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Introduction To Logic Gates

This document provides an introduction to logic gates, which are basic building blocks of digital circuits that perform logical operations. It describes common logic gates like OR, AND, NOT, XOR, NOR, NAND and XNOR and presents their truth tables. Combinational logic circuits have outputs that depend only on current inputs, while sequential circuits have memory and outputs depend on current and previous inputs. Applications of logic gates include digital devices, control systems, communication and computing. Examples are provided for deriving outputs of logic circuits.

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Raul B. Gironella
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69 views

Introduction To Logic Gates

This document provides an introduction to logic gates, which are basic building blocks of digital circuits that perform logical operations. It describes common logic gates like OR, AND, NOT, XOR, NOR, NAND and XNOR and presents their truth tables. Combinational logic circuits have outputs that depend only on current inputs, while sequential circuits have memory and outputs depend on current and previous inputs. Applications of logic gates include digital devices, control systems, communication and computing. Examples are provided for deriving outputs of logic circuits.

Uploaded by

Raul B. Gironella
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC GATES

What are Logic Gates


• Electronic circuits capable of making logical
decisions;

• Basic building blocks of digital systems design;

• Can have one or more input signals and an output


which is a logical combination of the inputs.
• In computing systems, the symbols 0 and 1
indicate 2 possible states of a circuit or device.
The following logic gates will be treated in this
lesson:
• OR;
• AND;
• NOT;
• XOR;
• NOR;
• NAND and
• XNOR
• Logic gates operate based on a logical
algebraic system known as Boolean algebra.

• In this system, the variables used can assume


only one of two values i.e. 0 and 1.
OR Gate
• Produces an output 1 when any or all of the inputs
are 1.
• It is therefore also called an any-or-all gate.

• The logical operation of a 2-input OR gate can be


summarized in the truth table below.
Table 1: OR Truth Table
• A practical example of the OR gate is shown in the
figure below.
• For the lamp to glow, either switch A or B or
both are closed.

• The Boolean equation for the OR gate is:


A+B=C

• This operation is also applicable for an OR gate


with more than two inputs.
AND Gate
• Produces an output of 1 only when all inputs are present (i.e. 1).
• It is also known as an all-or-nothing gate.

• The logical operation of a 2-input AND gate can be summarized in


the following truth table.
Table 2: AND Truth Table
• A practical example of the AND gate is shown in the
figure below:
• The lamp will be ON only when both switches
A and B are CLOSED.

• The Boolean equation for this gate is

A x B = C or AB = C
XOR Gate
• The output is 1 only if both inputs are different.

• Excludes the case where both inputs are the


same.

• Also referred to as an inequality comparator


• The truth table for a 2-input XOR gate is given below
Table 3: XOR Truth Table
NOT Gate
• It has one input and one output. The output is simply
the complement of the input.
• Also called an inverter
• The logical symbol for inversion or complementation
is Ā.
• The truth table for a NOT gate is shown below:
Table 4: NOT Truth Table
Example
• Considering the figure below, derive a logical
expression for X and determine its value when A = 1,
B = 0 and C = 1.
Example
• From the below diagram, find X when A and B are 1
and C = 0.
• Determine the value of X when (a) A = 0, B = 1 (b) A =
1, B = 1
NOR Gate
• Also called NOT-OR Gate
• Made by connecting an inverter to the output of an OR gate.
• Produces an output of TRUE when all inputs are FALSE.

• The truth table for a 2-input NOR gate is shown below:


Table 5: NOR Truth Table
NAND Gate
• It is actually a NOT-AND gate.
• Made by connecting a NOT gate to the output of an AND gate.
• Gives an output of 1 if both inputs are not 1.

• The truth table for a 2-input NAND gate is shown below


Table 6: NAND Truth Table
XNOR Gate
• Also referred to as a NOT-XOR Gate
• Made by connecting a NOT gate to the output of an AND gate.
• Gives an output of 1 if both inputs are the same.

• The truth table for a 2-input XNOR gate is shown below


Table 7: XNOR Truth Table
Types of Logic Circuit
Logic circuits are basically categorized into
two types:
• Combinational Logic Circuits

• Sequential Logic Circuits


Combinational Logic Circuits
• Has input set, a memory-less logic network to operate on
the inputs and a set of outputs.

• The output depends only on the present input values.

• Output does not depend on the previous state of the


circuit.

• Examples include multiplexers, demultiplexers, encoders,


etc.
Combinational Logic Circuits
Sequential Logic Circuits
• Has input set, logic network, outputs and
memory.

• Present output depends not only on the


present input states but also on the previous
logic states of the outputs.

• Examples include latches and flip-flops.


Sequential Logic Circuits
Sequential Logic Circuits (SLCs) are further classified as:

• Synchronous SLCs: They operate at a clocked rate, i.e. all the


outputs change at the same time, in step with each other (i.e.
they are synchronized). This timing is usually provided by one
edge of the clock signal.

• Asynchronous SLCs: Operate without clocking, i.e. the outputs


change at different times.
Sequential Logic Circuit
Applications of Logic Circuits
• Design of more complex devices like binary counters

• Decision making in automatic control of machines and various


industrial processes

• Digital measuring techniques

• Digital processing of communication signals

• Calculators and computers


Example
• An electrical signal is expressed as 10110011. Explain its
meaning. If the signal is applied to a NOT Gate, what will be
the output signal?

• Two electrical signals 1100111 and 1010101 are applied to a


2-input AND Gate. Give a sketch of the output signal.

• Two signals 11011 and 01001 are inclusive-OR combined. The


output is then exclusive-OR combined with a third signal
10111. Draw the complete logic circuit describing this
scenario, and then give a sketch of the final output signal.
• Given that A = 11011, B = 01101, C = 10100 and D = 00101,
determine the output of the following logic circuit.

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