G.J. E.D.T.,Vol.

3(2):20-24 (March-April, 2014) ISSN: 2319 – 7293

A Review of Shunt Active Power Filters with Fuzzy Logic Controller

Reena Sahu1 & Naveen Asati2
M.Tech (Power Electronics) 1 Asst.Prof.2
Electrical & Electronics Department LNCT Bhopal (M.P.)

Abstract controller is evaluated through computer simulations

A review of shunt active power filter with fuzzy logic under steady-state conditions. The obtained results
controller discuss in this paper.This is due to the showed that, the proposed active power filter controller
increasing presence on the network of nonlinear loads; have provided a sinusoidal supply current with low
they constitute a harmonic pollution source of to the harmonic distortion and in phase with the line voltage.
network, which generate many disturbances, and disturb The operation of APF is explained in details as well as
the optimal operation of electrical equipments. In this the harmonic current (reference current) and dc voltage
work, we propose a solution to eliminate the harmonics of the inverter control schemes. The fuzzy logic
introduced by the nonlinear loads. This paper presents controller algorithm development and implementation
the review analysis of a three-phase active power filter is carried out in this paper.
(APF) compensating the harmonics and reactive power
created by nonlinear balanced and unbalanced low power Basic Active Power Filter
loads in steady state and in transients. Figure 1a shows the basic compensation principle of
Keywords: Active Power Filters, Harmonics, fuzzy logic the shunt active power filter. It is controlled to draw or
controller supply a compensating current ic from or to the utility, so
that it cancels current harmonics on the ac side. Figure 2
Introduction shows the different waveforms. Curve A is the load
Modern electrical systems, due to wide spread of current waveform and curve B is the desired man current.
power conversion units and power electronics Curve C shows the compensating current injected by the
equipments, causes an increasing harmonics disturbance active filter containing all the harmonics, to make the
in the ac mains currents. Power Quality (PQ) is an mains current sinusoidal. In this manner a shunt active
important measure of an electrical power system. The power filter can be used to eliminate current harmonics
term PQ means to maintain purely sinusoidal current and reactive power compensation [5].
wave form in phase with a purely sinusoidal voltage
wave form. The power generated at the generating station Figure 1 Block diagram of basic active power filter
is purely sinusoidal in nature. The deteriorating quality of from figure 1a the instantaneous currents can be written
electric power is mainly because of current and voltage as ;
harmonics due to wide spread application of the. power is (t )  iL (t )  ic (t )
electronics based equipments which include adjustable-
speed motor drives, electronic power supplies, DC motor
drives, battery chargers, electronic ballasts are
responsible for the rise in power quality related problems
[1] [2], [3]. These nonlinear loads absorb non-sinusoidal
currents and generally consume reactive power.
Harmonic currents produced by non linear loads are
injected back into power distribution systems through the
point of common coupling The controller is the main part
of the active power filter operation and has been a subject The source voltage is given by
of many researches in recent years[16–20]. Conventional vs (t )  Vm sin t
PI voltage and current controllers have been used to
control the harmonic current and dc voltage of the shunt
APF. However, the conventional PI controller requires if a nonlinear load is applied, then the load current will
precise linear mathematical model of the system, which have a fundamental component, and the harmonic
is difficult to obtain under parameter variations, components can be represented as;
nonlinearity, and load disturbances. In recent years, fuzzy

iL (t )   I n sin(nt  n )
logic controllers have generated a great deal of interest in
certain applications. The advantages of fuzzy logic
n1
controllers are: robustness, no need to accurate

iL (t )  I1 sin(t  1 )   I n sin(nt  n )
mathematical model, can work with imprecise inputs,
and can handle non-linearity. In this paper, fuzzy logic
n 2
control schemes are proposed for harmonic current and
inverter dc voltage control to improve the per formalness
of the three levels shunt APF. The performance of fuzzy Instantaneous load power can be given as
pL (t )  vs (t ) * iL (t )

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G.J. E.D.T.,Vol.3(2):20-24 (March-April, 2014) ISSN: 2319 – 7293

pL (t )  Vm I1 sin 2 t * cos 1  Vm I1 sin t * cos t * sinRole

1 of DC side Capacitor
The dc side capacitor serves two main purposes (1) it

 Vm sin t *  I n sin(nt  n )
maintains a dc voltage with a small ripple in steady state,
and (2) it serves as an energy storage element to supply
n2
the real power difference between load and source during
pL (t )  p f (t )  pr (t )  ph (t ) the transient period. In the steady state the real power
supplied by the source should be equal to the real power
From equation (4) real (Fundamental) power is drawn by demand of the load plus a small power to compensate for
the load the losses in the active filter. Thus dc capacitor voltage
can be maintained at a reference value. However, when
p f (t )  Vm I1 sin 2 t * cos 1  vs (t ) * is (t ) the load condition changes, the real power balance
From equation (6) the source current supplied by the between the source and the load will be disturbed. This
source, after compensation real power difference is to be compensated for by the dc
capacitor. This changes the dc capacitor voltage away
p f (t ) from the reference voltage. In order to keep the
is (t )   I1 cos 1 sin t  I sm sin t satisfactory operation of the active filter, the peak value
vs (t ) of the reference current must be adjusted to change
proportionally the real power drawn from the source.
Also there are some switching losses in the PWM This real power charged or discharged by the capacitor
converter. Hence, the utility must supply a small compensates for the real power consumed by the load. If
overhead for the capacitor leaking and converter the dc capacitor voltage is recovered and attains the
switching losses in addition to the real power of the load. reference voltage, the real power supplied by the source
Hence, total peak current supplied by the source is supposed to equal that consumed by the load again.
Thus, in this fashion the peak value of the reference
I sp  I sm  I sL source current can be obtained by regulating the average
voltage3 of the dc capacitor. A smaller dc capacitor
If the active filter provides the total reactive and voltage than the reference voltage means that the real
harmonic power then is (t) will be in phase with the power supplied by the source is not enough to supply
utility voltage and pure sinusoidal. At this time the active load demand. Therefore, the source current (i.e. the real
filter must provide the following compensation current: power drawn from the source) needs to e increased;
ic (t )  iL (t )  is (t ) while a larger dc capacitor voltage than the reference
voltage tries to decrease the reference source current.
Hence for the accurate and instantaneous compensation
This change in capacitor voltage has been verified from
of reactive and harmonic power, it is necessary to
the simulation results shown in figure 10.The real
calculate is (t), the fundamental component of load
current, as the reference current reactive power injection may result in the ripple voltage
of the dc capacitor. A low pass filter is generally used to
filter these ripples which introduce a finite delay. To
Estimation of Reference source current
avoid the use of this low pass filter the capacitor voltage
The peak value of the reference current Isp can be
is sampled at the zero crossing of the source voltage. A
estimated by controlling the dc side capacitor voltage.
The ideal compensation requires the main current to be continuously changing reference current makes the
sinusoidal and in phase with the source voltage compensation non instantaneous during transient. Hence
this voltage is sampled at the zero crossing of one of the
irrespective of the load’s current nature. The desired
phase voltage. This makes the compensation
source currents after compensation can be given as
instantaneous. Sampling only twice in a cycle as
*
isa  I sp sin t , compared to six times in a cycle give a little higher dc
capacitor voltage rise or drip during transients, but the
*
isb  I sp sin(t  120o ), settling time is less. Here it is shown how harmonic
icb*  I sp sin(t  120o ), elimination is done in Inverter by Pulse Width
Modulation technique by solving the non linear
equations. Equations are used to determine switching
Where I sp  I1 cos 1  I sL is the amplitude of the angles of an Inverter. Switching angles play an
important role to produce the desired output by
desired source current, while the phase angles can be
eliminating selected harmonics.
obtained from the source voltages. Hence, the waveform
In order to form the equation set, fundamental
and phases of the source currents are known only the
component is given desired output value and all other
magnitude of the source currents needs to be determined.
harmonics are equated to zero. In my simulation I find
The peak value of the reference current has been
the switching angles for the 5th, 7th and 11th harmonics.
estimated by regulating the dc side capacitor voltage of
The equation which is derived for Total Harmonic
the PWM converter. This capacitor voltage is compared
distortation of the output voltage and current of an
by a reference value and the error is processed in a PI
inverter is used in order to reduce the harmonics that are
controller. The output of the PI controller has been
produced in the inverter. The percentage of the Total
considered as te amplitude of the desired source current,
Harmonic Distortion is given by the following
and the reference currents are estimated by multiplying
formula[15].
this peak value with the unit sine vectors in phase with
 1 

the source voltage. %THD   2
a 1
 (a
n 5
2
n   100

Where n = 6i ± 1(i = 1, 2, 3….)

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G.J. E.D.T.,Vol.3(2):20-24 (March-April, 2014) ISSN: 2319 – 7293

Fuzzy logic controller supplying a fraction of its limited amplitude. Advantages

Over the past few decades, the use of fuzzy set theory, of the proposed approach include high flexibility for
or fuzzy logic, in control systems has gained widespread extending system capacity, high reliability due to no
popularity, especially in Japan. From as early as themid- control interconnection, reducing power capacity demand
1970s, Japanese scientists have been instrumental in of APF, high modularity due to identical APFs, stable
transforming the theory of fuzzy logic into a reactive power and harmonic current sharing and its
technological realization. Today, fuzzy logic-based performance is insensitive to parameters mismatch of
control systems, or simply fuzzy logic controllers APFs, cost-effective due to modularization, and so on.
(FLCs), can be found in a growing number of products, Three single-phase 1KVA APFs are designed and
from washing machines to speedboats, from air condition implemented. The effectiveness is demonstrated by some
units to handheld auto focus cameras. The inference experimental results.[3]
engine is the heart of a fuzzy controller (and any fuzzy A comparison of three different techniques used for
rules system) operation. Its actual operation can be the generation of the current reference signal in shunt
divided into three steps (Figure 1): active power filters. The three different techniques are
i) Fuzzification – actual inputs are fuzzified and evaluated and compared in terms of compensation
fuzzy inputs are obtained. performance under steady state and transient operating
ii) Fuzzy processing – processing fuzzy inputs conditions, implementations requirements, and
according to the rules set and producing compensation in four wire power distribution systems,
fuzzy outputs. with unbalanced single phase nonlinear loads. The three
iii) Defuzzification – producing a crisp real value techniques analyzed are the Instantaneous Reactive
for a fuzzy output. Power Theory (PQ Theory), the Synchronous Reference
Frame Theory (SRF) and Peak Detection Method
A Review (PDM). The technical evaluation is done by considering
Unified power quality conditioners (UPQC’s), which the robustness for the operation with unbalanced and
aim at the integration of series-active and shunt-active distorted supply voltages, unbalanced load currents,
filters. The main purpose of a UPQC is to compensate for control signals conditioning and processing delays
voltage flicker/imbalance, reactive power, negative introduced by the
sequence current, and harmonics. In other words, the The comparison is based on theoretical analysis and
UPQC has the capability of improving power quality at simulated results obtained with Matlab. The principal
the point of installation on power distribution systems or conclusion is that the compensation performance of the
industrial power systems.This paper discusses the control different techniques is similar under ideal conditions, but
strategy of the UPQC, with a focus on the flow of under the presence of unbalanced and voltage distortion,
instantaneous active and reactive powers inside the the compensation performance is quite different, and not
UPQC. Experimental results obtained from a laboratory all the reference methods allows full compensation. The
model of 20 kVA, along with a theoretical analysis, are Synchronous Reference Frame algorithm presents the
shown to verify the viability and effectiveness of the best performance for different operating conditions.[4]
UPQC.[1] A novel control method for shunt active power filters
Shunt active power filters are used to eliminate the using SVPWM is presented. In the proposed control
current harmonics and to improve the power factor in method, The APF reference voltage vector is generated
systems with non-linear loads. At the present time, to instead of the reference current, and the desired APF
different methods exist to control active power filters. output voltage is generated by space vector modulation.
Some of them are based on instantaneous reactive power The control algorithm is simple and can be realized by a
theory [I] and others are based on the synchronous low cost controller. The active power filter based on the
reference frame using Park’s transformation [2j. The proposed method can eliminate harmonics, compensate
purpose of this paper is to present a new control method reactive power and balance load asymmetry. A 10kVA
of shunt active power filters in unbalanced systems,both laboratory prototype of APF is designed. This prototype
in load currents, and in AC supply voltage, with a high adopts the voltage source inverter as the main power
contents of harmonics. The method is based on the time circuit and low cost DSP ADMC326 as control core.
domain analysis carried out by P. Filipski. With this Simulation and experimental results proves the validity
control method one can make that the set formed by the of the analysis and the feasibility of the APF with the
nonlinear load and the shunt power filter behaves every proposed control method.[5]
time like a resistance, UPF (with unity power factor), or A novel current detection algorithm based on time
that the current absorbed by the set is perfectly domain approach for three-phase shunt Active Power
sinusoidal, by simply acting on a switch. The system has Filters (APF) to eliminate harmonics, and/or correct
been simulated for different load and line conditions. power factor,And/or balance asymmetrical loads is
Waveforms of the line currents are shown, with their analyzed in this paper.First, a basic overview and
harmonic distortion contents.[2] evaluation of the performance ofthree existing current
A capacity-limitation technique to enlarge the power detection algorithms for active powerfilters is presented.
capacity that can be handled by the shunt active power According to different complicated power quality issues
filters (APFs). The capacity limited includes the reactive and various compensation purposes, a novel current
power as well as the amplitude of the distortion current detection algorithm is then proposed. Comparing with
supplied by the APFs. Under capacity-limitation control existing algorithms, this algorithm has shorter time delay
m+1 APFs supply the load reactive power with m APFs and clearer physical meaning. Different compensating
supplying their rated power and one APF supplies a current references can thus be accurately and easily
fraction of its rated value. Similarly, n+1 APFs supply obtained by adopting the proposed algorithm. It ensures
the load current harmonic with n APFs supplying the that a shunt APF can very well achieve different
distortion current limited in amplitude and one APF compensation purposes. Moreover, it is very easy to
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G.J. E.D.T.,Vol.3(2):20-24 (March-April, 2014) ISSN: 2319 – 7293

implement this algorithm in a Digital Signal Processor presents Single Phase Application of Space Vector Pulse
(DSP). Simulation results obtained with Matlab and Width Modulation for shunt active power filters. In
testing results on an experimental shunt APF are conventional SVPWM, all of the phase's currents are
presented to validate the proposed algorithm.[6] controlled together, but in this method each of
Modern navy electric ship, the application of multiple phasecurrents is controlled independently from the
shunt active power filters (SAPF) has become an measured currents of other phases. In another word, this
attractive choice to mitigate the current distortion of the method prevents from influence of other phase’s errors in
nonlinear loads. Multiple SAPF has the advantage of the control of considered phase. In this method, the
high power capacity andhigh reliability. Based on the implementation of control logic will be simpler than the
introduction of SAPF, this paper analyzes the importance conventional SVPWM. For showing the performance of
of paralleling SAPF in electric ship systems. A new proposed method a typical system has been simulated by
paralleling approach is proposed and compared with MATLAB/SIMULINK. At last, the results of proposed
several known paralleling cascading methods. The method are compared with the conventional SVPWM.
proposed method separates the tasks of compensating for The results show that proposed method have better
reactive power and harmonic currents. It has fast performance in generating of the compensation current in
response and is suitable for redundancy design. active power filter.[11]
Simulation results verify the analyses.[7] PWM inverters, a time delay between consecutive
Shunt Active Power Filters (Shunt APFs) represent the semiconductor switching is introduced to prevent a short-
most important and most widely used filters in industrial circuit in the DC link. This action causes the dead-time
purposes, this is due not only to the fact that they effect, which is detrimental to the performance of
eliminate the Harmonic current with a neglected amount inverters. This paper deals with a new technique that
of active fundamental current supplied to compensate speedup the feedback loop in Shunt Active Power Filter,
system losses, but also they are suitable for a wide range in order to compensate the dead-time effect. A simple
of power ratings. Modern power electronic devices such method based on an average value theory can be used to
as IGBTs allowed to configure non harmonic generating compensate this effect. For Shunt Active Power Filters
shunt APFs, this paper focuses on this type of (SAPF), the compensation can be done in two different
configuration namely the voltage source inverter based ways, one for the feed forward configuration and the
three phase shunt active power filters aiming to present other for the feedback one. This paper presents both
an overview on the mater.[8] techniques and discusses the details, advantage of the
Shunt active power filters (APF) are commonly used feedback implementation with a new fast feedback loop
for the reduction of current harmonics and improvement that guaranties the dead-time compensation and the
of the power factor in power systems with nonlinear overall stability. Experimental results are presented
loads, such as diode rectifiers. A pulse width modulation showing the effectiveness of the proposed technique[12]
(PWM) power converter constitutes the main component the analysis and the application of a current controller in
of the APF. The low-order harmonics of the line current an active power filter (APF) based on a PWM voltage-
are attenuated, but the switch-mode operation of the source electronic converter with three legs and four
converter results in electromagnetic interference (EMI) wires. The neutral wire is connected to the middle point
spreading to the grid. Specifically, clusters of harmonics of the DC-capacitor voltage. The controller proposed
appear in the frequency spectra of voltages and currents here is an extension of the one proposed for a three-wire
of the converter at multiples of the switching frequency. Shunt Active Power Filter. The controller is a two-level
In this paper, transferring the discrete spectral power of nested controller. The outer loop generates the reference
those harmonics to the continuous spectral power density current for the inner-loop. The latter, is a state-feedback
is proposed as means for mitigation of the EMI. It is current controller with integral action. The former
accomplished by randomization of the switching periods consists of (i) a selective harmonic elimination technique
using a novel random PWM method (RPWM II). In and (ii) a DC capacitor-voltage controller. This paper
contrast to the existing random PWM methods, in will focus on the neutral-wire current control and on the
RPWM II the sampling frequency of the digital balance control of the DC-capacitor voltage. The
modulator is constant and equal to the average switching performance of the control algorithm has been
frequency. Computer simulations and experimental demonstrated using a test-rig with balanced and non-
investigation of an APF designed for shipboard power balanced non-linear loads.[13]
systems are described, and the results are presented. They In recent years, the increase of non-linear loads in
demonstrate significant reduction of the EMI, a feat electrical power system has sparked the research in
achieved at practically no expense.[9] power,quality issue. The shunt active power filter
These methods incorporate possible frequency (SAPF) is a power electronic device which has been
deviation of the fundamental grid frequency. The developed to improve power quality. The current control
proposed methods are an extension of a recently of shunt power filters is critical since poor control can
proposed synchronization method named Kalman Filter- reinforce existing harmonic problems. Various control
PLL (KF-PLL). In this paper it is shown that the KF-PLL strategies have been proposed by many researchers. In
can also be used to provide the current references for this paper, a comparative evaluation of the performance
shunt active power filters. It is considered references of two current control techniques, resonant and predictive
generation for the following cases: harmonics controller, is presented with identical system
cancelation, harmonics and displacement power factor specification. The design procedure and principle of both
correction, harmonics and unbalance compensation and current control methods are also presented in detail.
harmonics with unbalance and displacement power factor Simulation results show the comparison of transient
correction.[10] response, steady state control and performance in the
The most important part of the active power filters is presence of variation of supply impedance between two
generating of gate signal for inverters. This paper control techniques.[14]
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G.J. E.D.T.,Vol.3(2):20-24 (March-April, 2014) ISSN: 2319 – 7293

POWER ELECTRONICS CPE2009 6TH INTERNATIONAL

Conclusion CONFERENCE-WORKSHOP, pp.292-297, 2009.
The power electronic equipments lead to an increasing [14] WanchakLenwari and MilijanaOdavic, “A Comparative
harmonic contamination in power transmission or Study of Two High Performance Current Control Techniques
for Three-Phase Shunt Active Power Filters,” PEDS, pp.962-
distribution systems. Review of Many researchers from 966, 2009.
the field of the power systems and automation have [15] A. Dell’Aquila, G. Delvino, M. Liserre, P. Zanchetta, A
searched for different approaches to solve the problem. new fuzzy logic strategy for active power filter, in: Proc. Eighth
One way was open by introducing the harmonic Int. Conf. on Power Electronics and Variable Speed Drives,
compensation by using Shunt active filters. In this thesis September 2000, pp. 392–397 (IEEConf. Publ. No. 475).
we explain harmonics of power system, inverter circuit [16] S. Fan, Y.Wang, Fuzzy model predictive control for active
and shunt active filter for the three-phase circuit is power filter, in:Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Electric Utility
simulated and the THD measured verifies the reduction Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT
of harmonics based shunt active filter. The Shunt AF is 2004), vol. 1, April 2004, pp. 295–300.
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load currents of a four-wire system with the neutral wire Proc. Electr. Power Appl.149 (September (5)) (2002) 317–328.
connected to the capacitor midpoint.. [18] D. Chen, S. Xie, Review of the control strategies applied
to active power filters, in: Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Electric
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