TUTORIAL 1- Closed System

DNT233 Thermofluid(Sem 1-2015/2016)

1. A piston-cylinder device contains 0.2 kg of water initially at 800 kPa and 0.06 m 3. Now 200 kJ
of heat is transferred to the water while its pressure is held constant. Determine the final
temperature of the water. Also, show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation
lines.

E in  E out  E s ys tem
       
N et en erg y tran s fer Ch ang e in in ternal, k inet
by h eat, w o rk , an d mas s p o ten tial, etc. en ergies
Q in  W b , ou t  U  m (u 2  u1 )
Q in  m( h 2  h1 )

since U + Wb = H during a constant pressure quasi-

Q
equilibrium process. The properties of water are (Tables A- H2O
6E)
800 kPa
V 0.06
v1  1   0.3 m 3 / kg
m 0.2 T
P1  800 kPa  2
 h1  2950.4 kJ/kg 1
v 1  0.3 m 3 /kg 
Substituting,
200 kJ/kg  (0.2 kg)(h2  2950.4)kJ/kg
h2  3950.4 kJ/kg v
Then,
P2  800 kPa 
T2  700C
h2  3950.4 kJ / kg 

2. A closed system containing 2-kg of air undergoes an isothermal process from 600 kPa and
200C to 80 kPa. Determine the initial volume of this system, the work done, and the heat
transfer during this process.
Assumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its
critical point values of 132.5 K and 3.77 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible, ke  pe  0 . 3 Constant specific heats can be used for air.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kgK (Table A-1).
Analysis We take the air as the system. This is a closed system since no mass crosses the
boundaries of the system. The energy balance for this system can be expressed as

E i n  E out 
    
Net en erg y tr an sfer Ch a
by h eat , wo rk , an d mass po

Qi n  Wb , ou t  U
Qi n  Wb , ou t  0
Qi n  Wb

The initial volume is Air

3 600 kPa Q
mRT1 (2 kg)(0.287 kPa  m /kg  K)(473 K)
V1   200°C m 3
 0.4525
P1 600 kPa
 Using the boundary work relation for the isothermal process of an ideal gas gives
2 2
dv v P

Wb ,out  m Pdv  mRT
1

1
v
 mRT ln 2  mRT ln 1
v1 P2
600 kPa
 ( 2 kg)(0.287 kPa  m 3 /kg  K)(473 K)ln  547.1kJ
80 kPa
From energy balance equation,
Qin  Wb, out  547.1 kJ

3. A cylinder fitted with a piston has a volume of 0.1 m 3 and contains 0.5 kg of steam at 0.4
MPa. Heat is transferred to the steam until the temperature is 300 oC, while the pressure
remains constant. Determine the heat transfer and the work for this process.
E in  E ou t  E s y stem
       
Net en ergy trans fer Ch an ge in internal, k
by h eat, wo rk, and mas s po ten tial, etc. energ

Q in  W b , ou t  U  m (u 2  u
Q in  m( h 2  h1 )

W12  P  dV  PV2  V1   mP v2  v1 

V2

V1

V1 0.1
v1    0.2 m 3 / kg
m 0.5
P1  0.4 MPa  saturated mixture

v 1  0.2 m 3 /kg 

v1  v f  xv fg
v  vf 0.2  0.001084
x   0.4311
v fg 0.4614

h1  h f  xh fg  604.74  0.4311  2133.8  1524.7 kJ / kg

P2  0.4 MPa  Superheated vapor


T 2  300 o C 
h2 = 3067.1 kJ/kg
v2 =0.6548 m3/kg

Qin  Wb ,out  U  m(u 2  u1 )

Qin  m( h2  h1 )  0.5 3067.1  1524.7   771.1kJ

W12  P  dV  PV2  V1   mP v2  v1   0.5  400   0.6548  0.2   91.0kJ

V2

V1
4. A piston-cylinder device containing carbon-dioxide gas undergoes an isobaric process from
100 kPa and 25oC to 100oC. Determine the work and the heat transfer associated with this
process, in kJ/kg.
Properties The properties of CO2 at room temperature are R = 0.1889 kJ/kgK and cv = 0.657
kJ/kgK (Table A-2a).
Analysis We take CO2 as the system. This is a closed system
since no mass crosses the boundaries of the system. The
energy balance for this system can be expressed as

E in  E out  E
Net
 
e ne rgy

t rans fe r
  CO2   sys t

Q
Change in i nte rn
by heat , work, and ma ss pote nt i al , e tc . e
Qin  W b , out 100 kPa
U  mc v (

Using the boundary work relation for the isobaric process of 25°C
an ideal gas gives
wb ,out  P (v 2  v 1 )  R (T2  T1 )  (0.1889)(100  25)  14.1675 kJ/kg
Substituting into energy balance equation,
qin  wb ,out  cv (T2  T1 )  14.1675  (0.657)(100  25)  63.44 kJ/kg

5. 1-kg of oxygen is heated from 25 to 300C. Determine the amount of heat transfer required
when this is done during a (a)constant-volume process and (b) isobaric process
Assumptions 1 Oxygen is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to
its critical point values of 154.8 K and 5.08 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible, ke  pe  0 . 3 Constant specific heats can be used for oxygen.
Properties The specific heats of oxygen at the average temperature of (25+300)/2=162.5C=436 K
are cp = 0.952 kJ/kgK and cv = 0.692 kJ/kgK (Table A-2b).
Analysis We take the oxygen as the system. This is a closed system since no mass crosses the
boundaries of the system. The energy balance for a constant-volume process can be expressed as

E in  E o ut  E system
       
Net energ y transfer Change in internal,
by heat, work, and mass

Q in  
O2 U
p oten tial, etc. en e

 m cv (T 2
Q
The energy balance during a constant-pressure process T1 = 25°C
(such as in a piston-cylinder device) can be expressed T2 = 300°C
as

E i n  E o ut  
     
N et e ner gy tr an sf er Ch an g e
by h eat , w or k , an d mass p o t ent

Q in  Wb , o ut  U
Qi n  Wb , out
Qi n  H 

since U + Wb = H during a constant pressure quasi- O2

equilibrium process. Substituting for both cases, Q
T1 = 25°C
T = 300°C
Qin,V  const  mcv (T2  T1 )  (1 kg)(0.692 kJ/kg  K)(300 225) K  190.3 kJ
Qin, P  const  mc p (T2  T1 )  (1 kg)(0.952 kJ/kg  K)(300  25)K  261.8 kJ