12.1 Generator Protection 12.

1 Generator Protection
GENERATOR PROTECTION GENERATOR PROTECTION
PRINCIPLE & PHILOSOPHY PRINCIPLE & PHILOSOPHY

Ref : APP14 Ref : APP14

IIssue : A3 IIssue : A3
Last Release : August 2013 Last Release : August 2013

PROGRAM PROGRAM
Generalityy Generality
y
Main Faults and Protection Requirements Main Faults and Protection Requirements
M th d off Earthing
Method E thi andd Impact
I t on Earth
E th fault
f lt Detection
D t ti M th d off Earthing
Method E thi andd Impact
I t on Earth
E th fault
f lt Detection
D t ti
Other Fault Effects and Protection Other Fault Effects and Protection
ANSI Codes ANSI Codes
Protection Selection Guide Protection Selection Guide
Application case Application case
Case Study Case Study

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 2 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 2
 Generality Generality
Main Faults and Protection Requirements Main Faults and Protection Requirements
Method of Earthing and Impact on Earth fault Detection Method of Earthing and Impact on Earth fault Detection
Other Fault Effects and Protection Other Fault Effects and Protection
ANSI Codes ANSI Codes
Protection Selection Guide Protection Selection Guide
Application case Application case
Case Study Case Study

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 3 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 3

SHORT DESCRIPTION SHORT DESCRIPTION

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The g
generator constitution The g
generator constitution
2 Parts 2 Parts
a stator a rotor a stator a rotor

 This fixed part provides the electrical  Also called Inductor  This fixed part provides the electrical  Also called Inductor
power power
 Is composed of a magnetic circuit  Is rotating inside the Stator  Is composed of a magnetic circuit  Is rotating inside the Stator

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The Excitation System The Excitation System

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 Generator Data Sheet example Generator Data Sheet example

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Generator Data Sheet Example

p Generator Data Sheet Example
p

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Generator Data Sheet Example
p Generator Data Sheet Example
p

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Generator Data Sheet Example

p Generator Data Sheet Example
p

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 Generator Operating Diagram Generator Operating Diagram

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Single phase line diagram showing Single phase line diagram showing
generator parameters generator parameters

R jX R jX

IL IL
E VT E VT

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Equivalent
q Diagram
g at Generator p
point Equivalent
q Diagram
g at Generator p
point

E E

IL X IL X
VT ILR VT ILR
IL IL

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Generator Capability
p y Diagram
g Generator Capability
p y Diagram
g

MW MW
Stator Stator
Current Rated PF Current Rated PF
Limit Limit

Power Limit Power Limit

1 2 1 2
1 32O Overload 1 32O Overload
Loss of Max. 2 51P / RTD Thermal Loss of Max. 2 51P / RTD Thermal
Synch
Synch. Fi ld
Field Synch
Synch. Fi ld
Field
3 3 Ffail Alarm Angle 3 3 Ffail Alarm Angle
Current Current

Leading Lagging MVar Leading Lagging MVar

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P-Q Diagram
g P-Q Diagram
g
Inductive Load U I jLw Inductive Load U I jLw

M M
J ch J ch
current of excitation P current of excitation P

I I
P P

u u
i i
P P
i u i u
u u
P i
P i
N Q N Q
M M
Q Q
i u u i u u
i i

Q Q
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P-Q Diagram
g P-Q Diagram
g
load = resistive + inductive Xd I R + jLw load = resistive + inductive Xd I R + jLw
U U

M M
J ch J ch
P P
I I
P P

u u
i i
P P
P i
u u
P i
u u
i i
N Q N Q
M M
Q Q
i u u i u u
i i

Q Q
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 16 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 16
P-Q Diagram
g P-Q Diagram
g
load = resistive + inductive Xd I R + jLw load = resistive + inductive Xd I R + jLw
U U

M M
 = internal
i t l rotor
t angle
l J ch  = internal
i t l rotor
t angle
l J ch
P P
 = load angle I  = load angle I
P P

P u P u
i i
P P
<0 i u <0 i u
u u
 i  i
N Q N Q
M M
Q Q
i u u i u u
i i

Q Q
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 17 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 17

g
P-Q Diagram g
P-Q Diagram
Load resistive Xd I Load resistive Xd I
U R U R

M M
 = internal
i t l rotor
t angle
l J ch  = internal
i t l rotor
t angle
l J ch
P P
 = load angle I  = load angle I
P P
P P

u u
i i
P P
=0 i =0 i
 u u  u u
i i
N Q N Q
M M
Q Q
i u u i u u
i i

Q Q

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 18 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 18
P-Q Diagram
g P-Q Diagram
g
load = resisitive + capacitive Xd I R - j/Cw load = resisitive + capacitive Xd I R - j/Cw
U U

M M
 = internal
i t l rotor
t angle
l J ch  = internal
i t l rotor
t angle
l J ch
P P
 = load angle I  = load angle I
P P
P P

>0 u >0 u
i i
P P
i i
 u u  u u
i i
N Q N Q
M M
Q Q
i u u i u u
i i

Q Q

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 19 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 19

P-Q Diagram
g P-Q Diagram
g
load = resisitive + capacitive Xd I R - j/Cw load = resisitive + capacitive Xd I R - j/Cw
U U

M M
 = internal
i t l rotor
t angle
l J ch  = internal
i t l rotor
t angle
l J ch
P P
 = load angle I  = load angle I
P P
P P

>0 u >0 u
i i
P P
i i
 u u  u u
i i
N Q N Q
M M
Q Q
i u u i u u
i i

Q Q

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P-Q Diagram
g P-Q Diagram
g
load = resisitive + capacitive Xd I R - j/Cw load = resisitive + capacitive Xd I R - j/Cw
U U

M M
J ch J ch
P P
I I
P P

P P
u u
i i
P P
i u i u
u u
i i
N Q N Q
M M
Q Q
i u u i u u
i i

Q Q

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P-Q Diagram
g P-Q Diagram
g
load = resisitive + capacitive Xd I R - j/Cw load = resisitive + capacitive Xd I R - j/Cw
U U

M M
J ch J ch
P P
I I
P P

u u
P i P i
P P
i u i u
u u
i i
N Q N Q
M M
Q Q
i u u i u u
i i

Q Q

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P-Q Diagram
g P-Q Diagram
g
load = resisitive + capacitive Xd I R - j/Cw load = resisitive + capacitive Xd I R - j/Cw
Vn Vn

M M

P P

P P

u u
i i
P P
P i
u u P i
u u
i i
N Q N Q
M M
Q Q
i u u i u u
i i

Q Q

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Generality Generality

Main Faults and Protection Requirements Main Faults and Protection Requirements
Method of Earthing and Impact on Earth Fault Detection Method of Earthing and Impact on Earth Fault Detection
Other Fault Effects and Protection Other Fault Effects and Protection
ANSI Codes ANSI Codes
Protection Selection Guide Protection Selection Guide
Application case Application case
Case Study Case Study

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 24 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 24
Generator Protection Generator Protection

The extent and types of protection specified will depend on the following The extent and types of protection specified will depend on the following
factors : factors :

● Type of prime mover and generator construction ● Type of prime mover and generator construction
(F</> or Max torque criteria (F</> or Max torque criteria

● MW and voltage ratings ● MW and voltage ratings

● Mode of operation (Manual, constant P or Q or PF) ● Mode of operation (Manual, constant P or Q or PF)

● Method
M th d off connection
ti tot the
th power system
t ● Method
M th d off connection
ti tot the
th power system
t

● Method of earthing ● Method of earthing

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Connection to the Power System

y Connection to the Power System
y
1. Direct : 1. Direct :

2. Via Transformer : 2. Via Transformer :

To Field system To Booster To Field system To Booster

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Generator Protection Requirements
q Generator Protection Requirements
q

● To detect faults on the generator ● To detect faults on the generator

● To protection generator from the effects of abnormal power system ● To protection generator from the effects of abnormal power system
operating conditions operating conditions

● To isolate generator from system faults not cleared remotely ● To isolate generator from system faults not cleared remotely

Action required depends upon the nature of the fault. Action required depends upon the nature of the fault.

Usual to segregate protection functions into : Usual to segregate protection functions into :

● Urgent ● Urgent
● Non-urgent ● Non-urgent
● Alarm ● Alarm

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Generator Faults Generator Faults

Mixture of mechanical and electrical problems. Mixture of mechanical and electrical problems.

Faults include : Faults include :

● Insulation Failure ● Insulation Failure

● Stator ● Stator
● Rotor ● Rotor
● Excitation system failure ● Excitation system failure
● Prime mover / governor failure (=> <F> , Power Reversal,…) ● Prime mover / governor failure (=> <F> , Power Reversal,…)
● Bearing Failure ● Bearing Failure
● Excessive vibration ● Excessive vibration
● Low steam pressure ● Low steam pressure
etc. etc.

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Generator Failure - Before Generator Failure - Before

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Generator Failure - After Generator Failure - After

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Fault List Summaryy Fault List Summaryy

Generator or Prime Mover Generator or Prime Mover

Faults: System Faults: Faults: System Faults:

- Stator earth-fault
earth fault - Short circuits - Stator earth-fault
earth fault - Short circuits
- Rotor earth fault - Overload - Rotor earth fault - Overload
- Reverse power - Unbalance load - Reverse power - Unbalance load
- Over-excitation - Loss of load - Over-excitation - Loss of load
- Loss
L off excitation
it ti - Wrong coupling - Loss
L off excitation
it ti - Wrong coupling
- Under-Frequency - Inadvertance energisation - Under-Frequency - Inadvertance energisation
- Over-Frequency - Loss of Synchronism - Over-Frequency - Loss of Synchronism
- Under
Under-Voltage
Voltage - Under
Under-Voltage
Voltage
- Over-Voltage - Over-Voltage
- Rotating diodes fault - Rotating diodes fault
- Hight-Stator temperatures - - Hight-Stator temperatures -
O
Over-fluxing
fl i O
Over-fluxing
fl i

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 31 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 31

Generality Generality
Main Faults and Protection Requirements Main Faults and Protection Requirements

Method of Earthing and Impact on Earth Method of Earthing and Impact on Earth
Fault Detection Fault Detection
Other Fault Effects and Protection Other Fault Effects and Protection
ANSI Codes ANSI Codes
Protection Selection Guide Protection Selection Guide
Application case Application case
Case Studyy y
Case Study

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 32 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 32
Generator fault: Stator Earth-fault Generator fault: Stator Earth-fault

Stator Earth-fault 51 Stator Earth-fault 51

Problem:
P bl Fault caused by failure of stator winding insulation. Problem:
P bl Fault caused by failure of stator winding insulation.

Consequence: Burning of machine core; welding of laminations, Consequence: Burning of machine core; welding of laminations,
Very high circulating current on stator winding and insulation damage
damage. Very high circulating current on stator winding and insulation damage
damage.
May result in a strip down and rebuild of the machine core which can be extremely expensive. May result in a strip down and rebuild of the machine core which can be extremely expensive.

Protection: Earth fault protection is therefore a principal feature of anyy ggenerator protection Protection: Earth fault protection is therefore a principal feature of anyy ggenerator protection
package. Protection selection is function of the neutral connection. package. Protection selection is function of the neutral connection.

Limitation: In general the above applications will provide protection for earth faults on 95% of Limitation: In general the above applications will provide protection for earth faults on 95% of
the stator
th t t winding.
i di F
Faults
lt on the
th final
fi l 5% off th
the winding
i di ttowards
d th
the neutral
t l connection
ti produce
d th stator
the t t winding.
i di F
Faults
lt on the
th final
fi l 5% off th
the winding
i di ttowards
d th
the neutral
t l connection
ti produce
d
insufficient current for such protections to operate. insufficient current for such protections to operate.
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Method of Earthing
g Method of Earthing
g

 Machine stator windings are surrounded by a mass of earthed  Machine stator windings are surrounded by a mass of earthed
metal metal

 Most probable result of stator winding insulation failure is a phase-  Most probable result of stator winding insulation failure is a phase-
earth fault earth fault

 Desirable to earth neutral point of generator to prevent dangerous  Desirable to earth neutral point of generator to prevent dangerous
transient overvoltages during arcing earth faults transient overvoltages during arcing earth faults

 Several methods of earthing are in use  Several methods of earthing are in use

 Damage resulting from a stator earth fault will depend upon the  Damage resulting from a stator earth fault will depend upon the
earthing arrangement earthing arrangement

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Method of Earthing
g Method of Earthing
g

Solidly Earthed Machines : Solidly Earthed Machines :

● F lt currentt is
Fault i high
hi h ● F lt currentt is
Fault i high
hi h

● Rapid damage occurs ● Rapid damage occurs

● burning of core iron ● burning of core iron
● welding of laminations(*) ● welding of laminations(*)

● => Need a fast fault clearance. ● => Need a fast fault clearance.

● Used on LV machines only ● Used on LV machines only

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Method of Earthing
g Method of Earthing
g

Desirable to limit earth fault current : Desirable to limit earth fault current :
● limits damage ● limits damage
● reduces possibility of developing into phase - phase fault ● reduces possibility of developing into phase - phase fault

Degree to which fault current is limited must take into account : Degree to which fault current is limited must take into account :
● detection
detect o of
o earth
ea t faults
au ts as near
ea as poss
possible
b e to tthe
e neutral
eut a po
pointt ● detection
detect o of
o earth
ea t faults
au ts as near
ea as poss
possible
b e to tthe
e neutral
eut a po
pointt
=> SENSITIVITY => SENSITIVITY
● ease of discrimination with system earth fault ● ease of discrimination with system earth fault
protection ((directly
p y connected machines)) protection ((directly
p y connected machines))
=> TIME DELAYED PROTECTION REQUIRED => TIME DELAYED PROTECTION REQUIRED

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Method of Earthing : Method of Earthing :
Limitation of Earth Fault
Fa lt Current
C rrent Limitation of Earth Fault
Fa lt Current
C rrent

Earth faults on the power system Earth faults on the power system
are not seen byy the g
generator are not seen byy the g
generator
earth fault protection. earth fault protection.
F F

Discrimination not required  can limit current to very low value. Discrimination not required  can limit current to very low value.
Sometimes down to 5A Sometimes down to 5A
Instantaneous neutral protection Instantaneous neutral protection
If 2 generators are running in // without step up transformers, grounding If 2 generators are running in // without step up transformers, grounding
must be performed at one only ! must be performed at one only !

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Method of Earthing : Method of Earthing :

Limitation of Earth Fault
Fa lt Current
C rrent Limitation of Earth Fault
Fa lt Current
C rrent

Limit To Generator Full Load Current Limit To Generator Full Load Current

● Most popular.
popular ● Most popular.
popular

● Used for ease of fault detection and discrimination. ● Used for ease of fault detection and discrimination.

● Residual connection of CTs can be used ● Residual connection of CTs can be used
(if 3phase CTs exist at LV side) (if 3phase CTs exist at LV side)

● Can result in serious core damage. ● Can result in serious core damage.
(no detection if generator starts with no voltage) (no detection if generator starts with no voltage)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 38 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 38
Stator Earth Fault Protection Stator Earth Fault Protection

Directly Connected Generators : Directly Connected Generators :

51N 51N

Earthed Generator : Earth fault relay must be time delayed for Earthed Generator : Earth fault relay must be time delayed for
co-ordination with other earth fault p
protection on the p
power system.
y co-ordination with other earth fault p
protection on the p
power system.
y

Unearthed Generators : 50N 51N

Unearthed Generators : 50N 51N

Other generators connected in parallel will generally be unearthed

unearthed. Other generators connected in parallel will generally be unearthed
unearthed.

Protection is restricted to faults on the generator, grading with power Protection is restricted to faults on the generator, grading with power
system earth fault protection is not required.
required A high impedance system earth fault protection is not required.
required A high impedance
instantaneous relay can be used (Balanced Earth Fault protection). instantaneous relay can be used (Balanced Earth Fault protection).
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 39 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 39

Percentage
g Winding
g Protected Percentage
g Winding
g Protected
11.5kV; 75,000KVA 11.5kV; 75,000KVA

xV xV

xV xV
ΙF  ΙF 
250/1A IS(* R 250/1A IS(* R
For operation For operation
) )
Ι S(PRIMARY)  ΙF Ι S(PRIMARY)  ΙF
xV xV
R 33  R 33 
R R
x.6600 x.6600
  x.200   x.200
33 33
1 1
Ι S(SECONDARY)  x.200 x  0.8x Ι S(SECONDARY)  x.200 x  0.8x
250 250
 For protection of 90% of winding; x = 1-0.9 = 0.1  For protection of 90% of winding; x = 1-0.9 = 0.1
Relay setting = 00.8
8x0
0.1
1=0 0.08A
08A = 8% of 1A Relay setting = 00.8
8x0
0.1
1=0 0.08A
08A = 8% of 1A

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Stator Earth Fault Protection Stator Earth Fault Protection

Generators connected via step-up transformer (resistance earthed) : Generators connected via step-up transformer (resistance earthed) :

51N 50N 51N 50N

Instantaneous protection (50N) : Instantaneous protection (50N) :

System earth faults ARE not seen by generator earth fault protection  System earth faults ARE not seen by generator earth fault protection 
instantaneous relay may be used. instantaneous relay may be used.
Set to 10% of resistor rating (avoids operation due to transient surges passed Set to 10% of resistor rating (avoids operation due to transient surges passed
through generator transformer inter-winding capacitance). through generator transformer inter-winding capacitance).
Advantage : Fast Advantage : Fast
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 41 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 41

Stator Earth Fault Protection Stator Earth Fault Protection

Time delayed protection (51N) : Time delayed protection (51N) :

Time delay prevents operation on transient surges

surges. Time delay prevents operation on transient surges
surges.

A more sensitive current setting may be used. A more sensitive current setting may be used.

Set to 5% of resistor rating. Set to 5% of resistor rating.

Ad
Advantage
t : Sensitive
S iti Ad
Advantage
t : Sensitive
S iti

On large machines considered worthwhile to use both instantaneous and On large machines considered worthwhile to use both instantaneous and
time delayed. time delayed.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 42 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 42
Other existing neutral connections Other existing neutral connections
method & meas
measurement
rement method & meas
measurement
rement
Where a step up transformer is applied, an Where a step up transformer is applied, an
earthing transformer or a series impedance earthing transformer or a series impedance
can be used as the impedance.
p If an can be used as the impedance.
p If an
earthing transformer is used, the earthing transformer is used, the
continuous rating is usually in the range 5- continuous rating is usually in the range 5-
250 KVA the secondary winding is loaded 250 KVA the secondary winding is loaded
with a resistor of a value which, when with a resistor of a value which, when
referred through the transformer turns referred through the transformer turns
ratio, will pass the chosen short-time earth- ratio, will pass the chosen short-time earth-
fault current. This is typically in the range fault current. This is typically in the range
of 5-20A. of 5-20A.
Two protections can detect the fault: Two protections can detect the fault:

by I0 Threshold or V0 Threshold by I0 Threshold or V0 Threshold

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 43 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 43

Restricted Earth Fault Protection Restricted Earth Fault Protection

RSTAB RSTAB

64 64

Protects approx. 90 - 95% of generator winding. Protects approx. 90 - 95% of generator winding.

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Connections for Biased REF Connections for Biased REF
2000/1 ? 2000/1 ?

500/1 ? 500/1 ?
P342/3 Relay P342/3 Relay

Terminal Terminal
CT CT
Inputs Inputs

z z
E/F CT E/F CT
Input Input

 Smaller rating machines may have only  Smaller rating machines may have only
one ((neutral)) tail CT brought
g out for one ((neutral)) tail CT brought
g out for
connection connection
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 45 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 45

Biased REF Protection Operating Biased REF Protection Operating

Characteristic Characteristic
3 3

Differential current (x In) Differential current (x In)

=I +I +I +k.I 2 Operate =I +I +I +k.I 2 Operate

A B C N A B C N

1 1
Restrain Restrain
 High sensitivity (5%)  High sensitivity (5%)
K1 K1
 Unit Protection  Unit Protection
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
 FAST  FAST
Effective bias (x In) = Max. phase current + k . I Effective bias (x In) = Max. phase current + k . I
N N
2 2
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 46 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 46
Generator fault: Stator Earth-fault Generator fault: Stator Earth-fault

Restricted Earth-fault
Earth fault 64REF Restricted Earth-fault
Earth fault 64REF

RSTAB RSTAB
64 64

Problem: Fault caused byy a failure of stator windingg insulation to the neutral inside the Problem: Fault caused byy a failure of stator windingg insulation to the neutral inside the
generator. Zero sequence selectivity issue can occur if more than one earthed generator generator. Zero sequence selectivity issue can occur if more than one earthed generator
are connected on the same bus bar. are connected on the same bus bar.

C
Consequence: Th earth
The th ffaultlt currentt iis d
detected
t t db by allll parallel
ll l machine
hi overcurrentt C
Consequence: Th earth
The th ffaultlt currentt iis d
detected
t t db by allll parallel
ll l machine
hi overcurrentt
protection, and each protection give a trip order. All the generators are disconnected. The protection, and each protection give a trip order. All the generators are disconnected. The
selectivity is not insured. selectivity is not insured.

Protection: Restricted earth fault. To detect the fault and stop the generator concerned. Protection: Restricted earth fault. To detect the fault and stop the generator concerned.
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 47 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 47

Neutral Displacement / Residual Neutral Displacement / Residual

O er oltage - Earth Fault
Overvoltage Fa lt Protection O er oltage - Earth Fault
Overvoltage Fa lt Protection

1 1
2 2
3 P340 3 P340
Relay Relay

 (1) Derived measurement from 5-limb or 3 x 1 phase VT  (1) Derived measurement from 5-limb or 3 x 1 phase VT
 (2) Directly measured from a broken delta VT input  (2) Directly measured from a broken delta VT input
 (3) Di
Directly
tl measuredd across an earthing
thi resistor
i t  (3) Di
Directly
tl measuredd across an earthing
thi resistor
i t
=> Detection of I0 through a V0 measurement => Detection of I0 through a V0 measurement
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 48 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 48
Protection: 100% Stator Earth Fault Protection: 100% Stator Earth Fault

100% Stator Earth Fault 27TN 100% Stator Earth Fault 27TN

Problem: Fault caused by a failure of stator winding insulation inside the neutral point short Problem: Fault caused by a failure of stator winding insulation inside the neutral point short
circuit on the first part of the neutral or open neutral point. circuit on the first part of the neutral or open neutral point.

Consequence: Very low circulating current on stator winding. This may result by a gradual Consequence: Very low circulating current on stator winding. This may result by a gradual
damage on the stator. damage on the stator.

Protection: The normal neutral protection for earth faults is 95% of winding. To protect the Protection: The normal neutral protection for earth faults is 95% of winding. To protect the
100 % of winding we use a 100% earth fault protection. Two different methods are used 100 % of winding we use a 100% earth fault protection. Two different methods are used
- Low frequency injection or - Low frequency injection or
- Third Harmonic Voltage Measurement . - Third Harmonic Voltage Measurement .

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 49 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 49

Protection: 100% Stator Earth Fault Protection: 100% Stator Earth Fault
a) U’’TE a) U’’TE
G G
U’TE U’TE
N T 0 N T 0
N T N T
50% 100% 50% 100%
U’NE m U’NE m

U’’NE U’’NE

b) U’’TE b) U’’TE
G G
U’TE U’TE
N T 0 T N T 0 T
N N
50% 100% 50% 100%
m m

c) c)

G 0 50% 100% G 0 50% 100%

N T N N T N

U’NE U’NE
m m
U’’NE U’’NE
P2175ena P2175ena

Distribution of 3rd harmonic voltage along the stator winding Distribution of 3rd harmonic voltage along the stator winding
(a) normal operation (a) normal operation
((b)) stator earth fault at star point
p ((b)) stator earth fault at star point
p
(c) stator earth fault at the terminals (c) stator earth fault at the terminals
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 50 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 50
 100% Stator Earth Fault 100% Stator Earth Fault
3rd Harmonic Voltage 3rd Harmonic Voltage

Earthing Earthing
Trans- 59 Trans- 59
former ● Low Cost - Can be integrated into former ● Low Cost - Can be integrated into
U/V multifunction relay U/V multifunction relay

● Undervoltage measurement at neutral ● Undervoltage measurement at neutral

59 59
● Overvoltage measurement at terminals ● Overvoltage measurement at terminals
O/V O/V

● No protection during run up - need to ● No protection during run up - need to

be on load. be on load.

● 3rd harmonic voltage maybe limited ● 3rd harmonic voltage maybe limited
due to design of machine due to design of machine
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 51 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 51

100% St EF by
y injection
j ((64S)) 100% St EF byy injection
j ((64S))
● 100% St EF in injection ● 100% St EF in injection
● Uses external 20Hz low frequency generator and filter to inject a low ● Uses external 20Hz low frequency generator and filter to inject a low
frequency voltage into star point or terminals of the machine via the earthing frequency voltage into star point or terminals of the machine via the earthing
transformer. transformer.
● Under normal healthy y conditions onlyy a veryy small current circulates via the ● Under normal healthy y conditions onlyy a veryy small current circulates via the
capacitance to ground (Xc = 1/2fc) capacitance to ground (Xc = 1/2fc)
● Under an earth fault condition the 20Hz current will increase and the 20Hz ● Under an earth fault condition the 20Hz current will increase and the 20Hz
resistance decreases resistance decreases
● The protection consists of 2 stages of under resistance protection alarm/trip ● The protection consists of 2 stages of under resistance protection alarm/trip
and an overcurrent trip and an overcurrent trip
● Under resistance protection provides more sensitive protection for high ● Under resistance protection provides more sensitive protection for high
resistance
i t faults
f lt and d iincludes
l d compensation ti ffor series
i resistance
i t andd phase
h resistance
i t faults
f lt and d iincludes
l d compensation ti ffor series
i resistance
i t andd phase
h
angle errors in the circuit angle errors in the circuit
● Supervision is provided via an under current AND under voltage element ● Supervision is provided via an under current AND under voltage element
● P345 replaces PG871 (PG uses simple 20 Hz overcurrent element) ● P345 replaces PG871 (PG uses simple 20 Hz overcurrent element)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 52 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 52
100% St EF by
y injection
j ((64S)) 100% St EF byy injection
j ((64S))
● Advantages of low frequency injection method over 3rd ● Advantages of low frequency injection method over 3rd
harmonic method harmonic method
● Protection during start-up and when machine is dead/stopped ● Protection during start-up and when machine is dead/stopped
● Protection for large machines which do not produce very much ● Protection for large machines which do not produce very much
3rd harmonic voltage (<1% In) 3rd harmonic voltage (<1% In)
● 3rd harmonic technique needs to be used with standard 95% ● 3rd harmonic technique needs to be used with standard 95%
stator earth fault protection to provide protection for 100% of stator earth fault protection to provide protection for 100% of
winding winding

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 53 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 53

100% St EF by
y Injection
j ((64S)) 100% St EF byy Injection
j ((64S))
● 100% stator earth fault protection ● 100% stator earth fault protection

● RL - loading
l di resistor
i t ● RL - loading
l di resistor
i t
● V64S - displacement voltage at relay ● V64S - displacement voltage at relay
g current at relay
● I64S - measuring y g current at relay
● I64S - measuring y

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 54 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 54
100% St EF by
y Injection
j ((64S)) 100% St EF byy Injection
j ((64S))
● 100% stator earth fault protection ● 100% stator earth fault protection

● RL - loading resistor ● RL - loading resistor

● V64S - displacement voltage at relay ● V64S - displacement voltage at relay
● I64S - measuring current at relay ● I64S - measuring current at relay

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 55 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 55

Overcurrent Protection Overcurrent Protection

● For small generators this may be the only protection applied. ● For small generators this may be the only protection applied.
● With solid earthing it will provide some protection against earth faults. ● With solid earthing it will provide some protection against earth faults.
● For
F a single
i l generator, CT CTs must b be connected
d to neutrall end
d off stator ● For
F a single
i l generator, CT CTs must b be connected
d to neutrall end
d off stator
winding. winding.

51 51

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 56 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 56
Overcurrent Protection Overcurrent Protection

● For parallel generators, CTs can be located on line side. ● For parallel generators, CTs can be located on line side.

51 51

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 57 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 57

Generality Generality
Main Faults and Protection Requirements Main Faults and Protection Requirements
g and Impact
Method of Earthing p on Earth Fault Detection g and Impact
Method of Earthing p on Earth Fault Detection

Other Fault Effects and Protection Other Fault Effects and Protection
ANSI Codes ANSI Codes
Protection Selection Guide Protection Selection Guide
Application case Application case
Case Study Case Study

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 58 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 58
External fault: Generator Back-up External fault: Generator Back-up
protection protection

or Boost or Boost
Back-up Overcurrent Back-up Overcurrent
Overcurrent Protection Overcurrent Protection
No Boost or normal mode No Boost or normal mode
Typical use : Typical use :
● Very or extremely inverse for LV machines 0,5 sec. ● Very or extremely inverse for LV machines 0,5 sec.
● Normal inverse for HV machines ● Normal inverse for HV machines
Must consider ggenerator voltage
g decrement characteristic for close-in faults. Must consider ggenerator voltage
g decrement characteristic for close-in faults.
With reliable AVR system, “conventional” overcurrent relays may be used. With reliable AVR system, “conventional” overcurrent relays may be used.
Otherwise, voltage controlled / restrained relays are required. Otherwise, voltage controlled / restrained relays are required.

Problem : Ifault delivered by the generator depends on X’’d

X d will decrease fastly after 0
0.5sec.
5sec Problem : Ifault delivered by the generator depends on X’’d
X d will decrease fastly after 0
0.5sec.
5sec
Excitation ‘’boost system’’ may be initiated by fault current Excitation ‘’boost system’’ may be initiated by fault current

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 59 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 59

Generator Back-Up
p Protection Generator Back-Up
p Protection

Voltage Dependant Overcurrent measured

Voltage Dependant Overcurrent measured
current current

Voltage Restrained (51V-R) Set I>

Voltage Restrained (51V-R) Set I>

● Operating characteristic is continuously Set kI>

● Operating characteristic is continuously Set kI>

varied depending on measured volts

volts. varied depending on measured volts
volts.
● Alternatively, use impedance relay. Set V<2 Set V<1 Measured Voltage ● Alternatively, use impedance relay. Set V<2 Set V<1 Measured Voltage

measured measured
current current
Voltage Controlled (51V-C) Voltage Controlled (51V-C)
80% Iccmin 80% Iccmin

● Relay switches between fault Ifull Load ● Relay switches between fault Ifull Load

characteristic and load characteristic and load

characteristic depending characteristic depending
on measured volts
volts. 80%Vn Measured Voltage
on measured volts
volts. 80%Vn Measured Voltage

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 60 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 60
Generator Back-Up Protection Generator Back-Up Protection
Impedance Rela
Relay Impedance Rela
Relay
jx jx

R R

RELAY RELAY
CHARACTERISTIC CHARACTERISTIC

Alternative Back-up
Back up protection to 51V-C
51V C or 51V-R
51V R : Alternative Back-up
Back up protection to 51V-C
51V C or 51V-R
51V R :

Set to operate at 70% rated load impedance when voltage drops to zero, Set to operate at 70% rated load impedance when voltage drops to zero,
current required to operate relay is 10% rated current. Built-in timer for current required to operate relay is 10% rated current. Built-in timer for
co-ordination purposes. co-ordination purposes.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 61 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 61

Differential Protection Differential Protection

● Provides high speed protection for all fault types ● Provides high speed protection for all fault types

● May
M b be: ● May
M b be:
● High impedance type ● High impedance type
● Biased ((low impedance)
p ) type
yp ● Biased ((low impedance)
p ) type
yp

CT’s required in neutral end CT’s required in neutral end

of winding of winding

Relay Relay

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 63 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 63
Differential Protection Differential Protection

87G 87G
INTERPOSING INTERPOSING
C T (Old solution)
C.T. C.T.
C T (Old solution)

Overall Differential Scheme Overall Differential Scheme

(BLOCK PROTECTION,
PROTECTION using interposing CTs or 3 / 4 winding differential (BLOCK PROTECTION,
PROTECTION using interposing CTs or 3 / 4 winding differential
numerical protection) numerical protection)
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 64 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 64

System
y fault: Overload System
y fault: Overload

Thermal overload 49 Thermal overload 49

Under Frequency 81U Under Frequency 81U

Problem: Where the load on the system is excessive the resultant high current output Problem: Where the load on the system is excessive the resultant high current output
from the generator will result in heating of the stator and rotor. Prolonged overload can from the generator will result in heating of the stator and rotor. Prolonged overload can
then lead to subsequent
q failure of the machine insulation and fault conditions. then lead to subsequent
q failure of the machine insulation and fault conditions.
However, the generator may lose speed if the required load can not be met by other However, the generator may lose speed if the required load can not be met by other
sources. sources.

C
Consequence: F
Frequency decreases,
d rotor
t and
d stator
t t temperature
t t increase.
i C
Consequence: F
Frequency decreases,
d rotor
t and
d stator
t t temperature
t t increase.
i

Protection: Thermal overload protection (based on I1 and I2), Under frequency Protection: Thermal overload protection (based on I1 and I2), Under frequency
protection or load shedding system,
system RTD Sensors protection or load shedding system,
system RTD Sensors

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 65 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 65
System
y fault: Unbalance System
y fault: Unbalance

Unbalance protection 46 Unbalance protection 46

Problem: Unbalance system conditions will : Problem: Unbalance system conditions will :
-give rise to negative phase sequence currents resulting in a contra-rotating magnetic field -give rise to negative phase sequence currents resulting in a contra-rotating magnetic field
being produced, being produced,
-the stator flux cuts the rotor at twice synchronous speed, -the stator flux cuts the rotor at twice synchronous speed,
-induces double frequency currents in the field system and rotor body. -induces double frequency currents in the field system and rotor body.

Consequence: Consequence:
-The
The resulting eddy currents cause severe rotor overheating damage
damage. -The
The resulting eddy currents cause severe rotor overheating damage
damage.

Protection: Protection:
-Unbalance p
protection 46,, the relay
y should have an inverse time characteristic designed
g to -Unbalance p
protection 46,, the relay
y should have an inverse time characteristic designed
g to
match the generator I22t. match the generator I22t.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 66 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 66

External fault: Interconnection fault External fault: Interconnection fault

Synchro check system 25 Synchro check system 25

Problem: These may be used to provide energy power on the main network. Designed for Problem: These may be used to provide energy power on the main network. Designed for
operation where the generation is supplied from central sources down into the network. operation where the generation is supplied from central sources down into the network.
G
Generated
t d voltage
lt andd ffrequency are closely
l l monitored
it d tto ensure th
thatt values
l att the
th point
i t G
Generated
t d voltage
lt andd ffrequency are closely
l l monitored
it d tto ensure th
thatt values
l att the
th point
i t
of supply are within statutory limits. of supply are within statutory limits.

Consequence: A wrong coupling should lead to dramatical mechanical consequences for Consequence: A wrong coupling should lead to dramatical mechanical consequences for
the generator. the generator.

Protection: Differential frequency and delta voltage, Check synchro system. Protection: Differential frequency and delta voltage, Check synchro system.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 67 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 67
System fault: Loss of load System fault: Loss of load
x x
x x
x x

Over freqency 81O Over freqency 81O

Problem: The loss of load occur when the circuit breaker open suddenly. The turbine Problem: The loss of load occur when the circuit breaker open suddenly. The turbine
deliver the stored energy, and the turbine goes on over speed. Fault clearance may deliver the stored energy, and the turbine goes on over speed. Fault clearance may
di
disconnect part off the
h public
bli supply
l system ffrom the
h maini source off supply
l resulting
l i iin the
h di
disconnect part off the
h public
bli supply
l system ffrom the
h maini source off supply
l resulting
l i iin the
h
embedded generation feeding the local loads. embedded generation feeding the local loads.

Consequence: The over speed resulting by a over frequency on the generator

generator. Consequence: The over speed resulting by a over frequency on the generator
generator.

Protection: Over-frequency protection 81O. Protection: Over-frequency protection 81O.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 68 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 68

Generator fault: Rotor Earth-Fault Generator fault: Rotor Earth-Fault

Rotor Earth-Fault Rotor Earth-Fault

Problem: Field circuit is an isolated DC system. Problem: Field circuit is an isolated DC system.
Insulation failure at a single point : no fault current, therefore no danger but increase Insulation failure at a single point : no fault current, therefore no danger but increase
chance of second fault occurring g and it’s a rotor short circuit. chance of second fault occurring g and it’s a rotor short circuit.
Consequences at second fault: Short circuit on the rotor will cause important damage Consequences at second fault: Short circuit on the rotor will cause important damage
and long time to repair. Shorts out part of field winding heating (burning of conductor). and long time to repair. Shorts out part of field winding heating (burning of conductor).
Flux distortion causing violent vibration of rotor. Flux distortion causing violent vibration of rotor.
P t ti
Protection: Desirable to detect presence of first earth fault and give an alarm. P t ti
Protection: Desirable to detect presence of first earth fault and give an alarm.
Rotor earth fault protection. Two methods are used: Rotor earth fault protection. Two methods are used:
potentiometer or potentiometer or
AC injection
injection. AC injection
injection.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 69 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 69
Rotor Earth Fault Protection Rotor Earth Fault Protection
Potentiometer Method (*) Potentiometer Method (*)

Exciter Exciter

R R

Required sensitivity approximately 5% exciter voltage

voltage. Required sensitivity approximately 5% exciter voltage
voltage.
● No auxiliary supply required. ● No auxiliary supply required.
● “Blind spot” - require manually operated push button to vary tapping point. ● “Blind spot” - require manually operated push button to vary tapping point.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 70 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 70

Rotor Earth Fault Protection Rotor Earth Fault Protection

AC Injection Method (recommended) AC Injection Method (recommended)

Ir_fault AC Auxiliary Ir_fault AC Auxiliary

pp y ((20 hZ))
Supply pp y ((20 hZ))
Supply
R R

● Brushless Machines ● Brushless Machines

● No access to rotor circuit ● No access to rotor circuit
● Require special slip rings for measurement ● Require special slip rings for measurement
● If slip rings not present, must use telemetering techniques ● If slip rings not present, must use telemetering techniques
(
(expensive)i ) (
(expensive)i )

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 71 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 71
 Reverse power
p Reverse power
p

Reverse p
power 32R Reverse p
power 32R

Problem: Prime mover failure due to mechanical fault. Problem: Prime mover failure due to mechanical fault.

Consequence: Isolated generators: machine slows down and stops. Consequence: Isolated generators: machine slows down and stops.
Parallel sets: Network or other machines supplies power. Parallel sets: Network or other machines supplies power.
Generator operate as a motor. Seriousness depend on type of drive. Generator operate as a motor. Seriousness depend on type of drive.

Protection: Reverse power for the parallel generators, or coupling to the network. Isolate Protection: Reverse power for the parallel generators, or coupling to the network. Isolate
generator no need spécific protection. generator no need spécific protection.
Setting for acceptable reverse power & trip time depends on the prime mover type ! Setting for acceptable reverse power & trip time depends on the prime mover type !

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 72 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 72

Generator fault: Loss of excitation Generator fault: Loss of excitation

Loss of excitation 40 Loss of excitation 40

Problem: The excitation system has a major impact on the performance and availability of a generator or a Problem: The excitation system has a major impact on the performance and availability of a generator or a
synchronous machine in general
general. This problem can occur in case of short-circuit
short circuit or open circuit excitation occur.
occur synchronous machine in general
general. This problem can occur in case of short-circuit
short circuit or open circuit excitation occur.
occur
Consequence: Consequence:
Single generator: - Loses output volts and therefore load. Single generator: - Loses output volts and therefore load.
Parallel generators: - Operate as induction generator; Parallel generators: - Operate as induction generator;
- Flux provided by reactive stator current drawn from - Flux provided by reactive stator current drawn from
system-leading pf; system-leading pf;
- Slip frequency current induced in rotor, abnormal heating. - Slip frequency current induced in rotor, abnormal heating.
Protection: Loss of excitation protection by a impedance cercle. Protection: Loss of excitation protection by a impedance cercle.
Situation does not require immediate tripping however
however, large machines have short thermal time constant - Should Situation does not require immediate tripping however
however, large machines have short thermal time constant - Should
be unloaded in a few seconds. be unloaded in a few seconds.
This protection is generaly controlled by an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) included in the excitation pannel. This protection is generaly controlled by an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) included in the excitation pannel.
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 73 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 73
 Generator fault: Loss of excitation Generator fault: Loss of excitation
Impedance seen by relay follows locus shown below : Impedance seen by relay follows locus shown below :
X X

Load Impedance Load Impedance

IImpedance
d
R IImpedance
d
R
Offset – Prevents Offset – Prevents
Locus operation Locus operation
on pole slips on pole slips

Diameter Diameter

Typically : Relay Characteristic Typically : Relay Characteristic

Offset 50-75%X’d
50 75%X’d Offset 50-75%X’d
50 75%X’d
Diameter 50-100% XS Diameter 50-100% XS
Time Delayed Time Delayed

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 74 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 74

Generator fault: Loss of synchronism

y Generator fault: Loss of synchronism
y

Pole slipping protection 78 Pole slipping protection 78

Problem: - Generator internal cause is due to a loss of excitation. The inductor decrease and is insufficient to Problem: - Generator internal cause is due to a loss of excitation. The inductor decrease and is insufficient to
insure the power transmission/conversion to convert mechanical power on electrical power. insure the power transmission/conversion to convert mechanical power on electrical power.
- External cause, due to a network incident. A near short-circuit or loss of line are translate by an - External cause, due to a network incident. A near short-circuit or loss of line are translate by an
active
ti power iinversion
i on a generatort tterminals.
i l active
ti power iinversion
i on a generatort tterminals.
i l

Consequence: Pole slipping is characterized by a large and rapid oscillation in active and reactive power. Consequence: Pole slipping is characterized by a large and rapid oscillation in active and reactive power.
Important mechanical efforts, vibrations, torsions, resonance phenomena occur. Rapid disconnection of the Important mechanical efforts, vibrations, torsions, resonance phenomena occur. Rapid disconnection of the
generator from the network is required to ensure that damage to the generator. generator from the network is required to ensure that damage to the generator.

Protection: Protection:
Pole slipping protection. Two method: Pole slipping protection. Two method:
- by excessive variation in internal angle, or - by excessive variation in internal angle, or
- displacement impedance zone. …/... - displacement impedance zone. …/...
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 76 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 76
Pole slipping
pp g Pole slipping
pp g

Recoverable Recoverable

Out of Step
Out-of-Step Out of Step
Out-of-Step
Power Swing (Power System) Power Swing (Power System)

Unrecoverable Unrecoverable

Loss of Synchronism Loss of Synchronism

Pole-Slipping Pole-Slipping
(Generator) (Generator)
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 77 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 77

Theory
y of p
pole slipping
pp g Theoryy of p
pole slipping
pp g

Simplified Two Machine System: Simplified Two Machine System:

Where: Where:
EG represents
p the g
generator terminal voltage;
g ; EG represents
p the g
generator terminal voltage;
g ;
ZG represents the generator reactance; ZG represents the generator reactance;
ZT is the reactance of step-up transform; ZT is the reactance of step-up transform;
Zs represents the impedance of the power system connected to the generation unit Zs represents the impedance of the power system connected to the generation unit
Es represents the system voltage. Es represents the system voltage.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 78 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 78
Theory
y of p
pole slipping
pp g Theoryy of p
pole slipping
pp g

Simplified Two Machine System: Simplified Two Machine System:

Where: Where:
EG represents
p the g
generator terminal voltage;
g ; EG represents
p the g
generator terminal voltage;
g ;
ZG represents the generator reactance; ZG represents the generator reactance;
ZT is the reactance of step-up transform; ZT is the reactance of step-up transform;
Zs represents the impedance of the power system connected to the generation unit Zs represents the impedance of the power system connected to the generation unit
Es represents the system voltage. Es represents the system voltage.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 79 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 79

Loss of synchronisation
y Characteristics Loss of synchronisation
y Characteristics

X S X S
EG/ES>1 EG/ES>1
EG/ES=1 EG/ES=1

L L

R R

G EG/ES<1 G EG/ES<1

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 80 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 80
Assumption
p Assumption
p
● EG/ES is assumed to remain constant during the power swing ● EG/ES is assumed to remain constant during the power swing
● Initial
I iti l ttransients
i t and
d effects
ff t off generator
t saliency
li are neglected
l t d ● Initial
I iti l ttransients
i t and
d effects
ff t off generator
t saliency
li are neglected
l t d
● Transient changes in impedance due to a fault or clearance of ● Transient changes in impedance due to a fault or clearance of
fault have subsided fault have subsided
● Effects of voltage regulators and speed governor have been ● Effects of voltage regulators and speed governor have been
neglected neglected

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 81 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 81

Impedance
p during
gppole slipping
pp g Impedance
p during
gppole slipping
pp g
Impedance measured at generator terminal: Impedance measured at generator terminal:

( Z G  Z T  Z S )n(n  cos   j sin  ) ( Z G  Z T  Z S )n(n  cos   j sin  )

ZR   ZG ZR   ZG
(n  cos  ) 2  sin 2  (n  cos  ) 2  sin 2 
where: where:
EG EG
n  magnitude ratio of the genetator terminal voltage to the system voltage n  magnitude ratio of the genetator terminal voltage to the system voltage
ES ES

E E
  arg  G  rotor angle by which the generator terminnal voltage leads the system voltage   arg  G  rotor angle by which the generator terminnal voltage leads the system voltage
ES ES

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 82 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 82
 Conventional Pole Slipping Conventional Pole Slipping
Protection (78) Protection (78)
Blinder Blinder
X X
ZA ZA
Reactance Line Zone 2 ZC Reactance Line Zone 2 ZC

Zone 1 Zone 1

 
 R
 R

Lens Lens

ZB ZB

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 83 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 83

Pole Slipping
pp g Protection ((78)) Pole Slipping
pp g Protection ((78))

● Conventional lenticular (lens) characteristic ● Conventional lenticular (lens) characteristic

● 2 Zones defined by reactance line ● 2 Zones defined by reactance line
● Zone 1 - pole slip in the generator ● Zone 1 - pole slip in the generator
● Zone 2 - pole slip in the power system ● Zone 2 - pole slip in the power system
● Separate counters per zone (1-20) ● Separate counters per zone (1-20)
● Setting to detect pole slipping when : ● Setting to detect pole slipping when :
● Generating ● Generating
● Motoring ● Motoring
● Both (Pumped storage generator) ● Both (Pumped storage generator)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 84 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 84
RTDS Pole Slip
p Simulation RTDS Pole Slip
p Simulation

Local Load Local Load

132 kV BUS 132 kV BUS
T/line 140 km 11 kV BUS T/line 140 km 11 kV BUS
132/13 5 kV
132/13.5 132/13 5 kV
132/13.5

Yd1 Yd1
Grid System Generator with Grid System Generator with
AVR and Governor control AVR and Governor control

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 85 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 85

Pole Slipping - 80% Load, Local 3 ph Pole Slipping - 80% Load, Local 3 ph
fa lt
fault fa lt
fault

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 86 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 86
 Loss of excitation at 100% machine Loss of excitation at 100% machine
loading loading

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 87 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 87

pp g Protection
Conventional Pole Slipping pp g Protection
Conventional Pole Slipping
Blinder Blinder
X X
ZA ZA
Reactance Line Zone 2 ZC Reactance Line Zone 2 ZC
Network Electrical Zero Network Electrical Zero

● Setting to detect pole slipping when : Zone 1 ● Setting to detect pole slipping when : Zone 1
g
● Generating g
● Generating
● Motoring
 ● Motoring

● Both (Pumped storage generator)  Lens
R
● Both (Pumped storage generator)  Lens
R

● Conventional lenticular (lens) characteristic ● Conventional lenticular (lens) characteristic

● 2 Zones defined by reactance line ● 2 Zones defined by reactance line
● Zone 1 - pole slip in the generator ● Zone 1 - pole slip in the generator
● Zone 2 - pole slip in the power system
Power swing stable ● Zone 2 - pole slip in the power system
Power swing stable
● Separate counters per zone (1-20) ZB ● Separate counters per zone (1-20) ZB
(typical = 1 or 2) (typical = 1 or 2)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 88 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 88
Generator fault: Under-Frequency
q y Generator fault: Under-Frequency
q y

Under-Frequency 81U Under-Frequency 81U

Problem: Problem:
-Result from loss of synchronous speed due to excessive overload. -Result from loss of synchronous speed due to excessive overload.
-In Isolated generator may be due to failure of speed governing system. -In Isolated generator may be due to failure of speed governing system.

Consequence: - Overfluxing of stator core at nominal volt. Consequence: - Overfluxing of stator core at nominal volt.
- Mechanical resonant condition in turbines. - Mechanical resonant condition in turbines.
- Under- frequency
q y on auxilliary
y source,, can damage
g the asynchronous
y motors - Under- frequency
q y on auxilliary
y source,, can damage
g the asynchronous
y motors
No risk except for low speed diesel machines when mechanical torque increase. No risk except for low speed diesel machines when mechanical torque increase.

Protection: Protection:
- Load
Load-shedding
shedding is the first step, => system action - Load
Load-shedding
shedding is the first step, => system action
- Under-Frequency protection relay is the second step. - Under-Frequency protection relay is the second step.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 90 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 90

Generator fault: Over-Frequency

q y Generator fault: Over-Frequency
q y

O
Over-Frequency
F 81O O
Over-Frequency
F 81O

Problem: Result from generator over speed caused by sudden loss of load. In isolated generators may be Problem: Result from generator over speed caused by sudden loss of load. In isolated generators may be
due to failure of speed governing system. due to failure of speed governing system.

Consequence: Consequence:
-Over- frequency on auxilliary source. -Over- frequency on auxilliary source.
-High over frequency : risk of damage (high centrifugal forces) -High over frequency : risk of damage (high centrifugal forces)

Protection: Protection:
-Over speed protection may be provide by mechanical means. -Over speed protection may be provide by mechanical means.
-Over-Frequency protection relay. -Over-Frequency protection relay.
-Small over frequency : no trip. Action through mover governor -Small over frequency : no trip. Action through mover governor

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 91 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 91
 Generator fault: Over-Voltage
g Generator fault: Over-Voltage
g

Over-Voltage 59 Over-Voltage 59

Problem: Problem:
-Over voltage protection may be due to failure of the voltage regulator, -Over voltage protection may be due to failure of the voltage regulator,
-Result
R lt ffrom generator
t over speed
d causeddbby sudden
dd lloss off lload
d -Result
R lt ffrom generator
t over speed
d causeddbby sudden
dd lloss off lload
d
-(i.e 200% overspeed in hydro plant, very slow to react, can cause 150% transient overvoltage) -(i.e 200% overspeed in hydro plant, very slow to react, can cause 150% transient overvoltage)

Consequence: - Over fluxing at nominal frequency. Consequence: - Over fluxing at nominal frequency.
- Endanger integrity of insulation - Endanger integrity of insulation
- may cause overcurrent at stator (due to increase of Es) - may cause overcurrent at stator (due to increase of Es)

Protection: Time delayed Over-Voltage relay. Protection: Time delayed Over-Voltage relay.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 92 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 92

Generator fault: Under-Voltage

g Generator fault: Under-Voltage
g

Under-Voltage 27 Under-Voltage 27

Problem: Under voltage protection usualy provide as part of excitation system. This protection is Problem: Under voltage protection usualy provide as part of excitation system. This protection is
also used on back-up for a near external fault. also used on back-up for a near external fault.

Consequence: No danger to generator. May cause stalling of motors. Consequence: No danger to generator. May cause stalling of motors.
Prolonged under voltage indicates abnormal conditions. Prolonged under voltage indicates abnormal conditions.
Auxiliary voltage consequence. Auxiliary voltage consequence.

Protection: Protection:
-Time delayed Under-Voltage relay, but not commonly used. -Time delayed Under-Voltage relay, but not commonly used.
-Can be used to detect field failure -Can be used to detect field failure
-Can
Can be used to prevent bad operation of auxiliary equipments
equipments, when supplied from stator.
stator -Can
Can be used to prevent bad operation of auxiliary equipments
equipments, when supplied from stator.
stator

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 93 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 93
Generator fault: Rotate fault diodes Generator fault: Rotate fault diodes

Rotate fault diodes detection Rotate fault diodes detection

Problem: One or more diodes are faulty inside the generator shaft rotor. Problem: One or more diodes are faulty inside the generator shaft rotor.

Consequence: - Thermal Unbalance. Consequence: - Thermal Unbalance.

- Vibrations - Vibrations
- Rotor unbalance - Rotor unbalance

Protection: Somes oscillation apear on dc excitation currents. Specifics protection to detect this Protection: Somes oscillation apear on dc excitation currents. Specifics protection to detect this
oscilation are includ in the excitation régulation panel. oscilation are includ in the excitation régulation panel.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 94 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 94

Generator fault: Hight-Stator Generator fault: Hight-Stator

temperat res
temperatures temperat res
temperatures

Over heating 49 Over heating 49

Problem: Over load or unbalance or short-circuit increase the temperature of stator. Problem: Over load or unbalance or short-circuit increase the temperature of stator.

Consequence: Insulation stator winding damage. Consequence: Insulation stator winding damage.

Protection: Protection:
- Temperature sensors PT100 types. - Temperature sensors PT100 types.
- RTD Thermal probes embedded in machine, including alarm and trip thresholds for each RTD. - RTD Thermal probes embedded in machine, including alarm and trip thresholds for each RTD.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 95 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 95
Generator fault: Over-Fluxing
g Generator fault: Over-Fluxing
g

Over-Fluxing 24O Over-Fluxing 24O

Problem: Excessive flux saturate the ggenerator magnetic

g pit or trannsformer magnetic
g pit. Problem: Excessive flux saturate the ggenerator magnetic
g pit or trannsformer magnetic
g pit.

Consequence: The Foucault currents resulting by a wearm phenomena and can destroy thr Consequence: The Foucault currents resulting by a wearm phenomena and can destroy thr
generator or the transformer in case of generator and transformer bloc assembly. generator or the transformer in case of generator and transformer bloc assembly.

Protection: Over-fluxing protection V/F> general setting 1.2pu. Protection: Over-fluxing protection V/F> general setting 1.2pu.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 96 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 96

Unintentional Energisation
g at Standstill Unintentional Energisation
g at Standstill

Problem: Problem:
Accidental energisation of a generator when it is not running may Accidental energisation of a generator when it is not running may
cause severe damage to itit. With the generator at standstill
standstill, closing cause severe damage to itit. With the generator at standstill
standstill, closing
the circuits breaker results in the generator acting as an induction motor. the circuits breaker results in the generator acting as an induction motor.

Consequence: Consequence:
-Very
Very high currents are induced in there rotor components
components, and also occur in the stator
stator, with -Very
Very high currents are induced in there rotor components
components, and also occur in the stator
stator, with
resultant rapid overheating and damage. resultant rapid overheating and damage.

Protection: Protection:

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 97 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 97
 Loss of Mains Problem Loss of Mains Problem

● Loss of mains is where a ● Loss of mains is where a

generator is inadvertently generator is inadvertently
isolated from the grid and isolated from the grid and
continues to supply local load continues to supply local load
● Loss of mains can be caused ● Loss of mains can be caused
by: by:
● Protection tripping ● Protection tripping
● Accidentally due to network ● Accidentally due to network
reconfiguration reconfiguration

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 98 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 98

Loss of Mains Problem Loss of Mains Problem

● Islanding is unacceptable for a number of reasons: ● Islanding is unacceptable for a number of reasons:
● Safety risk - for example, through personnel working on the network ● Safety risk - for example, through personnel working on the network
p
under the assumption that no p
parts of the network are energised
g p
under the assumption that no p
parts of the network are energised
g
● Stresses from out of synchronism re-closure ● Stresses from out of synchronism re-closure
● Loss of system earth where the earth is on the star winding of a ● Loss of system earth where the earth is on the star winding of a
network
t k transformer.
t f This
Thi can cause problemsbl for
f existing
i ti earth
th fault
f lt network
t k transformer.
t f This
Thi can cause problemsbl for
f existing
i ti earth
th fault
f lt
protection to detect earth faults if the system is unearthed. protection to detect earth faults if the system is unearthed.
● Utility is legally bound to maintaining quality of supply (frequency ● Utility is legally bound to maintaining quality of supply (frequency
and voltage ) to local demand. and voltage ) to local demand.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 99 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 99
 Existing LoM Methods – Performance Existing LoM Methods – Performance
Assessment Assessment
● Loss of mains performance can be assessed in terms of sensitivity and stability ● Loss of mains performance can be assessed in terms of sensitivity and stability
● Sensitivity ● Sensitivity
● Smallest possible mismatch between local generation and the demand at the instant of islanding. ● Smallest possible mismatch between local generation and the demand at the instant of islanding.
● Also referred to as non-detection zone ● Also referred to as non-detection zone

● Stability ● Stability
● Stability for different fault types with varying duration and retained voltage at the point of measurement ● Stability for different fault types with varying duration and retained voltage at the point of measurement

● When designing LoM method objective is to have a small non detection zone ● When designing LoM method objective is to have a small non detection zone
and be stable for as many fault characteristics as possible and be stable for as many fault characteristics as possible

STABILITY STABILITY
Network faults Network faults
SENSITIVITY SENSITIVITY
Generator/demand Imbalance Generator/demand Imbalance
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 100 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 100

Existing Loss of Mains Methods Existing Loss of Mains Methods

● Passive Methods ● Passive Methods

● Under/over frequency and voltage ● Under/over frequency and voltage
●Requires large change in load, time delayed ●Requires large change in load, time delayed
● Df/dt – rate of change of frequency ● Df/dt – rate of change of frequency
●Sensitive, fast operating ●Sensitive, fast operating
● Voltage vector shift ● Voltage vector shift
●Not as sensitive as df/dt, fast operating ●Not as sensitive as df/dt, fast operating
● Direct inter-tripping ● Direct inter-tripping
●Not
Not load dependent
dependent, fast
fast, e
expensive,
pensi e signalling can be comple
complex ●Not
Not load dependent
dependent, fast
fast, e
expensive,
pensi e signalling can be comple
complex

● Active Methods ● Active Methods

● Active frequency drift ● Active frequency drift
● Reactive Error export ● Reactive Error export

● There is an abundance of active methods proposed in the technical literature, ● There is an abundance of active methods proposed in the technical literature,
however, their application
pp in p
practice has been limited to date. The traditional however, their application
pp in p
practice has been limited to date. The traditional
protection philosophy of independence from other systems makes the protection philosophy of independence from other systems makes the
introduction of these methods difficult. introduction of these methods difficult.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 101 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 101
 Loss of Mains Methods – Voltage Loss of Mains Methods – Voltage
Vector Shift Vector Shift
Single phase line diagram showing generator parameters Single phase line diagram showing generator parameters
R jX R jX

IL IL
E VT E VT

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 103 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 103

Loss of Mains Methods – Voltage Loss of Mains Methods – Voltage

Vector Shift Vector Shift
Vector Diagram Representing Steady State Condition Vector Diagram Representing Steady State Condition

E E

IL X IL X
VT ILR VT ILR
IL IL

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 104 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 104
Loss of Mains Methods – Voltage Vector Loss of Mains Methods – Voltage Vector
Shift Shift
Transient voltage vector change  due to change in Transient voltage vector change  due to change in
load current IL load current IL

E E
ILX ILX
VT ILR VT ILR
 
IL VT IL VT
ILX” ILX”
IL IL

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 105 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 105

Loss of Mains Methods – ROCOF ((81R)) Loss of Mains Methods – ROCOF ((81R))
df/dt df/dt
The rate of change of speed, or frequency, following a power disturbance The rate of change of speed, or frequency, following a power disturbance
can be approximated by: can be approximated by:

df/dt = df/dt =
P.f P.f
2GH 2GH
where  P = Change in power output between where  P = Change in power output between
synchronised and islanded operation synchronised and islanded operation
f = Rated frequency f = Rated frequency
G = Machine rate MVA G = Machine rate MVA
H = IInertia
ti constant
t t H = IInertia
ti constant
t t

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 106 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 106
Loss of Mains Methods – ROCOF ((81R)) Loss of Mains Methods – ROCOF ((81R))
df/dt = F -f df/dt = F -f
n n - 3 cycle P341 original
g df/dt calculation n n - 3 cycle P341 original
g df/dt calculation
3 cycle
l 3 cycle
l
Two consecutive calculations must give a result above the setting Two consecutive calculations must give a result above the setting
threshold before a trip decision can be initiated threshold before a trip decision can be initiated
Df/dt>1 f Low
Lo and df/dt High f defines dead band where here df/dt is Df/dt>1 f Low
Lo and df/dt High f defines dead band where here df/dt is
blocked to provide stability for non loss of grid events blocked to provide stability for non loss of grid events

● In new P34x software 4 df/dt stages for loss of mains (df/dt>1) or load ● In new P34x software 4 df/dt stages for loss of mains (df/dt>1) or load
shedding applications (df/dt>1/2/3/4) shedding applications (df/dt>1/2/3/4)
● For df/dt >1 Df/dt>1 f Low and df/dt High f ● For df/dt >1 Df/dt>1 f Low and df/dt High f
● S tti
Settings for
f number
b off averaging
i cycles
l 2-12
2 12 and
d number
b off it
iterations
ti 1
1-4
4 ● S tti
Settings for
f number
b off averaging
i cycles
l 2-12
2 12 and
d number
b off it
iterations
ti 1
1-4
4
● Operating mode setting - fixed or rolling window ● Operating mode setting - fixed or rolling window
● Direction setting – positive/negative/both ● Direction setting – positive/negative/both
● To be compatible with original P341 df/dt ● To be compatible with original P341 df/dt
● Df/dt averaging cycles = 3, df/dt iterations = 2, operating mode = fixed and ● Df/dt averaging cycles = 3, df/dt iterations = 2, operating mode = fixed and
direction = both direction = both

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 107 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 107

Loss of Mains Methods – ROCOF Loss of Mains Methods – ROCOF

(81R) (81R)
df/dt+t: Time Delayed ROCOF df/dt+t: Time Delayed ROCOF
t t
Start Start

Pick up cycles Pick up cycles

and iterations Trip and iterations Trip
f f
Time delay Time delay

df/dt Setting df/dt Setting

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 108 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 108
 Loss of Mains Methods – ROCOF Loss of Mains Methods – ROCOF
(81R) (81R)
df/dt+t: Time Delayed
F
Frequency
y ROCOF df/dt+t: Time Delayed
F
Frequency
y ROCOF
fn fn

f1 f1

Slow decay Slow decay

f2 f2

Rapid decay Rapid decay

Time Time
● Df/dt can operate quicker than underfrequency for large changes in
P4008ENc ● Df/dt can operate quicker than underfrequency for large changes in
P4008ENc

frequency frequency
● Rolling window is better than fixed window as gives faster operation ● Rolling window is better than fixed window as gives faster operation
● A
Averaging
i cyclesl iis ttypically
i ll 5 tto provide
id some stability
t bilit ffor power ● A
Averaging
i cyclesl iis ttypically
i ll 5 tto provide
id some stability
t bilit ffor power
system oscillations system oscillations
● df/dt>1/2/3/4/ stages can be used for load shedding or alarm/tripping of ● df/dt>1/2/3/4/ stages can be used for load shedding or alarm/tripping of
the generator the generator

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 109 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 109

Loss Of Mains Loss Of Mains

● Loss Of Mains ● Loss Of Mains

Used Where Generating Capacity Is Closely Matched To Load Or Where Used Where Generating Capacity Is Closely Matched To Load Or Where
Normal Operation Requires The Export Of Power Normal Operation Requires The Export Of Power
=> Load shedding mode when Pload > Pgene => Load shedding mode when Pload > Pgene

● Two Types Are Used: ● Two Types Are Used:

● Rate Of Change Of Frequency ● Rate Of Change Of Frequency
●Sensitive ●Sensitive
●Possible Nuisance Tripping
pp g ●Possible Nuisance Tripping
pp g

● Voltage Vector Shift ● Voltage Vector Shift

●Requires Higher Change In load ●Requires Higher Change In load
●More Stable ●More Stable

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 110 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 110
 Generality Generality
Main Faults and Protection Requirements Main Faults and Protection Requirements
g and Impact
Method of Earthing p on Earth Fault Detection g and Impact
Method of Earthing p on Earth Fault Detection
Other Fault Effects and Protection Other Fault Effects and Protection

ANSI Codes ANSI Codes

Protection Selection Guide Protection Selection Guide
Application case Application case
Case Study Case Study

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 111 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 111

P341 Interconnection Protection P341 Interconnection Protection

64 64
67N 67N

50 50N 50 50N
46 51 46 51
51N 51N
59N 59N
67 67
81O df dV 27 81O df dV 27
81U 59 47 81U 59 47
dt dt
32 32

R,LF,O R,LF,O

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 112 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 112
 P342 Generator Protection P342 Generator Protection
 P342 functions for  P342 functions for
smaller/medium rating smaller/medium rating
VTS VTS
machines machines
27 81O 81 27 81O 81
59 81U 24 47 59 81U 24 47
AB AB

RTD RTD

50 51V 50 51V
CTS 51 21 32 40 46 CTS 51 21 32 40 46

R,LF,O R,LF,O
67N 50N 67N 50N
64 51N 64 51N

59N 59N

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 113 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 113

P343/4/5/6 Generator Protection: P343/4/5/6 Generator Protection:

P t ti Functions
Protection F ti (1) P t ti Functions
Protection F ti (1)
 P343/4/5/6 additional functions  P343/4/5/6 additional functions
for medium/large machines for medium/large machines
27 81O 87G Generator differential 27 81O 87G Generator differential
59 81U 59 81U
87GT G
Generator-Trans
t T differential
diff ti l 87GT G
Generator-Trans
t T differential
diff ti l
50/51 Overcurrent protection 50/51 Overcurrent protection
87G 51V/21 Voltage dependent backup 87G 51V/21 Voltage dependent backup
50/51N St t earth
Stator th ffault
lt 50/51N St t earth
Stator th ffault
lt
59N Neutral displacement 59N Neutral displacement
50 51V 67N Sensitive directional E/F 50 51V 67N Sensitive directional E/F
51 21 27TN 100% Stator E/F 3rd harmonic 51 21 27TN 100% Stator E/F 3rd harmonic
64S 100% ST E/F low freq inj – P345 64S 100% ST E/F low freq inj – P345
67N 50N 67N 50N
51N 27 & 59 Under & over voltage 51N 27 & 59 Under & over voltage
81U/O Under & overfrequency 81U/O Under & overfrequency
59N 27TN 64S 32 Sensitive power (1 ph) 59N 27TN 64S 32 Sensitive power (1 ph)
32 32

Note: P344/5 have 2 measured neutral voltage (59N) inputs Note: P344/5 have 2 measured neutral voltage (59N) inputs
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010
P346 with 27TN removed Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010
P346 with 27TN removed
114 114
P343/4/5/6 Generator Protection: P343/4/5/6 Generator Protection:
P t ti Functions
Protection F ti (2) P t ti Functions
Protection F ti (2)

24 47 81 24 47 81
AB 32R Reverse power (3ph) AB 32R Reverse power (3ph)
32L Low forward power (3ph) 32L Low forward power (3ph)
32O Overload power (3ph) 32O Overload power (3ph)
40 Field failure 40 Field failure
RTD 46 N
Negative
ti phase
h seq. O/C RTD 46 N
Negative
ti phase
h seq. O/C
24 Overfluxing 24 Overfluxing
40 46 27/50 Dead Machine (GUESS) 40 46 27/50 Dead Machine (GUESS)
38/26 RTD Th
Thermall protection
t ti 38/26 RTD Th
Thermall protection
t ti
32R 49 Thermal Replica 32R 49 Thermal Replica
32L 78 49 32L 78 49
320 78 Pole slipping 320 78 Pole slipping
47 NPS Overvoltage 47 NPS Overvoltage
81AB Turbine abnormal freq. 81AB Turbine abnormal freq.

Note: P346 with 27/50 and 78 removed Note: P346 with 27/50 and 78 removed
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 115 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 115

Generality Generality
Main Faults and Protection Requirements Main Faults and Protection Requirements
g and Impact
Method of Earthing p on Earth Fault Detection g and Impact
Method of Earthing p on Earth Fault Detection
Other Fault Effects and Protection Other Fault Effects and Protection

ANSI Codes ANSI Codes

P t ti Selection
Protection S l ti G
Guide
id P t ti Selection
Protection S l ti G
Guide
id
Application
pp case Application
pp case
Case Study Case Study

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 116 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 116
<1MW LV Machine <1MW LV Machine

27/59 Under and Over Voltage 51N Standby Earth Fault 27/59 Under and Over Voltage 51N Standby Earth Fault
81U/O Under and Over Frequency 64 Restricted Earth Fault 81U/O Under and Over Frequency 64 Restricted Earth Fault
51V System Back-up 51V System Back-up

32R Reverse Power 32R Reverse Power

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 117 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 117

<1MW LV Machine <1MW LV Machine

For small generator For small generator

applications a P341/2 applications a P341/2
or P14x could be or P14x could be
used used
Protection function P341 P342 P14x Protection function P341 P342 P14x

Under/over voltage (27/59) x x x Under/over voltage (27/59) x x x

Under/over frequency (81U/O) x x x Under/over frequency (81U/O) x x x

Voltage controlled overcurrent x (logic) x x Voltage controlled overcurrent x (logic) x x

(51V) (51V)
Reverse power (32R) x x - Reverse power (32R) x x -

Earth fault (51N) x x x Earth fault (51N) x x x

Restricted earth fault (64R) x x x Restricted earth fault (64R) x x x

(Hi/Low) (Hi/Low)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 118 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 118
10MW Machine 10MW Machine

87G Generator Differential 87G Generator Differential

27/59 Under and Over Voltage 27/59 Under and Over Voltage

81U/O Under and Over Frequency 81U/O Under and Over Frequency
51V System Back-up 51V System Back-up

32R Reverse Power 32R Reverse Power

32LF/R Power Interlock 32LF/R Power Interlock

51N S
Standby Earth Fault 51N S
Standby Earth Fault

40 Field Failure 40 Field Failure

46 Negative Sequence 46 Negative Sequence

59N Residual Overvoltage 59N Residual Overvoltage

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 119 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 119

60MW Machine 60MW Machine

24 Overfluxing 24 Overfluxing

27TN 100% Stator Earth Fault 27TN 100% Stator Earth Fault

49 RTD Th
Thermall 49 RTD Th
Thermall

78 Pole slipping 78 Pole slipping

Dual Main Protections Dual Main Protections

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 120 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 120
Dual Main Protection Dual Main Protection

 Duplicate protection  Duplicate protection

 Duplicate aux supplies  Duplicate aux supplies

 Can trip
p following
g aux  Can trip
p following
g aux
supply failure supply failure

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 121 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 121

Overall Protection of Generator- Overall Protection of Generator-

Transformer Installation Transformer Installation

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 123 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 123
Protection Package for Diesel Generator Protection Package for Diesel Generator

87 87
G 32 Reverse Power G 32 Reverse Power
64R Rotor Earth Fault 64R Rotor Earth Fault
64S Stator Earth Fault 64S Stator Earth Fault
51V Voltage Dependent 51V Voltage Dependent
64 Overcurrent 64 Overcurrent
R 87G Generator Differential R 87G Generator Differential

32 51 32 51
V Protection P343 V Protection P343

64 64
R R

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 125 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 125

Generality Generality
Main Faults and Protection Requirements Main Faults and Protection Requirements
g and Impact
Method of Earthing p on Earth Fault Detection g and Impact
Method of Earthing p on Earth Fault Detection
Other Fault Effects and Protection Other Fault Effects and Protection

ANSI Codes ANSI Codes

Protection Selection Guide Protection Selection Guide

Application
pp case Application
pp case
Case Study Case Study

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 126 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 126
Application
pp case Application
pp case

● Generator protections ● Generator protections

- Differential (level and slope). - Differential (level and slope).

- Under-voltage. - Under-voltage.
- Over-voltage. - Over-voltage.
- Frequency - Frequency
- Earth
E th fault
f lt (neutral
( t l voltage
lt displacement)
di l t) - Earth
E th fault
f lt (neutral
( t l voltage
lt displacement)
di l t)
- Earth fault (current detection). - Earth fault (current detection).
- 100 % stator earth fault. - 100 % stator earth fault.
- Overload
O l d - Overload
O l d
- Over-current - Over-current
- Under impedance. - Under impedance.
- Unbalance.
Unbalance - Unbalance.
Unbalance
- Reverse power. - Reverse power.
- Loss of field. - Loss of field.
- Pole slipping - Pole slipping

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 127 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 127

Protection settings principes Protection settings principes

Generator differential protection Generator differential protection
● Protection objective: ● Protection objective:
The generator differential protection is used to detect the generator internal faults, The generator differential protection is used to detect the generator internal faults,
phase to phase or phase to neutral 87G phase to phase or phase to neutral 87G

● Settings: ● Settings:
Id>: The differential first threshold Id> is fixed at 15% or 0.15In. This threshold Id> Id>: The differential first threshold Id> is fixed at 15% or 0.15In. This threshold Id>
allows the differential protection to keep stable for a bias current under the nominal allows the differential protection to keep stable for a bias current under the nominal
current.
t The
Th setting
tti still
till enough
h sensible
ibl tto protect
t t th
the group. current.
t The
Th setting
tti still
till enough
h sensible
ibl tto protect
t t th
the group.
Slope: we usually use 0% to 20% for the first slope and 80% for the second to take in Slope: we usually use 0% to 20% for the first slope and 80% for the second to take in
account the CT and protection accuracy. account the CT and protection accuracy.
Id>>:Is instantaneous ((time less than 30ms). ) This threshold is set at 10 In. Id>>:Is instantaneous ((time less than 30ms). ) This threshold is set at 10 In.

Is1>=0,05In Is1>=0,05In
K1= 0% I>> K1= 0% I>>
Is2>=1 2In
Is2>=1,2In Is2>=1 2In
Is2>=1,2In
K2= 80% K2= 80%

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 128 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 128
Voltage
g pprotection Voltage
g pprotection
● Protection objective: ● Protection objective:
The voltage protection is used to detect the under or over voltage variations (27,59). The voltage protection is used to detect the under or over voltage variations (27,59).
This protection is generally use to detect the voltage variation when the generator is This protection is generally use to detect the voltage variation when the generator is
disconnected from the network. disconnected from the network.

● Undervoltage Settings: ● Undervoltage Settings:

U<:The first undervoltage threshold is set at 85% or 0.85 Un. This threshold is used to U<:The first undervoltage threshold is set at 85% or 0.85 Un. This threshold is used to
generate an alarm. Time is instantaneous (100ms). generate an alarm. Time is instantaneous (100ms).
U<<:The second undervoltage threshold is set at 65% or 0 0.65Un.
65Un Is the safety U<<:The second undervoltage threshold is set at 65% or 0 0.65Un.
65Un Is the safety
threshold used to prevent a hard fault. Timer generally used 1 second. threshold used to prevent a hard fault. Timer generally used 1 second.
U<=0,85Un TU<= 0,1s U<=0,85Un TU<= 0,1s
U<<=0,65In TU<<= 1s U<<=0,65In TU<<= 1s

● Overvoltage Settings: ● Overvoltage Settings:

U> Is normally used for signalization only, currently set at 110% of Un. U> Is normally used for signalization only, currently set at 110% of Un.
U>> Trip threshold
threshold, setting 120% of Un.
Un U>> Trip threshold
threshold, setting 120% of Un.
Un
U> = 1.2Un tUn =0.1s U> = 1.2Un tUn =0.1s
U>> = 1.4 Un tUn = 1s U>> = 1.4 Un tUn = 1s

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 129 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 129

Frequency
q ypprotection Frequency
q ypprotection
●Protection objective: ●Protection objective:
The frequency protection is used to detect the under or over frequency variations The frequency protection is used to detect the under or over frequency variations
(81U,81O). This protection is generally use to detect the frequency variation when the (81U,81O). This protection is generally use to detect the frequency variation when the
generator is disconnected from the network or to prevent the over-speed or excitation generator is disconnected from the network or to prevent the over-speed or excitation
back-up. back-up.

●Settings: ●Settings:
The setting depend of the national protection plan, depend of load-shedding threshold. The setting depend of the national protection plan, depend of load-shedding threshold.
In France the load shedding is done by 4steps from 49 Hz to 47,5 Hz. In France the load shedding is done by 4steps from 49 Hz to 47,5 Hz.
F Th first
F<:The fi under
d ffrequency threshold
h h ld iis set at 48H
48Hz . Ti
Time iis 10 sec. F Th first
F<:The fi under
d ffrequency threshold
h h ld iis set at 48H
48Hz . Ti
Time iis 10 sec.

F<<:The second under frequency threshold is set at 47 Hz, with no time delay. F<<:The second under frequency threshold is set at 47 Hz, with no time delay.

F<=48 Hz F<=48 Hz
TF<= 10 sec TF<= 10 sec
F<<=47 Hz F<<=47 Hz
TF
TF<<= 0 sec TF
TF<<= 0 sec

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 130 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 130
Stator earth fault ((byy voltage
g displacement)
p ) Stator earth fault ((byy voltage
g displacement)
p )
●Protection objective: ●Protection objective:
The neutral voltage protection is used to detect the voltage on a neutral point (59N). The neutral voltage protection is used to detect the voltage on a neutral point (59N).
VTs on Generator stator windings, or transformer on neutral point. VTs on Generator stator windings, or transformer on neutral point.

●Settings: ●Settings:
V0N>:The first neutral voltage threshold is set at 5% of Vn. This threshold is used to V0N>:The first neutral voltage threshold is set at 5% of Vn. This threshold is used to
stop
t the
th generator,
t Time
Ti is
i 0.5s.
05 stop
t the
th generator,
t Time
Ti is
i 0.5s.
05

V0N>> Not used Earthing

V0N>> Not used Earthing
T
Trans- T
Trans-
former 59 former 59
U0n> = 5% Vn U0n> = 5% Vn
TU0n>= 0.5 sec U/V
TU0n>= 0.5 sec U/V

59 59
O/V O/V

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Stator earth fault ((byy current detection)) Stator earth fault ((byy current detection))

● Protection objective: ● Protection objective:

The neutral current detection is used to protect 90% of stator winding. The neutral current detection is used to protect 90% of stator winding.

● Settings: ● Settings:
IN>= 10%In. This threshold is used to stop the generator, Time is 10 ms. IN>= 10%In. This threshold is used to stop the generator, Time is 10 ms.

IN>> Not used IN>> Not used

IIn> = 10% IIn IIn> = 10% IIn

TIn>= 10 ms TIn>= 10 ms

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 132 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 132
100 % Stator earth fault 100 % Stator earth fault

●Protection objective: ●Protection objective:

This protection is previous to protect the neutral point or the 5% of stator winding to This protection is previous to protect the neutral point or the 5% of stator winding to
p
complete the 90 % stator earth fault. p
complete the 90 % stator earth fault.
The principle is to detect a minimum voltage level of third harmonics circulating in the The principle is to detect a minimum voltage level of third harmonics circulating in the
stator. stator.

●Settings: ●Settings:
Vn H3<= 0.02%Vn. This threshold should be block if voltage is under Vn or if no power Vn H3<= 0.02%Vn. This threshold should be block if voltage is under Vn or if no power
is g
generated,, Time is 3s. This function give
g only
y an Alarm. is g
generated,, Time is 3s. This function give
g only
y an Alarm.

Vn H3< = 0.02% Vn Vn H3< = 0.02% Vn

TVn H3>=
H3 3 s TVn H3>=
H3 3 s

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 133 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 133

Overload protection
p Overload protection
p
●Protection objective: ●Protection objective:
This protection is used to detect the thermal overload, over current on back-up, loss of This protection is used to detect the thermal overload, over current on back-up, loss of
field, the unbalance on back-up (49). field, the unbalance on back-up (49).

●Settings:
S tti ●Settings:
S tti
Ith>:The setting depend of the nominal current and ct ratio Ith>:The setting depend of the nominal current and ct ratio
example: nominal current = 626A and CT ratio = 800/5 Ith = 626/800 = 0,78In. The example: nominal current = 626A and CT ratio = 800/5 Ith = 626/800 = 0,78In. The
thermal constant time 20 min
min. thermal constant time 20 min
min.
Ith> The first threshold =1.08 Ith> The first threshold =1.08
Ith>> The first threshold =1.08 Ith>> The first threshold =1.08

Ith= 0.78 In Ith= 0.78 In

Tcte = 20 min Tcte = 20 min
Ith> = 1.05 Ith> = 1.05
Ith>>= 1.08 Ith>>= 1.08

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Overcurrent protection
p Overcurrent protection
p
● Protection objective:
j ● Protection objective:
j
This protection is used to detect the short-circuit current, (51). This protection is used to detect the short-circuit current, (51).

● Settings: ● Settings:
I>: The setting depend upon of the nominal current and Icc network short-circuit current. I>: The setting depend upon of the nominal current and Icc network short-circuit current.
One inverse time curve can be used as low threshold. One inverse time curve can be used as low threshold.
S tti
Settings example.
l S tti
Settings example.
l

I> 1.3 In I> 1.3 In

tI Inverse
tI> I curve VI IEC tI Inverse
tI> I curve VI IEC
TMS = 0.8 TMS = 0.8
I>> = 5 In I>> = 5 In
TI>> = 100 ms TI>> = 100 ms

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 135 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 135

Under impedance or voltage dependant Under impedance or voltage dependant

overcurrent protection overcurrent protection
●Protection objective: ●Protection objective:
This protection is used on back-up to protect the generator against the short-circuit on This protection is used on back-up to protect the generator against the short-circuit on
network side if some selectivityypprotection pproblem occur, the under impedance
p is network side if some selectivityypprotection pproblem occur, the under impedance
p is
generally set at 50% of the nominal group impedance (21). The generally set at 50% of the nominal group impedance (21). The
Iz> threshold is set at 0.05 In. The typical timer = 2 sec Iz> threshold is set at 0.05 In. The typical timer = 2 sec

●Settings: setting ●Settings: setting

current current
I> = 1.5 In I> = 1.5 In
Set I> Set I>
KI> = 50% In KI> = 50% In
V1<1 more than the minimum voltage for V1<1 more than the minimum voltage for
phase to phase fault Set kI
>
phase to phase fault Set kI
>
V2<2
V2 2 set under the minimum voltage for a V2<2
V2 2 set under the minimum voltage for a
phase to earth fault phase to earth fault
typically 0.3 Un Set. V<2 Set. V<1 Voltage typically 0.3 Un Set. V<2 Set. V<1 Voltage
Timer = 2sec measurement Timer = 2sec measurement

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 136 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 136
Unbalance protection
p Unbalance protection
p
●Protection objective:
j ●Protection objective:
j
The symmetrical component unbalance produce rotor damage by eating (46). The symmetrical component unbalance produce rotor damage by eating (46).

●Settings:
g ●Settings:
g
The setting depend upon off the generator type : The setting depend upon off the generator type :
For example: For example:
I2> = 7% of the nominal machine current so: 0.07In. I2> = 7% of the nominal machine current so: 0.07In.
The time should be constant or inverse. The time should be constant or inverse.
Example: K1= 15 sec with Ti2>>min = 10 sec to be selective with the short-circuit Example: K1= 15 sec with Ti2>>min = 10 sec to be selective with the short-circuit
current. current.
The cooling constant Kr = 1
1. The cooling constant Kr = 1
1.

I2>> = 0.07In I2>> = 0.07In

K1 = 15 sec K1 = 15 sec
T I2>>min =10 sec T I2>>min =10 sec
Kr = 1 Kr = 1

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 137 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 137

Reverse p
power p
protection Reverse p
power p
protection

●Protection objective: ●Protection objective:

This protection insure the back-up off loss off primary turbine energy. The level depend This protection insure the back-up off loss off primary turbine energy. The level depend
of the turbine type. This protection is to prevent some power oscillation phenomena. of the turbine type. This protection is to prevent some power oscillation phenomena.
Thi protection
This t ti is i only
l usedd with
ith generators
t coupling
li on th
the network
t k (32R)
(32R). Thi protection
This t ti is i only
l usedd with
ith generators
t coupling
li on th
the network
t k (32R)
(32R).

●Settings: ●Settings:
For a diesel
F di l generator
t we usuallyll ttake
k 25% off the
th nominal
i l power, th
the typical
t i l titimer iis 10 For a diesel
F di l generator
t we usuallyll ttake
k 25% off the
th nominal
i l power, th
the typical
t i l titimer iis 10
sec for this type of generators. The normal setting are given by the generator factory. sec for this type of generators. The normal setting are given by the generator factory.

Examples: Examples:
Rp> = 0.25Pn Rp> = 0.25Pn
T RP = 10 sec T RP = 10 sec
T I2>>min =10 sec T I2>>min =10 sec

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 138 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 138
Loss of Excitation protection
p Loss of Excitation protection
p
● Protection objective: ● Protection objective:
This protection use the under capacitive impedance to detect a loss off excitation and a critical zone This protection use the under capacitive impedance to detect a loss off excitation and a critical zone
impedance for the generator. The trip characteristic is set with the direct transian reactance, and impedance for the generator. The trip characteristic is set with the direct transian reactance, and
direct synchronus reactance. This settings inforfation are given by the generator factory (40). direct synchronus reactance. This settings inforfation are given by the generator factory (40).
● Settings exemple: ● Settings exemple:
X d =
X’d X’dp.u.
X dp.u. * (Un2 / Sn) / [(VnpTP / VnsTP) / (InpTC / InsTC)] X d =
X’d X’dp.u.
X dp.u. * (Un2 / Sn) / [(VnpTP / VnsTP) / (InpTC / InsTC)]
= 0.35 * (3.3kV2 /3518kVA) / [(3.3kV / 100V) / (800A / 5A)] = 0.35 * (3.3kV2 /3518kVA) / [(3.3kV / 100V) / (800A / 5A)]
= 5.25 = 5.25
Xd = Xdp.u. * (Un2 / Sn) / [(VnpTP / VnsTP) / (InpTC / InsTC)] Xd = Xdp.u. * (Un2 / Sn) / [(VnpTP / VnsTP) / (InpTC / InsTC)]
= 1.68 * (3.3kV2 / 3518kVA) / [(3.3kV / 100V) / (800A / 5A)] = 1.68 * (3.3kV2 / 3518kVA) / [(3.3kV / 100V) / (800A / 5A)]
= 25.21 = 25.21
This setting is the offset of the cercle 75% off X’d, so : This setting is the offset of the cercle 75% off X’d, so :
Xc = 0.75 * X’d Xc = 0.75 * X’d
= 3.94 BT = 3.94 BT
Xc = 0.20 Xn (Xn = Un/In = 100V/5A) Xc = 0.20 Xn (Xn = Un/In = 100V/5A)
This setting is choise to definite the cercle diamètre 50% off Xd, so This setting is choise to definite the cercle diamètre 50% off Xd, so
Xa = 0.5 * Xd Xa = 0.5 * Xd
= 12.61 BT = 12.61 BT
Xa = 0.63Xn (Xn = Un/In = 100V/5A) Xa = 0.63Xn (Xn = Un/In = 100V/5A)
The timer normaly used is 3sec to avoid sommes The timer normaly used is 3sec to avoid sommes
stable oscilation of power. stable oscilation of power.
Xa1= 0.63 Xn Xa1= 0.63 Xn
Xc1 = 0.2 Xn Xc1 = 0.2 Xn
t MHO1 = 3sec t MHO1 = 3sec
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 139 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 139

Pole slipping
pp g pprotection Pole slipping
pp g pprotection
● Protection objective: ● Protection objective:
Sudden changes or shocks in an electrical power system such as line switching operations, large Sudden changes or shocks in an electrical power system such as line switching operations, large
jumps in load or faults may lead to power system oscillations which appear as regular vibrations of jumps in load or faults may lead to power system oscillations which appear as regular vibrations of
the currents, voltage and angular separation between systems. This phenomenon is referred to a the currents, voltage and angular separation between systems. This phenomenon is referred to a
power swing. The impedance on the generator terminal are swinging during a pole slipping from power swing. The impedance on the generator terminal are swinging during a pole slipping from
right to left. A counter supervises the pole slipping number. right to left. A counter supervises the pole slipping number.

● Settings: ● Settings:
The settings of this protection depends on The settings of this protection depends on
blinder blinder
ZA = Zt + Zs ZA = Zt + Zs
Electrical center Electrical center
Where Zt = impedance
p transformer Reactance line Where Zt = impedance
p transformer Reactance line
Zs = source impedance (network) Zone 2 Zs = source impedance (network) Zone 2
ZB = 2 X’d Zone 1
ZB = 2 X’d Zone 1
X’d=direct transient generator impedance X’d=direct transient generator impedance
ZC = set at 90% of Xt to clear the line zone 1 and 2 ZC = set at 90% of Xt to clear the line zone 1 and 2
 = set at the angle of the system  = set at the angle of the system
min = 180° - 2 x tan-1 (1.54 x RLmin / (ZA+ZB)) min = 180° - 2 x tan-1 (1.54 x RLmin / (ZA+ZB))
RLmin : minimum load Resistor RLmin : minimum load Resistor
T1 = T2 =15 ms T1 = T2 =15 ms
T1 and T2 is the crossing time in the zone 1 and 2 stable T1 and T2 is the crossing time in the zone 1 and 2 stable
Counter zone 1 = 1 Power swing
Counter zone 1 = 1 Power swing

Counter zone 2 = 2 Counter zone 2 = 2

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 Generality Generality
Main Faults and Protection Requirements Main Faults and Protection Requirements
g and Impact
Method of Earthing p on Earth Fault Detection g and Impact
Method of Earthing p on Earth Fault Detection
Other Fault Effects and Protection Other Fault Effects and Protection

ANSI Codes ANSI Codes

Protection Selection Guide Protection Selection Guide
Application case Application case

Case Study Case Study

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 141 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 141

Case Study
y Case Studyy
102 MVA 102 MVA
13.5 kV/225 kV 13.5 kV/225 kV
Ucc = 12.5 % Ucc = 12.5 %

13 5kV/3 / 100V/3
13.5kV/3 13 5kV/3 / 100V/3
13.5kV/3

4500A / 5A 4500A / 5A

102 MVA 430 kVA 102 MVA 430 kVA

G 13.5 kV G 13.5 kV
Cos = 0.9 Cos = 0.9
50 Hz 50 Hz

4500A / 5A 4500A / 5A
Generator protections Generator protections

5A / 5A Excitation cubicle 5A / 5A Excitation cubicle

5 A 10 s 5 A 10 s
13500V 1559  13500V 1559 
/ 100V / 100V
3 3

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 Case Studyy Case Study
y
Setting calculation for the following generator protections: Setting calculation for the following generator protections:

Code ANSI Désignation Code ANSI Désignation

87 Differential Protection 87 Differential Protection
32R Reverse power 32R Reverse power
40 Loss of field 40 Loss of field
46 Thermal / Unbalance protection 46 Thermal / Unbalance protection
51V Restraining Overcurrent protection 51V Restraining Overcurrent protection
50N/51N Stator earth fault 50N/51N Stator earth fault
27TN 100% Stator Earth Fault 27TN 100% Stator Earth Fault
27 Under-voltage protection 27 Under-voltage protection
59 Over-voltage protection 59 Over-voltage protection
81O Over-frequency 81O Over-frequency
81U U d frequency
Under- f 81U U d frequency
Under- f
78 Pole Slipping protection 78 Pole Slipping protection

Use the data generator on next page. Use the data generator on next page.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 143 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 143

Case Study Case Study

 Generator data :  Generator data :

Rated Power Sn 102 MVA Rated Power Sn 102 MVA

Rated Voltage Un 13
13.55 kV Rated Voltage Un 13 5 kV
13.5
Rated Current In 4362 A Rated Current In 4362 A
Power Factor Cosn 0,9 Power Factor Cosn 0,9
Frequency Fn 50Hz Frequency Fn 50Hz
Direct synchronous Reactance w/o saturation Xd 1.24 p.u Direct synchronous Reactance w/o saturation Xd 1.24 p.u
Direct synchronous Reactance with saturation Xdsat 0.97 p.u Direct synchronous Reactance with saturation Xdsat 0.97 p.u
Transverse Reactance w/o saturation Xq 0.73 p.u Transverse Reactance w/o saturation Xq 0.73 p.u
Direct transient Reactance w/o saturation X’d 0.28 p.u
p Direct transient Reactance w/o saturation X’d 0.28 p.u
p
Direct transient Reactance with saturation X’dsat 0.26 p.u Direct transient Reactance with saturation X’dsat 0.26 p.u
Transverse transient Reactance w/o saturation X’q 0.73 p.u Transverse transient Reactance w/o saturation X’q 0.73 p.u
Direct subtransient Reactance w/o saturation X’’d 0.24 p.u Direct subtransient Reactance w/o saturation X’’d 0.24 p.u
Direct subtransient Reactance with saturation X’’dsat
X dsat 0.20
0 20 pp.u
u Direct subtransient Reactance with saturation X’’dsat
X dsat 0.20 p.u
0 20 p u
Transverse subtransient Reactance w/o saturation X’’q 0.21 p.u Transverse subtransient Reactance w/o saturation X’’q 0.21 p.u
Inverse Reactance Xi 0.22 p.u Inverse Reactance Xi 0.22 p.u
Zero sequence Reactance Xo 0.12 p.u Zero sequence Reactance Xo 0.12 p.u
transient short-circuit Time Constant T’d 2.15 s transient short-circuit Time Constant T’d 2.15 s
Subtransient Short-circuit Time constant T’’d 0.028s Subtransient Short-circuit Time constant T’’d 0.028s
Short-circuit Inductor Time Constant Ta 0.19s Short-circuit Inductor Time Constant Ta 0.19s

VT : 13.5kV/3 / 100V/3 VT : 13.5kV/3 / 100V/3

CT : 4500A / 5A CT : 4500A / 5A
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 144 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 144
Case Study
y Case Studyy
Differential protection 87: Differential protection 87:

Is1= 0.05 x 4362= 218A Is1= 0.05 x 4362= 218A

k1 = 0% k1 = 0%
Is2= 1.2 x 4362= 5234A Is2= 1.2 x 4362= 5234A
k2 = 80% k2 = 80%

Réglages Seuils Réglages Seuils

 Is1 = 0.05 In  Is1 = 218 A  Is1 = 0.05 In  Is1 = 218 A
 k1 = 0 %  k1 = 0 %  k1 = 0 %  k1 = 0 %
 Is2 = 1.2 In  Is2 = 5234 A  Is2 = 1.2 In  Is2 = 5234 A
 k2 = 80 %  k2 = 80 %  k2 = 80 %  k2 = 80 %

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Case Study
y Case Studyy

Reverse power protection 32R: Reverse power protection 32R:

-P= 0.02 Sn = 0,02 x 102MVA = 2.04 MVA Q -P= 0.02 Sn = 0,02 x 102MVA = 2.04 MVA Q

Time T-p> = 3 sec Time T-p> = 3 sec

Fonctionnement P Fonctionnement P
du relais du relais

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Case Studyy Case Study
y
Loss of Field 40: Generator normal impedance of the
machine
Loss of Field 40: Generator normal impedance of the
machine

Xb1 = 0.5 x Xd (pu) Alarme angle Xb1 = 0.5 x Xd (pu) Alarme angle
Xb1 = 0.5 x Xd x Vn/In Xb1 = 0.5 x Xd x Vn/In
Xb1 = 0.5 x 1.24 x (13500/3)/4362 Xb1 = 0.5 x 1.24 x (13500/3)/4362
Xb1 = 1.1
11 Xb1 = 1.1
11

-Xa1 = 0.75 x X’d (pu) -Xa1 = 0.75 x X’d (pu)

-Xa1 = 0.75 x X’d x Vn/In -Xa1 = 0.75 x X’d x Vn/In
-Xa1
Xa1 = 0 75 x 0
0.75 28 x (13500/3)/4362
0.28 -Xa1
Xa1 = 0 75 x 0
0.75 28 x (13500/3)/4362
0.28
-Xa1 = 0.375 -Xa1 = 0.375

Time T-p> = 2 sec Time T-p> = 2 sec

Settings Réglages protection Settings Réglages protection

Cercle : Cercle :
 Diameter : Xb1 = 0.5.Xd  Xb1 = 1.1   Diameter : Xb1 = 0.5.Xd  Xb1 = 1.1 
 Offset : -Xa1 = 0.75 X’d  -Xa1 = 0.375   Offset : -Xa1 = 0.75 X’d  -Xa1 = 0.375 
 Timer to prevent trip for the stable swings  Tpo 1 = 2s  Timer to prevent trip for the stable swings  Tpo 1 = 2s

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Case Studyy Case Studyy

Thermal / Unbalance protection (46): Thermal / Unbalance protection (46):

The g y the formula:

generator constant unbalance is donne by The g y the formula:
generator constant unbalance is donne by

Kg   I 2CMR  2  Kg   I 2CMR  2 
t  Log 1     t  Log 1    
t on secondes I 2CMR ² t on secondes
Kg on secondes   I 2   Kg on secondes
I 2CMR ²   I 2  
I2CMR and I2 are on p.u dependent of the nominal current machine. I2CMR and I2 are on p.u dependent of the nominal current machine.
Factory data: Factory data:
I2cmr = 0.08 In I2cmr = 0.08 In
Kg = 20s Kg = 20s
The relay thermal caracteristics are given by the formula: The relay thermal caracteristics are given by the formula:

kI 2  2   I 2  2 2  kI 2  2   I 2  2 2 
t  Log 1     t  Log 1    
I 2  2²   I 2   I 2  2²   I 2  
Alarme: Alarme:
I2>1 = 0.8 x I2CMR = 0.8 x 0.08 x 4362 = 279A I2>1 = 0.8 x I2CMR = 0.8 x 0.08 x 4362 = 279A
TI2>1 = 20 sec TI2>1 = 20 sec
Déclenchement : Déclenchement :
I2>2 = I2CMR (pu) x ( InG / InTC ) I2>2 = I2CMR (pu) x ( InG / InTC )
I2>2 = 0.08 x 4362 x (4362/4500)= 338 A I2>2 = 0.08 x 4362 x (4362/4500)= 338 A
kI2>2 = Kg x ( InG / InTC )² kI2>2 = Kg x ( InG / InTC )²
Ki2>2 = 20 x (4362/ 4500)2= 18.8 sec Ki2>2 = 20 x (4362/ 4500)2= 18.8 sec
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Case Study
y Case Study
y
Voltage Dependant back-up overcurrent protection (51V): Voltage Dependant back-up overcurrent protection (51V):
current current
setting setting

I> I>

kI > kI >

V<2 V<1 Voltage mesurement V<2 V<1 Voltage mesurement

Settings Settings Settings Settings
protection protection

.I> = 1.5 In = 1.5 x 4362

 .I  I> = 6543 A .I> = 1.5 In = 1.5 x 4362
 .I  I> = 6543 A
 kI : set 50 %under the fault curent if Icc =  kI : set 50 %under the fault curent if Icc =
2000 A  kI> = 1000 A 2000 A  kI> = 1000 A
 0.5 x 2000 = 1000A  0.5 x 2000 = 1000A
 .V<1 : Set over the voltage minimum on a  V<1 = 9 kV  .V<1 : Set over the voltage minimum on a  V<1 = 9 kV
phase fault. Ex : 9kV phase fault. Ex : 9kV
 V<2
V 2 : Set
S t under
d ththe voltage
lt on neutral
t l  V<2
V 2 : Set
S t under
d ththe voltage
lt on neutral
t l
fault. Typical value : 0.3Un for a HV  V<2 = 4.05 kV fault. Typical value : 0.3Un for a HV  V<2 = 4.05 kV
systeme direct to earth. 13500 x 0.3 =  T = 2s systeme direct to earth. 13500 x 0.3 =  T = 2s
4050V 4050V
 Time delay coordinated with zone 3  Time delay coordinated with zone 3
distance protection or line overcurrent distance protection or line overcurrent
protection. protection.

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Case Studyy Case Studyy

Stator earth fault 50N/51N: Stator earth fault 50N/51N:
This fonction protect 90% of the stator winding This fonction protect 90% of the stator winding

Settings protection Settings protection

IN>1 = 10% of neutral current =0.1
=0 1 x 5A = 0.5
05A IN>1 = 10% of neutral current =0.1
=0 1 x 5A = 0.5
05A
Timer = 0.1s Timer = 0.1s

Stator earth fault 59N: Stator earth fault 59N:

This fonction complete the 51N to protect 95% of the machine This fonction complete the 51N to protect 95% of the machine
Settings protection Settings protection
VN>1 = 5% of Vn = 0.05 x 13800/ 3 = 398V VN>1 = 5% of Vn = 0.05 x 13800/ 3 = 398V
Tempo = Selectivity with HV Earth fault value ex: 0.5 s Tempo = Selectivity with HV Earth fault value ex: 0.5 s

100% Stator earth fault 27TN: 100% Stator earth fault 27TN:

VN3H<= 0.02 Vn = 0,02 x 13800 = 276V VN3H<= 0.02 Vn = 0,02 x 13800 = 276V
Time TVN3< = 3 sec Time TVN3< = 3 sec
g is no Vn or 5% nominal power
Bloking p g is no Vn or 5% nominal power
Bloking p

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Case Study
y Case Studyy

Under-voltage
Under voltage 27: Under-voltage
Under voltage 27:

Settings protection values: Settings protection values:

V<= 0.7 Un = 0.7 x 13800 V = 9860V V<= 0.7 Un = 0.7 x 13800 V = 9860V
Time = 1s. Time = 1s.

Over-voltage 59: Over-voltage 59:

Settings protection values : Settings protection values :

V1>= 1.2 Un = 1.2 x 13800 = 16.5kV V1>= 1.2 Un = 1.2 x 13800 = 16.5kV
Time.1 = 20s. Time.1 = 20s.

V2>= 1
1.4
4 Un = 11.4
4 x 13800 = 19
19.3kV
3kV V2>= 1
1.4
4 Un = 11.4
4 x 13800 = 19
19.3kV
3kV
Timer.2 = instantanious Timer.2 = instantanious

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Case Study
y Case Studyy
Under-frequency 81U: Under-frequency 81U:

Settings protection values: Settings protection values:

F1< = 48 HZ F1< = 48 HZ
Time = 1 s. Time = 1 s.
Note : This function
f is bloc iff the generator are noc coupling with Note : This function
f is bloc iff the generator are noc coupling with
the network. the network.

Over-frequency
y 81O: Over-frequency
y 81O:

Settings protection values : Settings protection values :

F1> = 52 HZ F1> = 52 HZ
Tempo = 1 s.
s Tempo = 1 s.
s

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Case Studyy Case Study
y
Pole sliping protection 78: Pole sliping protection 78:
ZA = XT + X1 with: XT :Transformer reactance ZA = XT + X1 with: XT :Transformer reactance
X1 : Maximum network reactance X1 : Maximum network reactance
ZB =2 X’d with X’d : Direct transient reactance. ZB =2 X’d with X’d : Direct transient reactance.
ZC : setting at 90% of XT to remove the 1and 2 zones. The zone 1 corresponding ZC : setting at 90% of XT to remove the 1and 2 zones. The zone 1 corresponding
to an electrical point inside the generator + transformer group. to an electrical point inside the generator + transformer group.
 : set at the same angle of the system.  : set at the same angle of the system.
Angle  is chosen as: Angle  is chosen as:
min = 180
180° - 2 x tan-11 (1.54
(1 54 x RLmin / (ZA+ZB)) min = 180
180° - 2 x tan-11 (1.54
(1 54 x RLmin / (ZA+ZB))
RLmin : Minimum load resistance RLmin : Minimum load resistance
T1 = T2 =15 ms T1 = T2 =15 ms
Counter zone 1 = 1 Blinder
Electrical centre Counter zone 1 = 1 Blinder
Electrical centre
X X
Counter
C t zone 2 = 2 Reactance line ZA
Counter
C t zone 2 = 2 Reactance line ZA
ZA = 0.439  ZC ZA = 0.439  ZC

ZB = 0.500   ZB = 0.500  

ZC = 0.223   R
ZC = 0.223   R

 = 80° Power Swing

 = 80° Power Swing
 = 90° ZB
 = 90° ZB
T1 = T2 =15 ms T1 = T2 =15 ms
Counter zone 1 = 1 Counter zone 1 = 1
Counter zone 2 = 2 Counter zone 2 = 2

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Case Studyy Case Studyy

Pole slipping protection 78: Pole slipping protection 78:
Calculation Protection settings Calculation Protection settings
 ZA = XT + X1 with :  ZA = 0.439   ZA = XT + X1 with :  ZA = 0.439 
 XT : transformer reactance ex :0.25  XT : transformer reactance ex :0.25
 X1 : max network reactance ex : 0.19  X1 : max network reactance ex : 0.19
 ZB =22 X’d = 2 x 0.28
0 28 = 0.56
0 56  ZB = 0.560   ZB =22 X’d = 2 x 0.28
0 28 = 0.56
0 56  ZB = 0.560 
 X’d : Direct transient reactance.  X’d : Direct transient reactance.
 ZC : set at 90% of XT with Xt = 0.25 x 0.9  ZC = 0.225   ZC : set at 90% of XT with Xt = 0.25 x 0.9  ZC = 0.225 
 
  : Equal to the system angle.   = 80°   : Equal to the system angle.   = 80°
  is chosen according :   is chosen according :
 min = 180° - 2 x tan-1 (1.54 x RLmin / (ZA+ZB))  min = 180° - 2 x tan-1 (1.54 x RLmin / (ZA+ZB))
RLmin : Mi
Minii L
Load
dRResistor
i t ex : xx   = 90° RLmin : Mini Load
Mi i L dRResistor
i t ex : xx   = 90°
 T1 = T2 =15 ms  T1 = T2 =15 ms
 Counter zone 1 = 1  T1 = T2 =15 ms  Counter zone 1 = 1  T1 = T2 =15 ms
 Counter zone 2 = 2  Counter zone 1 = 1  Counter zone 2 = 2  Counter zone 1 = 1
 Counter zone 2 = 2  Counter zone 2 = 2
Note for this exemple: Transformer réactance Xt = 0.25  Note for this exemple: Transformer réactance Xt = 0.25 
Maximum Network Reactance X1 = 0 19 
0.19 Maximum Network Reactance X1 = 0 19 
0.19
Minimum Load Reactance RLmin = XX  Minimum Load Reactance RLmin = XX 

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Generator Short Circuit Withstand curve Generator Short Circuit Withstand curve

Generator Impedance: Generator Impedance:

G = Vn / Icc
ZG cc (t) where
e e Icc
cc (t) = In x [(
[(1/Xd’’
/ d – 1/Xd’)e-
/ d )e t/
t/T’’ + (1/Xd’
( / d – 1/Xd)e-
/ d)e t/
t/T’ + 1/Xd]
/ d] G = Vn / Icc
ZG cc (t) where
e e Icc
cc (t) = In x [(
[(1/Xd’’
/ d – 1/Xd’)e-
/ d )e t/
t/T’’ + (1/Xd’
( / d – 1/Xd)e-
/ d)e t/
t/T’ + 1/Xd]
/ d]

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