
 Appendix 2h: Past Indefinite Tense

* We use past indefinite tense to talk about events that started

and ended in the past. We use this tense when any kind of
past time is mentioned in the sentence.

statement The last match ended in a

draw. She was absent last
They locked the door week.
yesterday. Fahd was sick during
the last term.
Ali woke up at 8:00 this
morning. The students were on
We went abroad last year. time on Saturday.
We were in the hall for
Note: There is no change for examination.
third person singular subjects.
* We use –ed to make past
form of regular verbs while
irregular verbs don’t follow
any specific rule.
Negative The last match did not end in a She was not absent last
draw. week.
They did not lock the door Fahd was not sick
yesterday. during the last term.

Ali did not wake up at 8:00 The students were not

this morning. on time on Saturday.
We did not go abroad last year. We were not in the
hall for examination.
Note: We use did not to make
negative sentence.
* We need to use first form of
the verb after did not.

178
Question Did the last match end in a
draw? Was she absent last
Did they lock the door week?
yesterday? Was Fahd sick during
the last term?
Did Ali wake up at 8:00 this
morning? Were the students on
Did we go abroad last year? time on Saturday?
Were we in the hall for
Note: We use “Did” to make examination?
questions.
* We need to use first form of
the verb after “Did”..

179
 Appendix 2i: Past Indefinite Tense:
Short Answers

Was she absent last week? Yes, she was.

Was he sick during the last term? No, he wasn’t.

Were the students on time on Saturday? Yes, they were.

Were we in the hall for examination? No, we weren’t.

Did the last match end in a draw? Yes, it did.

Did they lock the door yesterday? No, they didn’t.

Did Ali wake up at 8:00 this morning? Yes, he did.

Did we go abroad last year? No, we didn’t.

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 Appendix 2j: Used to

USED TO: EXPRESSING PAST HABIT

* We use “used to” to express a past habit or situation that no

longer exists at present.

Statement I used to go to school. Now I study at CMMS.

Fatima used to send letters, but now she sends
emails.
Dr. Sulaiman used to operate his patients, but
now he doesn’t.

Negative I did not used to go to CMMS.

I did not use to go to CMMS.

(I never used to go to CMMS)

Fatima did not used to send emails.

Fatima did not use to send emails.
(Fatima never used to send emails.)

* We may use “used to” or “use to” after did

not.
* “Never used to” is frequently used in
negative sentences.
Question Did you used to go to school?
Did you use to go to school?

Did Fatima used to send emails.

Did Fatima use to send emails.

* We may use “used to” or “use to” after Did.

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 Appendix 2k: -s/-s Spellings +
There is / There are

using -s / -es: guiding principles

a. If a verb ends in –ch, -sh, -s, -x, or –z, add –es at the end.
Example: enrich – enriches; miss – misses; fix - fixes

b. If a verb ends in a consonant + -y, change -y to –i and add

-es.
Examples: fry – fries; cry - cries

c. Add –es at the end of “do” and “go”.

Examples: do – does; go – goes

Note: Add final –s at the end of all other verbs which are not
mentioned above.

THERE IS / THERE ARE

* We “there is” and “there are” to show that something exists

or in a place.

Statement There is a big auditorium in Taif university.

There are four hundred students studying at

CMMS.
Negative There isn’t a big auditorium in Taif university.
(There is no big auditorium in Taif University.
There aren’t four hundred students studying at
CMMS.
Question Is there a big auditorium in Taif university?
Are there four hundred students studying at
CMMS?

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 Appendix 2l: Many/Much, A little/A
few, Lots of/A lot of, Any/Some

MANY/MUCH, A LITTLE/A FEW, LOTS OF/ A LOT OF:

GUIDING PRINCIPLE

Count Non-count
a lot of books a lot of fruit
* “A lot of” or “lots of” is
lots of books lots of fruit
used with both kinds of
nouns.
Many books Much milk * Many is used with count
(50) (40 L) nouns in big quantities.
* Much is used with non-
count nouns in big
quantities.
A few books A little milk * A few is used with count
(3) (1L) nouns in small quantities.
* A little is used with non-
count nouns in small
quantities.

ANY / SOME: GUIDING PRINCIPLE

Question I am hungry. Do you have any biscuits?

I am hungry. Do you have some biscuits?
* We may use “some” or “any” in questions.
affirmative Yes, I have some.

* We use “some” in affirmative sentences, but

“any” can’t be used in affirmative sentences.
negative No, I don’t have any.

* We use “any” in negative sentences, but

“some” can’t be used here.

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184
 Appendix 3a: Listening Passage: Unit#1

The skin’s thinness and position on the outside of the body

make it vulnerable to injury, but the skin has a remarkable
ability to repair itself. The process of wound healing depends
on how deep the wound is—whether just the superficial
epidermis or both epidermis and dermis are involved.

When a wound, such as a scraped knee or elbow, affects only

the epidermis, healing can occur very rapidly, often within a
day or two. Epidermal cells at the edge of the wound break
free from the surrounding cells, enlarge, and migrate into the
wound. Meanwhile, the remaining epidermal cells divide to
replace those that have left. Cells advance across the wound
from all sides and finally meet in the center, covering the
wound. The cells then divide to form all the layers of the
epidermis, until the skin over the wound reaches normal
thickness.

A deeper wound affecting both epidermis and dermis requires

a longer, more complex process of healing. First, a clot forms
to stanch the flow of blood from the wound. White blood cells
of the immune system enter the area to consume dead and
dying cells, microbes, and any other foreign material that may

185
have entered the wound. During this stage of healing, cells
that will develop into fibroblasts also enter the wound. Next,
the blood clot hardens into a scab, and epidermal cells migrate
beneath the scab to form a continuous sheet of cells over the
wound. Fibroblasts begin to deposit collagen and other
molecules, repairing the dermis. Finally, when normal skin
has been restored, the scab drops off. Often during repair of a
deep wound, collagen fibers and other structural molecules of
the skin are arranged more densely than in normal tissue,
forming a scar. Scar tissue has fewer blood vessels than
normal skin and sometimes lacks hair, glands, and nerve cells.

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 Appendix 3b: Listening Passage: Unit#2

Sound is a series of vibrations moving as waves through air or

other gases, liquids, or solids. A ringing bell, for example, sets
off vibrations in the air. Detection of these vibrations, or
sound waves, is called hearing. The detection of vibrations
passing through the ground or water is also called hearing.
Some animals can only detect vibrations passing through the
ground, and others can only hear ibrations passing through
water.

Humans, however, can hear vibrations passing through gases,

solids, and liquids. Sometimes sound waves are transmitted to
the inner ear by a method of hearing called bone conduction.
For example, people hear their own voice partly by bone
conduction. The voice causes the bones of the skull to vibrate,
and these vibrations directly stimulate the sound-sensitive
cells of the inner ear. Only a relatively small part of a normal
person’s hearing depends on bone conduction, but some
totally deaf people can be helped if sound vibrations are
transferred to the skull bones by a hearing aid.

Humans hear primarily by detecting airborne sound waves,

which are collected by the auricles. The auricles also help

187
locate the direction of sound. Although some people have
auricular muscles so well-developed that they can wiggle their
ears. Human auricles, when compared to those of other
mammals, have little importance. Many mammals, especially
those with large ears, such as rabbits, can move their auricles
in many directions so that sound can be picked up more easily.

After being collected by the auricles, sound waves pass

through the outer auditory canal to the eardrum, causing it to
vibrate. The vibrations of the eardrum are then transmitted
through the ossicles, the chain of bones in the middle ear. As
the vibrations pass from the relatively large area of the
eardrum through the chain of bones, which have a smaller
area, their force is concentrated. This concentration amplifies,
or increases, the sound.

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 Appendix 3c: Listening Passage: Unit#3

Although the words breathing and respiration are sometimes

used interchangeably, they have distinct meanings. Breathing
is the process of moving oxygen-rich air into and out of the
lungs. Respiration refers to all of the processes involved in
getting oxygen to tissues, including breathing, diffusion of
oxygen from the lungs to the blood, transport by the blood,
and diffusion from the blood to tissues. Respiration is
essential for aerobic respiration, the process within cells in
which nutrients and oxygen are used to build the energy
molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In aerobic
respiration, body cells use oxygen to metabolize glucose,
forming carbon dioxide as a waste product that is exhaled.

Because body cells are constantly using up oxygen and

producing carbon dioxide, the lungs work continuously. An
adult normally breathes from 14 to 20 times per minute, but
vigorous exercise can raise the rate to 80 breaths per minute.
A child’s rate of breathing at rest is faster than an adult’s at
rest, and a newborn baby has a rate of about 40 breaths per
minute. In general, smaller animals have faster breathing rates
than larger animals. A rat, for example, breathes about 60

189
times per minute, while a horse breathes only about 12 times
per minute.

190
 Appendix 3d: Listening Passage: Unit#4

One of the liver’s primary jobs is to store energy in the form

of glycogen, which is made from a type of sugar called
glucose. The liver removes glucose from the blood when
blood glucose levels are high. Through a process called
glycogenesis, the liver combines the glucose molecules in
long chains to create glycogen, a carbohydrate that provides a
stored form of energy. When the amount of glucose in the
blood falls below the level required to meet the body’s needs,
the liver reverses this reaction, transforming glycogen into
glucose.

Another crucial function of the liver is the production of bile,

a yellowish-brown liquid containing salts necessary for the
digestion of lipids, or fats. These salts are produced within the
lobules. Bile leaves the liver through a network of ducts and is
transported to the gallbladder, which concentrates the bile and
releases it into the small intestine.

Vitamins are also stored in the liver. Drawing on the nutrient-

rich blood in the hepatic portal vein, the liver collects and
stores supplies of vitamins A, D, E, and K. The B vitamins are

191
also stored here, including a two- to four-year supply of
Vitamin B12.

The liver also functions as the body’s chemical factory.

Several important proteins found in the blood are produced in
the liver. One of these proteins, albumin, helps retain calcium
and other important substances in the bloodstream. Albumin
also helps regulate the movement of water from the
bloodstream into the body’s tissues. The liver also produces
globin, one of the two components that form hemoglobin—the
oxygen-carrying substance in red blood cells. Certain
globulins, a group of proteins that includes antibodies, are
produced in the liver, as are the proteins that make up the
complement system, a part of the immune system that
combines with antibodies to fight invading microorganisms.

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 Appendix 3e: Listening Passage: Unit#5

Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery. The artery
divides into smaller and smaller blood vessels, called
arterioles, eventually ending in the tiny capillaries of the
glomerulus. The capillary walls here are quite thin, and the
blood pressure within the capillaries is high. The result is that
water, along with any substances that may be dissolved in it—
typically salts, glucose or sugar, amino acids, and the waste
products urea and uric acid—are pushed out through the thin
capillary walls, where they are collected in Bowman's capsule.
Larger particles in the blood, such as red blood cells and
protein molecules, are too bulky to pass through the capillary
walls and they remain in the bloodstream. The blood, which is
now filtered, leaves the glomerulus through another arteriole,
which branches into the meshlike network of blood vessels
around the renal tubule. The blood then exits the kidney
through the renal vein. Approximately 180 liters (about 50
gallons) of blood moves through the two kidneys every day.

Urine production begins with the substances that the blood

leaves behind during its passage through the kidney—the
water, salts, and other substances collected from the

193
glomerulus in Bowman’s capsule. This liquid, called
glomerular filtrate, moves from Bowman’s capsule through
the renal tubule. As the filtrate flows through the renal tubule,
the network of blood vessels surrounding the tubule reabsorbs
much of the water, salt, and virtually all of the nutrients,
especially glucose and amino acids, that were removed in the
glomerulus. This important process, called tubular
reabsorption, enables the body to selectively keep the
substances it needs while ridding itself of wastes. Eventually,
about 99 percent of the water, salt, and other nutrients is
reabsorbed.

194
 Appendix 3f: Listening Passage: Unit#6

Several structures, not parts of the eyeball, contribute to the

protection of the eye. The most important of these are the
eyelids, two folds of skin and tissue, that can be closed by
means of muscles to form a protective covering over the
eyeball against excessive light and mechanical injury. The
eyelashes, a fringe of short hairs growing on the edge of either
eyelid, act as a screen to keep dust particles and insects out of
the eyes when the eyelids are partly closed. Inside the eyelids
is a thin protective membrane, the conjunctiva, which doubles
over to cover the visible sclera. Each eye also has a tear gland,
or lacrimal organ, situated at the outside corner of the eye. The
salty secretion of these glands lubricates the forward part of
the eyeball when the eyelids are closed and flushes away any
small dust particles or other foreign matter on the surface of
the eye. Normally the eyelids of human eyes close by reflex
action about every six seconds, but if dust reaches the surface
of the eye and is not washed away, the eyelids blink oftener
and more tears are produced. On the edges of the eyelids are a
number of small glands, the Meibomian glands, which
produce a fatty secretion that lubricates the eyelids themselves
and the eyelashes. The eyebrows, located above each eye, also

195
have a protective function in soaking up or deflecting
perspiration or rain and preventing the moisture from running
into the eyes. The hollow socket in the skull in which the eye
is set is called the orbit. The bony edges of the orbit, the
frontal bone, and the cheekbone protect the eye from
mechanical injury by blows or collisions.

196
 Appendix 3g: Listening Passage: Unit#7

Most digestion, as well as absorption of digested food, occurs

in the small intestine. This narrow, twisting tube, about 2.5 cm
in diameter, fills most of the lower abdomen, extending about
6 m in length. Over a period of three to six hours, peristalsis
moves chyme through the duodenum into the next portion of
the small intestine, the jejunum, and finally into the ileum, the
last section of the small intestine. During this time, the liver
secretes bile into the small intestine through the bile duct. Bile
breaks large fat globules into small droplets, which enzymes
in the small intestine can act upon. Pancreatic juice, secreted
by the pancreas, enters the small intestine through the
pancreatic duct. Pancreatic juice contains enzymes that break
down sugars and starches into simple sugars, fats into fatty
acids and glycerol, and proteins into amino acids. Glands in
the intestinal walls secrete additional enzymes that break
down starches and complex sugars into nutrients that the
intestine absorbs. Structures called Brunner’s glands secrete
mucus to protect the intestinal walls from the acid effects of
digestive juices.

197
The small intestine’s capacity for absorption is increased by
millions of fingerlike projections called villi, which line the
inner walls of the small intestine. Each villus is about 0.5 to
1.5 mm long and covered with a single layer of cells. Even
tinier fingerlike projections called microvilli cover the cell
surfaces. This combination of villi and microvilli increases the
surface area of the small intestine’s lining by about 150 times,
multiplying its capacity for absorption. Beneath the villi’s
single layer of cells are capillaries (tiny vessels) of the
bloodstream and the lymphatic system. These capillaries allow
nutrients produced by digestion to travel to the cells of the
body. Simple sugars and amino acids pass through the
capillaries to enter the bloodstream. Fatty acids and glycerol
pass through to the lymphatic system.

198
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