6-,15

s4ldl '*'-ftlJ s3tdl f$:Ill

Ar.bll OJ.iall LS
-;
#L.J('SJ| i;,rilt rrg$: 4*,,.i4 F..*l

l| $ I
$
D

fr I
I
i 5
4.o

4ltill l,I.
irLll UrJro
Lt f) a )

af .l
cJrt" t
 Lecture (2)
Power systems 3'd Year

TRANSMISSION LINE CHARACTERISTICS

2.1 Transmission Voltage Level : J--

Thepowertransmissionfromagenerationstationtodistributionsystemiscarriedbyusing
cobles' The selection of the
two transmission techniques , }ver-Head lines and lJnder'Ground
reliability degree, civilization
bansmission type is related to invesrment cost, t}e required
appearance in addition to system security and other related
factors' -11
-
,,)* The power in both techniques exnres;el,r-efardingihe
fol)owing formula:

':.-o=fiVlcos9
Foreconomicreasons,transmissionsystemsisdesignedtotransferthemaximumamountof
system is directly proportional to the
power, from the above expression the power in fiansmission
following operational parameters:
P^o, c( V-r, l^tn
l_,
In such that :a.

It is desire dtoincreasethevoltagelevelaspossible(lz1)(limitedbythecapitalcostof
- i'-"
insulators, towers, transformers and switchge
ars)' ,

( I J) (by using better conductors

. Ii'is desired to limit the current to the minimr#-vaiues
Cr oss Section Area conductorsl'
with lower conductivity or by using higher

increasing the voltage level and I

o I a9" I o8
decreasing the current will increase the o o A'
E ^v
power transfer, enables the transmission
I D
o
system.to Bansfer the electricity for long 6a0
d
distance, reduce the fransmission loss and EE
6
hence improves voltage regulation and F-
transmission efficiencY'

Wmum Lln6 Vdtagp

Sol6clio.t

t
 Lecture (2)
?ower Systems 3'd Year

transmission voltage
emP irical formula can be used to find the economical
The following
level in a 3-Phase ac system: .- '

N 3P
V=5.5 0.62i + Go

Where

I V is the line voltage in kV '

phase to be delivered to single
circuit
I P is the maximum kW per
line'
I is the length of transmission
are the
voltage levels used worldwide, bolded'values
Table below includes the standard

levels used in lraq

(5.6), (11), 20, (33), 66

1L0, (132), 220, 275, 330

High vdltage transmission B\rl

380, (400),500, 76s, 1000

Extra

2,2 Conductors:
in overhead line must have:
The conductor material used
(low resistance)
a) High electrical conductiviry
strongJ
bJ High tensile srrength [mechanically
aJ Low cost

ThetwomostcommonmaterialsusedinoverheadlineconstructionareCopper(Cu)and
explains the main differences berween the two
comparison
Aluminum (AI) , the following
materials attrfuutes are better)
ftiotaea

Melting FlexibilitY
Tensile Weight Cost
ConductivitY Tempe rature
Strength
High Higher Higher
Higher Higher Higher
Lower Lower
Lower Lower Cheaper
37.570 Lower

2
 Power Systems 34year Lecure (2) I
.t For the same resistance, Al has a larger diameter than Cu (reduced corona effectJ
. Cu has higher current carrying capacity.

lower.".,j,(,T..:f]T," LMI) and lighter weight, Al (in various

Mainly because of its
forms and improvements) has been ,#a ,f.oiii"r.f u5:.1"! in overhead transmission lines. The
Q"!u r\:iJ\ ,. -_-i __

Al conductors used in T.L. are always strandertlaf€-asier handling, easier trarsportation l(on
drums]i and to avoid mechanical vibration which may lead to conductor breaking. LG
&
@
Stranded conductors are easier in manufacturing, instillation, have better flexibility and
mechanical properfies, large cross-section conductors can be obtained by simply adding

successive layers ofadditional strands. t'/--:- .

The number of strands depends on the number of layers ana on[glg$g1all the strands

are the same diameter. (all strands are equal in diameter) ,total number of strands can be
obtained by the following expression:
r_fl
N"=1+3n(n+t)
1+'
Where n - is the number of layers around the central strand.

No. of layers (n J 1 2 3 4

Ns, including the 60+1=61 90+1=91

b+L=t 1B+1=19 36+L=37
Single center strand

t4tt*tld
Sranded conductors usually have cenffal wire
(corel rounded by several layers of ( 6 , t2 , tB , 24 )
wires as shown in the following figure. i,. t -i t
',- ",.'

The equivalent diameter of stranded conductor is

given by:

D=(t+zn)d
Where d - is the diameter of the sffand'

Al-Mamon College / DeDartment ofElectrical Power Technioues Engineerina - h Azhat M' Al'Rawi 3
#+,+, Lecture (2)
Power Systems 3'd Year

of conductor'
mm Calculate the equivaient diameter
Example: Stranded conductor 79 l2'9
(dJ = 2 9 mm
Solution: The diameter of one strand

No. of stranded in conductor (NsJ =

19

Ns=1+3n(n+1)
;. 19 = 1+ 3n(a+ 1)

\8 -- 3n2 +3n
nz +n-6=o
(n+3)(n-z)=0 "'n=2
Therefore,thenumberoflayersis(2J'distributedas:
=t 1 + 6 + 12 I
core 1st laYer 2nd laYer

D=(1.+Zn)d
(1 + 2x2)xZ'9 = 74'5 mm
-
2.2.1 TWes of Conductors:

SeveralconstructionrypesofAlconductorareavailableininternationalmarkets,theseare:
shorter
All Aluminum Conductor purity 99'9% 'which are usually used for
1) AAC :- '
' spans'pecause ofthe low tensile strength'
of Al Mg and Si thermally feated
2) AAAC r- All Aluminum AIIoy Conductor ' made '
resisdve'
Alloy , better tensile strength and corro^sion
tr-,e inner strands are made of
steel
3) ACSR :- Aluminum Conduc"tor Steet n?'#tt;q
and distribution
(71i18o/o of conductor weightJ this type B-u,1ed :'iransmission
tow,Fd! tire cost is rerativery row.
lines because of the high tensite strengrhiid
Reinforced ' same alloy of AAAC '
for
4J AACSR :- Aluminum Alloy Conductor Steel
resistance'
befter mechanical properties and corrosion
Reinforced ' outer strands made of
AAC
5J ACAR :- Aluminum Conductor Al' Alloy
properties are between ACSR
alloy while the inner is made by AAAC conducto$'
and AACSR

Power Techniques Enoineetina - Dr Azhar M AI'Rqwi 4

Al-Mllmon College t)epartment of Electricol
 Lecture (2)
Power systems 3'd Year

Same as ACSR
,. 6) ACSR\AS :'Aluminum Conductor etuminun(@lSteel Reinforced '
steel to improve corrosion
but the inner strands are made of aluminum-plated
resistance and to lower the conductor weight'

2,3 Resistance:

the DC resistance is the opposition of the line conductor

to the current flow ' it is
expressed by :

I
Rpc = P

Whichisdirectlyproportionaltotheresistivitypandlengthofconductorl,andinversely
proportional to the cross section area A'

Theresistivityofconductorsisafun*ionoftemperature,hencewhentheconductor
temperature changed and resistance isE y9r9d,
': -5?
\-
Rz = Rr[1 + a1(tz + t1)]
J'"
"-
Where a1 is the temperature coefficient at t1
('C)' this coefficient is associated with the

material used
is expresses as the resistance of one
ln three-phase AC transmission' the resistance
conductor(resistanceperphase)'ItisslightlydifferentthanDCresistanceandcanbefoundby:
>\ Rnr=T
2.3.1 Skin Effectr
current
In high volage power transmission' the +

is :
distribution inside the cross section of conductors +
+ +
' Uniformly distributed >> ln HVDC

' Non-uniformly distributed >> ln HVAC No currenl

.}'i -'i- - Current
tlow
The skin effe cti f flows over
the surface
:-apqcant{99near the s}rtu '
')r r-- aL.
ThiseffectoccurinACtransmissiononly,thereforetheinnerstrandsofconductorshave
largerreactancecomparedwiththeouterstrandsbecauseitissurroundedbygreatermagnetic
flux.Duetothisfact,theconductorresistanceisincreasedslightlywhencurryingalternating
the surface of conductors'
current and the current flow i9 C6r,r-ceniii-ted\at
;j" t tt 5
}{i

Lecture (2)
?ower Systems 3'd Year

The skin effect is a function of:

1. Typeof conductor ( Cu, AAC, ACSR' ""')

2. Cross Section Area of condu ctors Directly Proportional
3. Frequency D irectly Proportional
Higher for solid conductors
4. Shape of Conductor L ess for stranded conductors'
frequencies (less than 50Hz) the skin effect
For small diameter conductors (less than 1cm) and low
is neglected.

2,4 Inductance:
The induced voltage in any conductor is :

d!)
"dt
dtb di
- di" dt
di
= Lx--
clt

Whererpisthemagneticfluxlinkageoftheconductorinweber-turn,/-istheinductanceofthe
conductorinhenry,Theinductanceinnon.linearmagneticcircuitsmaybedefinedastherateof
e

dil)
I:-:-
dL

Whileinlinearmagneticcircuit(constantpermeabilityp),theinductancemayexpressedby

l, =!I
two types of flux linkage, internal and
Each conductor in the transmission system undertakes
external,theinternalfluxisproducedbytheinternalcurrentinsidetheconductor,whilethe
adiacent conductors'
external flux is produced by the current flowing inside
ltotat .7 thte,not * Terternot
Where
I T
7',., x!0-7 Wb.-
2 m

lrrt - 2x7O-7 Irr?

- Dr Ador M AI-Rowi 6
Al-Momon College / Dt)r,artment o.f Elecl.:ical Power Technioues Engineefing
Power Systems 3'd year Lecture (2)

Therefore ,

Ttrt
7D
I (-*ln-
= 2x70-7
4r
D
= 2xl0-7 / In (------,-;
t4 re
-D
\r*,-lli J* .. L = zxt0-, ln (T)
The term r' is thei fictitious conductor assumed to have no internat flux but with the same
inductance as the actual conductor of radius r ,

q,.;r r, = re_r/+ = a-z7i8gr

The term r'is known as Geometric Mean Radius (GMR) or sometimes called self-geometric mean
distance.

The e:qtression (r' = 0. 7788 r ) is applicable only for solid round conductors
Gron-strandedl.
I. Therefore, the inductance per conductor in single-phase transmission line is:

ii-iirt${ie *jdiu

II. Sometimes it is required to estimate the inductance per-loop length. in this case it is
double the per-phase inductance i.e :

.D
L
=*xtu-? tu{ cun)
III. In three phase transmission. finding the inductance per-phase for the line can by classified
into lwo scenarios: r '- \ " '
aJ Three phasci ln-Syumetrjeslspacing lines

J i*t D=GMD= 3
drxdrxd,
---a A

A T d.t
AB
?'i,'3-a; t
C

ts q---.._d, C
ds a B

..-
dj
t dz :

J --l c 1- di S,
GMDA+GMDB*GMDc
// \
w
The acronym GMD is the Geometric Mean Distance.

Al-Momon College / Deportment ofElecnicol Power Technlques Enoineering - Dr Azhor M. Al-Rawi 7

 ,t
Lecture (2)
'.{. P )wer SYstems 3'd Year

balance the
lnthiscase,theinductanceofeachconductorisdifferent:technicallythiswillun
inductances'
voltages due to different voltage drops cause by different
receiving
to
The solution of this Problem is ,1
.
,ulj, tu"LLF:
-' @thelinesattf) tntrin' D.,
Drz Posltron
Position
1

2 2
Io'
lort
D., Position 3 3
Iength as shown in the following D;l
figure.
3
J
This procedure is well know as
:

e n

t
clrer
lines'
b) Three phase S-vnrmetrical spacing
drdz=ds

d
i ,d
o d
a
:.D -- GMD -fi =a

.!.Thelineimpedanceisbothcases(un.symmetricaltransposedandsymmetrical}ines)can
be found by the following expression:
G'lolD\
L = zxLg-? ln{f*n, fllm
Forallstrandedconductors,manufacturersillustrateGMRintab)es,electricalengineers
is calculated
by knowing condudor type and size, while GMD
values
can easily locate the right
from the line configuration'
C4J'

2.4,1 GMR of Parallet Conductors:

,y Of,
tin each conductor)
/7
in parallel (same phase current passes
J., {2 6\Q lf the is connecter l
conductor
,hollow conductor of
radius that replaces the actual conductor with a
the GMR is a'hYPo thetical e same. The GMR is
that the self inductance of the inductor remains th
radius equal to GMR such
esdmated as the following procedure:

- o'On' o'*o*' 8
rr^on r"'r"0" n"non^"" ''
n ''""'"o' 'on"""'nn''""'"n'no"'o "
nf
Power Systems 3'd year reaure (z) f
GMR= (dud12di3.... dr" ).(d2r . d ,-..0r" )......(0"r.d.2.....d*)
1
J
drr=GMRr
dzz=GMRz
?

n
dnn=GMRn

2.4.2 GMD of Parallel Configuration Lines: i _ ' /, ^ r

In double line transmission lines , GMD replaces the actual arrangement of conductors by
ai hypotheticaf mean distance such that thq mutual inductance of the arrangement remains
the

same v-,-
)sJ
v"p

o
b

o a c b

o
c
o o,n
om CC

GMD = (D*,D"b,... D-. ).(Db",Dbb,... Db,, ) .'.' (D,u'D,o ""'D* )

Where D"a,is the distance between conductors (a) and (a') etc.

1,'"
I
'
Examole: Find the loop inductance and reactance per km for a single-phase overhead line consists
of two solid conductors, e ach 1.213cm diameter. The spacing between conductors i s 1.25m.
h?" ' 'c" 'l
Sotutionl:
i'r ' '' \" r-.,,rr-. : ..?*,
' / ':\c-^
D=1.25 m
1.25 m
r_
lP l-)e \r ) .Yl,
r = d/2 = 7.213/2 =0.5065 cm 1 273 cm L__ ;OD
Since both conductors are solid and identical ." GMR = r' = rx} '7788 = 0'4723 cm '

For loop conductors:

D 1.25 uH
L = 4x70-7 ln (
GMR
)= 4x10-'l"(OEfu) =2.23 m or 2.23mH /km
'/r!\;vrvr $-:'J. "'
Xl = \trf L = 2xnx50x2.23x10-3 = 7 O/ km
-bt'',
d\)-/-v
EuFz\\
9
 Lecture (2)
Power systems 3'd Year

Example:ifwereplacetheconductor(bJoftheaboveexampleintol.Scmdiameterconductor'

Find the total inductance and reactance

,, =r-- rrx0.7788 - 0.5841 cm

o.7scm GMR2 -

Lt = 2x!0-7 ln ( o.ilzgxto-z ) = 1.115 4 or LtLSmH /km

7.?5

Lz =2x70-7
L.25
ln( 0.5841x 10-2 - 1.07 'uHor 7.07 mH
1-
mKm
f"11lS"S^LS = 1. tt1 + 7.07 = 2.185 mH
/km
1u ,^\ Xl = Zttf L = 6'86 A/km
= 2xtrx50x2.185, -\
t/D -

the line conductors

Example: find tle total reactance of a 15Okm three phase transmission line,
the line configuration is equilateral triangle as shown below
:
are 1.6 cm diameter,

d=1.2m t.
4,i '.d
l=150 km c d
b
Solution:

GMD =',1&&d = d - 1.2m, 5yp = !xfi-2x0.7788 = 6'2304mm

-j r =)xt0-7 mf#nl = zxt0-1 t"(uu#*; = r.052mH /phase/km

td */.t )>)
11/R. --t -n XL=Zttf Lrxl - 2x7rx50x1'052x10-3x3x150 =.148O
line if the line conductors are 1 4
Example: find the total reactance of a three phase transmission
below:
cm diameter, the line configuration is horizontal alignment as shown
5m 5m

1 4 cn)
Solution

GMD =
3
d.o6xd.6rxdo, = 5x5x10 = 6.3 m
con)'<to' ii"^*i
q,t;d ;v',,'ti i. 1.4
| xfi-l x0J7 88 =
<*-J,i g yp= 5.4516x10-3 m

)rl.) fl' ,J GMD 2x7O-7- I" ( 6.3

lz rt, R On\ L = 2x70-7 m r#) = l+srfu=) = 1.41 mH /km

t rr, 4j'a
i,!.,;,','" Al-Mamon Colleoe / Depofiment of Electrical Power Technioues Engineering - Dr Azhat M AI'Rowi 10
 Power Systems 3'd year Lecture (2)

Example: Find GMD, GMR for each circuit, inductance for each circuit, and total inductance and
reactance per meter for the following two circuits tlat are run in parallel. One circuit consists of
three 0.25 cm radius conductors. The second circuit consists of two 0.5 cm radius conductor.
9m
a
a
a
6m ,"[
rT
, i' b
{. b
b
m 6

c
\ r_.c

Circuit A Circuit B
Solution

m=3,n'=2,.'. m.n' = 6

6
GMD = (D oo, D o6,)(Dyo, D 66,)(D ro, D
"6,)
/l k4)( tSrto'gl)
-r,l 0 * p.lt ) ( tt-C
where
D,'o'=fiou'=9* 19-/43n
Do6,=Do;=Dcb,= 62 +92 =ffim : tb-81

Drr, = ]',22 +92 = 15m

. . GMD = 70.743 m

Ceometric Mean Radius for Circuit A:

f. t' ' 2tet't ,1 z 9
GMRA - ^ D aoDa6DagDyoD 66D6xD"rD16D r, = ( 0.25 x 10-2 x 0 .7788)3 x64 x722

= 0.4t\m i'q, (a''o\U dv*

5rd:f.a ")b,;;r)1
Geometric Mean Radius for Circuit B: dw\ inl*'|, fi
n
GMR, = D a,o, D a,6, D 6, 6, D 6, a, = (0.5x10-2x0.7788)2xd = 0.153 m

Inductance of circuit A :

_ GMD 2x70-7_t" (ffi)

10.743
LA = 2xra-7 m fffi) = - 6.2t2xt0-7 H/m

.f-p \V, Al.Mamon College/ Deoartment ofElectrtcol Power Techniques Enolneering - Dr Azhar M. Al'Rawi 7t
"v o-??il
-Yu
e I
 Lecture (2)
er systems 3'd year

lnductance of circuit B:

Lo = 2x!0-7 h (yt*) = 2x70-?h (#) = B.s03x!0-7 H /m

The total inductance is:

Lr = Lt+ Ls =74.?75x70-? H/m

Islal-Be3carl!e!
Xl = zttf Lr - 0.+622 A/km

{ )+&
:L " l.
o
,t l.l"/., ) the electrical current of eac h phase using multiPle
Most transmission lines curry
e;
u4rY conductors ( 2,3 or 4 ), this configuration is used to:
dt
1)\ azit ,t)
,4., -
efficiency by reducing Corona Loss fty enlarging the
lncrease the transmission

t1', \',P )t cross section of conductors) '

'JV -,i-a-k -q/-P v J
(kv/ml.
\ The corona phenomena occur if the electrical field strength is increased
and then
il h Lo tgel over conductors in transmission lines, this may lead to air ionization
Lot
partial discharge of air insulation.
14vala J
L . J /' '' 2J Increase the transmission caPacity'
*''. '''' *, this is achived by increasing the number of conductors'
.,,3 vy' a-t-^t t

t. o-----t
3-----O
\ a . O. -a
L ''''^-'?
l^ (6#-r-o*n gr''.
L:z' ti7 Two Bundle conductors [1ip!gBund)e conductors
\Quad Bundle conductors

Used in 132kV T'L in Used in Russia ;5 Used in UK

QrraK+ A Iraq
GMRb = GMRxd GMRb =
3
GMRxd2 GMRb = 1.09 GMRxd3

. GMD
L = Zxlj-/ l" (EtqRo) H/m

Al-Momon Colleoe / Depdrtment ofElectrical Pon er Technioues Enoineerino - Dr Azhor M' Al'Rowi t2
Power Systems 3'd year Lecture (2) I
$aCIBE: 3-phase , 50Hz , 400 KV overhead transmission line the conductors are arranged in a
horizontal plane , each phase has two strand bundle conductors , the diameter of each strand is
25mm , as shown in the figure below. Find the inductance per km per phase .

0.3m 25nun
*--->r
+i
a
I
r_>
ta, aa F-
a a I

I
6m 6m
Phase A Phase B Phase C

Solution :

GMD _ 6x6x1,2 = 7.56m

GMR = r', = rx0.7788 --+4///"t.7788 = e.735mm r'tokai

GMRb _ GMRxd = 9.735x10-3x0.3 = 0.054 m
#i';i{i",
anftlu s:J:
:. L = 2xl0-/-Ln
GMD zxt1-'lnffi
_ 7.56
= cMF = 0.988 mH /km

-\
+ A\
L"7 le th
J45
2 ,y' e'/
/'
{'cnt ),r/o '^
orT l.r t

>;tu-
'")u t -

r^7v ',fu,P,,g,.Z
JI - \)-'Y r\
q \-, ,''rt Jry''w
\-t-/-'

ALMomon College / Deportment ofElectical Power Technioues Engineering - Dr Azhor M. AI-Rawi 1a

 I

'*'-JtlJ s1tdl frhlll iJl-,,tJ

silrll
ir.l+ll Ojl.i.ll 4S
l* ilill crllits
Jlr.J+sJl -.in f*6

d $
$
D

t.
$ t
I
4-o
t

4!r$t lt
i$^ll LtJr"
J*4 -P) o )

.,. .i
cJrt, t
\
 Power Systems 3'd year
Lecture (2)

2-s-C3paqta!ee! d--:Ir? ,( f
for long cylindrical isolated conductors, the
flux is radially distributed and the equipotential surfice
is also cylindricai surrounding the conductor,
The potential difference between two points in volt
is
equal to the work done (in joule/coulombl
to move a unit charge b-etween the points in different
equipotential levels.

Thus , the potenrial difference is found

by integrating tire
electrical field intensity over a radial path
as in below :

P1
,u = o* =
Ioi,', [oo,' #na. = frm(f,)
D1
where e is the permittivity of the material.

in over-head transmission lines the g

dielectric material D2 P2

used is air, the permittivity of air is

approximetly the
same as the permitivitty of free space
€o i.e the rerative permitivity of air is
= 1.
In this case represents a vortage drop since point p1
' '12 is higher potentiar than p:
) In case of tn'o conductors a, b

a b
fo rh

The potential difference due to the charge

i*--' --.' I
I
I

on conductor a is equal to :

vot(q) = lum!
zIf€ ra
The potential difference due to the charge
on conductor b is equal to :

vba(q) = !t-n!
tfte Tb

I vcb = -Vba - -or Ln-

D
- v"olQ) = ---
Zie T5

ifbothconductorscurriesthesamecurrentvaluesbutinoppositedirection:.Qo=_eb

+ vot(qt) =:qo hD
zE€ f6
@vrerTechniques Enoineering_ Dr Azhar M. Al-Rawi ,14
'Power Systdms 3'd year Lecture (2)

The total potential difference can be expressed by superposition, i.e :

* The potential difference due to both charges is equal to:

o-Do^D
voo=filn- +
filn-
;lab=h^# =#^(f)' =#^h
o-
'uab--- vab

Qa 1T€
Cat
llnh D D
7r€
ffi ln
tlroro

ifro=76=1'

Tre F
Caa
P-* T

or

r --
eaa
-
1
n pF /km
36xln!'!'
This represents t}te capacitance beEween two conductors (Line-Line Capacitance)

where e - 8.BSx!0-12 F/m

2,5.1 Capacitance Between Conductor and Earth:

The capacitance between conductor and neutral {Line-neutral Capacitance) is double the line-line
capacitance, therefore Con = C6n = ZCon

a B

----il- -.- I - --t t-----

cAs Cgc2C6 Crn.2Ger
2ne
Con F/m
P,
or

Con = pF /km

Al-Monon College / Depgrtment of Elictrical Power Technlques Engineerino - Dr Azhat M. Al-Rawi 15

i;l
 Power systems 3'd year Lecture (2)

' 212'!apaff!ance of fhree phase fra

The capacitance to neutral for three-phase transmission lines can be estimated by the following
formula:

,,=
#rynF/kmlphqse
Charging Current Per Phase:

Ir=jaCoVun

Examole : Find the capacitanqe between conductors and the capacitance of each conductor to
neutral for a single phase transmission line, 10km long the diameter of each conductor is 1.213cm ,

the conductor spacing is 1.25m.

Solution:

GMD:D
ft€ nx8.85x10-12 F
Caa
. GMD . r.2S - 5.27x10-12
m GMD ;Jv
a ln- T ''' 1^-2l3x1^0-2
jJt
2 t.L .-/
1 tu- t'/h
- or S.ZlpF/m L a f/n
(:rL- t or 5.2Lx10-31tF/km 3 ^
,ri nlf. _
t-Lfi
"o Cqn = 2Ca6 = L0.45x70-3 ttF /km
for L0km

Coo = 5.2lxl1-3x10 = 5.21x10-z 1tF

Con = L0.45xL0-3 x10 - L0.45x1'0-2 ttF

y'L
,o
.4.'
(t
v6t 4 V
()u (

Al-Mqmon Colleoe / Deportmeft of tlecticol Power Technioues Engineering - Dr Azhar M AI'Rdwi 1r,
 Power Systems 3'd year Lecture (2)
*?- r\
. Exanrple.: a 220kV,200km ,3-phase rransmission line, the conductors are aligned on the corner ofa
t iliffi rvf tit 6m, 5m and 12m sides. The radius of conductor is 1.81 cm. Find the Spacitance per
phase per km, capacitive reactance per phase, the charging current and the total charging MVA.

Solution:
,J"ag-o
Capacitance Per Phase :

7
cn pF/km/ptnse
].BxlnGMD
r
GMD =
3
6x6x12 = 7.56 m t.8lzm

l-
A ,.Cn
7.56 -e.2x!0-1 \prrcn\
l9xln 1.81x 10-2
\-
'a,spt lt tit*

Capacitive Reactance Per Phase : e"9"2tt"a,2t q )St

< oaa. r li-^c .J'
o C = 9.2x10-3x200 = 1.84 ttF p>t t)tb tt --,7) u;L
7l
x' - rirf - 7730 a/phase
c 2r,"xso><1s4x10*
Charging Current :

I" = j a crvo, = 2xnx50x1.84x to-"x22 xrc3 - 73.42 Amp/phase

V3
Ka''l.
Charging MVA:
Q -\11V I - ^11x220xL03x73.42 = 27.9 MVAR

2.53 Capacitance Bundle Conductors:

Using bundle conductors, the term r is replaced by rD . the per phase capacitance is then becomes:

1
L't- ur/**
ta*@
for two bundle conductors rb = .'lVxd
for three bundle conductors rb = 'r/lW
for four bundle conductors rD = l.O9x\lrxa3

Al-Mamon College / Deportment ofElectrical Power Techniques Enoineerina - Dr Azhat M. Al-Rawi L/

, power systems 3,d year Lecture (2)

Example; a 400 kv, 3-phase transmission line, the T.L use two bundle conductors per phase
horizontally aliSnment, radius ofconductor is 1.6 cm ,the bundle space is 45cm, distances between
the center to center of conductors are 12, LZ and 24 m.

Find the per phase tapacitance

Solution :

7
ctL 1tF /km
lBxLn -vr
GMD

GMD _ 72x\2x24 = L5.72m

rb =,,/vid. = 1.6x10-2x45x10-2 = 0.0845 m

1
cn- L5.L2 = 0.0107L ttF/km
18xlnOTB45
H,W:

Find the total reactance (capacitive & inductiveJ

l-L t,
Find the charging current
o--o o
Find the charging UVen
r-L"
I /.!
Ll6 LtA

Al-Mamon College / Department of Electrtcat power Technioues Enoineering Dr Azhar M. Al_Rawi

- 18
\
.4 Iv

rt
r
,Pt .1
g.ltlt 'o'-*llJ eJttll #lrill 6-,11.,19
ir.t+ll ar.Ltt 4,tIS

'
t)

(rx 4Jt+-l(lll i-;.rill *lalE L,rir fl"!

d $ I
$
D

----4.4

ra t
t
4.0

lijrlt lt
iJl.oll U,Jr"
Lt -P) a )

.l ra
cJ$" a
_-- /1,
-Jar^---f\\-'-->

& ,t4l'
o
Power Syslems 3'd year

,y'r')
Lecture (3) I
1) i Performan4of Trans Z
:
Transmission lines are usually classified as :-

a) Short Lines - When the line le+gth is less thanB0 km

b) Medium tines - When the line length is between 80 to 250 lott

c) Long Lines - When the line length is more than 250 km

'. ,Wt '. '
3.1 ElectricalrPerformance of Short Transmission Lines

r When the length of a power line does not

-_-------.:- exceed about B0 km, the effect of line
capacitance is very small and can be neglected.
. The T.L. is represented by its series impedance, so that the current has a constant value
along the entire line length as shown on the figure below:

F xr
I

lEl
v6 vB t8]
ul
a

{* 1

' Generators ahd transformers can be represented by tleir series impedances'

For short transmission lines:

t _t
ts-ri"-tL-, _t l.Il
-t

6=V,+i,z Q)

For any two-port (four-terminal network) the relationship between iBPut and output
quantities could be described as:

Vs = AVr * Blr (3)

Is=CV,*Dl, (4)

In equations 3 & 4, the coefficients A, B, C and D are called tu)o'port parametcrs (or two-port
coefficients). Those parameters are :

* Aand D are dimensionless (have no units)

{. B in Ohms (A)

-DrA I
AI
 Ledure {3)
Power sysiems 3'd Year

.i. C in Siemens (Q-lJ

Eq. 3 & 4 could also be urritten in a matrix form as:-

(s)
f,;l=tf ilffi]
that for the short T'L' : A=D= 1 B=Z C=0
Comparing the above equations we could say
then equations (5) could be rewriften rrrrr,
(6)
= [ ?f tfl
eq'
The coefficients A,B,C. and D are re)ated by the following
:

(7)
AD-BC=7
below
(% is taken as a reference ) as shown in
:
3.1,1 The phasor diagram : for a short T'L

VS
>e' *,
.lr,
'ry 4 I Xr-

\ n\0
r J) f
6 A

t
F 1 I
(nri r6l \,7 I
B
0/
L'
6-iscalledthepoweranglefortheloadangle]anditrepresents$eanglebetween%and%,6is
usually small ( 1' to 7' ) for short T'L

0.iscalledthepowerfactorangleanditrepresentstheanglebetweenthevoltageandcurrent,
cos 0 is the pow er factor (normally equal
to 0'B to 0'91

Expan<iing the phasor diagram we can find:

F
0C * 0F (siace 6 Ls very small a)so A, x Q') VS
H
IR B
:.AA+AF--0A+AG+GF $n
:.0C=0A+AG+BH
oF
i'i:$L,+"I(; * IdR@, q"{"{1'siMT (E) o I
-^J'o:j
in stmilar waY *.)rn'n' -
cf
t U- :-+zYY'-;/ral
V, = Vs - I(RcosOt + XLsinO.) (9)
...,
2.
 Lecture {3}
Power SyFtems 3'd year

Whenthepowerfactorisleadingthereceivingvoltagewillbeslightlygreaterthanthe
sending voltage, i.e
I
?0

o/oAVpo^nn ='rffix100olo = 'tff4"t000/o = zero (14)

+ IRcosQ, - lX6in0, = 0
7
R
:. tanb, =
V

* As it could be seen from equations 10 & 14, the voltage drop in the line depends on the
the
power transmitted (proportional to Iine current). As t]re power transmitted is increased,
voltage drop in the line (A[) is also in*eased,
.1. Also the load power factor affect the voltage drop ( as cos@ increases, Q. shall be reduced )
* In many practical calculations and at the initial design stages when the voltages at the
for finding t.}]e
sending and receiving ends are not known, we can use the rated line voltage
approximate value of AV'

3,1.4 Transmission Efhciency

the sending power , i'e
the efficiency of a transmission line is the rate of receiving power over
:

p- p_ .t -_.Ju
,/"q =';=4f,;xLooo/o . ' ".;,i,,-
5tot| 1''''!')2 'u t'"'>')tt
Example; a 3-ph overhead ?ransmission line deliver 5MW at 1ikv (RMS line voltage) with 0'8

Rowerfactorlag.g]tt.thelineresistanceisl.36o.Lineinductanceisl6.5mH$lerphase).Calculate
obtain zero regulation'
(a) Sending voitage and voltage regulation. (b) Power factor ofthe load to

to receiving end to achieve zero regulation'

[c) The required caP acitance to be connected
oia'!-J vr t ,Bi n -t4 ),P.'
[dJ Transmission efficienry.
,\'r)r' r:
\;"Q^'
y v , --A
i ,: C'rr -+D T
Lolydpn:

(a)
/,!'*f{h '
,sl
Y',Q7 A*'
, ,

V = t:0}o /',13 = 635! volt

8-l
l/1
fA o)L Tr' g) f l
F>o: \ ,1= 6
5000
pdeuvered vrin"lun"cosa + lun, -- -.:_- = 328 ampere
= ,11
#ffih= V3 x 11x 0.8

+ lj3l+rz<7tL
A 2 ? 'l s"r,
^(
.,,? stn0 = sin (cos-1 0'8) = 9'6
cosO = 0.8
Xr = 2trx50x76.5x10-3 = 5.784 oltm
. r.5[a1 zO /to /
*Dl cut -/ r/ -t, ,i]
Q/ t); / 4

"//-t
r.6/+,'f-tlt1
 h./ * to ,n;l ttL,;,!'It\,4t
t '< :Jt y<sut n
Lecture (31
Power SYstems 3d year N // JV rrr
)(L"1,$',\ &-, 1

6351 + 328x1.86x0'8 + 328x5'184x0'6 -'-,.o; i'';3: ou

vs V,+lRcos6.*lX6tn6,
7859.27 volt (Phase Voltage) 5i.-;-4tb.t
t) *1t,7;|s,i
x7859.27 13.67 kv .lon
:. Sending Line V oltage ^15
*,sr9.,e L t\- ,)j-.ot)-u'
c,J)/ t -r,'.v ., V\ 'ir
vr-v, 73.61 - Lt x 100 l^bot1
oToLV
vf
x 1000/o
11
23.720/o
;l-'vP'!/l yA;' -4
)-I
{b) for zero regulation bNlt*tov
:
1.Jt
tdn
D
tan'
1.86 I 'l

19 .ZSo leadtng,:. cosi, = 0.947

I

J'1-
a t- " o
4)"'Q'vt'')\? X 5.184
r.d")
voitage droP o n this
the power factor from 0'B to 0.941 result fi ZERO 4*ry'-
eans that improving
,o{{rn6 ec e ivi n g e n d'
achieved by adding capaci
rransmission line. This can be ^rr
is lc' the new line
(in each phase)' the capacitor current
receiving end
c) if we add capacitors at the
I
the phasor diagram we can see
thatt '' ,):' dtl,n.i+i
.urrent is the sum ofboth lc+[r, from
I
-t
1. cos 36'87 = I cos 1-9'7-5

cos36'87
l;:s'[yyr,,
r , ,. rl . , -328cos L9'75 = 278.85 arnpere lc

-.,J 'P "

o t'|",t,
,r(o*n d ttne) = I, sin36'87 +LI sinlgJ9 I [;:l'F.dlff]
' ,9' * ,'4'' *' 900
/ . ,rr) 'u Z/ = 291r anpere 19.7 5
/
36.87
Ic
x,(per hose) p =f * -- = 27'8 ohm

\Jt .D \l t-ZI J .P
-sr'/
c= L45.e
,.
#i= 1tF
97= -C,t jqpll

(d)
t\h\/\ cti:.t,
. v)it,7,tt,tt
AD-Bc-- 1
/' l" ,{
,I
kW T -tro.1
,4'2i ;'w'4.',
Zz"t'^
Prors = 312 R = 3x(328)2 x1'86 = 600
$'
,1U\

;i=s..
*-oC.9
' .:::
'i '9<)t9)dt )
v"rt =
#x1oo96 = 35ffi = 8e'3o/o

-P,""*4
)' '"
l'l)
"n*o,, Homeworlc
?r' \Lot!.,
. y\ytvitt; &+*<S*-,L)t'tr\iu"* L *'; tvl"g
and Design
.3^1r.9,<1Ll pSB & Ex3 7 p5 I in Power System Analysis
Ex.3.4 P57 & Ex 3.5 & Ex 3.6
I r-tr+; I
B.R GuPta

Ex 10.3 to 10.9 p235-239

ia Principles of Power Systems
) ?,',{y-tfo' V.K Mehta'
2t) )
-Dr
| -u 4 l-
/,* itir"."; r<; Ac v ;.Llt
,s?,Y' €rFLvcn
J:,
-;i .;7 *-r,Q t ov,s-Sz'-ttl;=rag - S.rrW 24
 Power systems 3'd year Lecture {3)
I
Exampler A 3-phase transmission line has a resistance per phase of 5 O, and an inductive reactance
per phase of LZ O, and the line voltage at tie receiving end is 33 kV. Determine t}!e voltage drop
and tlre sending end voltage, if the load at the receiving end is 20 MVA, at 0.8 power factor lagging.

Splucion;

Since the receiving end quantities are given, for lagging p,f we shall use equation 12:

o/oLV
Pa..R. + AX x 100o/o
=

Pr = S,cos@ = 20x0.8 = L6 MW

0 = cos-10.8 = 36.87o ,. sin@ - stn36.B7 = 0.5

Qr = Srsin0 = 20x0.6 = 12 MVAR

:.LV= 16xS + tzxLz = 0.205 = 20.5o/o

(3 3)',

% = u,(l + av) = 33x(1 + 0.205) = 39.765 kv

?ufhilo R = 5n f J 7-*.t

IL: ILfu
Vl7 = alkv

Pl ' o't,,
y1): /"0 lltlA

Al-Momoh College / Departmenl ofElecticql Pover Techniaues Enoineerina - Dr Azhor M. Al'Rawi 6

 )
.-y
,t M t",
,'
//16t.; ^

(t, a A// u{)

lt
 .1 s..Hl
,o.-ttlJ
sttdl dJrStl iJl.JtJ
e".hJl &r.LllfdlS
aa
I#hJ+SJl 6;rill et4jfi l*lril flJ

d d $ I
0
Il
-...-._
$ t
4-(

eilll ll"
ilLll #Jr"
J*+ -P) a )

ll tr
cJrL, a
 Lecture (3)
Power syrtems 3'd year

.2El
importance
the length of T.L. increases, line capacitance becomes of gradually increasing
As
solutions can be
and should be included in the line representations and calcul ations. Satisfactory
obtained from what are called the nominal T ond n methods

3,2.1 Nominal T Method

ln the nominal T method, the total line capacitance i s assumed

to be concentrated (lumpedJ

and reactance to be lumped, on

at the middle point of the line (}), and half of the line resistance

each side as shown:

1s N2 &2 ts wxLEh
i

+ lc
EI
ladI
vs tol

I
=c I
Hr
I
i

I I tI

Naukal

Therelationshipbetweenthesendingandreceivingendsquantitiesandthevoltagedrop
canbefoundfromthephasordiagram,thephasorbecomesmorecomplicatedinmediumT'Land
used
the theory of four terminal newvorks is usually

_-l>-f t3'""*
---'ir ---"-: ls TF D
--/-- ,Z
-q" 'R2,
lF
x,
2

h Ic B

For the nominal T method we have :-

)"."II" = /, * l, z. ..
, v,"i';..'? ; Ic = (V, + lrx7)xY
/--4w'-.,
+- 4 -*hrriV \
Susceptance in siemens
(q + =. iwC)t is the line Ad'dmttance or
due to leakage current and corona
ef f ect' assrtmed rc be ZERO
gt slwnt conductance
km ; l: length of T'L tn km
C: ltne to neutral capacitanceper
AI 7
E -Dr
".1-,,".
 Power Systems 3'd year
Lecture (31 I
ZY
: l, = I, +VY + IrxZ'
ZY
Ir=V,Y+1,(7+7) (1s)
I

V, = V,
zz
+ 1,2+ I"Z= Vr
ZZYZZ2Y
* l, i+U.T+ Ir2+ lr n

ZY ZY
L--'- = Ur( 1*T + tfL 1*z- (16)
',
The four-ports network presentation of nominal T T.L regarding equations 3 & 4 result in :

ZY
A=D _L+T dlmentionless ; o= z(t.'*) n; c= Y 3 orlJ (stemens or mho)
In matrix form: f b
1*z
ZY
Z 1+-ZY
4 ) (17)
ffir= ZY l',)
Y r*-u
C D
Example: A 3-phase, 50-Hz overhead transmission line 100 km long has the following constants
:

, ,' , -' ur'd FResistance/km/Phase = o'1 o

..,/ tt
,' trrlL ) ,- . lL4nductive
- Reactance/km/phase = 0'2 O
t -r-,u
. : ), ivv Capacitive Susceptance/km/phase = 0'04 x 10-a siemen
,2\.'.0- )
Using nominal T method, determine (i) the sending end current [ii) sending end voltage (iii)
when supplying a
sending end power angle and power factor and (iv) transmission efficiency
balanced load of 10,000 kW at 66 kV; p,f. 0'B lagging [vJ voltage regulation'

Solution:
'(,
at t;f
/

ts R2 XJz Rra xy'z h

,x
i ,F
t tc o
,Ft
's z' D

:
c loi ls n, '*#
IlJ lB
B

t -a
l

Neutral
t I^

R=0.1x100=10O ; Xr= j0.2x1Og= j20A; Y=70'04x10-4x100 =i4x!0-aS

L -!-r1 Jj" :i" -+--p
\-')' -r JUt' -"l;-'r <'r---+ O

rins Dr A zhor M. AI- 8

Al- ol ent of Electr ues -
i I
 ?tteW- '<. @ ) €- L"-P
' A,_ _rr j U-e @
Powe, systems 3'd year 2 ,- --.r- t, @ Llcture (3)
o
?nLr- );l,1yt'uu,y, P 10.v,,
66
f erance) I' = = loe am'
vr--E
v5
= 38.105400 kV (p hasor re ;
Gili7= E#03
4 = cos-t0.8 =36.80 :. lr = l09* - 36.8oQtolar) =87,28- j65'3(rectangular)
zY (10 +i20)Ii(4x10-4)
A=D=7+7=11:- = 0.996 + jo.ooz
z

( +z]) = oo + izo) [, .
q,4@] = s.sb +,1's.s7 9 ;f,+
B =z
-).?-&'
{e
q+ = | = j4x70-a U';'\t'? ?o.'; 7'';;i @
'4"7.'a:\
tr l[: Air4t';'b
tA"')j' a'j;it;' at a/ Z"z-t 1^:
,rv.
I
ryt?) s;r
(l) l'= QY, + Dl, = j4x7l-4x38105 + (0.996 + iO.OO2)x(87'28 -155'3)"'c+
-- jL5.24 + 87.06 - i64.86 = 87.06 - i49.62 = \0o'24 - 29'680
omp ;,.t$y>:
y's
;4;.x r cc\
(O.gs6+i0'002)x38105 + (9'95 + i19'97)x(87'28 -16s 3)
.Q)V; = AV, + Blr =
= 37952.58 + j7 6.21 + i1092.59 = 40725'93 + il76B'8
+ 2173.35

= 401431!.6680 Q)hase vorto3), _;u?.a,, r s 4?>; i O

;r
rt@(r".,i1.!:gfr,^,'i{L.,. ul--,*o i, Jt;;u ft
:. Sendtng LineVoltage = 40143xJ5 = 69'529 41'6680kV

1.6680 '' --'-"

(3) Power Angle (6) = sending voltage angle
3' 0r iF 9.Rlo" 4s;'
\"e- z.\
P ower F actor cos 0, = cos 29.68 = 0.858
t:rr'e !-s 4) t v 5 cr.d, ,..e
(vr) *-0"-e/4'J, E".t *:
(4) Sending Power (Line Quanttties) = V3 l%lUilcos I' J5 x69.5 29x100.2x0.858
(rv)
10474 kw
(vY--\-ii, \ "a2'*2 "5< '@
'3x40143x100.2x0,858 =t047+kW
or P, (Phase Quantittes) 3V, pnos exl, pnorl"\ cos 0s =
('rrt)
(us)
P- P- 10000
tl =i=ffi=ffi.=e5'47oh
t;r* (*vt )
u:'^r' Z''\AP/ 'o't;lt e't/- @
ts)
69.53 - 66
Vottage Regulation = o, =" W"' 66
5.340/o

AV Z'zir G,
Li.,z 2'*?

Al-Mafion Colle(e / DeDortmenl of Ellctrical Pov)et T'chntoues Eheti'ertn'P ' 9

 Power Systems 3'd year Lecture (3) T-l
3.2.2 Nominal n Method
ln this representation, the circuit capacitance is divided into tvvo equal capacitors located at the
sending & receiving ends as shown in the following figure:

IS R lL {L IB

)'")Y ic? lct l )r/ ,t-

alz qho r
\i" T
, 2) vs u2 ctz
i IEI
ldt vf,
tot
\)/ t

\Q'tr I
r#J y_' \
, r I i
a+
o"//
*,rr, I
* A 1
,/u''ry
The phasor diagram is as shown in figure below:

o Ir-xr-
ts
lc2
B
1L

Ict
Is'.
T

The following matrix form of rr circuit illustrated by the four port parameters as in the following
equation: -_ O 'bYv)\s(; A G
6
)iY
t+-; z
rfl= Dzv (18)
Y (,.+) t*T ]rrr
Example: Solve the above example using nominal pi m':thod

A=D=r-T=0.996+lo.ooz , B=.2--70+j20
(10 + j20)xj(4x10-4)
c=v (t *L) =l+xro-*x + 4
= -4oox1o-e +l4oox10-6
[r
(t) t, = CVr + Dlr = (-400x10-e +i400x10-6)x38105 + (0.996 +i0'002)x(87'28 -165'3)

-0.015242 + i15.211516 + 87 '06148 - i64'86424 = 87 '04 - i+g'6s '

= L00.2! - 29.70
(10 +'i20)x(87'28 -i55 3)
(2)Vs = AVr + Bl, = (0.996 +i0.002)x38105 +
40L48aL'668"
= 37952.58 + j76.27 + 2t78.8 + jtogz.ti = 40131.38 +i1168.81 =
- Dr Azhar M. Al-Rotti t0
Al-Mornon colleee / DeDartment ofElecnba! Powet Trchnioues Enzineering
 Power systems 3'd year Lecture (3)

:, Sending LineVoltoge = 40148>:\E = 69.338 11,668okv

(3) Power Angle (6) = sending voltage angle = L.668o
Power Factor = coS 8s = cos 29.68 = 0.868

(4) Send.ing Power (Line Quantities) = V3 ly"llirl cos0, = V3x69.538x100.2x0.868

= 10475 kW
or P, (Phase Quantities) = 3Vr rlrar"Xlsrn*rx cos 0, = 3x40148x100.2 x 0.868 = 70475kW

D Pi1 000
n = 95.450/o
Ps Pr + PLoss 1 475

(sl
69.53 - 66
Voltage Regulatton = AV =";,"'
vf = 66 = 5.34o/o

3.3 Electrical Performance of Long Transmission Li Ecs

If the transmission line length is more t}lan 250km, the line parameters ( & L, C, G ) must b-e

distributed uniformly over the entire length. ln long tlansmissjon lines,Llumped representation as

in short and medium lines fails to provide correct cu+rent, voltage and power values. Due to this
fact, all line parameters is distributed uniformly over small incremenqlengths (AxJ until / reached'

Selding Ead Re< titing End

Is R,, n,, R.,
."- -..-.. l, .
I
G" t
I
Y,+* C" G" C" G,, C" C,, G Y,P
I

Eq ilval cnt C ir c uit 4tbtS-LL

The A B C D parameters is expressed in hyperbolic functions as in matrix below:

(1e)

7
 4
i; /
t'c s.clrll '''-ftlJ sJtdt dh3ll i;1.16
ir.t+ll ,13.LJl4$
l)
t 4
4#L.J+sll 6-;.$Jt et4jti L.:l #

$ l| $ I
D
t.l

r| t
44

lilrjjl lt
i$^ll UnJr"
Lt -P) a )

.l t
drtt a
 -Power systems 3'd year Lecture (4)

POWER FLOW IN TRANSMISSION LINES

3.1 Po wer Fl Eoua s:

Using equation 5 in lecture 3, the sending and receiving currents of transmission line tan be
expressed as:

L.A
l, =Ev'-EV,
A 1
"B o-Ur,
. Iet V. = lV,lz\ ,V = lvslz| ,A _ lAlza ,B = lBlzp

then t. =#.ru - U, -W.@ - p)

\=ff.{o+6-n-ffi.-s
The conjugates of both currents are:

+--E.rp-D-AJislz$-a)
,;=W.o-a-6)-#.u
The complex power (per phase) at both ends are :

s, =.
p, * je, = v,E = lv)zo x[H.* _ q _VM.* _ a]

s, = p, +/Q" = %6 = tu"tza x
IW.*- d - d) -#*)

Note:

The total three phase power is Three Times the per phase power, this is because each
term of
equations t1l & (2) use a product of two per phase voltages so J5xy': = 3

Al-Mothon Colleae / Depar nent of Electrical powerTechntoues Enaineerino - DrAzhat M. Al-Rowi

1
Power'Systems 3'd year Lecture (4)
I
POWER FtOW IN TRANSMISSION LINES

3.1 Power FIow Equations:

Using equation 5 in lecture 3, the sending and receiving currents of transmission line Can be
expressed as:

1' A
-- ll., -
t-,B -t/
8,,
AL
I,=EV,-AV"
Let V. = l\lz\,V = lvslz|, A = lAlLq, B = lBlzp

then I. =H.ru - O, -W.r" - U,

\=ffza+6-p)-ff.-o
The conjugates of both currents are:

,;=H.a-D-WLG-a)
,; =tor|jYl .$- a - 6) -ffi.p
The complex power (per phase) at both ends are :

S, = P, t jQ, = vJi = lVlzo xffi.fF - 6) -W.* - rl

s. = P, +7Q, = %G = lv,lL6 x d - d) -#.U)

[W.*-

Note:

The total three phase power is Three Times the per phase power, this is because each term of

equations t1l & (2) use a product of Ewo per phase voltages so V3x V3 3
=

Al-Mafion Colleoe / Department of Electricdl power Techniqles Enoineerind - DrAzhar M. At-Routi

1
 'Power Systems 3'd year Lecture (4)

From equation (1J&(2) the active and reactive power of both transmission ends can be expressed
as

r. = I'lyil' cos(p - a)
$fl.,"(, - u, - 13)

Q, =
t|fl ",,,
o - a -tAlVrit' sin(B - a) (4)

* =Ei#-" G-,,-Wcos(p+6) (s)

q, = J1fff,i, ,o - l'rtf;Yitsda (p + 6 ) (6)

"t
Examining equations (31&[4), to implement maximum receiving real power 6 should be equal to B

The receiving end reactive power at 6 = f bbcomes:

o, = -'olTit' ,in(F - a) (8)

Note: To achieve maximum receiving active power in eq (7J, the load must consume the reactive
power in eq(8J.

Special Case

As an approximation. the transmission line is represented in the simplest way, i,e short
transmission line in such that:

A_D=7zo,B=Z=lZlL9
Substituting these parameters in equations (3)&(4J result in :

r.=ff*r1e'-al-ff,,,6 (e)

o,=ff,inre-a>-ff,i,3 (10)

Practically, the transmission line resistance is verv small as compared with the line inductive
reactance, i.e R << X andlZl x Xand0 = 90".Dueto this fac! the above equations (9J&(10J canbe
simplified into the following forms:

Al-Mamon Callege / Deportment ofElectricol Power Technioues Endineerino - Dr Azhar M. AlRawi 2

I

I
Fower Systems 3'd year tecture (4)

D
= l5ily'_l
x
cos(90 - 6)

sin(ci)' (11)

q. -Wy! ,in(eo - 6) -g
-q"=ff,os(d)-ry . (.12),,

Another practical fact, generally d is keot very small due to system stability restrictions'
in other

words cos(d) ^, 1. This may simplify equation [12J into the following final form:

Npls:
.i. Examining equation (11), the maximum active power transferred ( also known as Steady
State Stabitiry Limit SSstJ occurs at 6 = 90", technically the power angle
is kept lower than

g0o to obtain stable system, practical power angle values is beween 30oto 45o

t Examining equation [13J, the voltage drop along the line is independent ofpower angle
5" it
is directly pioportional to the reactive power transferred'

Al-Mamot colleoe / Deoor'/nent ofElectrtcal Poti4r ?echnlques Enoineeting - Dr Azhar M' Al'Rowi 3
Power Systems 3'd year Lecture (4)

Example: a 3-ph l.32kV transmission line deliver 50MVA at 0.8 power factor lagging. The line
parameters are ,4 = 0.9823" , B = 11,0275" A/phase.

Find: d ?
L. Sending end voltage and power angle
2. Power factor at sending end
3. Sending end active and reactive power
4. Line loss
5. Transmission Line Maximum Capecity ti.e Maximum Power that could be transferred)
6. Transmisslon line efficienry
7. Voltage regulation
SoJulipn:

732
V, = ,15-
-76.2120- kV

r. -- 50x 103 =ZtB.7z-(cos-l O.B\ -= 2].B.7z-36.97" A

\Lvr v.v)
l3x1^32
Note: in this type of examples we don't need to represent the transmission line as shor! medium or
Iong circuits since the A B C D parameters is already given.

(.1) v, * BI, = (0,9823')x (76210) + (tLOz7S")(2L8.7 z

= AV, - 36.87") = 95370.62217.35" V

:. Sendtns End Line voltase = **

tu-i#'
- L65.2 kv
J
Power Angle (6) = zU' = 11.35'
(2) The Power Factor = cos1s,es -- 9rs+ 6 . omework: Find ls then cos9r)
(H
. -s 222.-
'J'Iz"-/
2". '
rAyv,rz rv,1vr
(3) applieng equation (5) P" = -i;i.or1p - a) - :-l-::=.os(p + d )

0.98xL65.22 t3?xt65.2
= 110-.os(75 - 3) - 110 cos(75 + 11.35) = 62.S.LMW

apttiens equdtion(6) Q, = 41ff,',,, - ", - ''ill,'',n (p + d )

0.98x 155.22 132x155.2

-116-sin(75 - 3) - --110-sin(75 + 11.3s) = 33.a MVAR Lassins

Al-Mamon Colleqe / Department ofElectrical Power Technioues Enoineerino - Dr Azhor M. Al-Rawi 4

Power Systems 5
^rd year Lecture (4)
I
(41

Acttve Power Loss = P. - P. = 62.57 - 50x0.8 22.47 MW

-
Reactive Power Loss = Qs - 0. = 33.S - 50x0.6 = 2.4 MVAR
(s)

since X xB
i6s:2I132
Pu"' - lu'.]-u'l = - D8.24 MW

since the transmission line maximum capacity is 19g.24 Mw and the actual active power

delivered is 50*0.8=40 MW. ,h" lin" ir .unnirg ra 20olo of SSSL. ,o po-.. flo*i, ,..nr.i..ion
Iine is in safe values

(61

Pr 40
4 x 640/o
Ps 62.51
(7)

AV =
165.2 - L32
= ZSo/o

-x710o/o

Al-M"^""kn"r"/D .]grSIU 5
.:.r' ,

.,'l
 :

,g.
.l' ,/ s.hll '''-JrlJ sldl fttl3ll i;15
,N ,P.z 4
irri.lliills
Ar.l+ll
b
4#b.J#Jl 6;rul crllfi 4*.il pJ

$ $ t
I lr 0

D
I

ti a
I
4.o

liltll ll'
[rt^ll J^
I
-J =.rL 'rt
a

.l t
cJrL, I
 Electrical Power Dept. Of Electrical Power Techniques Engineering 3'd year

Overhead Transmission Line Insulators

d\i, Or L/. ;-te\
The frrnction of insulators is to support- the conductolon towers or poles while keeping safe
electrical insulations. lnsulators ur" o6-,lfi't.a on crossr arm of Bo-les- and towers. Insulators are
66shaniqally strong and electrically no conducting *ra". l#Jt wdtier conditions. A11
insulators have special shapes to increase the creepage distance (or breakdown path) so that it
can wirhstand hisher voltase. i t--t'
-;Lc-,:! vr " t/''rt',-t'
Com.urseJ&9I
7o'l;nru L-t u

f---'
-)-\i),/)
1-
2-
Pin insulators. (conductor at top, used up to 33 KV).
Post insulators. (used for bus bars, switches, etc. in substatiors) --, ; lt!,t i
B!! 80..
r '!4.
,
g-t
84,/

(
power voltage at which the insulator
material or air surrounding the iffiulator surface electrically breakdown or become conductivity
causing FLASH OVER.

4' conductor

insrro tor
e0r-'l n

The actual working voitage (line voltage) is less than flashover voltage by a factor of safetv

t'actor of safety
flashover voltage under srandard conditions +o 1),( /b cfd,s
working of lroltage (line to eotth)across irts../'lator "f,\nl. l*1., -4 t:)
suspension tx)e insulators consist of nu.mber of disks each having some standard voltages 4 s/rt
ratings.

Voltage KV r32 KV link

66 220 KV 4OO KV
No. ofdisks 4-5 9-10 l5- 16
disk

prlr

1
 4r* L;n.. t3L -2 L,'A-' -' d L /"''')
a/r7

Electrical Power Dept. Of Electrical power Techniques Engineering 3d year

);rr y..- --;.e,- -r'.

;^:-r-E J,r.-s
insulebng > IT v \i .,l-.e .l
I,r,--z
a5:1-.rr
ddeclrc
I v
{ Tz
-i,-.-'.

IT v \t
-1
uz
T
\'3

)
Calculatious of voltase distribution

Eleclrically each disk of suspension insulator can be represented as a

capacitance. Under normal conditions, the string can be represented as a
KC C \i
capacitance unites in series. The voltage across each similar disk will be
uniform. But because of the pres"dte of ro*.r?"fJ/ffis in rhe vicinity the
c
voltage distribution becomes oon uniform- -F
l'v-
La C be the disk capacitance and let KC be the shrmt capacitance from link
pin joint to tower metal earth. (K) usually 0.1 to 0.2.

applying Kirchhoff law at point p L t1

In+in
i7.+1=
Lntt
In general i =. j@CV

P-+"!g Find the voltage distribution across each unit of string of 4 disks aod the strhg efEciency
for 66 KV traasmission line. The capacita[ce of the lbk pirs joint to tower metal is t-0% of disk
capacrtance.
Solution:
Ir
<- .{f L1
toal voltage across 4 di-sks stri"S
<*L tsorr.\- F + = 3B.l KV 0.1 cc
F
iz=\*ir
jafiv2: ja(o.L)cv7+ jocvT t/'tu i {Lut+r,o16-t /,t,
*:
l1
c
a
_)

t t1
Vz = l.LVt ........(l )
1

'0-l C v-
R-
It\
c
At poiot Q
Tt liu
\=121-i2
j aCV, j o:(0.7)C (h + V) * j otCV2
-
2
_\F-JL
_rF{ {g'
--.-\ \ : I
t3
tt-a .{ rtJ
I
I
 R
s
'J-
/ --a"u
Electrical Power Dept. Of Electrical power Techniques Engineering year

Vz = !.L V2 + 0.1V1 = L.l(1.1V) * O.LV1 = !.Jt y, . .. .....(2)

At point R

ir= Is* i3
jacva - j a(o.r)C(\ + V2 * ft) + jaCV, C La Urr*
V+ = \.L V3 + o.LVz I 0.7\
= t.gg y, ........(3)
Wehave VL+V2+V3+V4=#=3B.7KV .......(4)

Vr + L.l Va + 1.31 \ * 1.65 7r = 38.1

Vr = 7 ,53 KV ,Vz - 8.28 KV,Vz 9.86 KV ,V+

= = 72.43 KV
totaL
oolto.ge ac-ross the string
string efficiency =
nxworking toLtage acioss botton utLit x 100 = #-*L, 700 = 76.60/o

_ fldshooeivolto,ge of luLl strtng

. nx fhshover loltage ol one d.isk x 100
ar\.E
Use of guard rins (static shield):-

A large metal ring is placed around the lowest insulator disk is electrically comected to the
conductor. This introd uces additional capacitance and together with the shunt capacitance
makes
the voltage distributi on more uniform.
) \ o". ( ):,\t .i":--'J:2\
Example: a 3 tmits string insulator is fitred with guard ring around the button insulator. The
capacitance of the link pins joint to tower metal and to guard rurg are t5%
and 5% respecrively of disk
capacitance. Find the voltage distribution across each unit of string and the string
efficiency
Solution: ./

applying Kirchhoff law at R

ld0
! Lite
ii-rl'* c4J
( 11\J
-wr. V7 z
-taNo uTto.l
L2 11t \- isz
6\r- l,o
a d-C b,, t'
ttCV2 uCVl * 0.15utCV1 - O.05aC(V2 -f \) C 1i
')!-:\iu*
0.1rc 0-0Jc a
;t{Y o t, 1.05 v2 L.].5 y1 - 0.05 t/: (t) )w q,i--4--19
4,() AtQ o,P*'\.
0.1rc
C
t
+
)" )t
/ a;- C
,r\lt d..r
aCV3
\+-- \
-.--.r
aCVr -t 0.15aC(VL + V2) - O.|SuCV3 [ *;"a;)
ars
0.llc J,\
sgY;.i t.os v3 7.15v2 + o.tsva ........(2) .rle') ta \rl e.\),
fP- /"-'\\----
Substituting [/rin (i)
\ \
( r z -ttg 1 /,;L? a
/rls {-- /?L
.rr&1 '.5'\,aa;;
-+h -'L- iX 1 +i,
,t
3

I Nlal
\il *'u )
I
J/
t
,Dr
,rq
tt- '.- Nf)
 Electrical Power Dept. Of Electrical power Techniques Engineering 3d year

{- t--
1.05v2-- 1.1s t/1- o.os (iH vr+ffvr) = l- l5vt -.0.05, vt - t.l|a v
\r\ ;\r),
slt ar V2 = (7.0345)V1 .(3)

Substitute 3 in 2

1.05 73 = 1.15 (1.0345)y1 +0.15y1 +V3=l.2Z6Vr ..........(4)

Total applied voltages

have Vr+V2 +V3 = lllo/o

7r = 30.3 o/o
,V, -- 31.24 o7o,Vz = 38.54 Vo

strins efficiency:!ff = # = 86.Soh

-ct w/
V'
d' )

't,+ t-01 45 vt I l'27/!t " //0

V + t-oiL.l5tt-t?/)=loo
10t) . ,_ . )/-
(r''ogUS+\.L4/\

4
 .a--4, a/\)
el 84 --+ 3-rz
171-------z w
Electrical Power Dept. Of Electrical Power Techniques Engineering 3'd year
-/) /3\ a ./o
Cables for Porver Transntission

l? *,
The overhead lines for powertralstiission have advanrages of lower cost and ease of connecdon
for,apping,isince conducioiis,b6ie,all along tength) compared with overhead line. The cosr of
c?rble due to the cost of insulation which has to be provided all along the leng& ofconductor.
J.
How the cable has jts own adl'antages over the overhead liles in respect of:
- cS^S t ti-'
r) etc., it's not possible to put overhead lines.
cost.
2) lightning, thunderstorms, rain...etc.
3) The cables can be buried under ground and space above ground can still be used safely

The main disadvantage of cables apart from its high cost is the difficulty of making joint,
tapping and the problems o fdigging for repair and maintenance.
w
U
\_ __,
Constnrctio n of cables F
Basically cable consists of a conductor insulated al1 along length from other similar
conductors and protected from molsture, chemical, mechanical handling and storage. Thus
Lh e main components ofa cable are:
,7 .

1)Conductor: copper or aluminum. Round or triangular shape. Solid or stranded.

2) lnsulation: the main quaLities of insulation are: a) good electrical suength. b) Good
dielectnc to high temporature and thermal conditions. d)
$ithstuna
-A,bility to mo isflrre and other atmospheric pollution
3) Protective covering: the conductors and insulations are required to be protected against:
\a Moisture water for buried cables) by metallic sheath. The metals commonly
used are aluminum- Lead is costly hearry but easy to manufacture. Cables
wbich are not likely to be exposed to moisture an have PVC sheafh inst€ad ofmetal.
t---)
t^b
i?
 L //

Electrical Power Dept. Of Electrical Power Techniques Engineering 3'd year

b) The mechanical damage by providing rmor consisting of steel tapes or rouud wtes.
Protection provided against damage due to pulling, bending, mlling and storage.
c) Protection against attack chemical. abrasion...etc.
r----/
--*\.;i-^*'--'."-.'' ('-:t'
In between sheath and armor ,ul wcll as outsidg complete covering is provided using PVC or
other fibrous material.

( Cables tvpes bv cores:

as
l) Single core cablcs. . r
2) 2 core cables. For single phase ac or dc. l L '
'
3) 3 core cables, for 3 phase balanced loads.
,-'',4 qan'.- 4) 3] core cables, for 3 phaqs an6 rzutral conductor of halfsize.
,.
5) 4 core cables, for 3 phase unbalanccd loads where neutrai conductor has same size as
phase conductor.

Insuletlns mrterials for cables:

The followings materials are cornmonJy used as insulation between cores.

n l) propylene rubber) artificia[y mode rubber, good resistance ro moisture,

-E.P8(ethylene
light weight. can work up to 8f c.
2) P.v.c(poly vinyl chloride), not as good as rubber but cheap, good resistance to moisture,
can be used up to 1 I KV, temperature 60-70" c.
.3) Polflhenc: has good electrical pmperties but poor mechanicai strengtb, used for low
voltage cable requiring low weight. Teznperature raage 40-60'c.

i) e ')J lP-a
*
1 4) XLPE(cross linked polythene) much superior to polythene, lower weight, 1ow dielectric
strengt[ good mechanical str€,lgth, working temp€rature up to 90 e continuous or 250 c
for shon time during fault an short circuit, v€ry suitable W to 33 KV.
5) Paper insulation: work up to high temp€rature, high dielectric strei:gth when
impregnated with oil, low cost.

\J .r. r'2 Methods of lavinq crble3: L

t'5
Cables can be used underground and- above ground. Utrdergro',nd cables maybe
directly buried
in earth or run in cable ducts with coffie,covers. When directly buried low voltage cables
are
placed about 400 mII1 below groun4 while 11 KV cables require depth
of 900 6m minirnlm.
Cables in duct can be placed horizontally or aiong side. Cables used above ground
may be
suspended tom poles or malte run along walls on metal u-ays,to
keep cable safe.

lhe
most important ffi of cable laying is tt t u not be bent less than 6-g tirues
the dimeter of cable. "aUfl.no"rd

E?R 1 gtc poll {1r,. rtE lp(,'r

5
-_-f
ctlufi u'jtt
fa t; tlet(L
\l)
w/y
00 -/0
2.f1
 Electrical Power Dept. Of Electrical power Techniques Engineering 3d year

Capacitance of cables:

In cables the capacitance betv/een condustors as well as between conductor and ground is much
more than in overhead lines when cable is energized the current flowing in this qapacltance ig
called charging current and this can bq quite, high for loug high voltage cables.

Capacitance of sinsle core cables T -'

consider 1 meter length. The charge on conductor be +e, the charge on sheath will be -e.
The flux deosity D at distance x from *" =
fi C 1mz
\! | o
"^ro
,t I

The electric fieldiqtloi.r, i t*

;)." ,
= # = # u

.1
Over the soall elem€,nt of insulatioo of thickness dx

The voltage drop= Edx

Total rloltage between conductors = I! r a* = J:

# i * =
'rt
#A lnl'v
Capacitance per meter c =
?=W,
=a
Exsmple: I'nJ?

3 v- A single core cable 2.4 km long rated for 6.6 kv, 50 Hz, has a conductor diameter of 1.77
crn and
\. irsulation thickuess of 2.032 cm, the relarive permittivity of insulation is 3. Determine
the
,,
oo
.t,,,-. cbargjng KVA in thc insulation:
.l "
.
,\--)-..----:: -
b''L/' solution'-'o1 ") D l-17

ffi*o,**,,7o.uJ?
V -rsi, kne59
R = 0.887 * 2.032 = Z.92lcnt R 1
'/^"rrr=ff=Lu x 10- 10 F

h# ht tkn e!

-/A X
VL
1- r i'ipt, J' A

L?./6 . c-A'L"ri l,^) )

ul:l 01/

7 I h{'l
x airY\;-t- (K
zv'v-=,"
k
Ct \ t.t
.'.V-1.r'
),'
 t- / //) 2./

2rT 6
t.-
J
y.

,/ x //o
\,,. 3

C\

3/ {/o
Z

7
2
 I

Electrical Power Dept. Of Electrical power Techniques Engineering

3'd year

Caoacitance of 3-core cable

J"\+a44_o
sJtarw JJ\
C.
-.-'--'>

3c"
-l,h cr1
4hDu
Ce
T. C
t/
C
+v!'";,
'q@"

This is more difficult to find anarlticaly because of the croseness of

conductors. The 3-core
cables have capacitance between each core and sheath. By star
delta transformation. thi.s can be
shown to be to be equivalent,

8
I

s&tl \tlg s&|l dt ltl t;ltr

oL1 ,o) t .hll OJd.I trg
..) .11
0,- lh eon4 qitaJ1ltl i.Plll €*r& 1,*.h e.f
fro jr) fon
)//
,
^
Concl,.n6ion
i
( ,'zt'tc'Z1l
f $ I
D
J' 3"--sr e* ' i"L,";*
,/
"d3 )jt-:l =r"c\ '')a*
]Jr
r,| - 7wu-
I
I
4-c

EJJEII IL
)

6rUl uur^
I

-,rf\ s\:;\" , ar
drte I
 7
r
6
/1
?/
'd r
Electrical power Dept. Of Electrical power Techniques
Engineerint 3rd yea r

)f'\,,* oFL,

lntroducflon
Faul tA na lvs is
'4p4v
ov 5 hoyl

t)t?'/w!v/v
e
The first type of faults is balanced
(or three phase) fault i s the
one when all three Imes are
*W'i,).-
shoned to ground. It is usually
They are the most common
rare, but can happen. Second
type is un balanced faults ,Lu+',Ld;
g r;-i'l
$,pes of fault and they are thre€ types: s lineto- und
faul linelo- line and doub le-l me-to- ult
When a fault occurs t ls lmportant
properly set the breakers,
to iso late it by openi ng protective
the magnitudes of the fault c breakers. To
the major p oint ofstudy Fault urents need to be known. This is
Analysis.
The life of a fault can be divided
;;a1.4i L The sub-traasient period which
into the follo wlng times which
lasts for only a few cycles
occur in sequeDce:

J.),/')7 2. The transienr period which

3. The steady state period which
lasts for a much longer period (tens
lasts till a major change in the
of cycles)
takes place (like a circui t breaker tra nsmission network
openi n8 or a line failing)
The magnitude of the current
ln each period needs to be
to operate at the right time known so as to program breakers
1- Balanced Faults (Three-Phase qhd.
Dur lng a three-phase fault, the Fault 7

time varying quantity. It is lo,Etwrt 45

tm pedance of & generator rsa
Xiin the sub-transient pen od (one to four
cycles), X; in the transient period (about
cycles), and the synchrono us
reactance Xa after that. Which
one to use depends on the
30 Drt'rr'rL'i
purpose of rhe study. Ke ep
in mind that the sub-transient tPb "ti
to the small size of
Due to symmetry, the three phase
currents can be very large due
t
9tz'r'' "'
currents during a symmeEical
fault can be solved us lng
qb,.U/
ordinary circuit &eory. In this
cSse we use Thevenin's Theorem
to analyze the fault.
The pre-fault bus vo Itages are

O
\, ?r Loads are converted to constant
assume iqual to I pu.
impedanc€s to ground using
The faulted network is reduced the bus vo.ltages.
into a Theven in equivalent circuit
faulted bus. Appl ylng Thev vi ewed from the
enin's theorem, changes in bus
a Bus voltages voltages are obtained.
d unng the fault are obtained
by sup erpo sition of the prefault
and the chan ges ln the bus bus voltsges
vol tages computed in the previous
a The currents step
during the laul t may now be
obta ined in all branches of
system. the faulted
y,i .:/? Exa,mole
linqLU 'w'
zt /
The one-line diagram of a three bus system
represented by an emf behind tr,. is shown below. Each generator is
t unri.nt
base and for simplicity,,
i...i;;;. iiih;drces are in per unit on a
lrJ#J.l resir,.r.., *. iigr..rcilil. io,orring assumptions

d"
J

ilitiTgitrf f,ii1""1f,,i$:riffi ,tn;",rri:r,l

lt with impedance Zr= 0.16-puiccurs
(b) Bus 2. (c) Bus l. on (a) Bus 3.

24
 Z-\,*t d. @4 /.ulL . v -,it
6)-o'(,(,,,,""',, t1:! ;y' ;t2--ns'
Electrical power Dept, Of Electrlcal power Techniques
Engineering 3d year
jo.I -->
t
to.2

e X { Kb ?o
K
3
7. to.1 J0.2
r\ ?"
j0. s

I 2
\R.
K
I RbR4
i0.4 j04 ko t(trRc RoRb
R --_.-__-
Ra. IiL r R C
Solution: (a):-
3
r2 Ro R"
Find Thevenin impedance seen at the
RatRLr
faulted bus.ltccording to Thevenin
change due to the short 's theorern, the
sircuit is equlvalent to that caused by
Vl=Vl (0) with all orher sources shorted, where V:(0) the added source
t+7-t3 J-' 6\ (where the fault will occur). i s the pre-fault vohage at bus 3
1 o

;,; To sol ve for this, the delta is first

)- changed to an equivalent y then
fig*" beloli,. the circuit is as in
5h..!
c<.v >hqt t-
'/
v ).fq
J0.2 j0.4 d
\42
j0.8 SfaY lt'>
J G .L tt?v'
j02 j0.4 I 2
G4 fr2 jo_.. '3 t-1- , \
,5
/t \--P
j08 t9 Ji",.vfrrJ Jr?i
p,7 )'r/ jo'4 j0.{ Y
.--, n'L4
j0.?
ox
j0.4 ,P out.2 n*v j0.r
.t0..r

i0.t ,0-}{
i0..1 r(0)
\-r-F -\ J

\"U? f a"1r 3

r
trr]
7
t - j0.16 4-i0.t6 -i ,",l
-l
A lo"tb &-jo16 zf j0.t6 q-)0.t6

Ztn j 0.34 /lba,orv.fua) )|i,

vro .4
1
4(F)
I zt\* Zr =l513;]7.ru- = -l 2
j 0.6
t_
tG1
j0,4 + j0.6 13(F) = -J7.2 pu
- l**
L-t/L,,r\
, = j0.4 /r(F)
1..
j0.4 + j0.6 = -i0,8 pu 0 1- U q
J 1J : Je./
25
Io .\/ l o (

TT
0
6. L\
cgrqnt );o,ApL

Y^, t/'!b;*l
, O\r#f O -.t,(O-tl
o -.1 + o .q +o-g
o.l
 \
Ay l^;u t:
,"J
( 0)
-[u' /(
,.].,,-t\
t
<'
iwrr 7
j
'J-----'Y
.),r''-.\r't -* \ ) '"rt/
Electrical Power Dept. Of Techniques eering
E 3d year

Now we find the

AY, =6d uo.z -
-uo.4 so) j ji:..J
^v;4
LVz (/0.16) eiQ - 1= -0.68 pu ]"" -
Adding these changes to the pre-fault values we have the post- fault
voltages thus:
[(F) = vt(o) + A\ t-
l
= 0.24 = 0.7 6pu

y";, V2@) = V2(0) + AVz = 1- 0.32 0,6 8pu

v3(r) = V3(0) + Ah =
=
0.68 = 0,3 2pu
the short circuit current in the lines is:
1- )
I
Z-

ILI(F)
v1(F) V2(F) 0.76 0.68
-
-
zrz =
lF.
- .\
= -io.tpu \
\
)-,
--o-/ r
v{F) -h(F) -
,V
0.76 0,32
[3(F) = =- = _j!.!pu I
Zts j0,4
r",rrr =@- %(F) 0.68 0.32 - q
Zzz =- j0.4 = _j0.9pu
J

Part (b). The pre-fault circuit is shown below followed by

the Thevenin equivalent then
the reduced circuits. These are shown below.
$, a
jo: F.a
t'"L lL':rt
,0-. \Ug c't.r
joJ i0..
J0.1 j0.{ I
1o-E e j0.8
&t2
I
b/ ,
7

J0.4 Jo-{
,0.a
-r
Zr. i0. tS
0
E) Zt- ,i'*l Zr-.,0-ld

2,rj016
,J.'? t
fov
g"1r o, 're
I d3y it
,,,1 The Thevenin impedance Zoat the.faurt point is givenby jo.24.The
fault current is given
by:
2,olv.',
5^*+Jfu
I.@=m=ffi;-iz,spu
I This cunent divided bctwcen the two gencrators as follows:

Ia, =
i0.4 6^," J
j6;;;5*ir(F) = -i7.0 pu
i0.6 bt ULr'
t ez = jdiTj16t2(F) = -i7.5 pu )O'
L4
26
 4.
A"u ll. 7* v:--
,4, grt I

Electrical Power Dept. Of Electrical Power Techniques Engineering 3d year

Now we find the chanees duc to the fault as:

Atz, = s -[U6.rr(-jio)]= -o.z pu :/A-)rP
,-
5 Av, =J00.16)(-j2.s)l- 1 =--0.6 pu o -t-
6 .rj
r
av, = -6 2 -[0, o (S)]-r.;it
By superposition we find post fault voltages
Iu1(r) = Yrlg; * Alzl = I 0,2 = 0.8pu -
- *
V2(F) Yr1g1 AV2 = 1 0,6 = 0,4 Pu -
h(F) = Yr1g1 * AVs = 7 0.4 = 0.6 pu -
And the shprt cfcuit current in the lines is:

Irz(F)
v1G) -vzF)
0,8 0.4 - jo.5pu
Zrz jo'8
vL(F)-h@)=W=
I13(F) =
ZB jo.4 -j0,5 pu
1(3G) -vzf) 0.6 - 0.4
/sz(F) -jo.5pu
zt, j0.4

*t7^// In the same way we find part (c) [currents equal -j0.3125

g)t
>p\ "\,
Fault Analysis Using lmpedance Matrix
Network reduction by ThCvenin's method is not efficient because it is difficult to apply to
large networks
Examplel
o
Resolve ve exam ple by the impedance matrix method:
.!v Z, ) o'?-
0-, I ;04
U f,s
@=
j1.2
4,7

2,s0 j2
t,25
j6.
j2.so
2.50
js. Q:r
\ ).r
@
-F.
I
e
t't-
(-)
<-l )0 c
@= I bus
0.16 j0.08 j0.12 J ,aN I i0 ,l >L Z
\tt |""\rt L btts - 0.08 j0.24 j0,16
0.L2 j0,16 j0.34 --2 >L'ta-
'lt, ls, \ts I/s (o) 1
\ t1v er't rrray'r*
r3(F) - 43 + Zf j0.34 + j0.16 -j2pu ' n o)o^ *)
I afdu.,
rl.. v1(F) - v\q- z$h$) 1 - (/0,12)(-j2.0) 0.76pu
ad zrala,-t<. ' J t)
4/
6,'h fr rtJ, ),"qton
(10.15)(-i2.0) - 0.68 pu
vt, v2(F) - v2@1
v3(F) - V3@)
- Zxlsr') = 1 -
- 43\61 = 1 - (10.34)(-i2'0) = s.32 o' . , l\\ J-D,,

.L-t
"'t \\__r
1t'"r i..J

) L-- -iL \ -it--t- 1 t'ts

'1v",
7';3 )o

\
-l-Lt _-L
I -u ') 2.5 \ 'i z's
.^r;z-"n';-rS
i nrJ
\
 Electrical Power Dept. Of Electrlcal power Technlques Engineering 3d year

Short.Circuit Capacity (SCC)

The short-circuit capacity of a bus is a measure of the strangth
of a bus. Cis
defined as the product of the es of bus vo and the fault c It
ls to size of and to size th e at the bus. From
the above definition we haye for the short-circuit
MVA at bus k:
5LL = 3VLKIK(F) x 10-3 MVA
k tne vo is Vu is in kV and I(F) in A. The symmetrical three phase
'rtf given. by

hrN Ix(F)r, =$9

/'kK
where 4(o) is trre per unit prefault bus voltage and
Xr. is the per unit reactance at the
point of fault. The base current is given by
SBx10

w
lB
y'3v,
B s base MVA and Vs is the line to line base vo Itage in KV. Thus the fault
ere ls
Ix(F) =l
, x 10

x Xxx y'3v,
. /t Thus we have for the SCC:

SCC
vK(o) sBvLK t/..
= Xxx Vr
If we the base voltage is equal to thc line voltage (i.e
= yr;6e1
as-sum^e
[s
Xxr
The prefault bus voltage is usuall y assumed 1.0 pu,
thus we have the foll owlng
xrmate tion for the short circuit c&paciiy or short circuit MVA.
SCC
I
Xrx

cV-*) G J\
J-u;, )

----<d!>^
k-R---

28
 Electrical Power Oept. Of Electrical power Techniques Englneering 3'd year

Unbalanced Faults

z?rMA l- Sin Line-T round F' ault (L-G a ult)

This is the most common fault on a three- phase system.

the figure the fault occurs between line "a" and ground through a fault impedance
Zr".

The boundary conditions at the fault are:

V. = Z1l3 1

I,*
Z/rVL. )l bY It = Ic = 0........ 2

*at'f 1
But we have
[#] ,ti
a
a2 {rtll t L-0

,t-
4rtf ;,/r,r/ '- =l 3
lsf,ba
@ro 1o =
313 ......J F- '.-
Thus the three symmetrical somponents are equal and each is equal to one+hird phase ,a,'
current. )
Phase "a" voltage in terms of symmetricel components is:
Vo = Voo t v; + u; ..........................4
Substitute 1 and 3/ in 4
4lfrdl d,, Z + 1
+ o ttl
'oo'4rt'" ,.,,,41
-L

L/,r-,- C We have ( V; I" .L

liw -o-zon\
voo

) t, Zrnl I = -
3 I a?a
/L 5
Ia
ltzor=0-ZrE)
Substitute 3 and 4 in 5
vo= Eo- (zo + zt + z2)tl 6
''l
Where Zo = Z, I 3Zn, Z L=22=Zs
Substitute I and 3' in 6
Szflg = Ea- (Zo + Zt + Zz) r3.
Rearrange
ro Ea
"- (Zo +ZL+22+3Zi 8
Fault cunent is

a- 3 Ia0
+ 9

29
 Electrical Power Dept. Of Electrical power Techniques Engineering
3'd year

Equations 3&4/ are the conditions L-G fault and according to them the
sequence nerworks ma as which satisfies the two equations.
*ll

z2 I:

t zt

T Io

2' Line-to-Line fault (L-L fault):

The boundary conditions at the fault polnt

are:
Vu=Zrla+V I
It = -lc 2 I.4
Ia=0 ,J
Using 2&3 the symmetrical components of
current become: v.
1

=l[ t
t::t
1
1 i:l[ii,]
Expanding the matrix equation we have:
+
v.

=Q Y.
4 -J--
11 1
*3- (a - a2)16 5
(a2 - a)16
.6
From 5&6 we have

tA = -ri 7

Transform equation I in terms of symmetrical con;ponents we have

j aLb
a
V"L =4tl+Vi 8
1',ut\c11,,5k
Torn
tI"
Vo=V! a
equations for phase voltages
*
Z"
9c r) fL tS Xe ,/*H
Vot Voz

30
'-y' ,:c7tp
 Electrical power Dept. Of Electrical power Techniques
Englneering 3'd year

Va=V!+azVoL+aV.2
uro + a vaL + azu]
Y: =
Hence
,' - 4 ==;:;- - va2)
a)(vo'

(u!=o-zot1\
Wehave J vt=E -ztrrl
li:=t-iiif
u]
tlre values of ani ir2 from 9 and fiom 7 we
e

!s;n8
[ffiPJ?,,-,fl+z21t1i=z,r, . have
-. .... .,.io

E"-(zr+22)4=zr 311
(a 11
(a2-a)(a-az)=3
solve for { we have
,"-V@
,1
-
Aa
.........12
The phase currents are:

jllri]
kh{,.***
la=-1"=(a2-a)l|
= -j'l3lA
u.ing ir,e'lymrn.t i"at compon"nt:.^1i
.,*..lits in- e4uarion 9, thd symmetrical
of voltage (hence phase *1,"g",
ff[il:11n- iy'il*rf"#.ii"",1 at the fault point are
Equations 4' 7 and g are the
terminar conditions for L-L
sequence networks may be faurt and according to them
connected * rh;;;i;;;i.#[,]
[e terminat conditions.
the

zt l1

21 J:

+
vI

Io

+
vo

31
 Elecirical Power Dept. Of Electrical power Techniques Engineering
3'd year

Example:
The r;rie-line d_iagram of a simple powe;
system
sh /n in the figure. The neutril oi each gineratoris
is^drounded through a current-limiting
,Iu.ro, of )1- Tr
A
u.z) per unit on a 100-MVA base. The syslenl Cata
is tabulated, below, The generators are iunning
nl.louf their- ratqd voluge and rated frequincy
on
)1 -= Tr )1
1t t
wlth their emfs in' phase. Determine the fauit
cunent for the following faults:
(a) A.balanced three-phase fault
at bus3 through
fault impedance Zr =j0.1 per unit. 1

(b) A.single line+o-ground fault at bus

3 through f.ault impedance Z1
(c) A line+o-line fault at bus 3 through =.,r0.1 per unit
fault im-pedance 21=j0.1 per unit
(d) A double line-to-ground fault
at bus 3 through fault impedance Z1
=7O.1 per unit
Item Base MVA ratillc- x'
Gr
Yoltage xt xu
100 20 KV 0.15 0.15 0.05
C2 100 20 KV 0.15 0.15 0.05
T1 100 20n20KV 0.r 0.1
n 100 20t220KV
-- 0.1 0.1
0.1
0.1
I.rz 100 220Kv 0.125 0.125 0.3
Lrr 100 22OKY 0. l5 0.t5 0.35
Lzt 100 220 Kv 0.25 0.25 0.?l2s
Solution:
Find the Thevenin impedance vi ewed from
bus 3 (faulted bus)' The dslu trsnsform
Y as in the figure below to a

7- (/0.12s,{/0.15}
= j0.0357t43
J0.525
j0.125 ){J.0.!5
Zu' I

j0.525 -10.0595233
j0.2s j0.25 j0.2i p25
Zts - __F3ii-
U0.lr)( /0.2si
i0 0714286
j0. r35

?r (j0.2857t,t31I i0.3095238 r
l
+ /0,0?I4286
J0.50i2381 j0.15 3
jo?s j0.0lj?14 ( j0.059524
- J0.23

j0.071428

J J

33
 Ele.trical Pcwer Dept. Of Electrical power Techniques EnBineerlnt
3'd year

S-Dt,@
fst!!)
The boundary conditions at the fault point are:
+
V1 = V" = Zr(lb + I) ....................1 I.'o
lo= 0 2
From equation 2

I0 +Q+E=o 3 t
/6&?. in terms of symmetrical components are +
t%=vf+a2vot+avo21 v.
lV, - Voo + aUat + arWJ '..........4

" Vot = Voz

5
Z\ T
Eqn. I in terms of symmetrical components
V6 = Z1(!fl + a2t! + a t|, + tl +at(1+ozrZ)
= z{zti - Il - G)
Va=34 I2 6 I .l
Substitute 6&5 in 4 I: J!
321 lf; = Yoo + (a2 + a) vo,
z2
t
+ +
Z I V: rol
7

( uoo =o-zot1\ zo Jc
We have
I y; = fo - ilil! '.. , ..8
(lzo2=o-Z'E)
Subsritute 8 in 7
fi _ Ea-zttA
- zo+3zf 9
Using 8 in 5
_ Ea-zLtA
n*22
l0
Substiture 9&10 in 2&3
,a
11
-
Ed
...........11
-,.zz(ia+ii
"-,nZa;fr
The terminal conditions ofL-L-G fault are in the equations 3, 5 and 7. Hence the
impedance. seen b y E5 is; z! + *,a rrom this we note that the impendence
in series with the parallel combination oi Z, and
ffi 21
Zo + gZ,.
Thus the sequence networks .un b. .o*".t.J
.r ln *" i,l U" figure above.
Finally rhe fault current is found rrom:

I + =31 12

32
 Electrical Power Dept. Of Electrlcal power Techniques Engineering 3'd year

The positive- and negative-sequence networks are j0.22 rh r)

shown to the right. The only difference between
them in this csse is that the source is missing in the
negstive-sequence network. Hence we have:
Zr -Z -JOZZ
Po*tivr,sr{uocr Nr.atr*quas

Nor',, the zero-sequence network is constructed

based on the tansformer connections and is shown
in the figures to the right, Find the equivalent zero
p.25 ,{
,*j
j0.25

t005
4
n"1
sequence circuit. The result is the simple cfucuit
shown below. ,0.1 io.l ,Ol j0.l

JO.l5
fi017064 s )0,151
,(,lt
tr_t ]t
i
2rro-:equrocr

(a) Balanced three-phase fault at bus 3.

In this case only a positive network will be used. All generators replaoed
by on voltsge
have a voltage of 1.0 per unit, hence the fault cunentls:
Vz"(O) 1
tr =ttq.=ry= j6jfr- -13.12s

(b) Single line-to-ground fault at bus 3.

7go(o)
Ilo = Ilo = Ilo - 21 +22 +20+ 32r
1
j0.22 + j0.2 2+j0.3s+3x10.1
= -j0,9174p, u
tO
lzo ,Za
[1 1 1 -i2 ,75231
Itt
3 i,'
a t3d
ti
@2
ls" a 02 It t3o
(c) Line-to-line fault at bus 3.
1
The zero-sequence-component ofcurrent is zero, i.e. Ija.
rlo=-rlo=ffi
j0.22+j0.22+jl,L

34
 t

Electrical Power Dept, Of Electrlcal power Techniques Engineerint 3d year

=- j7.BS19 p.u
The fault current is:
11 r0
t3a 0
a2a ,1
t3a -3.2075 p.u
[[t]=[ aa2 Eo 3,2075

(d) Double line-to-$ound fault at bus 3.

,1 7eo(0)

z'*$ * 1
1,

;o,zz+-ffiffiffi.
= -j2,6017 p.u

,z -ha(o) - ztq
-----vi--
,o -
1- U0.2?)(- j2.6017)
j0,22
- j7.9438

,s =W= 1 -
1.odl#!-/#01?) = jo.6s?e

The fault current is:

11
[
lirl= a2a r1
r0

U,"l Ir aa2 It r3a

t

t 30.
30.

It
0
4.0582165.93 p.u
4,0582r4.o7
lf=lt+lc=7.9732 290

35
Power Station Simulator Lab.(pST 22OO) i-.-eahJl o9--LrJl e-.S
Power System Engineering q..j LrrSJl i!;rriU I ol.,.i] 4.*rriD A...r9

Experi ment 5
Medi um Transmission Line Characteristics of
Nominal zr Connection

obiect: The object of this experiment is to teach the student

how to
calculate the actuar characteristics of (r) model medium
transmission
line.

Theorv:
For medium length transmission lines (from g0 km
to 320 km), if the
total shunt admittance of the line, usualiy pure capacitance,
is iivided
into two equal parts at the sending and receiving ends
of the line, the
circuit is called the a nominal n. Referring to Figure
(23) to derive the
relating equations. To obtain an expressiJn for'Es
and ir, tt. g"nJ
expression can be given as below:

E, - AE,+BI" (t)
I, = CE, + DI, e)

Ist Rix {r
C1 z 2
Es Y/z Y/z IOAD

Figure (23)
Nominal z model transmission line

The vector diagram showing the currents and

. voltages relationship is
shown in Figure (24). The finai expressions for
E5 and Is can be given as:
 2.In cubicle (4), make the intemal'comrections for the OH REAL
LINE MODEL on the C4.K5 panel as shown in Figure (26). Choose
the 100 Km length OH line.
3rC6 3xC1 3xL 3!R 3rC1 3rCO
I F-tr!lFL_F{F=* L,I

& n *
;.E--€- a
,T ,5
-A,- L3

fr
R
X,,E

Figure (26)

3.In cubicle (6), connect the front panels C6.J2l and C6.J25 as shown
in Figure (14). It is the necessary connections for the substation step
down transformer protection.
-
4.Connect one outgoing high voltage line from C3.K5 (choose bus A)
to the left side of OH REAL LINE MODEL 1 in C4.J2t,and further
one from the right side of the rine moder to one incoming HV line on
the substation C6K13, as shown in the Figure (15).
S.connectone ofthe outgoing feeder in cg (choose the right one) to the
3-phase load bus bar in crO and further one connect the load banks
by means of jumpers, as shown in Figure (16). The load (resistive,
capacitive or inductive) can now be applied by means of the
INCREASE LOAD / DECREASE LOAD butrons.

Procedure:
1. Set the turbine MAN/AIIT switch to AUT, and the generator
MAN/AUT switch to MAN.
2. Energize the system as explained in experiment (2). The generator
line voltage should be adjusted to approximately 400 V.
3. To supply the loads with power from the generator. Open the
corresponding circuit breakers and isolators from the generator to
the load. Remember that this must be done in a cirtain order
otherwise some isolators may be blocked by the logical blocking
unit.
4. Increase the resistive load by pressing the INCREASE button twice.
5. lncrease the capacitive and inductive loads by pressing the
INCREASE button once, respectively.
6. Readjust the generator line voltage to 400 V, using the Fine and
Coarse voltage potentiometers
3
 /z
9€s0'0 -l 1966'0 8920'06 r r00-a699r,'8 Srst'rt r €99t'8 9t-c0'0- L966'0
6000'0i+ /966'0 ,00-e6S9r'81+ t00-a I SS6' €- ,s8'Ll+z'z 6000'0f+ 1966'0
zlLZ + I ( tnx+r A Z zlLZ +r
q f, s v
@yoo r) uapauuot td n{ aJh{
(o) atqel

'(st
py rO ]uexnc pue eEelloa aprs Burpues roJ sllnser pel€Jnclec eql prre
s8urpee: peJns€eur erp uee^qeq ecuereJJrp eql ssncsrp p* .*d*o3 .g
',(po Eurpear lsrg
(sI pw
eLIl roJ prrp sg) luernc pue e8ello.,\ Eurpues aq1 alulncpc o1 (7)
pu, (I) suorlsnbeJo pr' aqt qlr^\ (g) atqel ur piprocar-s8urpr"i .7
.a1e1d "q, "rii
aureu eurl uorssrusu€I
aql ur peprorer BtBp aql tuo{ ue{n (C prru .g .y) s.retaurered
auII uorssrusuer orp roJ
J
umoqs (6) elqeJ uI slep eql ua^ro.I
^\oJeq
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