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< <á^{ŠÞý]æ<íé×{{¤]

‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ‬.‫ﺩ‬

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Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

‫ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬

‫ ﻋﻠﻲ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ‬.‫ ﺩ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ‬
2013 : ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬.‫ ﺩ‬،‫ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ‬

: ‫ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺓ‬- ‫ ﻋﻠﻲ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ‬.‫ ﺩ‬/‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ – ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ‬
.٢٠١٣ ،‫ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ‬-١ ٩٧٧-٥٧٧٢-٤١-١١ : ‫ﺗﺪﻣﻚ‬
٥٧٣٩ / ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻹﻳﺪﺍﻉ‬ ٧٤١,٨ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬- ‫ﺃ‬

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‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ‬

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺇﻫــﺪﺍﺀ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻭﻃﲏ ﺍﳊﺒﻴﺐ ﺃﺳﺮﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺃﺳﺮﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺗﺬﰐ ﻭ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤـﲏ ﺣﺮﻓـﹰﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻫﺪﺍﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺷﻬﺪﺍﺀ ﻭﺟﺮﺣﻰ ﻭﺷﺒﺎﺏ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ‪ ٢٥‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺇﺫ ﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ‪ /‬ﺣﺴﻦ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺣﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺯﺭﻋﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﻟﻜﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺋﺰ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺸﻜﺮﹰﺍ ﳊﺴﻦ ﺍﻷﺏ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣـﺚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺐ ﻭﲝﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻧﻨﻬﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﻳﻨﻤﺎ ﻭﻭﻗﺘﻤﺎ ﳓﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﺘﻬﻴﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺳﻔﻴﻨﱴ ‪ ...‬ﺟﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ‪....‬ﻭﺭﻏﺒﺖ ﺑﻘﻄﺮﺓ ﻧﺪﻯ ﺃﺑﺪﺃ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻹﲝﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫‪< <h^jÓÖ]<àÂ<ì„fÞ‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺠﺰﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺃﺛﺮﹰﺍ ﺻﻐﲑﹰﺍ ﺟـﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺒﻬﺮﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻴﻀﻊ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺃﻋﻴﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺷﻌﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺷﺮﺡ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﺋـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺎ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺬﺓ ﻭﺳﻴﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﺧﲑﹰﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻛـﻞ ﻣـﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻻ ﺁﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﱂ ﻣﻠﻲﺀ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺠﺰﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﱂ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜـﺜﲑ ﳑـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻨﻜﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺮﺍﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﻻﻓﺖ ﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻫﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻮﺍ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‪ .‬ﻧﻌﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻨﺪﻫﺸﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﻘﺼﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﻻ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻜﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻞ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻭﺃﻧﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺮﺃﻭﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ‪ .‬ﻓﺨﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻭﻃﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻛﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﻘﺮﺃﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﺧﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﻣﺴﺎﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﻘﺮﺃﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺗـﺆﺩﻱ ﺧﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺋﺘﲔ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﻛﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﻹﲤﺎﻡ ﻫﻀﻢ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﺗﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻤﻪ ﻭﺻﻨﻌﻪ ﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺊ ﻭﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﳚﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺧﻠـﻖ ﺍﷲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻛﺎﺗﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺑـﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺭﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‬

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‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺇﻻ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﺪﻓﺔ ﻭﻣـﻦ ﻳﻨﻜﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺟﻞ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﳐﻠﻮﻗﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺴﺒﻴﺢ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﷲ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻘﻪ ﺟﻞ ﺟﻼﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﺗ‪‬ﺮﻯ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ؟ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ؟ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺴﻖ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨـﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴـﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ؟ ﻛﻴﻒ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺧﻠﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻠﻂ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ؟‬
‫ﻭﲟﻌﲎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺑﺄﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ ﲞﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ؟ ﻭ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ؟ ﻭﻓﻮﻕ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲡﺮﻱ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺮﻯ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﻇـﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﳉـﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﳍﻀﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻛﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻜﺘﺸﻒ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﺩﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﺎ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻞ ﺗﻮﻓﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻗﺮﻥ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻳـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﺇﱃ ﻳﻮﻣﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢـﺪﺙ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﺎﻳﻜﻞ "‪ "Heackel‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﳑﻠﻮﺀﺓ ﺑﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻫﻴﻼﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺷﺎﻫﺪﻭﺍ ﺣﺎﺋﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻇﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﺗﻮﺻـﻠﻮﺍ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲣﻴﻠﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﺳـﺘﺎﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ )ﻣﻴﺸﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﻧﺘﻮﻥ( ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻣﺜﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺎﻝ‪" :‬ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺒﲑ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﻟﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺃﺟﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺮﺏ ﳒﺪ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﻣﻼﻳـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻮ ﺩﺧﻠﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﺟﺄﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳒﺪ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺒﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:32 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
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‫]‪< <Ðפ]æ<ÜéÛ’jÖ‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﻢ ﺑﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺭﲰﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎﺭﺁﻩ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﻢ ﺣﱴ‬
‫ﳊﻈﺔ ﺷﺮﻭﻋﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻀﻌﻪ‪ .‬ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻷﻱ ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﺑﺸﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻤﻢ ﺷﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﺇﳛﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺣﻮﻟـﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﲝﺪ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ ﻟﻨﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳌـﺼﻤﻢ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻳﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﻢ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﳛﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ‬
‫ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻗـﺪ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﳌـﺼﻤﻤﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻬﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳉﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﻗﻠـﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ ﺗـﺸﻜﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﲟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﳜﻄﻂ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﻢ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﻬﻮﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻭﲨﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻟﻴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺗ‪‬ﺪﺭﺱ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺻـﻐﲑ ﻣﻌﻴـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺑﺎﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﻢ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺟﻮﺩﺗﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﻈﻬـﺮﻩ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ‪ :‬ﺷﻜﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻮﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺅﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺧﻄﻮﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺒـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻜﻢ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﷲ ﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﺈﺗﻘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ) ﹸﻛ ‪‬ﻦ(‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﳝﺔ‪﴿ :‬ﺑﺪِﻳ ‪‬ﻊ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﺎﻭ‪‬ﺍ ِ‬
‫ﺽ ‪‬ﻭِﺇﺫﹶﺍ ﹶﻗﻀ‪‬ﻰ ﺃﹶﻣ‪‬ﺮﹰﺍ ﹶﻓِﺈﻧ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻳﻘﹸﻮ ﹸﻝ ﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻪ ﻛﹸﻦ ﹶﻓ‪‬ﻴﻜﹸﻮﻥﹸ﴾ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺓ‪١١٧. :‬‬
‫ﻭ‪‬ﺍ َﻷ ‪‬ﺭ ِ‬
‫ﳋﻠﹾﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻠﻮﻕ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺧـﺎﺹ ﺑـﺎﷲ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍ ﹶ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻡ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻫﻮ ﲝﺪ ﺫﺍﺗـﻪ ﳐﻠـﻮﻕ‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:32 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻋﺠﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﷲ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﻭﻫﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪.‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺇﻻ ﺗﻘﻠﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺒﻨﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺳﻠﻔﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﳛﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﻤﻤﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﻓﻮﻥ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﷲ ﰲ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫]‪< <Ü¿Âù]<ÜéÛ’jÖ‬‬
‫ﺇﻥﹼ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﲔ ﺍ‪‬ﺮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻣﺮ‬
‫ﳏﲑ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻌﻼ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺃﻱ ﺧﻄﺄ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻠﻨﺎ ﳓـﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻲ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻤﻊ ﻭﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﺪﳝﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺒـﺼﺮ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﻨﺮﻯ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﱂ ﺗﺘﻠـﻖ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﰲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻧـﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﱂ ﺗﺘﻠﻖ‪ ‬ﺃﻱ ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠـﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌـﲔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﲤﻜﹼﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﳓﻦ ﻧﺴﺄﻝ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﲨﻴـﻊ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ؟‬
‫ﺳﻴﺘﺒﲔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﶈﲑﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺆﺩﻳﻬـﺎ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﲟﺤﺾ ﺇﺭﺍﺩ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﺃﺩﺭﻛﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳓﻦ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻻ ﺗـﺮﻯ ﺑـﺎﻟﻌﲔ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺮﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺗﻘﻮﺩﻧﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﲦﺔ ﻋﻘﻼ ﻣﺪﺑﺮﺍ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﻗﺎ ﻋﻠﹼﻢ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺃﳍﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﺑﺮ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﻕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﳛﺒﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺳﺮﻧﺎ ﻭﻋﻼﻧﻴﺘﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻓﺄﺣﺴﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﺍﶈﻜﻢ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺪﻝ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌـﻴﺶ‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:32 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻳﻮﻣﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ "ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ" ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺮﻫﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﷲ ﻭﻛﻤﺎﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻨﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻧﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳌﺘﻌـﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫ﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻄﺮ‪" :‬ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ" ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻟﺰﻭﺟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﳌﺎ ﲤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻋﱪ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻷ‪‬ﺎﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﹰﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺒﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻦ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻔﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻦ ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻤﻲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﺮﺿﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪،‬ﻻﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺖ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻻﺭﺗﺒﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﰲ ﺿﺦ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻔﺸﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﺣﱴ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻗﺪ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺧﺼﻴﺼﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺗـﺄﰐ ﺍﻵﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺏ ‪‬ﻭ ِﻣ ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬ﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﳝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ ﴿ :‬ﻫ ‪‬ﻮ ﺍﻟﱠﺬِﻱ ﺃﹶﻧ ‪‬ﺰ ﹶﻝ ِﻣ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﺂ ِﺀ ﻣ‪‬ﺂ ًﺀ ﻟﱠﻜﹸﻢ ﻣ‪ ‬ﻨ ‪‬ﻪ ‪‬ﺷﺮ‪‬ﺍ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ ِﺇﻥﱠ‬
‫ﺏ ‪‬ﻭﻣِﻦ ﹸﻛﻞﱢ ﺍﻟﺜﱠ ‪‬ﻤﺮ‪‬ﺍ ِ‬
‫ﻉ ﻭ‪‬ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﻳﺘ‪‬ﻮ ﹶﻥ ﻭ‪‬ﺍﻟﻨ‪‬ﺨِﻴ ﹶﻞ ﻭ‪‬ﺍ َﻷ ‪‬ﻋﻨ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺖ ﹶﻟﻜﹸﻢ ِﺑ ِﻪ ﺍﻟﺰ‪ ‬ﺭ ‪‬‬
‫ﺠ ‪‬ﺮ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ ‪‬ﺗﺴِﻴﻤ‪‬ﻮ ﹶﻥ ٭ ﻳ‪‬ﻨﺒِ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬ﺷ ‪‬‬
‫ﻚ ﻵَﻳ ﹰﺔ ﻟﱢﻘﹶﻮ ٍﻡ ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﺘ ﹶﻔﻜﱠﺮ‪‬ﻭﻥﹶ﴾ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ‪١١.-١٠ :‬‬
‫ﰲ ﹶﺫِﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻠﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻹﳍﻲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧـﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬
‫ﳓﻦ ﻛﺒﺸﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻴﻘﺎﻇﻜﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻡ ﻭﺗﻨـﺎﻭﻟﻜﻢ ﻟﻔﻄـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻭﺗﺬﻭﻗﻜﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﺴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺣﱴ ﻟﻌﺒﻜﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺗﻜﻢ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﳛـﺪﺙ ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﺑﺮﲪﺔ ﺍﷲ ﻋﺰ ﻭ ﺟﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﷲ ﻋﺰ ﻭﺟﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺧﻠﻘﻨﺎ ﻭﻫﻴﺄ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻣـﺎ ﳓﺘﺎﺟـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺸﻜﺮﻩ ﻭﳓﻤﺪﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻧﻌﻢ ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻤﻖ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﻣﻠﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ‪ ،‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻧﺰﻟﻪ ﺍﷲ ﻋﺰﻭﺟﻞ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺪﻯ ﻭ ﺭﲪﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﳌﲔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺠﺮِﻱ ِﺑﻤ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻚ ﺍﻟﺘِﻲ ‪‬ﺗ ‪‬‬
‫ﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﱠ ‪‬ﻴ ِﻞ ﻭ‪‬ﺍﻟﻨ‪‬ﻬ‪‬ﺎ ِﺭ ﻭ‪‬ﺍﻟ ﹸﻔ ﹾﻠ ِ‬
‫ﻼ ِ‬
‫ﺽ ﻭ‪‬ﺍ ‪‬ﺧِﺘ ﹶ‬
‫ﺕ ﻭ‪‬ﺍ َﻷ ‪‬ﺭ ِ‬
‫﴿ِﺇﻥﹼ ﻓِﻲ ‪‬ﺧﻠﹾ ِﻖ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﺎﻭ‪‬ﺍ ِ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
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Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

‫ﻦ ﹸﻛﻞﱢ‬ ‫ﺎ ِﻣ‬‫ﺑﺚﱠ ﻓِﻴﻬ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻮِﺗﻬ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺽ‬

 ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻰ ِﺑ ِﻪ ﺍ َﻷ‬‫ﺣﻴ‬ ‫ﺎ ٍﺀ ﹶﻓﹶﺄ‬‫ﻦ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ ِﺀ ِﻣ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻦ ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﷲ ِﻣ‬
ُ ‫ﺰ ﹶﻝ ﺍ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ ﹶﺃ‬‫ﻭﻣ‬ ‫ﺱ‬
 ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻊ ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﻨ ﹶﻔ‬ ‫ﻳ‬
‫ﻌ ِﻘﻠﹸﻮﻥﹶ﴾ )ﺍﻵﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺕ ِﻟ ﹶﻘﻮ‬
ٍ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺽ ﻵﻳ‬
ِ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ َﻷ‬‫ﺎﺀِ ﻭ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻦ ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ ِﺮ‬‫ﺴﺨ‬
 ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺏ ﺍﹾﻟ‬
ِ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺡ ﻭ‬
ِ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻒ ﺍﻟﺮ‬
ِ ‫ﺼﺮِﻳ‬
 ‫ﺗ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ ٍﺔ‬‫ﺍﺑ‬‫ﺩ‬
(‫ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺓ‬-١٦٤

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫]‪< <í{Ú‚{Ϲ‬‬
‫<<‬
‫ﻃﺮﺣﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ‪ ١٩‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺇﳒﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺘﺪﻧﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎﺀ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﻳ‪‬ﺠﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﲝﺎﺛﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﺑﺄﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﻭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺩﻗـﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻬـﺰﺓ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺳﺒﺖ ﰲ ﺃﺫﻫﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﰲ ﻏﻀﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺘﻬﻢ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﺃﺻﻮﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﲑ ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺎﻝ‪) :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺻﺪﻓﺔ ﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺟﻨﺒﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻨﺐ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺒﺘﻠﺔ ﺭﻃﺒﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ(‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺃﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ‪) :‬ﺍﳊﻴـﺎﺓ ﳍـﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﺑـﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻔﺖ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ "ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﻫﻮﻙ" ﰲ ‪ .١٦٦٥‬ﺩﺭﺱ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﲔ ﻭﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﲰﺎﻫﺎ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﻮﻙ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺮ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫـﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗـﻊ ﺟـﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﻼﻳـﺎ ﻏـﲑ ﺣﻴـﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑـﻪ‬
‫‪ Micrographia‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻠﻴﺔ ﱂ ﺗﺸﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﻄﻮﱐ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﻔﻴﻨـﻬﻮﻙ ‪Antonie van Leeuwenhoek‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻝ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻳﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺻﻒ ﰲ ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪ ١٦٧٤‬ﻃﺤﺎﻟـﺐ‬
‫‪ ،Spirogyra‬ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ "ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻨﻖ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﻧﺎﺻﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﻭﺑﻨﻮﺍ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺃﺭﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﺎﻳﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻯ ﲢﺖ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮ ﺣﻴﻨﺬﺍﻙ ﻛﺒﻘﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺎﺳـﻬﺎ ﺑـﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜـﻮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪) :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﳑﻠﻮﺀﺓ ﺑﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻫﻴﻼﻣﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺻﻴﻐﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺃﺻﺤﺎ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺎﻳﻜﻞ ﻭﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ )‪ (Darwin‬ﻭﻫﻜﺴﻠﻲ )‪ (Huxley‬ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻘـﺪﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﻴـﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﹰﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٢٠٠‬ﻭ ‪ ١٥٠٠٠‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪ ٠,٠٠١‬ﺍﳌﻠﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‪ .‬ﻭ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﲔ ﺍ‪‬ﺮﺩﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﲜﺎﻧﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻗﺪﺍﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﲔ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﲔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺟﺰﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻛﻠﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ ‪Nucleoplasm‬‬
‫‪ . .٢‬ﻭ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﳛﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻭ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ ‪Cytoplasm‬‬
‫• ﲢﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺑﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺭﻗﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ‬

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫• ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺘﺎﺯ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻛﻤﺎ ﲢﺎﻁ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻠﻴـﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫• ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﺣﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫• ﻛﻤﺎ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺣﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺘﺎﺑﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﺗﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ‪:-‬‬
‫‪ .i‬ﺍﳌﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪﺭﻳﺎ‬
‫‪ .ii‬ﺏ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺟﻮﳉﻲ‬
‫‪ .iii‬ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺘﺎﺑﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺘﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﳉﻠﻴﻜﻮﺟﲔ‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎ‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﳊﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻫـ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟـﺼﺒﻐﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﺍﺗﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺴﺪﻧﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﻻﺑﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﻧـﺴﺦ ﺍﳊـﺎﻣﺾ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﻭﻱ‬
‫)‪ (DNA‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻻ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺒﻬﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺠﺰﻳﺌﺔ )‪ (DNA‬ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺳـﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺄﰐ ﺃﻧﺰﱘ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻟﺐ )ﻫﻠﻴﻜﺎﺯ( ﺇﱃ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻓﻴﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﳊﻠﺰﻭﱐ )‪ (DNA‬ﺇﱃ ﺷـﺮﻳﻄﲔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻟﺐ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻄﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻄﲔ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻬﺎ )‪ (DNA‬ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ "ﻫﻴﻠﻜﺲ" ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺩﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ )‪ (DNA‬ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﲑ ﻭﺑﻐﲑ ﲣـﺎﺫﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺇﳘـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﺩﱏ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺼﺎﺏ )‪ (DNA‬ﺑﺄﻱ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻭﻟﻮ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﺟـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﺰﱘ )‪ (DNA-Polymerase‬ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﲑﺍﺯ ﻓﻮﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﺗﻜﻤﻠـﺔ ﻭﺟﻬـﻲ ﺍﻟــ‬
‫)‪ (DNA‬ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﻘﺴﻤﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺮﻳﻄﲔ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﻂ ﺁﺧﺮ ﳉﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺰﱘ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻘﻞ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﻭﻭﻋﻲ ﻳـﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻔﹼﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟـﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ )‪ (DNA‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﻗـﻴﻘﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻗـﺔ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﺩﱐ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣـﺪ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺃﻧﺰﱘ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﲑﺍﺯ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨـﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﺧـﺮ‬
‫)‪ (DNA‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﲤﺴﻚ ﺃﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ))‪ DNA‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻁ ﺑﲔ ﺟﺰﺀﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﲔ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻳﻄﻲ )‪.(DNA‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺮﻯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻧﺰﱘ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺻﺎﺭﻡ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ )‪ (DNA‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻞ ﻟﻜﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺼﻮﺭﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﻨﺴﺦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺧﻄﺄ ﰲ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ؟ ﻃﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣـﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ‪...‬‬
‫ﻓﺒﺪﻭﻥ ﺷﻚ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺧﻄﺄ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻭﻟﻮ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻧـﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻳﺰﻋﻤﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫)‪ (DNA‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻓﻴـﻪ ﻳـﺘﻢ ﲟﺤـﺾ ﺍﻟـﺼﺪﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﲟﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﺼﺪﻗﻬﺎ ﻋﻘﻞ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺿﺨﻢ ﻣﺜﲑ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻞ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﳓﻦ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻷﳝﺎ‪‬ﻢ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﻃﺌـﺔ‬

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‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ ﲤﺴﻜﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻹﳊﺎﺩ ﻭﲤﺮﺩﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﷲ ﻭﻣـﺸﻴﺌﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻫـﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻜﻢ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﺍ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ؟‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺘﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ )‪ (DNA‬ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﺜﲑ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺤﻴﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﺾ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﻭﻱ )‪(DNA‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊﻲ ﻟﻮ ﺃﺭﺩﻧـﺎ‬
‫ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺳﻨﺠﺪﻫﺎ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﳌﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٠٠٠‬ﳎﻠﹼﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨـﺴﺎﺥ ﻟﻠﺤـﺎﻣﺾ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﻭﻱ‬
‫)‪ (DNA‬ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻟﻒ ﳎﻠﺪ ﳌﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻫـﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻓـﻮﻥ ﻛـﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻫﺬﻩ ؟ ﺇ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٢٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٨٠‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺒﻪ ﻋﺰﻳﺰﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫‪ ٢٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٨٠‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﻓﺤﱴ ﻭﻗﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻛﻬـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻭﻻﺣﻆ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳﻘـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ )‪(DNA‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺭﺅﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﲔ ﺍ‪‬ـﺮﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﻜﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻦ ﳝﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﻬﺮ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺮﺭ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺦ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ )‪ (DNA‬ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺑﻐـﲑ ﺧﻄـﺄ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ؟ ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻉ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻫﻮ ﳏﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺎﻭﻟﺘﻢ ﲨﻊ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﻭﻓﺮﰎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣـﺔ ﳋﺪﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ )‪ (DNA‬ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻌﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺑﺪﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻨﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﻭﳑﺎ ﻻ ﺭﻳﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺧﺎﻟﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:32 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﺎﺯﺍﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻘﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ ﻫﻮ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﷲ ﺟﻞ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﻉ )‪ (DNA‬ﻳ‪‬ﻜﺬﹼﺏ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﳓﻦ ﳒـﺪ ﺃﻧـﻪ ﰲ‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ )‪ (DNA‬ﰲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﻣﻮﺳـﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﲢﺘـﻮﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻟﻮ ﻭﺯﻋﺖ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷـﺎﺭﻉ ﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﺗﺄﻣﻞ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﰒ ﰎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊـﺮﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬـﻞ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰎ ﲟﺤﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻻ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﻒ ﺑﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﺷﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬـﻢ ﻛﺄﻃﻔـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺇﳍﻴﺔ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﻬﺮﺓ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻋﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻘﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺬﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻤﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻋﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﲨﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﺮﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﻭﻗـﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﻻ‬
‫ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻻ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻫﻢ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻮ ﺃﻋﻄﻴﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜـﺎﰲ ﻭﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴـﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ )ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﻴﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺷﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺗﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳋـﻮﺥ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻄﻴﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻬﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻤﺎﻃﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻵﻻﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﱂ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻊ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺣﺼﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻻﺷﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻫﺘﺔ ﻛﺎﺫﺑـﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻃﻠـﺔ ﻭﺍﷲ‬
‫ﷲ ﹶﻟ ﹶﻘ ِﻮﻱ‪ ‬ﻋﺰِﻳﺰ‪ ﴾‬ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺞ‪ :‬ﺍﻵﻳﺔ ‪. ٧٤‬‬
‫ﷲ ﺣﻖ‪ ‬ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪ ِﺭ ِﻩ ِﺇﻥﱠ ﺍ َ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻟﻖ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺊ‪﴿ .‬ﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺪﺭ‪‬ﻭﺍ ﺍ َ‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:32 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
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Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:32 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA
FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE
AN: 2256817 ; .;
Account: ns063387
 Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

AN: 2256817 ;
Account: ns063387
.;
FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE
20

EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:32 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫‪< <V<íÚ‚ÏÚ‬‬
‫<<‬
‫ﳓﻦ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻮﺻﻠﻮﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺃﲝﺎﺙ ﻭ ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﺮﻗﺖ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻫﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻜﻨﺘﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﺅﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﲔ ﺍ‪‬ـﺮﺩﺓ‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻮ ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﲔ ﺍ‪‬ﺮﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺷﺠﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﳌﺎ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍ‪‬ﻬـﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪< <†â^^e<ØÛÃÖ]<è…^i‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﺑﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺜﻢ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳛﺘـﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺳﺔﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﰒ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻹﻳﻄﺎﱄ ﺟﺎﻟﻴﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺻﻨﻊ ﳎﻬﺮﺍ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﰒ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻟﻮﻓﻴﻨـﻬﻮﻙ ﺍﳍﻮﻟﻨـﺪﻱ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٦٧٥‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺻﻨﻊ ﳎﻬﺮﺍ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎ ﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺭﻛﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﺪﺳﺔ ﻣﺼﻘﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻳﻔﺤﺼﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﳎﺎﻫﺮﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﲔ ﺍ‪‬ﺮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻮﻓﻴﻨﻬﻮﻙ ﻳﻔﺤﺺ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﻙ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﳌﻄﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٦٧٥‬ﻡ ﻻﺣﻆ ﻟﻴﻔﻨﻬﻮﻙ ﰲ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗـﻪ ﰲ ﺭﺳـﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻻ ﻳﺪﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺻـﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﱂ‬
‫ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﻫﻮﻙ ﳎﻬﺮﺍ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎ ﺃﻱ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻔﺤﺺ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻗﺪ‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:32 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻧﺸﺮ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻪ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﺟﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻨﺪﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ ﻫﻮﻙ ﻟﻴﺼﻒ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﲟﺠﻬﺮﻩ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫـﻮﻙ ﻛﻠﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺭﺁﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﲔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﻙ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﻧـﺴﻴﺞ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﱂ ﻳﺮ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﻮﻙ ﻋﻤﻼ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻪ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻮﻙ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰎ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻫﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳـﻜﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﻬـﺮ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﺮﳛﻲ‬
‫‪ ،Phase Contrast‬ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺒـﺎﻳﻦ ‪ X- ray‬ﻭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳـﻜﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ‪ Microscope Ultraviolet‬ﻭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ‪ ، Diffraction Microscope‬ﻭ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳍﺎ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﲨﺔ ﰲ ﳎـﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ Fluorescent Microscope‬ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ‪،‬ﻭ ﻟﻌﻞ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻇﻬﺮ ﰲ‬
‫ﳎﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﱪﻯ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻬـﺎﺯ‬
‫‪ Electron Microscope‬ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﱂ ﺗﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺃﺩﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪.‬‬
‫]‪< <^Ãeù]<îÂ^e…<hçÓ‰†Óé¹‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﻥ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻃﺎﺑﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻣـﻦ ﺣﺮﻛـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺷﺤﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺣﻠﻢ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﻺﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﱂ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﲟﺪﻧﺎ ﲟﺎ ﳓﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﺳﻜﻮﰉ ﺍﻟـﻀﻮﺋﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﻜﺮﺳـﻜﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱏ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻰ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﰒ ﻗﻔﺰﺓ ﲢﻮﻟﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳋﻤـﺲ‬
‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﺮﺯ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ﻓﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﺳﻜﻮﺏ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻰ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻟﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻫﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﻬـﺮ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘـﺮﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:32 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮ ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﺘﻮ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻌﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﻬـﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻰ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﱪﻭﺗﲔ‬
‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﻜﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﺏ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻰ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﰱ ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﺗﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮ‪ .‬ﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﲟﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠـﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲤﻜﻦ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﺯﻭﻳﻞ ﻭﻓﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺻﺪ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺄﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻔﺘـﻮﺡ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻷﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﻻ‬
‫ﲢﺼﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﺩﺧـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻌـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﻦ ﰱ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺇﻟﻜﺘـﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﰱ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﺘﺤﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﺟﺎﺕ ﳌﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﻫﻮ ﳚﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﳒﻠﺲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻧـﺪﺭﻛﻬﺎ ﻭﻧﺘﻮﺍﺟـﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﻜﻮ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫]‪< <^ãñ]ˆq_<æ<^èø¤]<í‰]…<»<í×ÛÃjŠ¹]<цŞÖ‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻫﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺩﺭﻛﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻃـﺮﺃﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺷﻬﺪﻩ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻛﺒﲑ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﺒﻎ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔـﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻎ ﺗﺘﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﳑﺎ ﻳـﺴﻬﻞ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﳌﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺹ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻴﺘﺔ‪ Hematoxylin ،‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺻﺒﻎ ﺍﳋﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮﻛﺴﻠﲔ ‪ .Janus Green‬ﻭ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺻﺒﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺱ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ ﻭ ﻟﻘﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭ ﲤﻴﻴﺰﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﺘﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠـﻞ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ ﻳﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻭ ﻳﺬﻭﺏ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ Fixation‬ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳـﻄﺔ‬
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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:32 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
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‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﲡﻤﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﺒﻎ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﲢﻔﻆ ﰲ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺟﺎﻫﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﻓﺤﺼﻪ ﲰﻴﻜﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﴰﻊ ﻭ ﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﺠﻤـﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻄﻴﻌﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﺗﻮﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﺘـﺮﺍﻭﺡ ‪ ٣٠‬ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺻﺒﻎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺘﻬﺎ –ﺑﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﻛﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻏﻄﺎﺀ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﲢﻔﻆ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﲢﺖ ﳎﻬﺮ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﲤﺮ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪< <íéפ]<í膿Þ‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﻫﻮﻙ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻳﻔﺤﺼﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﳎﺎﻫﺮﻫﻢ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﺤﺼﺖ ﺑﺎ‪‬ﻬﺮ ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ؟ ﻫﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﱂ‬
‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻴﻜﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺼﻌﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﱐ ﺷﻔﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ‪١٨٣٩‬ﻡ ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﱂ ﻳﻜﺘﻔﻲ‬
‫ﲟﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﻏﲑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﲰﻴﻜﺔ ﳏﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻛﺰ ﺷﻔﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻴﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺷﻔﺎﻥ ﲟﺠﻬﺮﻩ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﻳـﺔ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﺘﻠﻨﺪﻱ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻻﺣﻆ‬
‫ﺷﻔﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﳏﺎﻃﺔ ﲟﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﲰﻴﺖ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺭﻗﻴﻖ ﺧـﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺷﻔﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:32 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺷﻔﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻭ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﱐ ﺷـﻴﻠﺪﻥ ﰲ ﻧﻔـﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺯ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ؟ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﻳﺸﺎﻫﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ "ﻓﲑﺷﻮ" ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﳌﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻓﺮﻭﺽ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﺿـﻌﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜـﺎﺋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻲ‪.‬‬
‫]‪< <^èø~×Ö<ê×ӎÖ]<ÜéÛ’jÖ‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻄﻼﻥ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﻣـﺎﺋﱵ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ )ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﺴﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳـﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﻴـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻯ(‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻃﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻏـﻀﺮﻭﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﻣﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺭﺍﺑﻂ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻀﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﻫﻨﻴﺔ‪،‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫـﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻭﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﻭﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳـﺎﺱ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻉ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﻤﻞ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻭﺑﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛ ﹲﻞ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻨﺎ‬
‫ﳕﻮﺫﺟﺎﻥ ﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﳘﺎ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻭﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﳝﺘﺪ‬
‫ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺘﺮ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻭﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﻱ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗـﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣـﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺬﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺦ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺃﻗـﺼﺮ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺖ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٧‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺑﺰ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﲤﺮ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ‪‬ﻭ ‪‬ﺟﻬ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﳎﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﳍﺎ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ )‪ (CO2‬ﻭﻃـﺮﺩ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ )‪ (CO2‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻟﻮ ﲣﻴﻠﺘﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﻻ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﻛﻢ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺃﺧـﺬ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻴﻨﻨﺎ ﻭﺁﺫﺍﻧﻨﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮ‬
‫)‪ (koklea‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ‬
‫ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺗﺘﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺿـﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻧﺬﺍﺭ ﻋﺼﱯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺷﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﲔ ﳐﻠﻮﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺆﺩﻱ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺣﺴﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺮﻭﻃﻲ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱯ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺒﻐﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ‬
‫ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻳﻜﺴﺐ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺴﺐ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻸﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻴﻌﺔ ﺻﻤﻤﺖ ﻫﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﻄﺎﺀ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟـﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺮﻭﻓﻴﻠﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺬﺍﺀ ﻭﺗﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻃـﻮﺍﺭ ﻫـﻀﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‪.‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻻ ﻧﻨﺴﻰ ﺃﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻋـﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﻘـﺴﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺃﻳﻌﻘﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺄﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ ﺳـﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺆﺩﻱ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫]‪< <ì†]<°ÃÖ^e<ï†è<÷<Äß’Ú<Víéפ‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﳕﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺿﺨﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﺠﺴﻢ ﻛـﻞ ﺇﻧـﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺌﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺻﻐﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺿﺨﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻨﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺻﻐﺮ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻮ ﲨﻌﻨﺎ‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:32 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻷﺻﺒﺢ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﻘـﺪﺭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻹﺑـﺮﺓ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓـﻼ ﻳـﺰﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻳﺒﺬﻟﻮﻥ ﺟﻬﻮﺩﻫﻢ ﺍﳊﺜﻴﺜﺔ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺏ ﲞﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺟﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬
‫ﻛﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﳊﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻀﻐﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻟﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺸﻜﻞ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺷﻜﻼ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻳﻐﺪﻭ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ‬
‫ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺌﱵ ﻧﻮﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﻠـﻬﺎ ﺗﺘـﺄﻑ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳـﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻴﻘﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺸﻲ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺣﺒـﺎﻝ ﻃﻮﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺟﺔ ﻧﺴﺠﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤـﺮﻙ ﺳـﻮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺫﺭﻉ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﺬﺍﺕ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻗﺮﺻـﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﺠﲔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺻﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳـﺔ ﻭﻫـﻲ ﳏﻤﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﻠﺪ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺟﻨﺒﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻨﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻠﺪ ﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﱂ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﲟﺤﺾ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ‬
‫ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻤﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺤـﻮ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:32 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳜﻄﻄﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﻀﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻟـﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﺎ ﺗ‪‬ﺼﻤﻢ ﻭﺗ‪‬ﺼﻨﻊ‬
‫ﻛﻲ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻻﺯﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻞ ﰲ ﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﺷﻲﺀ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﻛﺎﳌﻨﻀﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﲎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺴﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﻌﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺄﻛﻞ ‪‬ﺎ‪...‬ﺇﱁ‬
‫ﻓﻜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﺞ ﻋـﻦ ﺗﻔﻜـﲑ‬
‫ﻭﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﻣﺴﺒﻖ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺜـﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﳏـﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﺃﺑﺪﺍ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻳﻘﻴﻨﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻘﻞ ﻣﺪﺑﺮ ﻣﻔﻜﺮ ﻳـﻀﻊ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻣﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻧﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻜﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺛﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻭﺿﺤﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻳﺒﺬﻟﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺟﻬﻮﺩﻫﻢ ﺍﳊﺜﻴﺜﺔ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻼ ﻓﻜﺮﰎ ﰲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﺃﺳﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ ﺑﻌﺪ؟‬
‫‪< <[˜ÃfÖ]<^ã–Ãe<î×Â<^èø¤]<Í…^Ãji<ÌéÒ‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧـﺴﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺷﻜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻓﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻴﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻟﻸﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻴـﻨﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻹﳒﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﱴ ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻭﻣﱴ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺜﲑ‬
‫ﺣﲑﺗﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻮ ﻭﺯﻋﻨﺎ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﻐﺔ ﺑﻌـﻀﻬﺎ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﺧـﺘﻼﻁ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻣﺘﺰﺍﺝ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﳒﺪ ﺃﺧﲑﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﲡﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺳﺘـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:32 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻓﺮﻗﻨﺎ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﰒ ﲨﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﳒﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ؟ ﻓﻬﻞ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﻋﻘﻼ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﺍ ﻋـﺼﺒﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻴﻨـﺎ؟‬
‫ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﲤﻴﺰ ﻧﻈﲑﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﲤﻴﺰ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﳍﹼﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲡﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ؟ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﻛـﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺇﻧﻘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺈﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﷲ ﻋﺰ ﻭﺟﻞ ﺇﻥ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺯﻋﻢ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻵﻻﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﳊﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺬﹼﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺜﺔ ﻭﻫﺎﻙ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﲢﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺵ ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺋـﺔ ﺷـﻌﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻛﻤﺠﺎﺩﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻡ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﻣﻘﻄﻌـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﺸﻌﲑﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﻗﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﺻﻐﲑﻩ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﻠﻘﺘﲔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻫﺎﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺧـﻴﻂ ﺭﻗﻴـﻖ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑـﺮﻭﺗﲔ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺑﻮﻟﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﲔ ﺍﲰﻪ ﺩﺍﻳﻨﲔ )‪ (dyneın‬ﻭﻟﻪ ﺟـﺰﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻟﻴ‪‬ﺎﻥ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻳﻨﲔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮ‪‬ﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺑﻮﻟﲔ ﻣﺮﺻﻮﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺣﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺻﻮﺹ ﺭﺻـﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺷﻜﻼ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺄﺣﺠﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺳـﻂ ﺍﻟـﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:32 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺎﺯﺍﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﹰﺍ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺣﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻻ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﲔ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺮﺩﺓ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻞ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﲔ ﺗﻮﺑﻮﻟﲔ ﳛﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮﻗﻪ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﻭﻣﻦ ﲢﺘﻪ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﳎﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﲟﺠﻤﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺩﱏ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺄ ﰲ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻳﻀﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟـﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻭﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺸﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻢ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻌﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﲢﺮﻳﻚ ﺧﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺟﺴﺪﻛﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﻼﺻﺔ ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﺟﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﺄﻣﻞ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ :‬ﻟﻮ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﻧﺎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺷﻌﺮ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﳌﺎ ﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻞ ﻣـﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻓﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﲢﺪﺛﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺻﻐﲑ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳋﻼﺻـﺔ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻼ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻌﺠﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺅﻳﺘـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﲔ ﺍ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺩﺓ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺗﺼﻮ‪‬ﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺪﺑﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﳍـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﻬﺮ ﻭﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻛﻬﺬﻩ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﻘـﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﷲ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻭﺑﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻣﺜﻴﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻻ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊﻲ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺘﲔ‪:‬‬

‫‪< <somatic cell<<íéÛŠ¢]<^èø¤]IM‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊﻲ ﻋﺪﺍ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫‪< <germ cells<íéÚçm†¢]<^èø¤]IN‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻣﺸﺎﺝ ‪ gamets‬ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ‪:‬‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍ ‪ -‬ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻣﺸﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻒ ) ﺍﳊﻴـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨـﻮﻱ ( ‪ sperm -‬ﻳﺘﻜـﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻒ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻨﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ) ﺍﳋﺼﻴﺔ ( ‪testis‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻣﺸﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻧﺜﻮﻱ‪ ) :‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ‪ ) eggs -‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻨـﺴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺜﻰ ) ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺾ ‪( over‬‬

‫]÷‪< <íéפ]<»<Ý^ŠÏÞ‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊﻲ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﺩ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻭﻻﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪< <<mitosis<ë^éjÂ÷]<êŞé¤]<Ý^ŠÏÞ÷]IM‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻫﺪﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺑﻌـﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﻮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﻔﻆ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﺻﻼ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪(meiosis êÖ]ˆj}÷]<…^ގÞ÷]<E<êÖ]ˆj}÷]<Ý^ŠÏÞ÷]I٢‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻣﺸﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﳍـﺪﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻲ ﻭﳜﺘﺰﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧـﺸﻄﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨـﺼﻒ‬
‫ﻭ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﺴﻠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺸﻴﺞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫]‪sexual reproduction îŠß¢]<†m^ÓjÖ‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﰎ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺸﺎﺝ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺸﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺰﺍﱄ ﳜﺘـﺰﻝ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺘﺴﻠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺸﻴﺞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻳﻌﲏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻄﻔﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﻴﻪ ‪ haploid‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ‬
‫ﳍﺎ ﺏ )‪ ١‬ﺱ( ﻭﻛﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔﺍﳉﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻣﺸﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:32 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٤٦‬ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺸﺎﺝ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ )‪٢٣‬ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ(‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻻﺧﺼﺎﺏ )ﺍﻟﺰﳚﺔ( ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳـﺔ‬
‫)‪ ٢٣‬ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ( ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ )‪٢‬ﺱ )‪ diploid‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﻳﻌﻴﺪﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ) ‪ ٤٦‬ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ( ﻭﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﻀﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺒﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌـﻀﻼﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﻪ ﲰﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ VÝ< ^–{Ö]<s< éŠ{ßÖ]-١‬ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻭﻭﺻﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﺃﻏﻠـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻡ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻭﻣﺮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Vë‬ﻭﻳﻐﻄﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻠﺪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﻄﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‬
‫‪< …^{ã¿Ö]<séŠßÖ]-٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Vê‬ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻛﺎﳋﻴﻮﻁ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻘﺒﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ‬
‫‪< ×–{ÃÖ]<s< éŠ{ßÖ]-٣‬‬
‫ﳚﻌﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ V‬ﻭﳛﻤﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﺗـﺼﺎﻝ‬
‫‪< ’{ÃÖ]<séŠßÖ]-٤‬‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪< <íéפ]<»<…憹]<íÒ†u‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺔ ﺟﻮﳉﻲ )‪ (golgi‬ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺗﻠﻌـﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻫﺎﻣـﹰﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﲡﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻠﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻔﺮﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟـﺪ ﰲ ﺃﻣـﺎﻛﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴـﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﻠـﻞ ﰲ ﺷـﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺑﻼﲰﻴـﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ Endoplasmic Reticulum‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺪﻭﺑﻼﲰﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺔ ﺟﻮﳉﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲢﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻗﺎﺋﻖ‪.‬‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
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‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣـﻦ ﺿـﻤﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟـﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺔ ﺟﻮﳉﻰ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴـﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﲪﺎﺽ ﺩﻫﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟـﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﲣﺘﻠـﻒ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺠﺴﻴﻤﺔ ﺟﻮﳉﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻐﻠﻴـﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺟـﺴﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻮﳉﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻁ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻵﻻﻑ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﰎ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﰲ )‪ (ER‬ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺔ ﺟﻮﳉﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﻋﻲ ﺗﺎﻡ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬـﻮ ﻳﻘـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟـﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﲟﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻛﻞﹼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ؟ ﺭﻏﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﺣﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺧﻠﻂ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ‬
‫ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﻛﻞ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﷲ ﻭﻋﻠﻤﻪ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﻢ ﻳﻘﻔـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺤﲑﻳﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺠﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻌﺠﺒﻮﻥ ﳌﺎ ﻳﺰﻋﻤﻪ ﺃﻧـﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻢ ﲟﺤﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪< <^ßÚ^Šq_<»<íÎ^ŞÖ]<…‚’Ú‬‬
‫ﳕﺸﻲ ﻭﻧﻘﻒ ﻭﻧﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﻭﻧﻐﻤﺾ ﺃﻋﻴﻨﻨﺎ ﻭﻧﻔﺘﺤﻬﺎ ﻭﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﳓﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﳏﻄﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ﺗـﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺘﻮﻛﻮﻧـﺪﺭﻳﺎ‬
‫)‪ (Mitochondria‬ﰲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻧﺎ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻟﺴﻨﺎ ﻣﺒـﺎﻟﻐﲔ‬
‫ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﻃﻠﻘﻨﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ ﳏﻄﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺘﻮﻛﻮﻧﺪﺭﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ )‪ (O2‬ﻳﻠﻌـﺐ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﻥ ﻳـﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘـﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﺧـﺬ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﺭ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ﻓﺎﻷﻧﺰﳝـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺃﺩﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﺭ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻸﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻫﻲ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻋﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺰﻭﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻛﺖ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺧﻠﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻄﺄ ﰲ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜ ﹲﻞ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﲨﺎﻋﻲ ﺭﺍﺋﻊ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻋﻘﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺪﻱ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﲔ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎﳍﻢ ﰲ ﺿـﻮﺀ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺴﲑﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻠﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﳍﻢ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳـﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺪﻱ ﺃﻧﺎﺱ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﲔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺃﺩﱏ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﲎ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻨﺎ ًﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺗﺘﺤﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻈﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻﺷﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺤﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻢ؟‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺘﻮﻛﻮﻧﺪﺭﻳﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺃﻱ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬

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‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻹﳒﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﺀ ﻧﺸﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻓﻠﻦ ﺗﺘـﺎﺡ ﳍـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ )‪ (O2‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘـﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺳﻠﱯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﺎﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﻋﻤﺔ ‪‬ـﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻤﻴـﺰﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨـﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﻣﻬـﺎ ﺑﻮﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺑﻞ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﻖ ﺟﻞ ﰲ ﻋﻼﻩ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ‬
‫‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻊ ﳌﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪< <<^èø¤]<»<ì^é£]<íÎ^<VDATPE<êe<Hêi<Hë_<íòèˆq‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﺗﻐﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ ﺗـﺴﻤﻲ ﺛﻼﺛـﻲ ﻓﻮﺳـﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﻨﻮﺳـﲔ‬
‫)‪ (adenosın-trıphosphate‬ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻼﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺧﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺮﺍﺣـﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﲬـﺴﺔ ﻭﺃﺭﺑﻌـﲔ‬
‫)‪ (٤٥‬ﻛﺠﺮﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺔ )‪ .(ATP‬ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺠﻴﺐ ﺃﻧـﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﰲ ﺟـﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١‬ﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ )‪ (ATP‬ﻭﻻ ﻧﻨﺴﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ )‪ (ATP‬ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﳊﻈﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﻼﻳـﲔ‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺔ )‪ (ATP‬ﰲ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‪.‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻢ ‪‬ـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻠﺔ؟‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻳﻔﺘﺢ ﺑﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻳﺆﺧﺬ )‪ (ATP‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺙ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ )ﺃﺧﲑﺓ( ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﺓ ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﳑﺎ ﳛﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻢ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﳊﻈﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﳏﲑﺓ ﻭﺑﻐـﲑ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺋﻖ ﻳﻌﻮﻗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻛﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲟﺤﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻈـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺟـﺰﻱﺀ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻭﺧﻠﻖ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ )‪ (ATP‬ﻭﺳﺨﺮﻩ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻞ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫـﻮ ﺍﷲ‬
‫ﻋﺰ ﻭﺟﻞ ﺧﺎﻟﻖ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺊ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻳﺼﻔﻮﻥ‪.‬‬

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< <l^ËŠËÖ]<êmøm<°‰çßè_
‫ ﻳﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﻧـﺐ ﺗﻜـﻮﻳﻦ‬،‫( ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‬ATP) ‫ﺇﻥ‬
‫ ﻭﳛﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻪ ﺛـﻼﺙ ﺟﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ ﻣـﻦ‬،‫( ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ‬ATP)
.(ATP) ‫ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﻝ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ‬

< <<DATPE<ì_ˆŸ<‚ßÂ<†ã¿i<Ö]<íÎ^ŞÖ]
‫ ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﳎﻤﻮﻋـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳـﻔﺎﺕ‬،‫( ﺛﻼﺙ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ‬ATP) ‫ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺔ‬.١
.‫( ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ATP)
‫( ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﻔـﺼﻞ‬ADP) ‫( ﻳﺘﻜـﻮﻥ‬ATP) ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﻞ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ‬.٢
(AMP)‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫( ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﻛـﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ﰲ‬ATP) ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻚ ﺭﺑﺎﻁ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ‬.٣
.‫( ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ATP)

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‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻘﺪ ﻭﺃﳒﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ )ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ( ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻧﺘﺞ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻷﻱ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﻣـﻦ ﳊﻈـﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ‪.‬‬
‫•‪< <íéפ]æ<Ý‚Ö]<¼Ç‬‬
‫ﻫﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻜﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳔﻔـﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺿـﻐﻂ ﺍﻟـﺪﻡ؟‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻑ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ )ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪ‪‬ﻡ ﻟﺪﻱ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪ‪‬ﻡ ﻟـﺪﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ( ﰲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﺭﲟﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻭﺿﺒﻄﻪ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺃﺧﺮىﻜﺜﲑﺓ ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻳﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻳﲔ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺿـﻐﻂ ﺍﻟـﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻳﻀﺮ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋـﺪﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻳﲔ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺣﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﺴﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻠـﺐ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻟﻴﺘﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﰒ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻳﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻀﺒﺎﻁ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻳﲔ ﻳـﺴﺠﻞ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮﹰﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﺇﻥ ﱂ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺘـﺪﺍﺑﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺝ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻓـﺘﺢ‬
‫ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﶈﺒﻮﺳﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﰒ ﲣﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻡ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻟﻴﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺩﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﰲ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺿـﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺑﻞ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﺗـﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫)‪ (ACE‬ﺗﻔﺮﺯ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﻩ ‘’ﺭﻧﲔ’’ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻻﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﺃﳒﻴﻮﺗﻨﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﺮﺯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺭﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﳒﻴﻮﺗﻨﺴﲔ‪ ١-‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻳﻌﺘﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﻝ ﺁﺧﺮ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﳒﻴﻮﺗﻨﺴﲔ‪١-‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﱘ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ )‪ (ACE‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘـﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴـﺪﺓ ﻫـﻮ ﲡـﺰﻱﺀ ﺟﺰﻳﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﳒﻴﻮﺗﻨﺴﲔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺄﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻳﲔ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟـﺪﻡ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﱂ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻓﻼ ﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﻱ ﻫﺮﻣـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﺠﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﺃﳒﻴﻮﺗﻨﺴﲔ‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺗﺘﺤﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟـﺸﺮﺍﻳﲔ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻬـﺰﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﺃﳒﻴﻮﺗﻨﺴﲔ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻟﺘﺘﻘﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻳﲔ ﻭﺗﻀﺒﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻳﻌﲏ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﰲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺟﺪﺍﻝ ﰲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻣﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﻡ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬
‫ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﰲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﰲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳـﺔﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻰ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣـﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﺟﺐ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻛﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻧـﺴﺠﺔ ﻭﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺑﻼ‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:32 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﻧـﺰﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺳﻴﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻭﻋـﻰ ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺒﺄ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻧﻘﺼﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧـﺴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻮﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﺨﻄﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﻄـﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﻴﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﰒ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺧﱪ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰒ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﻣﺎ ﲢﺘﻮﻳﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐـﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻـﻴﻞ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﳝﻜﹼﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ )‪ (O٢‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﺣﱴ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﻌـﻴﺶ‬
‫ﻃﻴﻠﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺴﻤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫]‪< <^ßÚ^Šq_<Ì×i<Ö]<íÎøÛÃÖ]<íÓfŽÖ‬‬
‫ﻫﻞ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺳﺄﻟﺘﻢ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻞ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻵﻥ؟‬
‫ﻫﻞ ﺃﻥﹼ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻀﺨﻪ ﻗﻠﱯ ﺫﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻛﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱄﹼ؟‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻀﻮ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ؟‬
‫ﻣﱴ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻌﺪﰐ ﰲ ﻫﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻨﺎﻩ؟‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺣﺮﻛﻬﺎ ﻛﻲ ﺃﺣﻘﻖ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺫﺭﺍﻋﻲ؟‬
‫ﺭﲟﺎ ﺑﺪﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﲰﺎﻋﻨﺎ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺜﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺃﺟـﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﺗﻨﺠﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:32 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻭﻷﺟﻞ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺗ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻭﻥ ﺻﻮﺭ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﱪﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﹸﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺦ ﻭ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺗـﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻫﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻔﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻜﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﻜﻴﻠـﻮﻣﺘﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻹﻳﻌﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﻳﻌﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺑﻨﻘـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻳﻌﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﺪﻫﺸﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﲣﻴﻠـﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻟﻮ ﺃﺭﺩﰎ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﻋﻀﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﹼﺭﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻣﺘﺒﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺎ ﺷﺎﺋﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻀﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺺ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺭﻣﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﻣـﺪﻯ ﻗـﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻳﻌﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌـﺦ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺦ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻮﻗـﻒ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﲡﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻓﺘﻤﻜﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﻴﺶ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺘﺬﻭﻗﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻔﻜﺮ ﺃﻭ ﳒﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﳕـﺎﺭﺱ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺁﺧﺮ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﲟﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺮﻯ ﺑﻮﺍﺳـﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺬﻫﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺦ ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱯ‪.‬‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:32 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﻤﺴﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﺻﺎﺑﻌﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﻳﺪﻳﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻮﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻘﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﲝﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﲜﻬﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺛﻘﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﻧﻔـﺴﻪ ﺗـﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﺫﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﲔ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌـﺦ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺄﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻭﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺇﻳﻌﺎﺯﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﲟﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻣﻬﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﻳﻌﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻨﻔﻜﺮ ﻣﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ ﰲ ﻛـﻞ ﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺿﻨﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﲢﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻭﲰﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄـﺔ ﻭﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﺴﺢ ﺑﺄﻗﺪﺍﻣﻨﺎ ﻭﺗﺬﻭﻕ ﻃﻌﻢ ﻋﺼﲑ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ ﻭﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﲢـﺪﺙ ﰲ ﻭﻗـﺖ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺮﻯ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻮ ﻃﹸﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ؟ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻋﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﺍﻹﳍﻲ‬
‫ﰲ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺗ ِﺮ ‪‬ﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺄﻭﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺇﻳﻌﺎﺯﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗـﺬﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﻃﻌﻤـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﻭﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻭ ﳌﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬
‫ﳊﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻭﺯ‪‬ﺎ ‪ ١,٥‬ﻛﻎ ﺃﻥ ﳝﺎﺭﺱ ﻣﻬﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ؟ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﻓـﺎﳌﺦ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﲡﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﳍﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺪ‪‬ﺙ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ ﺧﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻔﹼﻖ ﺑﻴﺪﻳﻪ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺃﺣـﺪﻛﻢ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﺸﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺸﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺭﺩ‪ ‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻓﺠﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺘـﱪ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺗﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﺒﺐ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺸﺔ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﻱ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻮﺿﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺦ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻢ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻌﻢ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﷲ ﻋﺰ ﻭﺟﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﲢﻤﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻓﻨﺎ ﻓﺠـﺄﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺴﺤﺐ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﺣﺎﳌﺎ ﲤﺲ ﻗﺪﺣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﷲ ﻋﺰ ﻭﺟﻞ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻮﺍﺳـﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﳍﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻹﻳﻌﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ ٩‬ﻛﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻤـﺎﺭﺱ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪< <^èø¤]<°e<l÷^’i÷]<íÓf‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﺗﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻠﺘﺰﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﲟﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﻘـﻞ‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪ‪‬ﺭﻗﻲ )‪ (tıroıd‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺍﻗﺐ ﺳـﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﲔ )‪ (ınsulın‬ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺴﻴﺘﺮﻭﻥ )‪ (Aldestrone‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳـﺼﻨﻊ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﲔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺇﻧﺬﺍﺭ ﻫﺮﻣـﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻳﺜﲑﻭﺑـﻮﻳﺘﲔ‬
‫)‪ (erıthropoıetın‬ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻛﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻴﻊ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﰲ‬
‫ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻐﲑ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻻ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﻓﻮﺿﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺂﻻﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺳـﻬﺎ ﲟﻘﺎﻳﻴـﺴﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ؟ ﻭﺃﻱ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ؟‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ؟‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻻ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺷـﻲﺀ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﳐﻠﻮﻕ ﺑﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻭﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻭﺑﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻉ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﳏﻜﻢ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺠﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﺍﷲ‬
‫ﰲ ﺧﻠﻘﻪ ﻋﺰ ﻭﺟﻞ ﻭﺣﻜﻤﺘﻪ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﲨﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺁﻻﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﱭ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺇﻥ ﺁﻻﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻓﺠﺄﺓ ﻟﻸﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺸﲑ ﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﺎﳍﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻭﻛـﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﲔ‬
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‫)‪ (oksıtosın‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺁﻻﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﳊـﺪﺙ‪ .‬ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﺮﺯ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﲑﻩ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﲔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻟﱭ ﺍﻷﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻮﻻﺩﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﺷﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻘﻠﺺ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﲤـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ )ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ( ﻻ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﻭﻻ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻷﻧﻪ ﰲ ﻛﻠﺘـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﲝﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﺆﻛﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻣﻴﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﰲ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﲔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﺳﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻨﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﳍﺮﻣﻮﻥ )‪ (oksıtosın‬ﻓﻠﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻫﺎﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻫﻲ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻟﱭ ﺍﻷﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﳍﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻨﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﻫﺔ ﻭﻧﻔﻜﺮ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺻﻐﲑ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳌـﺦ ﺗـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ؟‬
‫ﳌﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﺑﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻛﻤﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﳕﻮﻩ ﰲ ﺭﺣﻢ ﺃﻣﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻀﻲ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻋﺪﻩ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻔﻜﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﱭ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﰒ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻐـﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻠﱭ ﰲ ﺻﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﻴﺘﻮﺳﲔ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻔـﺎﻅ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺻﺤﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻳﺄﺧـﺬ ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻨﻔﺬﻫﺎ ﻭﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻭﳛﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣـﺔ ﳍـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻹﲤﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻩ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺑﻼ ﺗﻘﺼﲑ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﶈﲑ ﺑﺘﺨﻄﻴﻄﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﻟﻖ ﻋﺰ ﻭﺟﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﳉﺒﺎﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺠﺰﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺑﲑ‪.‬‬
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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
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‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫}‪< <Ý‚Ö]<^èø‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗ‪‬ﻀﺦ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻠﻘﺎﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﺍﻟـﻼﺯﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺮﺯ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﺮﻭﺑﻮﻳﺘﲔ ‪ erıtropoıetın‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﰲ ﳔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻡ ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﻤـﺮﺍﺀ ﻗـﺪ ﻧﻘـﺼﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﺋ ٍﺬ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺘﲔ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻴﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻉ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻌـﺮﺽ ﻷﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻒ ﰲ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻉ ﺑﻔﻚ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺮﺳـﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺗﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺘﲔ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻢ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻭﻳـﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻭﺗﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﺄﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻄﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺟﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺧﻄﻮﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻼ ﺗﻘﺼﲑ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﺤﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻦ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻫﻴﺐ؟ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺍ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﳍﻢ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺃﻋﻄﺎﻫﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬
‫}‪< <Üu†Ö]<^èø‬‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ ﻭﻻ ﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻻﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻔـﻞ ﰲ ﺻـﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻴﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻜﱪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ‬
‫ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﻧﺰﱘ ﻻﻳﺰﻭﺯﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻛﺄﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﳋﱪ ﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ ﻓﺘﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺭﻛﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﺎ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﻭﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺼﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ١/٤٠‬ﺑﺎﳍﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻩ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ ﺑﻌـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺻـﺤﺔ ﺍﳉـﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﻮﻳﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﲝﻘﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﺭﺣﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺦ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﲢﻮﻟﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺣﻘﻨﺖ ﰲ ﻓﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﳌﺦ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻣـﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﺵ )ﺑﺎﺭﻛﻨﺴﻮﻥ(‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻠﺺ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻃﺐ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻳﻴﻞ ﺑﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﻧﻴﺘﻴﻜﺖ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﲟﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﺭﻛﻨﺴﻮﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ ﳍﻦ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﲞﻼﻳـﺎﻫﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﺭﻛﻨﺴﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺎ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﺝ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺪﻣﲑ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺑﺎﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻛـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺧﺬ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻳﻴﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﻊ ﻧﺴﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﻣـﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﲟـﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﺭﻛﻨـﺴﻮﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﻮﻟﻮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺑﺎﻣﲔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺦ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺗـﻀﺢ‬
‫ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﲢﻮﻟﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺑﺎﻣﲔ‪.‬‬
‫]‪< <ïçß¹]<á]çé£‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﻥ )ﺍﻻﻳﺰﻭﺯﻭﻣﺎﺕ( ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻱ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘـﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﻄـﺎﺀ ﺍﶈـﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻘﻴﺢ‬
‫)‪‬ﺠﲔ( ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﻣﻦ ﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﰲ ﺣـﲔ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎ ﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺟـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﺰﱘ ﺍﻟﻼﻳﺰﻭﺯﻭﻡ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﳊـﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﳊﻔﻈﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺜﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫]‪< <á^†ŠÖ‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳛﺪﺙ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻏﲑ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺑﻼ ﲢﻜﻢ‬
‫ﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺰﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﳉﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺧﺮ ﻓﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻭﺑﻄﻰﺀﺍﻭ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺳـﺮﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻼﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻭﻛﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻟﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﺘﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﺳـﺮﻃﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪ ١٣‬ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺍﻟﻒ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌـﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﲢـﺖ ﺳـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻦ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ ﻭﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻔﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻣﻌﺪﻳﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻭﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺔ ﻭﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻭﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻭﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﲢﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﻣﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻹﻛـﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻁ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺿـﺪ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻤﺎﺗﺔ‬
‫)ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﱪﻣﺞ ‪ ،) Apoptosis‬ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﻇـﺮﻭﻑ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺛﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﲝﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺭﻡ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻷ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻧﺴﺦ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺮﺍﻗﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﻘـﺴﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺇ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲪﺎﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ‪.‬‬
‫‪á^†ŠÖ^e<íéÛŠjÖ]<gf‰‬‬
‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻔﺨﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻡ ﺗـﺸﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬
‫ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻼﺗﻴﲎ ﺗﻌﲎ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﲑ ﺍﻟـﺬﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺸﺒﺚ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﳝﺴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺩ‪،‬ﻭﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﺧﺒﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ‬
‫ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺰﻭ ﺍﻟِﺒﻨ‪‬ﻴﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﲣﺮﻳﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻭﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺓ‪.‬‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﺑﻴﻀﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﺰﻣﻦ‬

‫]‪< <D^éÛéÒç×Ö]<E<Ý‚Ö]<š^–ée‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﳔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻧـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﳔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﻓﺘﻨﻘﺺ ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻢ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﳑﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺰﻳﻒ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺺ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺏ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻸﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﺑﻴﻀﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﲔ ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﳌﺰﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻣﺎ ﳌﻔﺎﻭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﻮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫]‪< <CML<àÚˆ¹]<ëçÏßÖ]<Ý‚Ö]<š^–ée‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﳔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺑﻴﻀﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﺰﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺁﺧـﺮ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﻳﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﺟـﺰﺀ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ٢٢‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ٩‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺸﻮﺀ ﺟﲔ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ )‪BCR-‬‬
‫‪ (Abl‬ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﲔ )‪ (BCR-Abl‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻳـﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻧﻘـﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ‪ ٢٢‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﻼﺩﻳﻠﻔﻴﺎ ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺘﻢ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﻛﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺟﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‪.‬‬
‫‪< <àÚˆ¹]<ëçÏßÖ]<Ý‚Ö]<š^–ée]<tøÂ‬‬
‫ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻠﻔﺎﻥ )‪ (Busulfan‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﳍﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻓﻌﺎ ﹰﻻ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳛﻤﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺷﻔﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻘﺎﺹ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛـﺴﻲ ﻳﻮﺭﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺣﻘﻖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺷﻔﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﳛـﺪ‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:32 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﲢﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﺇﱃ ﻟﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎ ﺣﺎﺩﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﻳﻦ ﰎ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻭﻓﲑﻭﻥ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻼﺝ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳉﻠﺪ‪ .‬ﺃﻇﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳊﻼﺕ ﻭﺧﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﻼﺩﻟﻔﻴﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ %٣٨‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦‬ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺘﻔﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﻼﺩﻟﻔﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﰒ ﲤﺖ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻱ ﺳﻴﺘﺎﺭﺍﺑﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻓﲑﻭﻥ ﳑﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧـﺔ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻓﲑﻭﻥ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻝ ‪ ٧٢١‬ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻰ ﻋﻮﳉﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺮﻓﲑﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺮﻓﲑﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﺎﺭﺍﺑﲔ ﻓﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪ %٨٦‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺿـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﳉـﻮﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺮﻓﲑﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﺎﺭﺍﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﺷﻮﺍ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑــ ‪ %٧٩‬ﰲ ﺟـﺰﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻓﲑﻭﻥ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﻩ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ‪ %٤١‬ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻔﻰ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﻼﺩﻟﻔﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﳔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ‪.‬‬
‫]‪< <gâ„Ö^e<tøÃÖ‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻـﺔ ﰲ ﺃﲝـﺎﺙ ﺍﻟـﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ‬
‫ﲟﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﳒﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﳝﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﲟﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﺴﻜﻮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻼ ﺍﱄ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗـﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻛﺘـﺸﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺪﻣﲑ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﱐ‪ .‬ﻭﳘﺎ ﻳﻌﻤﻼﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﻴـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻗﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﺫﻫﺐ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻠﺘﺤﻢ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﺒﻌﺚ‬
‫ﺿﻮﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎﻡ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴـﺰﺭ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﺗﺪﻣﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺑﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‪ %١٠٠‬ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺣـﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﺑﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﳍﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺰﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻘﺐ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳉﻠﺪ ﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻕ ﺃﻱ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺑﺎﳉﻠﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﻗـﻊ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﱂ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻋﻪ ﰲ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺳـﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﳒﺢ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ %١٠٠‬ﰲ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺘﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺬﻫﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱄ ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱄ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﳏﻔﺰﺓ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﺙ ﻭﻣﻴﻀﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺩﺍﻛﻨﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻤـﻊ ﺭﻗـﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺘﻠﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻗـﺎﺋﻖ ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻔﺘﺖ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻻﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺘﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺬﻫﺐ ﻓﺈ‪‬ـﺎ ﺗـﺴﺨﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺣﺮﺍﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﻣﺎﺗﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌـﺮﻑ ﺑـﺎﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﻮﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘـﺎﺋﻲ ‪ selective photothermal therapy‬ﻭﺑـﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻮ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫]‪< <íéפ]<í}ç~é<àÂ<í¶^ßÖ]<l]ÇjÖ‬‬
‫ﲢﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻـﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻨﻴﺎ‪‬ـﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ Senility Pigments ،‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺻﺒﻐﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻛـﺴﺪﺓ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﻟـﺪﻫﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ Wear and Tear Pigments‬ﺃﻭ ﺻﺒﻎ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺰﻕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴـﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺬﻭﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻎ ﰲ ﻣﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﻎ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﺎﻍ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﺩﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻫﺮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﻎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻮﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺼﻐﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ )ﺑﻜﱰﺓ ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﲟﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ( Nuclear Pyknosis‬ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺼﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﺣﻮﺍﻓﻬـﺎ ﻭ ﻓﻘـﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﰲ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﻔﺘﺖ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺟـﻮﳉﻲ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‬

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 ‫א
א‬

< <îf’ÃÖ]<‡^ã¢]<

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AN: 2256817 ;
Account: ns063387
.;
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‫]‪< <íéf’ÃÖ]<íéפ‬‬
‫<<‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﳛﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﻋـﺼـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺦ ﻭﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﺠﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﳉﻬـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳـﺸﺮﻑ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﲨﻴـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﺆﻟﻒ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﲟﺎ ﳛﻘﻖ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻮ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺗـﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻬـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨـﻬﺎ ﺗـﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﻳـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﱄ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﳉﺴﻢ ﻗﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫]‪íéf’ÃÖ]<írŠÞù‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ‪ Nervous Tissues‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘـﺮﻛﻴﱯ‬
‫ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺒﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﳋﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺳـﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻬـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ –ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﻬـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱯ‪.‬‬
‫‪< <<íéf’ÃÖ]<íéפ]<IM‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻴﻮﺭﻭﻥ ‪ Neuron‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱯ ﻛﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﳛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱯ‪ ،‬ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ‪ %٩٠‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﰲ ﺑﻘﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱯ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﰲ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﺠﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻘﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﹰﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴـﺰ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﳘﺎ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ‪ Nerve cells‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻭﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻬـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻤﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺭﻭﺟﻼﻳﺎ ‪ Neuroglia‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗـﺮﺑﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﳍﺎ ﺣﱴ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﲢﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺦ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﻟﻌـﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺘﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪.١‬ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ‪ Unipolar‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻔﺮﻉ‬
‫‪Spinal‬‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺘـﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﺪ ﺍﻟﻌـﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﺸﻮﻛﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ Ganglia‬ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ ‪ Bipolar‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﲜﺴﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﲣﺮﺝ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺗﺎﻥ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﲤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺠﲑﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺷﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺏ ‪ Multipolar‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟـﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻴـﺔ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺿﻼﻉ ﻭﳜﺮﺝ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﲑﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳜﺮﺝ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﳋﻠﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﳊﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪< <<IV^Ûâ<°é‰^‰_<àèðˆq<àÚ<íéf’ÃÖ]<íéפ]<áçÓjiæ‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ‪.Cell body‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ‪.Axon‬‬
‫‪< <íéf’ÃÖ]<íéפ]<ÜŠq‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻐﺰﱄ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺿﻼﻉ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧـﻮﺍﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳـﺔ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ ﻳ‪‬ﺤﺎﻁ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻸ ﲡﻮﻳﻒ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﳓـﻮ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗ‪‬ﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺠﲑﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﲑﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ ‪Dendrites‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺭﺳﺎﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺠﲑﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒِﻞ ‪.Receiving part‬‬

‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫¦‪< <<íéפ]<…ç‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﳑﺘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺓ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻴـﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﺘـﻬﻲ ﲟﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ‪ Nerve endings‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺷﺠﲑﺍﺕ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺘﺒﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱯ ‪ .Synapse‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﶈـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻏﻼﻑ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺩﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﺗـﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺪ ﺍﳌﻴﻠﻴﲏ ‪ ،Myelin Sheath‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﻳﻀﻔﻲ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻷﻋـﺼﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﻴﻂ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐـﻼﻑ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳋـﺎﺭﺝ ﻏـﺸﺎﺀ ﺭﻗﻴـﻖ ﻳ‪‬ـﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟـﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪ Neurolemma‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤـﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﰊ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺮﻱ ﻋﱪ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌـﺔ ﺷـﺤﻨﺎﺕ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌـﺼﱯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﺘﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﳌﻴﻠﻴﲏ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺇﻥ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻨﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮ‪‬ﻥ ﻣـﺎ ﻳ‪‬ـﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻌﻘـﺪ ﺭﺍﻧﻔﻴﻴـﻪ‬
‫‪ Nodes of Ranvier‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻜﺘﺸﻔﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﳌﻴﻠﻴﲏ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺍﻥ ‪ .Schwann’s Cells‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻌـﺪ ﳏـﻮﺭ ﺍﳋﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗـﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺻـﻞ‬
‫‪ Conducting part‬ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳛﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ )ﺍﻟﺸﺠﲑﺍﺕ( ﰲ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻣﻪ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﲑﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗ‪‬ﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ‪.Motor End Plate‬‬
‫]‪< <îf’ÃÖ]<ÔfjŽ¹‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻳـﺘﻢ ﻧﻘـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎﻡ ﺑﲔ ﺷﺠﲑﺍﺕ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺒﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱯ ﻭﻳﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺒﻜﻴﺔ ‪ Presynaptic‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﺒﻜﻴﺔ ‪ Postsynaptic‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺠﲑﺍﺕ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺘﲔ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺒﻚ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻳ‪‬ﻄﻠـﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺻـﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌـﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ Neurotransmitters‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ( ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺩﺭﻳﻨﺎﻟﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﺃﺩﺭﻳﻨﺎﻟﲔ ‪،Noradrenaline‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻴﺘﺎﻳﻞ ﻛﻮﻟﲔ ‪ ،Acetyle choline‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺑﺎﻣﲔ ‪ ،Dopamine‬ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﲑﻭﺗﻮﻧﲔ‬
‫‪ .Serotonine‬ﻭﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺼﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﳉﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﰒ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
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‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺒﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱮ‬

‫]‪< <<^ßÚ^Šq_<Ø}]<ÌÎçi<áæ<ØÛÃi<Ö]<l^ËéÓ¹‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧـﺸﻌﺮ ﻭﻫـﻮ ﺍﻟﺘـﻨﻔﺲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻛﺎﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺮﺋﺘﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺣـﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻮﻻ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﳌﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻻ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺇﻻ ﻟﻠﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳊﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺐ ﺇﱃ ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻳـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺗﺮﺷﻴﺤﻪ ﻭﺗﺮﻃﻴﺒﻪ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺗﺪﻓﺌﺘﻪ ﺇﻥ ﻟﺰﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻭﺇﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﻋﻨـﻪ ﻗﺒـﻞ‬
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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺫﻫﺎﺑﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺘﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺰﻳﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟـ‪٢٠‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺟﺴﻴﻢ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥﹼ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺜﻼﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺍﺯﺩﺣﺎﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻭﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻋﺠﻴﺐ ﺣﻘﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺣﺠﺰﻩ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﷲ ﻋﺰ ﻭﺟﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺇﳕﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ‪‬ـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﻳﺆﻣﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪-‬‬
‫ﲟﺎ ﺭﺃﻳﻨﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻹﻋﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺟﺴﻤﻪ‪ -‬ﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﰲ ﻭﻳـﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻳـﺎﻡ ﲟﺤـﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻯ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻔﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ؟ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺗﺒﻨﻴﻬﻢ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻹﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺜﺒـﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺬﺍﺟﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻠﻢ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻧﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻧﻒ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻨـ ‪‬ﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺬﺍﺟﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥﹼ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻒ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﲟﺤﺾ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳒﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﳌﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﱪﺩ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳊﺮ‪ ‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻮﺍﺳـﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﺠﺄﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ؟ ﻭﻫﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻬـﺎﺯ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﲡﺘﻤﻊ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺮﻛﺖ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﻫﺎ؟‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻻ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻘﻞ ﻣﻔﻜﺮ ﻳﻀﻊ ﺗﺼﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﻭﳐﻄﻄﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﻜﺮ ﰲ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﳓﻦ ﳓﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﰲ ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍ‪‬ﺰﺃﺓ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻮﻻ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺃﻱ ﻻﻋﺐ ﺃﻥ ﳚﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻮ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﺭﻗﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﻇﻬـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻒ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻧﻒ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﻳـﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺗﻘﻠﻴـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ‪ -‬ﳐﻠﻮﻕ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﷲ ﻋﺰ ﻭﺟﻞ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ‪:‬‬
‫ﺽ‬
‫ﺕ ﻭ‪‬ﺍ َﻷ ‪‬ﺭ ِ‬
‫ﺢ ﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻪ ﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟـﺴ‪ّ‬ﻤ‪‬ﺎﻭ‪‬ﺍ ِ‬
‫ﺴﺒ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺴﻨ‪‬ﻰ ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬‬
‫ﺤ ‪‬‬
‫ﺼﻮ‪ ‬ﺭ ﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻪ ﺍ َﻷ ‪‬ﺳﻤ‪‬ﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﺉ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬‬
‫ﷲ ﺍﹾﻟﺨ‪‬ﺎِﻟ ‪‬ﻖ ﺍﹾﻟﺒ‪‬ﺎ ِﺭ ‪‬‬
‫) ‪‬ﻫ ‪‬ﻮ ﺍ ُ‬
‫ﺤﻜِﻴ ‪‬ﻢ( ﺍﳊﺸﺮ‪. ٢٤ ،‬‬
‫‪‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻫ ‪‬ﻮ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻌﺰِﻳ ‪‬ﺰ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬‬

‫_‪< <^ßjÇځ_<íÓf<êâ<áçÓÖ]<»<íÓf<‚ÏÂ‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﻘﺮﺽ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺃﻧﺰﱘ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻹﺛﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﲢﻴﻂ ﲜﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﺒـﺎﺩﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗـﺴﺮﻱ ﺧـﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﲢﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻃﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﻧﺬﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﻻ ﲢﺼﻰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌـﺦ ﻭﺍﻷﻋـﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ ﺧﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺎﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﲤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﻗـﺼﲑﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻼ ﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ )ﺃﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ( ﻭﻻ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪< <[h^’Âù]<°e<ð^e†ãÓÖ]<…^éi<†µ<ÌéÒ<áƒc‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻭﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴـﻪ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ "ﲪﻞ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ"‪.‬‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:35 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻓﺤﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ ﲢـﻞ ﺍﻟـﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧـﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻨﻘﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟـﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺘـﺎﱄ‪ .‬ﻫـﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻢ ﰲ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺮﻯ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻟـﻨﻘﺺ ﺃﻧـﺰﱘ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﳌﺎ ﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊـﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ )ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ( ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﺴﺤﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺟـﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊﻲ ﻓﻬﻲ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﻻﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝـﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧـﺮﻯ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﲡﻌﻠﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﻣﻼﻳـﲔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﻟﻴﻜﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻐﻔﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺑﺄﻧﻈﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﻧﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺧﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪.‬‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/9/2020 6:35 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥﹼ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﹼﻤﺘﻤﻮﻩ ﻫﻮ ﺁﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻳﺎﺕ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﷲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛـﺮﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻭﺗﻌﻤـﻞ ﻭﺗﻌﻄـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺬﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺼﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻤﻬﺎ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ ﲤﻨﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻓﻴﻨﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻻ ﲢﺪﺙ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻮﻻ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻧـﺰﱘ ﺍﳌـﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫)ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻞ ﻛﻮﻟﲔ ﺍﺳﺘﲑﺍﺯ( ﻭﺳﻂ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜـﺎﺋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻲ ﻟﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻠﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻛﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻒ ﻛﻞ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﻔﺔ ﺗﻔﻜﲑ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻗﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺗﻘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺍ ﺃﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻣﺞ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺷﻌﻮﺭ ﳍﺎ ﻭ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭ ﻻ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﱐ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ؟ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳉـﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﺭﻏﻢ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻣﺘﻼﻛﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄـﻮﺭ ﻻ‬
‫ﳝﺘﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺧﺎﻟﻖ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻧﺰﱘ ﻭ ﻣﻌ‪‬ﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺑﻼ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻫﻮ ﺍﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪.‬‬
‫‪< <[¹]<»<†’fÖ]æ<ÄÛŠÖ^e<”^¤]<…çÎÖ]<çÃè<à¹‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﻭﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﲔ‬
‫ﺗﺬﻫﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻄﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺦ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲡﺪﻭﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳـﺸﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻳـﺮﻯ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺦ ؟ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﻢ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺫﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﻒ‪ ،‬ﳌﻦ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ؟‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺧﻠﻘﻪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﻜﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺎﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﻻ‬
‫ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻛﻲ ﻳﺒﺼﺮ ﻭﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﻛﻲ ﻳﺴﻤﻊ ﻭﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺦ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺠﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻔﻜﺮ ﻣﻠﻴﺎ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺪﺓ ﺳﻨﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺦ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺇﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﳎﺴﻢ )ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺯﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳـﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻬﺎﺭ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺎﻑ ﺭﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﺸﻜﺮﻩ ﻭﳛﻤﺪﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻢ ﻭﻳﻠﺘﺠﺊ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻭﻳﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﻤﻔﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺸﻢ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﻴﺔ؟‬
‫]‪< <Ù^Û¢]<±c<íÊ^•_<íËé¾çÖ]æ<ØӎÖ]<îÊ<Ù^ÛÓÖ‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥﹼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﻛـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻈﻬﺮﺍ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟـﺸﻲﺀ‬
‫ﳑﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﲡﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺻﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﳛﺼﻞ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺄﻭﻳﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻮﺕ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺦ‪ ‬ﻣﻘﻔﻞ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻣـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟـﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﶈـﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺄﻧﻘﻰ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻜﻢ ﲟﺨﻜﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﺰﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﲰﺎﻉ ﺍﻭﺭﻛﺴﺘﺮﺍ ﺗﻌﺰﻑ ﺳﻴﻤﻔﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﲰﺎﻉ ﺿﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻮ ﰎ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺦ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﳊﻈﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﺍﻟـﺼﺎﺧﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﳒﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺖ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺦ‪.‬‬

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺧﻠﻘﻪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﻜﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺎﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﻻ‬
‫ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻛﻲ ﻳﺒﺼﺮ ﻭﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﻛﻲ ﻳﺴﻤﻊ ﻭﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺦ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺠﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻔﻜﺮ ﻣﻠﻴﺎ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺪﺓ ﺳﻨﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺦ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺇﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﳎﺴﻢ )ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺯﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳـﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻬﺎﺭ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺎﻑ ﺭﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﺸﻜﺮﻩ ﻭﳛﻤﺪﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻢ ﻭﻳﻠﺘﺠﺊ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻭﻳﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﻤﻔﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺸﻢ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﻴﺔ؟‬
‫]‪< <Ù^Û¢]<±c<íÊ^•_<íËé¾çÖ]æ<ØӎÖ]<îÊ<Ù^ÛÓÖ‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥﹼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﻛـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻈﻬﺮﺍ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟـﺸﻲﺀ‬
‫ﳑﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﲡﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺻﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﳛﺼﻞ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺄﻭﻳﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻮﺕ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺦ‪ ‬ﻣﻘﻔﻞ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻣـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟـﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﶈـﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺄﻧﻘﻰ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻜﻢ ﲟﺨﻜﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﺰﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﲰﺎﻉ ﺍﻭﺭﻛﺴﺘﺮﺍ ﺗﻌﺰﻑ ﺳﻴﻤﻔﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﲰﺎﻉ ﺿﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻮ ﰎ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺦ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﳊﻈﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﺍﻟـﺼﺎﺧﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﳒﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺖ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺦ‪.‬‬

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‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﻭﺃﻭﺿﺤﻬﺎ ﻓﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻳـﺬﻛﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺕ ﻓﺎﶈﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺿـﺢ ﺍﻷﺻـﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻧـﻘﺎﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺳـﻴﻘﻰ ﻭﺃﺟﻬـﺰﺓ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺕ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻋﲔ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺣـﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﰐ ﻟﻸﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻻﺑﺪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺎ ﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻪ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺎﻷﺫﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﻠﻚ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺃﺑﺪﺍ ﻛﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟـﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺯﻳﺰ ﺍﳌﺰﻋﺞ ‪،‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻨـﺬ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺻﻨﻌﻪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻡ ﻣﺮﺋﻴـﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺟـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﻭﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺘﲔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻛﱪﻯ ﺗﻘﻒ ﺧﻠﻒ ﺣﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻭﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ‪.‬‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/10/2020 8:49 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

 ‫א
א‬

< <€^Šßj‰ù]æ<íém]…çÖ]<퉂ß]

‫ﻢ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻼﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘـﻮﻝ ﺇﻧـﻪ ﻟـﻴﺲ‬‫"ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﳑﻦ ﻳﻨﺬﺭﻭﻥ ﺣﻴﺎ‬

."‫ﲦﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬

David. G. Lygre Life Manipulation

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AN: 2256817 ;
Account: ns063387
.;
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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫‪< <íÚ‚ÏÚ‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻴﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﺌﺘﻪ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﲔ ﻳﺪﻳـﻪ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻗﻔﺰﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﺑـﺎﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑـﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺰﺓ ﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﺃﺧﺘـﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﳌـﺎﱏ‬
‫"ﺟﻮﺗﻨﱪﺝ" ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻭﺭﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻳﻘﻔﺰ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻟﻒ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﹰﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٥٠٠‬ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٠٠٠‬ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﰱ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺪﺙ ﻃﻔﺮﺓ ﺃﺩﺕ ﳊﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻌﺠﻴﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺧﻄـﻮﺓ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺁﻻ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻣﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٥٠‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺭﺩ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﺭﺽ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﻜﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻞ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻼﻳﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﻭﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺻﻨﻌﻪ ﻭﻃﻮﺭﻩ ﰱ ﺫﻫﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺩﺧﻠﺖ ﻛﻞ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪< <íém]…çÖ]<퉂ß]<àÂ<íÚ‚ÏÚ‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺍﶈﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﲑ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﺘﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺜﲏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﹰﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺳـﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻬﺪﻑ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﻔﺰﺍﺕ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻘﺒﻠﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻯ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻦ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﳓﺮﺭ ﺧﻴﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﻟﻴﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺇﱃ ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﺧﺼﺎﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺎ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ(‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺳﺘﻐﻞ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺣﱴ ﺑﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﰱ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺸﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﳐﻤﺮﺓ )ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﲑ ﻫﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﲡﺮﻳﱮ ﻏﲑ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬
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‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺭﻓﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﲟﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺇﻻ ﰱ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻧﺸﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﰱ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٠٠‬ﺣﲔ ﺃﻋﺎﺩ ﻛـﻞ ﻣـﻦ )ﺩﻯ ﻓﺮﻳـﺰ(‬
‫)ﺑﺎﺗﺴﻮﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﰱ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻀﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺟﺮﳚﻮﺭ ﻳﻮﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﻨـﺪﻝ )‪Gergor Johann ١٨٨٤-١٨٢٢‬‬
‫‪ ،(Mendel‬ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳚﺮﻯ ﲡﺎﺭﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺯﻻﺀ ﻟﻴﻜﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻻﺣﻈـﻪ ﰱ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ )ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻥ(‪ .‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳛﺪﺙ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺪﺃ ﳚﺮﻯ ﲡﺎﺭﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺯﻻﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺠﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﲨﻌﻴﺔ ﳏﻠﻴﺔ ﰱ "ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ" ﻭﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﳌـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺭﺑﻌﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﺣﱴ ﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﰱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٠٠‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪< <Frederick Sanger<†ÓÞ^‰<Ôè…‚è†Ê<^ÃÖ]<àÂ<íé−…^i<í‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﺯ ﺳﺎﻧﻜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺳـﺎﺱ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ )ﺍﳉﻴﻨـﻮﻡ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻯ ‪ human genome‬ﻭﻫـﻮ ﺍﳉﻬـﺪ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱃ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳـﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻟﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪﺍﺕ )ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ( ﰱ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ )ﺩ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺼﻞ ﺳﺎﻧﻜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﱪﻳﺪﺝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٤٣‬ﻭﺃﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺗﺸﻴﺒﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ )ﺭﻭﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ( ﰱ ﻛﺎﻣﱪﺩﻳﺞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺪﺃ ﺳﺎﻧﻜﺮ ﰱ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﲔ‪ ،‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﺮﻳﺎﺳﻰ ﺍﻟـﺬﻯ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰱ )ﺍﻳﺾ( ﻣﻴﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﺑﺎﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﳌﺪﺓ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺣﱴ‬
‫ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﱪﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺴﻮﻟﲔ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻓﻬـﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﲢﻜﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﰱ ﺁﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺎﱃ ﰱ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ ﺍﻷﻧـﺴﻮﻟﻴﲎ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﻜﺮ ﻳﻄﺒﻖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟـﱴ ﺗـﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﰱ ﺗﻜـﺴﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﻯﺀ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺧـﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﻭﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﲔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﺼﺎﻟﺒﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺣﺎﻣﺾ ﺃﻣﻴﲎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ‪ ٢١‬ﲪـﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻣﻴﻨـﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻋﻘﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻰ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺣﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺗﻠـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻜﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٥٥‬ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺳﺎﻧﻜﺮ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﳉـﺰﻯﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺃﻯ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٥٩‬ﺣﺼﻞ ﺳﺎﻧﻜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﰱ ﻧﻔـﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﰎ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺃﻗﺘﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﻧﻜﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﺮﺩ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰱ ﻋﺠﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺒﺪﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔـﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٨٣٠‬ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﳓﻮ ﺣﻞ ﻟﻐﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻰ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺃﺗـﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﲰﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺓ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺃﲢﺎﺩ ﺧﻠﻴﺘﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﲔ ﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻄﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺒﺚ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺃﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﺧﻠﻮﻯ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﳐﺼﺒﺔ ﺗﻈﻞ ﺗﻨﻘـﺴﻢ ﻭﺗﻨﻤـﻮ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻨﺎﻣﻰ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﰱ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﰱ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﰎ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻫﺮ ﳑﺎ ﺃﺗﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﰱ ﻃﻠﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳـﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﰱ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٨٦٥‬ﻭﻟﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ "ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﻝ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ‪‬ـﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺗﻀﺢ ﺁﻧﺬﺍﻙ" ﺃﻥ ﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺴﻠﻪ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ﺑﺎﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ ، Genes‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﺟﲔ‬
‫ﳛﺪﺩ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻷﲨﺎﱃ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻜﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﺑﺈﲨﺎﱃ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻧﻘﻠـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﳉﻰ ‪ Biotechnology‬ﺑﺪﺃ ﺑﻌﻠﻢ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺟﻴﻨﻴـﺎ ﻋـﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ١٨٨٣‬ﺃﺳﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﱏ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﲑ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﺲ ﺟـﺎﻟﺘﻮﻥ ﻟـﻴﻌﲎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻯ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺳﻼﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺑﺪﺍ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﰱ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺘﻪ‬
‫ﲪﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻠﺘﻪ ﻋﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﺤﺮﻓﺖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﳋﻠﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﻖ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺙ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٨٩٧‬ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻃﻔﺮﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰱ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﱂ ﺍﻷﳌـﺎﱏ‬
‫"ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻮﺧﻨﺮ" ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻣﺎ ﺃﲰﺎﻩ ﺑﺈﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﱪﻫـﺎﻥ‬

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‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻓﻠﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻭﺍ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺭﻏـﻢ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻗﺒﻮﳍﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﲎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻋﺮﺍﻗﻴﻞ ﰱ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ(‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٠٠‬ﺣﲔ ﺃﻋﺎﺩ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ )ﺩﻯ ﻓﺮﻳﺰ( ﻭ )ﺑﺎﺗﺴﻮﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﰱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻀﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺟﺮﳚﻮﺭ ﻳﻮﻫـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺪﻝ )‪ ،(Gergor Johann Mendel ١٨٨٤-١٨٢٢‬ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﳚـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﲡﺎﺭﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺯﻻﺀ ﻟﻴﻜﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻻﺣﻈﻪ ﰱ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ )ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻥ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻰ ﻭﺑﺪﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﻥ ﻳـﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻌـﺼﺮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﺼﺮﺍ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﺗﻨﺒﺄ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ "ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ"‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺗﺒﺸﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺷﺪ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﳑﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﺐ ﻭﺧﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﰱ ﳎـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻔﻨﺎ ﻭﺁﺭﺍﺋﻨﺎ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٢٦‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ "ﲨﻴﺰ ﺳﻮﻣﱰ" ﺑﺄﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺟﺪ ﺃ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﳚﻌﻠـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﳊـﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻨـﺸﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻮﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﻫﻰ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻹﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‬
‫ﻼ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻢ ﺗﻜﺪ ﲤـﻀﻰ‬
‫ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﺬﻫ ﹰ‬
‫ﺑﻀﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺣﱴ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴـﺎﺕ ﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺏ ﻓﺈﻧﻔﺘﺤﺖ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﻻ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰱ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺒﻖ ﺃﻛﺘـﺸﻒ "ﺇﺩﻭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺗﻮﻡ" ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٤٠‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﰱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٤٩‬ﺃﻭﺿﺢ "ﺃﻭﺯﻭﺍﻟﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻓﲑﻯ" ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﻪ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ )ﺩ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ(‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺟﺰﻯﺀ )ﺩ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ( ﻣـﻦ ﻧـﻮﺍﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻫﻮ " ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺸﺰ" ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .١٨٦٨‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺗﻐﻠﻰ ﻭﺗﺴﻜﺐ ﰱ ‪‬ـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﺔ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﻟـﺖ ﺟﻬـﻮﺩﻫﻢ‬

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺴﺘﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺣـﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﱴ ﲢﻤﻠـﻬﺎ ﺍﻟـﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ( ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺑﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﰱ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٥٣‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﻃـﺴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﺈﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻠﻮﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰﺋـﻰ )ﺩ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ ‪(DNA -‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﺘﻀﺎﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﰱ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﻮﻟﺐ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﺃﻳﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰱ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻄﲔ ﻳﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻓﱳ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ ﺩ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﱳ ﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺇﻧﻪ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﻨﺴﻖ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺎﻋﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﲨﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﺰﻯﺀ ﻳﻜﻤﻦ ﰱ ﺑﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻋﺘﱪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٥٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻰ ﰱ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﳌﺎ ﰎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﲔ‪.‬‬

‫‪< <Genetic Engineering<íém]…çÖ]<퉂ß]<Øu]†Ú‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ "ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ" ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱴ ﻣـﺮﺕ ﺧـﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﰱ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﳝﺜﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻫﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪< <íèçפ]<^éqçÖçéfÖ]<í×u†Ú<I<M‬‬
‫ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ ﺑﻌـﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ )ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺎ( ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﻬـﻢ ﺗﻠـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﹰﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٥‬ﺑـﺪﺃ ﺃﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻚ ﻟﻸﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺜﻠﺞ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﲨﻌﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻖ ﺑﺎﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻷﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺃﺩﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻰ )ﰱ ﺃﻃﺒﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﰊ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟـﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻓﻬﻰ ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﺃﳒﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺣﻼﻡ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳـﺐ ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ ﻳﺬﻟﻞ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻜـﺜﲑ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﰱ ﲣﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺷﱴ‪.‬‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫‪< <<íéò舢]<^éqçÖçéfÖ]<í×u†Ú<I<N‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﻥ ﳎﺎﻻ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﻓـﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻛﺖ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﰱ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﺔ ‪ ،Genetics‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ‪ .Physiology‬ﻭﻫﻮ “ﻋﻠﻢ ﳛﺎﻭﻝ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﻴﻜـﺎﻧﻴﻜﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﱂ ﻳﻠﻖ ﺭﻭﺍﺟﺎ ‪ -‬ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﰱ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻓـﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻛﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻪ ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ ﰱ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺼﲑ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﳌﺸﺎﻛﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻰ "ﺃﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊﻰ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧـﻂ‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﺟﺬﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻢ ﲤﻴـﺰﺕ‬
‫ﲟﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺗﺎﺣﺖ ﻟﻨـﺎ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﰱ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎﺋﻰ ﺍﻟـﻀﺮﻭﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻹﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﲦﺮﺓ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﲝﻮﺙ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﲔ( ﻭﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺎﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٥‬ﺁﻻﻑ ﺟﻬـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺰﳝﻰ ﰱ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻭﻣﻬﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺷﺌﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱃ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺯﻭﺩﻧﺎ ﺍﷲ‬
‫ﻋﺰ ﻭﺟﻞ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﰱ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻـﺤﺘﻨﺎ ﻓﻜﻴـﻒ‬
‫ﻻﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳊﻞ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪< <íém]…çÖ]<퉂ß]<í×u†Ú<I<O‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﲟﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ ،Genetic‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨـﺴﺎﺥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﳉﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ‪Manipulation‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻯ ‪ ،Cloning‬ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟـ )ﺩ‪.‬ﻥ‪.‬ﺃ( ‪ Recombinant‬ﺇﻯ ﺇﻋﺎﺩ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﱮ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻯ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫـﻰ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺐ ﰱ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤـﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟـ )ﺩ‪.‬ﻥ‪.‬ﺃ(؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻛﺒـﺸﺮ؟‬
‫ﻭﺇﱃ ﺃﻯ ﺣﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ؟ ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤـﺾ ﲟﺜﺎﺑـﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳـﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﱂ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊﻰ ﻳﺼﺎﺏ ﲟﺮﺽ ﺑـﺴﻴﻂ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺧﻄﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻬـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﺮﻳﻜﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﻭﺣﻘﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﲢﻄﻴﻢ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﲟﻬﺎﻡ ﻣﺜﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﺠﺐ ﱂ ﻳﺴﺒﻖ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎﺭﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ‪ -‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﻠﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲡﺬﺏ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻـﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳـﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺯﻭﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻤﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴـﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺟـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ‪‬ـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲢﺘﻔﻆ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻗـﺪ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﳍـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰱ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ "ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ" ﻭﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ ﺍﻟــ‬
‫)ﺩ‪.‬ﻥ‪.‬ﺃ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺁﺧﺮﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻯ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻭﻝ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺪﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﲤﺖ ﰱ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪١٩٦٠‬ﻡ ﰱ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ )ﺟﻮﺳﺘﺎﻑ( ﰱ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﰎ ﲢـﺖ ﺇﺷـﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻓﺴﻮﺭ )ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﺑﺎﺭﺳﻜﻰ( ﺩﻣﺞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﰱ ﺃﻃﺒﺎﻕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺰﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻣﻌﻘﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻼﻃﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻏـﻢ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﺙ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰱ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪١٩٦٧‬ﻡ ﺣﲔ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺭﻯ ﻓـﺎﻳﺲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﲞﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﺄﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﻴﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺓ ﻻﺣﻈﻮﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺄﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟـﻮﺭﺍﺛﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﺄﺭ ﺃﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻰ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﲢﺪﺕ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲢـﺖ ﺩﻫـﺸﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﳐﺎﻭﻓﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ “ﺍﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺌـﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺠﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻰ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﺮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻳﻐﻠـﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻄـﻰﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍـﺬﺍ ﺃﺧـﺬﺕ‬

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺮﺃ ﺷﻔﺮﺓ ﻛﻞ ﺟﲔ ﻭﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺃﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﲣﻠﻴﻘﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ‪ DNA‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻯ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺣﱴ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﲑﻭﺳﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﰒ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺷﻔﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺟﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﲤﺎﺛـﻞ ﺟﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﺷﻔﺮﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﲔ ﺑﺸﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺃﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﳎﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻭﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻘﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻣﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪< <D_JáJE<îñˆq<†èç€<íéËéÒ‬‬
‫ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻮﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻮﺟﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺳﻄﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺒـﻞ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺳﻼﻻﺕ ﳏﻮﺭﺓ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﺎ ﳓﻦ ﺑﺼﺪﺩﻩ ﻓﺎﳉﲔ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺰﺋﻰ )ﺩ‪.‬ﻥ‪.‬ﺃ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺑﺎﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻻﻧـﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻯ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﲔ ﺍ‪‬ﺮﺩﺓ ﻓﻤﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻧﻪ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺻﻐﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻳﻨﻔﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳊﻠﺰﻭﱏ ﳉﺰﺋﻰ‬
‫)ﺩ‪.‬ﻥ‪.‬ﺃ( ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﺸﺮﻳﻄﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺸﺒﻬﺎﻥ ﻛﻄﺮﰱ ﺳﻠﻢ ﺧﺸﱮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿـﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﻤﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻓﺮﺩﻯ ﻳﻄﺒﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺜﻴﻠﻪ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻣـﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻭﳛـﺪﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﺘﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﳊﻠﺰﻭﱏ‪ .‬ﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳊﻠﺰﻭﱏ ﻟﺸﺮﻳﻄﻰ )ﺩ‪.‬ﻥ‪.‬ﺍ( ﻭﲢﻮﳍﻤﺎ ﻟﺸﺮﻳﻄﲔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻥ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﻢ ﰱ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻯ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ )ﺩ‪.‬ﻥ‪.‬ﺃ( ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺮﻯ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻛـﺎﺋﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ـﻰ )ﺩ‪.‬ﻥ‪.‬ﺃ( ﳏــﻮﺭ ‪DNA‬‬
‫ـﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﺰﺋـ‬
‫ـﻮﺭﺓ ﺗــﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺘﻜـ‬
‫ـﺴﻼﻟﺔ ﺍﶈـ‬
‫ـﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﺗﻜـ‬
‫‪ Recombination‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻬـﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻰ‬

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺗﻴـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻴﲎ ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺳﻨﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳉﲔ )ﻓﻜﻞ ﺟﲔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺷـﻔﺮﺓ ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺳﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻﻥ ﺍﳉﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻴﲎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﲢﺖ ﺧﻠﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳉﲔ ﻳﻌﲎ‬
‫ﺃﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺷﻔﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳـﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐـﻴﲑ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻛﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬ﻭﻟﻦ ﻧـﺪﺧﻞ ﰱ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﲔ ﺃﻭﻓﻚ ﻭﺭﺑﻂ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ )ﺩ‪.‬ﻥ‪.‬ﺃ( ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﳊﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳉﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﻘﻠﻪ ﺃﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳉـﲔ‬
‫ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﲔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻜﻔﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻔﺮﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰱ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ ﺩ‪.‬ﻥ‪.‬ﺃ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﻧﺰﱘ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺑﻞ ﻭﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﱘ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺃﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ّ‪ 3‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺿـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ّ‪ ،5‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﳊﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩ‪.‬ﻥ‪.‬ﺃ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳـﻄﺔ ﺃﻧﺰﳝـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺳﻨﻠﺨﺺ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺳﻼﻻﺕ ﳏﻮﺭﺓ ﰱ ﻋـﺪﺓ ﻧﻘـﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﰒ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺖ ﺧﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﰒ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ )ﺩ‪.‬ﻥ‪.‬ﺍ( ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺳﻴﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳉﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻚ ﺍﳊﻠﺰﻭﻥ )ﺩ‪.‬ﻥ‪.‬ﺃ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻄﻊ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻳﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺗﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﰱ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺳﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﻟـﻪ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳉﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻚ ﺍﳊﻠﺰﻭﻥ ﻭﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻗﻄﻊ ﰱ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ )ﺩ‪.‬ﻥ‪.‬ﺃ(‪ ،‬ﳑﺎﺛﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺮﺓ )ﺍﳉﲔ( ﺍﳌـﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺃﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﳊﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫]÷‪€^Šßj‰‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻷﺻـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊـﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ‬
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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
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‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﺰﺍﻭﺝ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ (ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﳉﻲ) ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﱯ ‪ ، DNA‬ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﺋﻨـﺎﺕ ﺣﻴـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ‪.‬‬
‫]÷‪êò舢]<€^Šßj‰‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻸﺻﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﳊﻤﺾ ﻧﻮﻭﻱ ﺭﻳﱯ ‪ DNA‬ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻀﺨﻴﻢ ﺃﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺭﺛﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﺟـﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻀﺨﻴﻢ ﺃﻱ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻮﺃﻣﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﺷﺒﻪ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲣﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤـﺎﰲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺒﺔ ﺗﻨﺸﻄﺮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ ﻟﻴﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺗـﻮﺃﻣﲔ ﻣﺘﻄـﺎﺑﻘﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺟﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺃﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻻﳝﻜﻦ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺋﻪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﳋﻄﻮﺭﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﻓﺸﻠﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﻔﺮﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺟﻨﺔ ﻣﺸﻮﻫﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﻨـﺴﺎﺥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﳎﻠﺔ "ﺳﺎﻳﻨﺲ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﲢﺒﻮ ﻭﱂ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺘﻪ ﱂ ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ‪.‬ﻭ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪H1N1‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳـﻀﺔ ﻟـﻸﻡ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻞ ﳏﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﻧﺎ ﺍﻷﺏ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻩ ﻭﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﻠﺪ‪ .‬ﰒ ﻳﺴﻠﻂ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻘﺤﺔ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻛﻬﺮﻭﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﺤﺬ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻛﺄﻱ ﺟﻨﲔ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﰒ ﺗﻮﺿـﻊ‬
‫ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻠﺤﻲ ﻟﺘﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺭﺣﻢ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﻨﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﲤﺎﻣـﺎ ﺗﻘﻨﻴـﺔ ﺃﻃﻔـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺳﻔﺮﺕ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺹ ﳒﺎﺡ ﻣﺘﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨـﺴﺎﺧﻲ ﻳﺘﻌـﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﺨـﺎﻃﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻨﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺟﻨﲔ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﳑﺎ ﳝﺰﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﺦ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﳍﺬﺍ ﻛﻞ ﲪﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺧﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺠﺔ "ﺩﻭﻟﻠﻲ" ﺃﻭﻝ ﲪﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺧﻲ ﻧﺎﺟﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٢٤٧‬ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﲪﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺄﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪%١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻋﺎﺷﺖ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﺸﺬﻭﺫ ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻭﻋﻮﺯ ﰲ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺧﻔﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺑﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﺳﺘﻨﺴﺨﺖ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﻭﱂ ﺗﻌﺶ ﻃﻮﻳﻼ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﳌﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺑﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﺘﻜﻮﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻱ ﻟـﻸﺏ ﻭﺑﻮﻳـﻀﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﻄﺒﻊ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﺤﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻙ ﻣﺎ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻭﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺏ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻻﲡﺮﻱ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻻﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﺤﺺ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﺟﻨﲔ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻞ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺴﺦ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻪ ؟‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ‪ %٩٩،٩‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﺟﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗـﺴﺎﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺳﺘﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻘﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﳍﺬﺍ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﲢﺬﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﳛﺬﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺧﺸﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺷﺬﻭﺫ ﺟـﻴﲏ‬
‫ﻻﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻮﺍﻗﺒﻪ ﻭﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺴﺦ‪.‬‬
‫]‪]‚Þ^fÖ]<€^Šßj‰‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ..‬ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﻕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺰﻳـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺪﺩ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻨﺬ ﺷﻬﻮﺭ ﳒﺤﺖ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺟﻨﲔ ﻟـﺪﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺃﺭﻧﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﱂ ﺗﻜﺘﻤﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﳌﺎ ﺛﺎﺭ ﺣﻮﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﺒﺔ ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻥ ﳒﺎﺡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﺷﺒﺎﻝ ﺣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪﺏ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻹﻧﻘﺎﺫ ﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻘـﺮﺍﺽ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻛـﱪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﲔ‪ .‬ﻷﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﺒﺔ ﺭﻣـﺰﻣﻦ ﺃﻏﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‪ .‬ﳍﺬﺍ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﳒﺎﺣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺟﻨﲔ ﻟﺪﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﻕ ﺑﺎﻻﺳـﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺎ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ‪.‬ﺇﻋﺘﱪﺗﻪ ﺇﳒﺎﺯﺍ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻕ ﻹﻧﻘﺎﺫ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﺏ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻘـﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﻗـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﺇ‪‬ﻢ ﰲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻬﻢ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻧﺪﺍ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ ﻳﺸﻜﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﳒﺎﺡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳـﻠﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﳒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻣﻀ‪‬ﻴﻒ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﻻﺣﺘـﻀﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺟﻨﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﺪﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺴﺦ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺃﺭﻧﺐ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺳﻴﺤﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻧﺜـﻰ ﺃﺭﻧـﺐ ﳊـﻀﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﻀﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺘﻤﻞ ﲪﻞ ﺇﻧﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﳑﺎ ﺩﻋـﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﲔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﳊﻤﻞ ﺃﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﺪﺍ‪.‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻨﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻓﻜـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻭﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﲤﻨﻊ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﺏ ﻭﲢﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻴﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪€^Šßj‰÷]<l^ÏéfŞi‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺠﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻠﻲ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺣﻮﳍـﺎ ﺿـﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﻭﻟﺪﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺣﻢ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺴﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﻭﱄ ﺃﻭﻝ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺟﻨﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺃﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻲ )ﺍﳌﺘﱪﻉ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻛـﺮﺍ ﺃﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺜﻲ(ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﰿ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﺍ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﺘﺰﻉ ﻧـﻮﺍﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻴﺰﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺇﺣﺪﻱ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﻮﺍﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻀﺮ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻠﺤﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻐﺬﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻘﺤﺔ ﺟﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﻜﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮ ﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺃﻋـﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﰒ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺴﺦ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﻻﺗﻠﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳـﻀﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻠﻘﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻼﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﺑﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻬﺮﰊ ﻳﻨﺸﻂ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻘﺤﺔ ﺟﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻟﻼﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﱰﻉ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻮﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﻭﺛﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻴﲏ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ ﻣﻮﺭﻭﺛﻪ ﺍﳉﻴﲏ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﺎﺓ‪.‬‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﳍﻢ ﳏﺎﺫﻳﺮﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻷﻥ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﻻﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﻴﲏ ﳋﻼﻳﺎﻩ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻏﻨـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻮﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻳﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻷﻥ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﳉﻴﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘـﻞ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﻭﻱ ﻣﺘـﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻠﻘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺓ ﺻﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﻛﺒﻮﻳـﻀﺔ ﺑـﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﻮﺑﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﻭﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﺣﱵ ﻭﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺛﺪﻳﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺃﻣﻬﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻘﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻘﺤﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺭﺣﻢ‬
‫ﺃﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻲ ﻭﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺓ ﺃﻧﺴﺐ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺧﻴﺼﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺧﻨﺎﺯﻳﺮ ﻭﻏﻨﻢ ﻭﻗﺮﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺒـﺸﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺩﻭﻟﻠﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺧﻬﺎ ‪ ١٢٧٧‬ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﳒﺎﺡ ﲡﺮﺑﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﺸﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﻏﲑﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﺇﺳـﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺀ ﺗﻘﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻮﻣﲑ )ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ( ‪Blastomycose Séparation‬‬
‫ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﺒﻜﺮ‪.‬ﻭ ﻳﻔﺘﺢ‬
‫ﻏﺸﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ‪ pellucide‬ﰒ ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺃﺟﻨﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﺍﻷﺟﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ )ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻮﻣﲑﺍﺕ‪ (Blastomycoses‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ ﻳﻨﻤـﻮ ﳉـﻨﲔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ‪ pellucide‬ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻟﻴﻐﻠﻔﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻛﻞ ﺟـﻨﲔ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﺮﺍ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪ .‬ﻳﺰﺭﻉ ﰲ ﺭﺣﻢ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻻﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺟﻨﲔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺃﺟﻨﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ ..‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺃﺟﻨﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ )ﻧﺴﺦ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ( ﺟﺪﻳـﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺭﺧﺺ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﲡﻌﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ‪.‬ﻓﻠﻮ ﳒﺤﺖ ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﲏ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ)ﺍﳉﻴﻨﻴﺔ( ﰲ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺃﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺃﻭ ﲢﻴﺪ ﻋﻨﻪ‪.‬ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳏﺎﻭﻟـﺔ ﻹﺩﺧـﺎﻝ ﺟـﲔ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻧﻌﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪.‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻢ ﲝﻘﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ )ﺩﻧﺎ( ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻤـﻮ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳉﻴﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻭﻣﺪﻱ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﺴﻠﻪ ﻣـﻦ ﺑﻌـﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻮﻝ ﺃﻱ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺔ ﺇﱄ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬
‫ﰲ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺑﺘﺮﻱ )ﻃﺒﻖ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻲ( ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺳـﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﺪﻣﺞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺰﻋـﺔ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺴﺦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺴﻤﻪ ﻛﻠﻪ ‪‬ﺎ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨـﺴﺨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﻻﺩﺓ )ﺩﻭﻟﻠﻲ( ﱂ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺴﺦ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺛﺪﻳﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﺡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﰲ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟـﺬﺍﰐ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﲑﺓ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻗـﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﻤﱪﻱ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺭﺙ ﺍﳉﻴﲏ ﻟﻸﻧﻮﺍﻉ‪ .‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻻﺟﻨﺴﻴﺎ )ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﻠـﻮﻱ ﺍﻟـﺬﺍﰐ(‬
‫ﳝﻮﺕ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﺗﻨﻘﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﳒﺪ ﺣﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻦ )ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺔ( ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺘﺺ ﻋﺼﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﻞ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻧﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻴﺎﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻲ ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻲ ﳐﺰﻭ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳉﻴﲏ ﻭﲡﺪﺩﻩ ﺃﻭﲢﺴﻨﻪ‪.‬‬
‫]‪íßqù]<€^Šßj‰‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻠﻲ ﺗﻠﺠﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺮﻳﻘـﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻟﻸﺟﻨـﺔ ﺭﻏـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ‪.‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟـﻲ ﳜﺘﻠـﻒ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺑﻞ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺍﺣـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻸﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ)ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ‪ ) Stem cells‬ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻋـﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻈـﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌـﻀﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺗـﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﺯﺭﺍﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‪.‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺮﻓﻀﻬﺎ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﺧـﺬ ﺍﳊـﺎﻣﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﲪﺾ ﻧﻮﻭﻱ ﺭﻳﱯ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ‪ DNA‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﻭﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻟﻠﺤـﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻨﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺴﺦ‪.‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺤﻴﺔ ﲜﻨﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳊـﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺟﺴﺪﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻴﺘﺮ ﺟﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﻈﻤـﺔ ﻻﻳـﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﺿـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺽ ﻗﺎﺋﻼ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺯﺭﺍﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺃﻛﻞ ﳊﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﳎﻠﺲ ﻧﺎﻓﻴﻠﺪ ﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻗﺎﺋﻼ‪:‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻻ ﳝﺎﺛﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻬـﺪﻑ ﺇﻧﺘـﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺐ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﰲ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﺰﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌـﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﺵ )ﺑﺎﺭﻛﻨﺴﻮﻥ( ﻭﺍﳋﺮﻑ)ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻫﻴﻤﺮ( ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫]÷‪êqøÃÖ]<€^Šßj‰‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺮﺕ ﳎﻠﺔ )ﺳﻴﻨﺘﻔﻴﻚ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻥ( ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ ﻣﻘﺎﻻ ﻣﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ )ﺃﻭﻝ ﺟﻨﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻨـﺴﺦ(‬
‫ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺃﺟﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﻜﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳـﻀﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻲ‪ Therapeutic cloning.‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺗـﺘﻢ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻄـﻮﺭﺓ ‪ Advanced Cell Technology‬ﺣﻴـﺚ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ‪ nuclear transplantation‬ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳﻌـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ‪ cloning.‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺱ ﺳﻴﺒﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻣﺎﻳﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﺭﻭﻝ ﺇﻳﺰﻳﻠﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻠﻘـﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺷﺎﻫﺪﺍ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﺏ ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻻﺗـﺮﻱ ﺑـﺎﻟﻌﲔ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺮﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺃﺟﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﻭﺃﺳﺘﻨﺴﺨﺖ ﰲ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪ .٢٠٠١‬ﻭﳌـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺮﺓ ﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻫﺎ‪١٠٠‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻃﻠـﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻮﺳﺴﺘﺎﺕ)ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﻮﺻﻞ‪ (blastocysts‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋـﻦ ﺃﺟﻨـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﺒﻜﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﻜﺮﺓ‪.‬ﻭﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ‪ human stem cells‬ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺑﻨﻮﻙ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/10/2020 8:49 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﺴﻮﺀ ﺍﳊﻆ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﰲ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺜﲑﺓ ﺇﻧﻘﺴﻢ ﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺳﺖ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﳕﻮﻩ‪.‬ﻟﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻓﺠﺮﺍ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺧﻲ‪ .‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ﺍﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻋﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺚ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻟﻼﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻳـﺔ ﻭﺇﻧﺘـﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺍﺕ )ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻘﺔ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﺮﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮﻱ ‪ reproductive cloning‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻨﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺴﺦ ﰲ ﺭﺣﻢ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ ﻃﻔﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺴﺦ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﺘﺒـﻊ ﰲ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮﻱ ﲤﺜﻞ ﳐﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﻟﻸﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﻦ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﲔ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠـﻲ ﺍﳉـﻨﲔ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﳍﺬﺍ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻳﻌﺎﺭﺿﻮﻥ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻜـﺎﺛﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻟﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻲ ﳚﺪ ﻗﺒﻮﻻ ﻟﺪﻱ ﻛﺜﲑﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪.‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻﻳﻘﺘﻞ ﺃﺟﻨﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﻻﳝﺲ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻭﺙ ﺍﳉﻴﲏ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺧﻠﻘﻪ ﺍﷲ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﻼﻋﺐ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺭﺛﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻴﺰﺗﻨﺎ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﺘﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺮﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﲡﺎﺭ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﺣﱵ ﻻﻳﻘﻌﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﳏﺎﺫﻳﺮ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺧﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﺟﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻉ ﺑﺒﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺭﺍﻏﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻉ ﲞﻼﻳﺎﻫﻢ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺧﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺴﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻠﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺣﱵ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ .‬ﻷﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺇﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﺸﻔﻂ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺿﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻐﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‪ .‬ﰒ ﺣﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﺍﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﱪﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﲡﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﻌـﺎﻓﲔ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﱪﻋﺔ ﺑﺒﻮﻳﻀﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﲢﻘﻦ ‪‬ﻮﺭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﺜﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺑﻮﺑﻀﺎﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢-١‬ﺑﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﳉـﺴﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻔﻴﱪﻭﺑﻼﺳﺖ ‪ (fibroblast‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻠﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ﻗﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺈﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﱪﻭﺑﻼﺳﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻣﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﲝﻘﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﲡﻤﻌﻴﺔ ‪cumulus cell‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳـﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ ٧١‬ﺑﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﺧﺼﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﻴﺔ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﺮﺕ ﺑﻮﻳﻀﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻘﺎﺕ )ﺃﺟﻨﺔ ﻣﺒﻜﺮﺓ(‪ .‬ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻧﻘﺴﻤﺖ ﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺇﻧﻘﺴﻤﺖ ﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺎﻭﻻ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺭﻱ )ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ)‪ Parthenogenesis‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺇﱄ ﺃﺟﻨﺔ ﻣﺒﻜﺮﺓ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﺧﺼﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ‪.‬‬
‫]‪ì‚ÛrjÚ<á]†òÊ<€^Šßj‰‬‬
‫ﲤﻜﻦ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺎﱐ ﰲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﱪﻓﻴﺴﻮﺭ ﺗﲑﻭﻫﻴﻜﻮ ﻭﺃﻛﺎﻳﺎﻣﺎ ﻭﺯﻣﻼﺀﻩ ﲟﻌﻬﺪ ﺭﻳﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻼﲝﺎﺙ ﰲ ﻳﻮﻛﻮﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﱄ ﺣﻴﺚ ﰎ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺩﻣﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺜﺔ ﻓﺄﺭ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﺯﺍﻟﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻱ‪.‬ﺇﻥ‪.‬ﺃﻱ ‪ DNA‬ﻭﰎ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﻓﺄﺭ ﳐﺼﺒﺔ ﻣﱰﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬
‫ﻭﰎ ﲢﻔﻴﺰ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻛﺄﻱ ﺟﻨﲔ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻳـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺯﺭﻋﺖ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺭﺣﺎﻡ ﺃﻣﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﻭﻟﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﺮﺿﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﻴـﻞ ﺍﳌـﺎﻣﻮﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺟﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻓﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﻣﻮﺙ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺧﻼﻳـﺎ ﺣﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﺤﻠﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪< <Cloning Gene<°¢]<€^Šßj‰c‬‬

‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﻻﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﳑﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﳑﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﲔ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺄﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﳉﲔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳉـﲔ ﺃﻱ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﲔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻹﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻛﺄﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﻮﻟﲔ ﻭﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻴـﻮﻡ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﲝﻮﺛﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫]‪< <ØÏßÖ]<íéßÏi<íŞ‰]çe<€^Šßj‰ý‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﳒﺢ ﰲ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺇﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﻠﻤﻮﺕ ﻭﻓﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻜﻮﺗﻠﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻓﱪﺍﻳﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﻋـﺎﻡ )‪(١٩٩٧‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﻟﻴﻤﻮﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻭﻻﺩﺓ ﺩﻭﻟﻠﻲ )‪ (Dolly‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻌﺠﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴـﺐ ﺍﳉـﻴﲏ‬
‫)‪ (DNA‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲢﻤﻠﻪ ﺃﻣﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻟﻮ ﰎ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺩﻭﻟﻠﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺏ ﻭﺃﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﺎﺩ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (DNA‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟـﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﳛﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺏ ﻭﺍﻷﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻠﻲ ﻓﺎﻷﻣﺮ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎﺩ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (DNA‬ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺩﻭﻟﻠﻲ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻷﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﹰﺎ ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘـﺔ )‪ (Twins Identical‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﻴﺢ ﺑﻴﻴﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺩﻭﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺷﻚ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻧﻌﺠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻠﺖ ﺃﻏﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺍ‪‬ﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱘ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺯﻭﻳﻚ ﻭﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﻻ‬
‫ﳛﺼﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻠﻲ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻭﻝ ﳐﻠﻮﻕ ﺣﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺴﺦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ )ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻠـﻲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﻉ ﻧﻌﺠﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺛﺪﻳﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ(‪ .‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴﻖ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﰎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻠﻲ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺣـﺎﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﱪﺩﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻝ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺿـﻔﺪﻉ ﻭﻭﺿـﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻴﻴﻀﺔ ﻣﱰﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻴﻀﺔ ﻋﺪﺓﺇﻧﻘﺴﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻜﻨـﻬﺎ ﱂ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫‪< <<D_<Já<JE<l^fjÓÚ‬‬
‫ﲤﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﺒـﺎﺕ )ﺩ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ(‪ :‬ﻣﻜﺘﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ )ﺩ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ( ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻢ )ﺩ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ‪-‬ﻡ(‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻄـﺎﻗﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺸﻈﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻰ ﺑﺮﻣﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺇﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮ )ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ( ﺇﱃ ﳓﻮ ﻣﻠﻴـﻮﻥ ﺷـﻈﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻠﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟـﺸﻈﺎﻳﺎ ﰱ )ﺩ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ( ﺑﻼﺯﻣﻴـﺪ ﺃﻭ ﰱ )ﺩ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ( ﻓـﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﰱ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻡ ﺍﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﲞﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳋﻤﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ )ﺩ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ( ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ‪ -‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺫﹰﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺁﻯ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺑﺬﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﻰ ﲣﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﻔﺤﺺ‪ .‬ﻭﻟـﺴﺤﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻈﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺟﺰﻯﺀ )ﺩ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ( ﻣﻌﻠﻢ )ﻣﻌﺎﰿ ﲟﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﻌﺔ( ﳍﺎ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﺸﻈﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ )ﺩ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ( ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻢ )ﺩ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ ‪ -‬ﻡ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺸﻂ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺸﻔﺮ ﻹﻧﺰﳝـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒـﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﳍﻴﻤﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑﲔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻟﻸﺳﻒ ﺇﻧﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﳓﺪﺩ ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺒﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ‪‬ﻤﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺰﻟـﻮﺍ )ﺭ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺳﺎﻝ‪) ،‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ‪-‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻯ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ )ﺩ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ( ﺍﳌـﺘﻤﻢ ‪ -‬ﺃﻯ ﺍﳉﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ )ﺭ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ( ﺍﳌﺮﺳﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻧﺰﱘ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻨﺴﺦ )ﺭ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ( ﺍﳌﺮﺳﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻈﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ )ﺩ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ( ﺫﻯ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﻠﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺷـﻈﺎﻳﺎ )ﺩ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﹰﺎ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ )ﺩ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ( ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻢ ﺃﻭ )ﺩ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ‪-‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰱ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻧﺘﻠﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﻋﺰ ﻭﺟﻞ ﰱ ﳏﻜﻢ ﺁﻳﺎﺗﻪ )ﺳﻨﺮﻳﻬﻢ ﺁﻳﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻭﰱ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﳍﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺃﻭ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻒ ﺑﺮﺑﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺷـﺊ ﺷـﻬﻴﺪ( ﺳـﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﺖ‪ :‬ﺍﻵﻳﺔ ‪.(٣‬‬
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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/10/2020 8:49 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫]‪< <<íéÎø}ù]<l÷õ^ŠjÖ‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧـﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻛﺤﻞ ﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﱂ ﳚﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻼﺟﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻭﺧﻼﻳـﺎ ﺟﻴﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻼﺟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳉﺄ ﺍﻷﻃﺒﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﻀﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺛﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻷﺟﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺽ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻏﺮﺍﺋﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻗـﺖ ﺍﻟـﺬﻯ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺣﻼ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎ ﳌـﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻢ‪ ،‬ﳒـﺪ ﳐـﺎﻭﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺗﺜﲑﻫﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﲑ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ؟ ﻫـﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳـﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﲟﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﱃ؟ ﺃﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺳﻴﺤﻤﻞ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ؟‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﺼﺮﻭﺍ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ‪ -‬ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ‪ -‬ﻓﻬﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌـﲎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ؟ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺁﺧﺮ "ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﲑ )ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻣﺔ(؟ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺳﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﻟﻪ؟ ﺑﻞ ﻣـﺎﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻧﺜﻰ ﰱ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺃﻧﺸﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻜـﺮﺓ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻫﻰ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ؟ ﰒ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻧﻔـﺴﻪ؟‬
‫ﻫﻞ ﻳﻨﺘﺴﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺃﻡ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳕﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ؟ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻔﻞ ‪‬ـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ‪ -‬ﻛﺄﳕﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ‪ -‬ﺃﻻ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ )ﺑﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﻖ(؟ "ﻭﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺎ ﺳﻨﺸﺘﺮﻯ ﻭﻧﺒﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻞ ﳓﻦ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺩﻳﺔ؟ ﺃﺿﻒ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﻛﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻹﳒﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺭﺗﻪ‬
‫ﻷﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ‪.Embryo Shops‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ "ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ" ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﱴ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪ ...‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻟـﻮ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﻮﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺔ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﳐﻠﻮﻕ ﻻ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺍﻟـﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺛﻮﻣﺔ ﺧﻄﺮﺓ ﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮﺕ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻭﺑﺎﺀ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻀﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ؟ )ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﺷﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﰱ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻰ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻣـﺮﺽ‬
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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/10/2020 8:49 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ "‪ ،"AIDS‬ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳚﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻹﺷﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﲡﺮﻯ ﺃﲝﺎﺛـﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳊـﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣـﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺮﺑﺖ ﺟﺮﺛﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺪﺯ ﻭﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ! ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻝ( ﰒ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻯ ﺣﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﰱ ﻛﺸﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﻴـﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ؟ ﻫﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﲣﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ؟ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰱ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺁﻣﻨﺔ؟‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﳎﺮﺩ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺃﺳـﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺃﺛﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﺿﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲣﻠﻴﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ ﻧﺪﺧﻞ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﶈﺮﻣﺔ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﰒ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﺼﲑﻩ ﻭﻣﺼﲑ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﰱ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ؟ ﻫﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﳕﻨﻌﻬﺎ ‪‬ﺎﺋﻴﺎ؟ ﻭﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺳﻨﺠﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻔﻰ ﻟﺘﱪﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻩ؟ ﺃﻫﻰ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ؟ ﻭﻫﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳓـﺪﺩ ﻣـﺼﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﻘﺒﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﲟﻨﻌﻨﺎ ﳍﺎ؟ ﺇﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺗـﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬
‫ﲟﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﳎﺮﺩ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻛﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻐﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﳎﺮﺩ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻪ؟‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺮﺗﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩﻯ )‪(OECD‬‬
‫ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ "ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ‬
‫ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ"‪" .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ" ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺣﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ‪" .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ" ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫]‪< <êÂ^{ß’Ö]<h^{{’}ý‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮﻯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺜﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣـﻦ ﺧﻼﳍـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻌﻮﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃ‪‬ـﺎ ﺗـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻯ ﺇﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺟﻨﺴﻰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺜﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻰ )ﺃ‪.‬ﺹ( ﲤﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻃﱮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٨٨٤‬‬
‫"ﺣﲔ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻏﲎ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﳐﺘﺺ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻀﻰ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺰﻭﺍﺝ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺯﻕ ﺑﻄﻔﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻮﺻﺎﺕ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻹﳒﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﲔ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻗﺶ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻼﻣﻴﺬﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻗﻨﻌﻮﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺳﺎﺋﻼ ﻣﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﻴﺬ ﺫﻛﺎﺀ ﻭﻳﻠﻘﺢ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺣﲔ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻯ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴـﺐ ﲝﻘـﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﰎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺍﻹﳒـﺎﺏ ﻗـﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﺃﻥ ﳜﱪ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﲔ ﻋﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻗﺮﺭ ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﳜﱪ ﺯﻭﺟﺘﻪ ﲟﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـ )ﺃ‪.‬ﺹ( ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﻗﺒـﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻛـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻮﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﻧﺴﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺷﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـ )ﺃ‪.‬ﺹ( ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ؟ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﻢ؟ ﺇ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﻧﺜـﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻨﻮﻯ ﰎ ﲨﻌﻪ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺝ ﻓﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺝ )ﺃ‪.‬ﺹ‪.‬ﺯ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺇﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﻣﺘﻄـﻮﻉ‬
‫)ﺃ‪.‬ﺹ‪.‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﺪﻣﺞ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺝ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺿـﻌﻒ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﰱ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺴﺘﻌﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﺑﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﻉ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺗـﺘﻢ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﲔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻰ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟـﺰﻭﺟﲔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﳝﻨﻊ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺧﻮﻓﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﰱ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﺎﻥ ﲟﺘﻄﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺃﺟﺮ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬
‫‪Surrogate‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳـﻢ )ﺍﻷﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠـﺔ‬

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‫‪ (Mother‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﺗﺜﲑ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻃﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـ )ﺃ‪.‬ﺹ( ﰱ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ )ﺑﻨـﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻳﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻧﻔﺬﻫﺎ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣـﻦ ﻭﺭﺍﺋﻬـﺎ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻨﻮﻯ ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﻗﺮﺓ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰱ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳚﻤﺪ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﻗﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ "ﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﻟﺮ ‪ ،"Herman J. Muller‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﲔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺷﺠﻌﻮﺍ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺮﻯ "ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ )ﺃ‪.‬ﺹ( ﰱ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻯ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻳﺘﺼﻔﻮﻥ ﺑﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻠﻘﻴﺢ ﻧـﺴﺎﺀ ﻳﺘـﺼﻔﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻴﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﻗﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﺤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻌﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺟﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻰ ﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ "ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻟﺮ" ﺇﱃ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻨﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﰱ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻯ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻮﺩ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺳـﻴﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻔـﺲ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﰒ ﺇﻥ "ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻟﺮ" ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﻮﻩ ‪ -‬ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﻭﺛﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻯ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﱂ ﺗﻼﻕ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺭﻭﺍﺟﺎ ﰱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺍﺋﺰ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﺭﻓﻀﻮﺍ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﱂ ﳚﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﻚ ﺍﳌﺘﻄـﻮﻋﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻏﻮﺑﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﳍﺪﻑ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻏﲑ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﻭﻫـﻮ ﻣـﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺳـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﳊﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟـﺰﻭﺟﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤـﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠـﻮﺏ‪" .‬ﻭﰱ ﺃﻏﻠـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﻉ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮ‪‬ﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺎﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜـﻰ ﻻ‬

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‫ﻳﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﺒﺎﺀ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻬﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺜﲑ ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﳌﺘﻄﻮﻉ ‪ -‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺳـﺒﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ‪ -‬ﳎﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﳍﻮﻳﺔ‪" ،‬ﻭﰱ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻟﻮ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﺳﲑﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻭﺧﻠﻮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻓﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻃﺒﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ )ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ( ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻄـﺐ ﻟـﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘـﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻰ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺻﺤﻰ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻷﻃﺒـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻘﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ )ﺑﺴﺎﺋﻞ( ﺷﺨﺺ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺰﻭﺝ‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻭﺟﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﳜﺸﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺻﻠﺔ ﻗﺮﰉ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻷﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺑﺎﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺧﺎﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻰﺀ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﳑﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﻥ "ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻯ" ﻟﻠـﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣـﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﻠﻘﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺳﺒﻊ ﻧﺴﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫‪< <<In - vitro Fertilization‬‬

‫]‪Fertilization<Üu†Ö]<t…^}<îÂ^ß’Ö]<h^’}ý‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ In-vitro‬ﺑﺎﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﳊﺮﰱ "ﰱ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟـﺔ" ﺃﻭ ﰱ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑـﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻛﻜﻞ ‪ In-vitro Fertilization‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗـﺘﻢ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﺛﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ‪ -‬ﰱ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪ -‬ﻭﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳـﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﺨـﺼﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺭﺣﻢ ﺍﻷﻧﺜﻰ ﻹﲤﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰱ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪١٩٧٨‬ﻡ ﺷﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﳉﻬﺪ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻡ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﲔ ﻭﻟـﺪﺕ ﺃﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻃﻔﻠﺔ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ )ﻟﻮﻳﺰ ﻳﺮﺍﻭﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻰ )ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﺇﺩﻭﺭﺩﺯ ‪Robert‬‬
‫‪ ،(Edwards‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲤﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺇﳒﻠﺘﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳍـﺎ ﺩﻭﻯ ﻋﻈـﻴﻢ ﰱ ﺃﳓـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﻞ ﺑﺪﺃ ﻳﺸﺮﻕ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺗﻰ ﻛﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﲔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺴﺪﺍﺩ ﰱ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ )ﻓﺎﻟﻮﺏ(‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲤﺖ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻏـﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻭﺟﻬﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﻭﺑﺪﺃ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﺑﻞ ﺁﻻﻑ ﻣـﻦ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻳﻠﺠﺄﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﲔ ﻳﻜﺘﺸﻔﻦ ﺃ‪‬ﻦ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﳒﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ )ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ‪ (Embryology‬ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺃﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺯﻭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬
‫ﳍﺰﺓ ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺣﻼ ﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻢ( ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻃﻔـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭﺯﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﻘﻒ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺗﻄﻮﻋﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﲟﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﲰﻴﻨﺎﻩ ‪ -‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒـﻞ )ﺍﻷﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠـﺔ(‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻇﻬـﺮﺕ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﲟﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻃﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺯﻭﺑﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺴﻢ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺆﻳﺪ ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﰱ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﺣـﻼ ﳌـﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻢ( ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺎ ﳊﻔﻆ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻳﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺚ‪ .‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﲢﻮﻟﻮﺍ ‪ -‬ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻩ ‪ -‬ﺇﱃ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺗﺘﺎﺟﺮ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟـﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺎﺀﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻨﺎ ﻛﺒﺸﺮ؟ ﻫﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ؟ ﺃﻟﻦ ‪‬ﺪﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ؟ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻞ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﲔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻯ ﻧـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ؟ ﺇﻥ )ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ( ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻟﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻞ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ )ﺷـﺨﺺ(؟‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺜﲑ ﺗﺴﺎﺅﻻ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ‪ :‬ﻣﱴ ﻧﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊﻰ )ﺷﺨﺼﺎ(؟ ﻫﻞ "ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻰ" ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻟﻜﻰ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ )ﺷﺨﺼﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ؟‬
‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟـﺰﻭﺟﲔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﳝﻨﻊ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻄـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﰒ ﺗﻠﻘﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻷﻧﺜﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﺛﺎﺭﺕ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻛﺮﺍﻣﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺤﻴﺎﺋﻪ ﻭﻗﺪﺳﻴﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﲢﻮﻟﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌـﺪ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺑﻨﻮﻙ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻣﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳑﻦ ﺭﺍﻭﺩ‪‬ﻢ ﺃﺣﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤـﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﻗﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺯﻛﺖ ﺟﺪﻻ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻭﰱ ﻏﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﻐﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﰱ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺟﺄ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ "ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺭﺩﺯ ﻭﺳﺘﺒﺘﻮ" ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺑﻨﺒـﺄ ﻭﻻﺩﺓ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻃﻔﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ "ﻟﻮﻳﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﻭﻥ" ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٧٨‬ﻭﺗﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻭﻻﺩﺓ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻃﻔﻞ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴـﺐ "ﺍﻟـﺴﺘﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺠﻤﺮﻯ" ﰱ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ‪ ..‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٨‬ﺪﻑ ﻣﻌـﲔ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺇﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﻮﻳﻀﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﰒ ﺯﺭﻋﻬﺎ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺎﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺣﺪﺙ ﰱ ﺣﻘﻠﲔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﲔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﳘﺎ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻞ ‪ Reproductive Biology‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒـﺼﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ ‪ .Fibro-optics‬ﻭﰱ ﻏﻀﻮﻥ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺻـﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺳـﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺣﱴ ﺗﻨﻀﺞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺤﻀﺮ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺸﺮﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺃﲝﺎﺛﻪ ﰱ ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ "ﻧﻴﺘـﺸﺮ ‪ "Nature‬ﰱ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٦٩‬ﻭﻓﻮﺭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺃﺕ ﰱ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﻔﺠﲑ ﺟﺪﻝ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻰ ﻭﻣﺒﺪﺋﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺠﺐ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺃﺳـﺎﻗﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻔﺮﺑﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻌﻴـﺔ ﺍﻹﺻـﻼﺡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﻰ ﺍﳌـﺴﻤﺎﺓ‬
‫‪ .Baroness Summerskill‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟـﺪﻋﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺸﺠﻴﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﻜﺎﺭ ﺣﱴ ﳒﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﰱ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ ﻃﻔﻠﺔ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ١٠‬ﺳـﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻭﻳﺘﺴﺎﺀﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻪ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱏ ﻟﻺﳒﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻦ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻼﺟﻬﻢ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺷﻐﻠﺖ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﻔﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺗﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ‪ %١٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﺗﻌﺎﱏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻌﻼ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﻔﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ‪ %١٠‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﻘﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫـﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺴﺪﺍﺩﺍ ﰱ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﺃﻯ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ "ﻗﻨـﺎﺓ ﻓـﺎﻟﻮﺏ ‪Fallopian‬‬
‫‪ ."Tube‬ﻭﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ ﺩﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﺍ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻨﻴـﺔ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻃﻔﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻧﻌﲎ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻌﺎﱏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺴﺪﺍﺩ ﰱ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺫﺍﺗﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺧﻠﻞ ﰱ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﺎﻟﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻣﻬﺒﻠﻰ ﻳﻘﺘﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻠﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﺿﻌﺖ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﺮﻭﻃﺎ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻭﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺝ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺒﺔ ﰱ ﺭﺣﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻓﻼ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺧﻄﲑ ﳓﻮ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ "ﻋـﺎﱂ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﲪﻞ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻣﺸﻮﻫﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﺑـﲔ ﺻـﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻔﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺑـﺎﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﰱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻔـﻀﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﲎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﰱ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﻔﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺄﺛﺮﺕ ﲜﺪﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺠﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻨﺪﻓﻌﺎ ﺇﱃ ﲣﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻘﺒﻠﻪ ﺍﳊﺲ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱏ ﻭﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔﻈﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻵﺩﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺪﺃ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺴﺎﺀﻝ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻟـﻮ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﻉ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﻢ؟ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﻤﺔ؟ ﰒ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﻫﻮﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﻮﻳﻦ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﲔ؟‬
‫ﻭﺳﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﰱ ﻏﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺿﺎﺭﺑﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﺃﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﻓﻌﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻃﻔﻞ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﲔ ﻣﻮﻫﻮﺏ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ "ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻭﻭﺩ"‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٨٣‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﺻﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺌﺠﺎﺭ ﺣﺎﺿﻨﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻷﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺄﺟﲑ ﺭﲪﻬﺎ ﺃﻡ ﻋﺎﻗﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻣﺘﻸﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻒ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻋـﻦ "ﺃﻡ ﻟﻺﳚـﺎﺭ" ﻭ‬
‫"ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺭﺣﻢ ﻟﻺﳚﺎﺭ" ﻭ "ﺭﺣﻢ ﺧﺎﻝ ﻟﻺﳚﺎﺭ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪" ،‬ﺍﳉـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ" ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺟﺪﺓ ﻭﺃﻡ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﰱ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻠﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﳒﺒﺖ "ﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﺘﻮﱏ" ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺣﻔﺎﺩ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺃﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻗﻴﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﰱ ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪.١٩٨٨‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺑﻴﻊ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻗﺼﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻇﺮﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﻟـﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ "ﺫﻯ ﻣﻴـﻞ ﺃﻭﻑ ﺻـﻨﺪﺍﻯ"‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻌﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻟﻐﺮﺍﺑﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺒﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﰱ ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺃﻡ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺗﺒﺘﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﲔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺒﻀﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﳚﺎﺭ ﺭﲪﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﺎ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺇﻻ ﺳﺘﻨﻬﻰ ﲪـﻞ ﻃﻔﻠـﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ‪‬ﺪﺩ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﺟﺮ ﺭﲪﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﳑﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺧﻠﺴﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻋﲔ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﻻﺩﺗﻪ ﻭﺗﺴﻠﻴﻤﻪ ﻷﺑﻮﻳﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﳏﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺇﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻢ ﺗﺪﻉ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺍﻟﺒـﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫"ﻣﺎﺭﻯ ﺑﻴﺚ" ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺇﻻ ﻃﺮﻗﺖ ﺃﺑﻮﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻔﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺃﳒﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺭﲪﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺟﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﻗﻒ ﺿﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﻣﻨﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻠﺔ ﻟﻸﻡ ﺍﻟﱴ ﱂ ﺗﻨﺠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺩﻓﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻦ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻘـﺪ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱏ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻰ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻦ ﲪﻠﺔ ﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﳝﻨﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻯ ﰱ ﺇﳒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻏﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﲎ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﻥ ﰱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊـﺎﻻﺕ ﻋـﻦ ﺗـﺴﻠﻢ‬
‫ﻃﻔﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﻻﺩﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﺑﺘﺸﻮﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻰ ﺧﻄﲑ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﻼ ﺃﻭ ﻃﻠﻘﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﻻﺩﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺩﻯ ﰱ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﱂ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﺫﻳﺮ ﻛﺒﺢ ﲨﺎﺡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﲤﺎﺩﻯ ﰱ ﻏﻴﻪ ﻭﺷﺮﻉ ﰱ‬
‫ﲡﻤﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺃﻯ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺭﻏﺒﺘـﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻋﻦ ﲡﻤﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﳊﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻼﺷﻰ‬
‫ﻗﺘﻠﻬﺎ؟ ﰒ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﲔ ﲨﺪ ﰒ ﺃﺫﻳﺐ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺱ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ؟ ﻭﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ‬
‫ﺗﻴﺘﻢ ﲟﻮﺕ ﺃﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﳎﻤﺪﺍ؟ ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻟﻮ ﻓﻜﺮﺕ ﺃﻡ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﰱ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻤﻞ ﰱ ﻋﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺧﺎﳍﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﰱ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻴﻞ ﺃﺟﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳎﻤﺪﺍ ﻟﻌﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﺴﻨﲔ؟‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻗﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ‬

‫_‪< <<îÚø‰ý]<àè‚Ö]<V<ğ÷æ‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺃﻗﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﻢ ﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ "ﺍﻹﺧـﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟـﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﱂ ﳝﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/10/2020 8:49 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﰱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳋﻮﺽ ﰱ ﻏﻤﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺸﻘﺔ ﻛـﺒﲑﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻒ ﱂ ﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻜﺘﺒﻮﺍ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ ﱂ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻼﺫ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳚﻠﻮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺒﻬﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺣﻠﻮﳍـﺎ ﻋﻘﻠﻴـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻦ ﻳﻐﲎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺣﺎﺩ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﺆﺭﺥ ﺁﻻ "ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﱴ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ؟ "ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﻨﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺣﻜﻤﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻰ ﻟﻘﻀﻴﱴ "ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﻭﺃﻃﻔﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ"‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻟﺬﻯ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﻀﺔ؟ ﻭﻫﻞ ﳚﻮﺯ ﲡﻤﻴﺪﻫﺎ؟ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﲨﺪﺕ‬
‫ﻭﱂ ﻧﻜﻦ ﰱ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻧﻔﻌﻠﻪ ‪‬ﺎ؟ ﻫﻞ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﳒﺮﻯ ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ؟ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻌﲎ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺇﻫﺪﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟ ﰒ ﻫﻞ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻘﺤﺔ؟‬
‫_‪< <VцÊ<pøm<±c<ì^é£]<íè]‚e<Åç•ç¹<ÜãjŽÎ^ßÚ<îÊ<ð^ãÏËÖ]æ<ð^fù]<ÜŠÏÞ‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﳊﻈﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﳛﻔـﻆ‬
‫ﺣﻖ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻰ ﰱ ﺍﳌﲑﺍﺙ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﻔﺦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﻫـﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪﻭﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﻴﲎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ‪ ":‬ﺇﻥ ﺃﺣـﺪﻛﻢ‬
‫ﳚﻤﻊ ﺧﻠﻘﻪ ﰱ ﺑﻄﻦ ﺃﻣﻪ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﲔ ﻳﻮﻣﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻋﻠﻘﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻀﻐﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﰒ‬
‫ﻳﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﷲ ﻣﻠﻜﹰﺎ ﻓﻴﺆﻣﺮ ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﺟﻠﻪ ﻭﺭﺯﻗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﻘﻰ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻡ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﻨﻔﺦ ﻓﻴـﻪ ﺍﻟـﺮﻭﺡ‬
‫‪....‬ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ "ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻯ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﳊﻈﺔ "ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻖ"‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﻒ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ ﰱ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺬﻫﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﳊﻈﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻘﺤﺔ ﲜﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻦ ﳊﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﰱ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ "ﺍﻹﳒﺎﺏ ﰱ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ" ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﺃﻃﻔـﺎﻝ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻷﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻫﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻰ‪ :‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ ﺷﺮﻋﹰﺎ )ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﻴﺔ( ﻭﺭﻭﻋﻴـﺖ ﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻁ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺎﺏ )ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟـﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺍﺋﻊ(‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺗﻔﻖ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺮﺍﻣﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻡ ﺑﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺃﻡ‬
‫ﺟﻨﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﺃﻡ ﺭﲪﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﲡﺎﻩ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ "ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ﺍﻟﻈﺌﺮ" )ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻀﻴﻒ ﻟﻠﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻘﺤﺔ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻡ( ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺃﺻﺪﺭ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻰ ﲟﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻣﺔ ﻓﺘﻮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﻝ ﲪﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺿـﺮ‪‬ﺎ )ﺍﻻﺷـﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﰱ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻭﺑﺘﻄﻮﻉ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻼ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺗﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻘﺤﺔ ﰱ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻊ‪ .‬ﺃﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺭﺣﻢ ﺃﺟﻨﱮ ﻓﻬﻮ ﳏﺮﻡ ﻟﻠﺤﻔـﺎﻅ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪< <<îv銹]<àè‚Ö]<V<ğ^éÞ^m‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻴﺤﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﻫﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪‬ﺪﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﰱ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﺘﱪﻭﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴـﺔ ﻻ‪‬ـﺎ ﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ ﻋﺸﺮ "ﺇﻥ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﻳﱪﺯ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺯﺍﺋﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﺳﻌﺎﺩ‪‬ﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺣﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺑـﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻘـﺪﺱ ﻟﻮﺳـﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺴﻴﺤﻴﲔ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻧﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﳜﺸﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻸﻃﻔﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ ﻟﻸﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

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Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

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‫‪< <<íÚ‚ÏÚ‬‬
‫<<‬
‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺛﻮﺭ ﹰﺓ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺃﲝﺎﺙ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺕ ﻋﻘﻮﺩﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺃﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻱ ﺑﺪﺀﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔـﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻧﺘـﻬﺎ ًﺀ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻱ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺒﻜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﲝﺚ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﺑﺄﺧﺮﻯ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘ‪‬ﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﳌﻲ ﺑـﺎﻟﻎ ﻧﻈـﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻮﻋﻮﺩﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻟﻠﺠﺪﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﺭ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺮ‪‬ﺩﺓ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﲢﺪﻳﹰﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﱴ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﳓﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺟﻨﲔ ﺑﺸﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺪﺯ ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻜﺘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺳﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ )ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺊ( ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻲ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋ‪‬ﺎ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﲢﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﲣﺼﺼﻴﺔ ﻛﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﻭﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻭﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﻠﺪﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﻃﺒﺎﺀ ﻳﻬﺘﻤﻮﻥ ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻳﻔﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﺰﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺷﺎﰲ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ ﻭﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ‪:‬‬
‫]‪< <VDìçÏÖ]E<ì…‚ÏÖ]<í×Ú^Ò<íé„¢]<^èø¤‬‬
‫ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﻭﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺒﺔ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻏـﺸﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺯﺭﻋﺖ ﰲ ﺭﺣﻢ ﺃﻧﺜﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺸﺊ ﺟﻨﻴﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪< <ì…‚ÏÖ]<ì†Ê]æ<íé„¢]<^èø¤]<IN‬‬
‫ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗـﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻄـﻲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
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‫‪< <DíéÖ^ÃËÖ]El]…‚ÏÖ]<쁂ÃjÚ<^èø¤]<IO‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﻟﺘﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻘـﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﲤﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﳉﻠـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﻠﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﲣﺼﺼﺎ ﺗـﺪﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻨﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻬﻢ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﳑﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟـﺪ‬

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‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
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‫ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﻮﺽ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﻤـﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴـﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫}’^‪< <íé„¢]<^èø¤]<“ñ‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺑﺜﻼﺙ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ(‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﺨﻼﻓﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﻟﻌـﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻜﺮﺭ ﺫﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻨﺴ‪‬ﺦ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﲞﺎﺻ‪‬ﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻛﺎﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻨﺪﺋ ٍﺬ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ(‪ -‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪ :‬ﻻ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺑﻨﻴﻪ ﻧﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻼ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋـﻀﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠـﺐ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺦ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺝ(‪-‬ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺴﺞ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻮﺣﹰﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻗﺒﻞ‪.‬‬
‫]‪< <íé×}]‚Ö]<l]…^ý‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﲜﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟـ ‪DNA‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﺪ‪‬ﺩﺓ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫]‪< <íéq…^¤]<l]…^ý‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺯﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤـﺎﺱ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺖ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﲔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲟﻘﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﳕﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﺜﻼﺙ‪) :‬ﺍﻹﻧـﺪﻭﺩﻳﺮﻡ ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﻭﺩﻳﺮﻡ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﻛﺘﻮﺩﻳﺮﻡ(‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻋ‪‬ﺘﻘِﺪ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻮﻟـﺪ ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰎ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﹰﺍ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﲞﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺪﻭﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻀﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﳔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻫﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪°ß¢]<Ð×~jÖ<±æù]<Ý^èúÖ<íéÛ×Â<솿Þ‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺘﻠﻘﻴﺢ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳـﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﺨـﺼﺒﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﺬﻋﻴﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﺓ ﻭﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ ﻭﻛﻞ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻜﺮﺓ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺣﱴ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ ١٦‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﳍـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻨﻴـﻨﲔ ﻣﺘﻤـﺎﺛﻠﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﻠﻘﻴﺢ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﺗـﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳊﻮﻳـﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ ،(Blastocyst‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻮﻳﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﲡﻮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺗـﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻭ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ‪.‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ ﲟﻔﺮﺩﻫﺎ؛ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﲔ؛ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴـﺔ ﰲ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﻭﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﻭ ﺍﳉﻠﺪ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‪‬ﺍ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﻠﺪ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬

‫]‪< <áçŠÚçm<íÏè†<V±æ÷]<íÏè†ŞÖ‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺛﻮﻣﺴﻮﻥ ‪ Thomson‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﺪﻳﺴﻮﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻮﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋـﻀﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻛـﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘـﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﱪﻉ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻷﺯﻭﺍﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻥ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺛﻮﻣﺴﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﻨﻤﻴﺘـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺧﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺧﻄﻮﻃﺎ ﺧﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﲢﻮﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫]‪< <l…^âq<íÏè†<VíéÞ^nÖ]<íÏè†ŞÖ‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺟﲑﻫﺎﺭﺕ ‪ gearhart‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ‪ Hopkins Johns‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺰﻝ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﻀﺔ )ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺾ ﻭﺍﳋﺼﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺮﺛﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫]‪< <êqøÃÖ]<€^Šßj‰ý]<íÏè†<VínÖ^nÖ]<íÏè†ŞÖ‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻲ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴـﺔ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﳉﺴﺪﻳﺔ )‪ (SCNT‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (Scnt‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﺧـﺬ‬
‫ﺑﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ‪ -‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺯﺍﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﺍﺓ‪-‬‬
‫ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﲏ ‪،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﲢﺖ‬
‫ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻌﻤﻠﻴﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺧﻠﻴﻪ ﺟﺴﺪﻳﻪ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﲜﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﻣﱰﻭﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﳑﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻮﻟﻪ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﻣـﺼﺪﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻲ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳊـﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺧﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻴﻪ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ ‪.‬ﻭﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺟﻴﻨﻴـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻭﺯﺭﻋﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﳑﺎ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺃﻻ ﻧﺴﺠﻪ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫‪.‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻱ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻸﺳﻒ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣـﺎ ﺍﻛﺘـﺸﻔﺘﻪ ﺷـﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫‪) Anthrogenesis‬ﺇﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪٢٠٠١‬ﻡ( ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻏﲏ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺗﻜﺜﲑﻫﺎ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﻴﻤﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻓﻴﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﳒﺎﺣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﳔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﳔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻃﺒـﺎﻕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﺕ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺮﺕ ﺃﺣـﺪ ﺍﳉـﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ medicine‬ﲝﺜﺎ ﻭﺿﺢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﺃ‪‬ﻢ ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﻜﺮﻳـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﻗﺎﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﺘﻨﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﺑﺔ ﲟﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻗﺪﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺴﻮﻟﲔ‪.‬‬

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‫]‪< <ì…‚ÏÖ]<ì†Ê]æ<íé„¢]<^èø¤]<l^Ú]‚~j‰‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﺰﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻫـﻮ ﺃﺣـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﺰﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻼﺝ ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﱂ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻧـﺸﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ـﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ‪.‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻋﻮﳉﺖ ﻃﻔﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﻣـﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻄﻞ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﳔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺄﻧﻴﻤﻴﺎ ﻓﺎﻧﻜﻮﱐ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺬﻋﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺰﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰎ ﻋﻼﺝ ﻣـﺮﺽ ﺳـﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻋـﺼﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ ﻧﻴﻮﺭﻭﺑﻼﺳﺘﻮﻣﻰ ﻷﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺬﻋﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻡ ﺳـﺮﺗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﲣﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲣﺼﺺ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﰲ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﺑﻄﺊ ﻭﻣﻌﻘﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺃﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺀ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﺁﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺒـﻞ‬
‫ﲡﺮﺑﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﲣﻠﻴﻖ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻮﻥ ﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﳍﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻼﻳـﺎ ﻷﻧـﺴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﳉﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺄﻣﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻛﺘـﺸﺎﻑ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻨﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺬﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗـﺪﻣﲑ ﺍﻷﺟﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﲔ ﺍﺳﻢ "ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻍ"‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ "ﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﳋﺎﻟـﺪﻳﻦ"‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻃﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻛﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ "ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺒﺲ" ﻟﻸﲝﺎﺙ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨـﺔ ﺳـﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﻴﻐـﻮ ﺑﻮﻻﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ ﺃﺧﲑﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺍ‪‬ﻢ ﺣﺪﺩﻭﺍ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺩﻣﺎﻍ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﺃﺟﻬـﺰﺓ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﲬﺴﲔ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻋـﻀﻮﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺠﺪﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺪﻋﻰ )‪ (TWS-119‬ﻳﻠﺘﺼﻖ ﺑﺈﻧﺰﱘ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ )‪ (GSQ-3Beta‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﱘ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺀ ﻭﺟـﺪﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻌﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (TWS-119‬ﳛﻔﺰ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺧﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎﻏﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﻮﺍ ﻻ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻮﻥ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻠﺘﺼﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉـﺰﻱﺀ ﺑـﺎﻹﻧﺰﱘ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻔﻬﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻣﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ "ﻣﻴﺘﺸﺠﻦ" ﺣﺪﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﳉﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲡﺪﺩ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱯ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱯ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﰲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﲔ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ )‪ (Bmi-1‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﲔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻬﻤﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﺳﻼﻑ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ ‪ Maarten van lohuizen‬ﻣـﻦ ‪Netherlands‬‬
‫‪ Cancer Center‬ﰲ ﺍﻣﺴﺘﺮﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺟﲔ )‪ (Bmi-1‬ﰲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﲔ ﻭﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﺗﻴﻨﲔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺜﺒﻂ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺟﺪ ﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉـﲔ )‪(Bmi-1‬‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﺘﺠﺪﺩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫]÷‪< <Víé„¢]<^èø~×Ö<íéfŞÖ]<l^Ú]‚~j‰‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٨‬ﻡ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ ﺍﳌﺒﻜﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻋﻠﻦ‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﰲ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﲤﻜﻦ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﳔﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺃﻣـ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺒﺪﻝ ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺯﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑ‪‬ﺍ ﰲ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒ ﹰ‬
‫ﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺯﺭﻉ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ؛ ﻟﺘﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﺰﺭﻉ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﳔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻔﺄﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺗﻮﺟـﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ "ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭﺳﻨﱵ ﺍﻻﺧﻀﺮ"‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻓﺄﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻗﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﳔﺎﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻠﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻮﺍﻗـﻊ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺖ ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﻟﻌـﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺻﺮﺡ ﻛﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻣﲑﻛﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻮﺍ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﺸﺮ ﺑﺂﻓﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳـﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺧﱪﺍﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﺷﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻛـﺜﲑﺓ ﻻ ﺗـﺰﺍﻝ ﺗﻨﺘﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻌﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﳕﻮ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧـﺐ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺧﻼﻳـﺎ ﻭﺃﻧـﺴﺠﺔ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ " ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻱ"‪.‬‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﺍﳋﻠﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻟﻠﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠـﻒ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻳﺘﱪﻉ ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻢ ﻟﺘﺒـﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺳﻒ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺰﺭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺫﻛﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻢ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻘﻴـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺀ ﺑﺘﻌـﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻼﺟﻪ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻮﻳـﻀﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺮﻱ ﲢﻔﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻹﻧﺘـﺎﺝ ﺧﻼﻳـﺎ‬

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‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﺘﺠﺪﺩ ﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﻧـﺴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌـﻼﺝ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ‬
‫‪ ٧‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻡ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻱ ﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻲ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬
‫ﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴـﺪﻱ ﻭﺳـﺠﻠﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﳒﺎﺡ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ .%٧٠‬ﻭﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﲔ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﰲ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻡ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻱ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﳒﺎﺣﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻋﻼﺝ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻛﺄﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻓﺸﻞ ﳔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ‪‬ﻢ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺓ ﻣﺒﻜﺮﹰﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﲡﺮ ﳍﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋـﺪﻡ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺃﻗـﺎﺭﺏ‬
‫ﻳﻄﺎﺑﻘﻮ‪‬ﻢ ﰲ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺠﻠﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﳒﺎﺣﺎ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ .%٦٠‬ﻭﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻌﻲ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﱄ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻰ ﰎ ﰲ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٢‬ﻡ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺑﻨﻮﻙ ﺩﻡ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﲟﻮﺟﺒﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻡ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺘﻬﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳍﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/10/2020 8:49 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫_‪< <íéfŞÖ]<l÷^]<»<íé„¢]<^èø¤]<Ý]‚~j‰ý<í×nÚ‬‬
‫<<‬

‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺩﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﺭﻛﻨﺴﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺃﻛﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﻗﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﻀﻰ ﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺷﺎﻑ ﻟﺪﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﺭﻛﻨﺴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻳـﺖ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﱪﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺄﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺣﱴ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ )ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺑﺎﻣﲔ( ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺰﺭﻉ ﰲ ﺃﺩﻣﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺮﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫]‪< <î×ÓÖ]<á^†‰<tøÃÖ<íéÂ^~ßÖ]<^èø¤‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﺃ ﻋﻼﺝ ﲡﺮﻳﱯ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﳛﺼﻞ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﳔﺎﻉ ﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺥ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺖ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﺗﺜﺒﻂ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﺍﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻌﻼﺝ ﺳـﺮﻃﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﺷﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﻦ ﻫﺠﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧـﺎﺹ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﺄﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺑـﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺆﻗﺘـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺣﻘﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺷﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻬﺎﲨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻡ‪.‬‬
‫]‪< <‚fÓÖ]<Ú<tøÃÖ<íé„¢]<^èø¤‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﻔﺘﺢ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻷﻣـﻞ ﳌﺮﺿـﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺒـﺪ ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﲢـﻮﻝ ﺗﻠـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻻﺣﻈﻮﺍ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﺔ ﺫﻛﺮﻳﻪ‬
‫ﰲ ﻛﺒﺪ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﰎ ﺯﺭﻉ ﳔﺎﻉ ﻋﻈﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻟﻌـﻼﺝ‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺎﱏ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺸﻞ ﻛﺒﺪﻱ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻸﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺰﺭﻉ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺽ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺗـﻼﰱ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻟﻼﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫]‪< <ï†ÓŠÖ]<Ú<í¢^ù<íé„¢]<^èø¤‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌﻄﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻻﳒﺮﻫﺎﻧﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﺮﻳﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﺩﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﺮﻳﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺰﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﺮﻳﺎﺱ ﻗﺪ ﲢﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻮﺍ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺬﻋﻴـﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺟﻨﲔ ﻓﺄﺭ ﺇﱄ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﲔ ﰲ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﻼﺝ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺜﻮﺍ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﲢﻮﻟﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺘﻞ ﻧﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﺇﻥ ﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﻔﺮﺯ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﲔ ﻭﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻨﻜﺮﻳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﻞ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺘﻞ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺴﻮﻟﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﺮﻳﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺟﺰﺭ ﻻﳒﺮﻫﺎﻧﺰ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺁﻣﺎﻝ ﻛﺒﲑﻩ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺬﻟﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﻣﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫]‪< <g×ÏÖ]<š]†Ú_<í¢^ù<íé„¢]<^èø¤‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺰﻣﻨﺔ ﲡﻌﻞ‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/10/2020 8:49 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺦ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺯﺭﻋﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﳒﺤﺖ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺄﻫﻴـﻞ ﺃﻧـﺴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻭﺃﺩﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫]‪< <îÂ^ß¹]<˜Ê†Ö]<í×ӎÚ<î×Â<g×ÇjÖ‬‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳌـﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻲ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﻳـﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺴﺪﻳﺔ )‪) (SCNT‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻲ( ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻲ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﻔﺸﻞ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﰲ ﻋـﻀﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻣـﺮﻳﺾ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺑﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﻣﱰﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻃﻮﺭ ‪ ،Blastocyte‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﺰﻝ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲢﻔﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻀﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ ﰲ ﺟـﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺭﻓﺾ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﺍﻉ ﻹﺧﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫]‪< <íéßéߢ]<íé„¢]<^èø¤‬‬
‫ﲣﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺔ ﺧﻠﻴﺘﲔ ﰒ ﺃﺭﺑـﻊ ﰒ‬
‫ﲦﺎﱐ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ )ﺑﻮﺳﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ( ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﻋﺰﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮﺕ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺎﻓﻆ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﳌﺪﺓ ﻳﻮﻣﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﰊ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ‪ blastocyst‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻮﻱ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺑﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﻴﻤﺔ‪،‬‬

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪< <íéßéߢ]<íé„¢]<^èø¤]<l]ˆéº‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻻ ﺗﻔﲎ ‪ immortal‬ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﺰﻟﺖ ﻭﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺒﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻘـﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻨﺎ ٍﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ‪ pluripotent‬ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺯﺭﻋﺖ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺒﺖ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺇﱃ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺧﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺽ ﺍﳌﺨـﺼﺒﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻨﺢ ﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺽ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ‪ .‬ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳ‪‬ﺤﺼﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ٥-٤‬ﺃﻳﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺮﺓ ﳎﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﳎﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺗـﺪﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻭﻣﻴﺔ ‪ blastocyst‬ﻭﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻷﺭﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ‪ : trophoblast‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻭﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟﻮﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﳝﻴﺔ ‪ :blastocoele‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻮﻳﻒ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻭﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ‪ :inner cell mass‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣـﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺧﻠﻴـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺟﻮﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﳝﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ)ﺍﳉﺴﺪﻳﺔ(‪Adult (Somatic) stem cells‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻮﺕ ﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻭﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﰲ ﲨﻴـﻊ ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺗﺴﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﻡ ﻭﺳﺎﻕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻏﲑ ﳎﻮﺩﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﰎ‬
‫ﻋﺰﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺰﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﺫﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﺘﻢ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐـﺔ‬

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‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺯﻳﻠﺖ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﻴﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻼﺝ ﻣﺮﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻉ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺒـﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﱪﳎﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺧﻂ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼـﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﳔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺧﻼﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺩﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺮﺫﺍﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈـﻢ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ‪.‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﺖ ﺍﻧﻪ ﺣﱴ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﲢﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻧﻮﻋـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﳑﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﱂ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ ﳑﻜﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﺘﺨـﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﳑﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺳﻼﻟﺔ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ ﻗﺪ ﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺸﺮﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﻜـﺜﲑ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼـﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻟﻌﻼﺟﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺷﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﲟﻜـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘـﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰﺓ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰﺓ ﰲ ﻧﺴﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺠﺪﺩ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼـﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻀﻮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺗـﺮﻣﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﺑـﺪ ﹰﻻ‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/10/2020 8:49 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
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‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻓﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ )ﻭﻫﻮ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻭﻣﻴﺔ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺿﺞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﺃ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ‪ ١٩٦٠‬ﺣﲔ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻧـﻮﻋﲔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻡ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﻘـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﲞﻼﻳﺎ ﳔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳉﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ )‪ (osteocytes‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻑ )‪ (chondrocytes‬ﻭﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (adipocytes‬ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻭﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻫﺎﻣﺪﺓ )ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﻘﺴﻤﺔ( ﻋﺪﺓ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺣﱴ ﺗﻨﺸﻂ ﲟـﺮﺽ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻞ ﻧﺴﻴﺠﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﻭﳔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﱐ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻠﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪< <íÇÖ^fÖ]æ<íéßéߢ]<íé„¢]<^èø¤]<°e<íÞ…^ÏÚ‬‬
‫ﳝﻠﻚ ﻛ ﱞﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﻭﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﳑﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻭﳕﻂ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴـﺔ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺇﱃ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺧﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺼﻠﺖ ﻣﻨﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﳕـﺎﻁ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺒﺖ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺣﱴ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺯﺭﻉ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺿﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﺮﻗﹰﺎ ﻫﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﺻ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﳑﺔ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺃﻱ ﻧـﺴﻴﺞ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﰲ ﲡﺎﻭﺯ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻠـﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﻳﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﲣﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﺭﻓﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻋﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪< <íéqøÃÖ]<l^Ú‚~j‰÷]<»<íÇÖ^fÖ]<íé„¢]<^èø¤]<Ý]‚~j‰]<l^ÎçÃÚ‬‬
‫ﻟﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻌﻨﺎ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻰ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﺔ –‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﳒﺎﺡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻱ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻮﺩﻱ ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺣﱴ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﲡﻨﺐ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪< <V^ãßÚ<H^èø¤]<å„â<Ý]‚~j‰]<»<l^ÎçÃÚ<Õ^ßâ‬‬
‫)‪ -(١‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﺰﳍﺎ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ -(٢‬ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﲡﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﺰﳍﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﰎ ﺍﳊـﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻉ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﻱ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﻟﻌﻼﺟﻪ ﺗﺘﻄﻠـﺐ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ًﻵ ﻋﺰﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻓﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﻗﺘﺎ ﻃﻮﻳﻼ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺘـﻮﻓﺮ ﻟـﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﺄﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺧﻄﲑﺓ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﲤﻬﻠﻬﻢ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﺝ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺻﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻗﺪ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ‪ DNA‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻧـﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ‬

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺄﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡ ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻣﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﲢﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺬﻟﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﲣﺼﺺ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻈﻬﺮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨـﺼﺺ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧـﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺇﻧﺘـﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋـﺼﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫]‪< <Ù‚r×Ö<ìn¹]<^⅁^’Úæ<íéßéߢ]<íé„¢]<^èø¤‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺴﺎﺀﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻫﺪﺍﺭ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﲡﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ‪ .‬ﻓﻤـﻦ ﺍﳌﻌـﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺇﻧﺰﱘ ‪ Telomerase‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻘـﺴﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ‪‬ﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﱘ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﲝﺎﺙ ﻛﺎﳋﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧـﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻧـﺴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻜـﺒﲑ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‪.‬‬
‫]‪< <è‚Ö]æ<êÎø}ù]<gÞ^¢‬‬
‫ﺃﺛﺎﺭﺕ ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﻻ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/10/2020 8:49 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻳﺆﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﲝﻮﺙ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﻔﺦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﲡﻮﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺑﻌـﺪ ‪١٢١‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﲏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ٤١‬ﻳﻮﻣـﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺎﻧـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻤﻌﻈﻢ ﻃﻮﺍﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﲝﻮﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻡ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺸﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﻼ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﺟﻮﺍﺯ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻮﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺍﻧﻘﺴﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻘﺢ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﺗﻜـﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌـﺸﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺀ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻧـﺴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

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AN: 2256817 ;
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.;
FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE
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‫‪< <áæ…]<í膿Þ‬‬
‫<<‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺒﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﳚﺎﺯ ﰱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟـﺴﻄﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﺪﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﻫﻮ‪) :‬ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺲ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻥ( ﻭﻟﺪ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪١٨٠٩‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﰲ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ ‪١٨٨٢‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺴﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﻋـﺎﱂ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ‬
‫ﺇﳒﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺑﺄﺩﻧﱪﺓ‪ ...‬ﰒ ﲣﺼﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ )ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ( ‪١٨٥٩‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﺲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻻﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺬﺓ ﺭﺍﺋﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺎﻧﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪) :‬ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ( ﺳﻨﺔ ‪١٨٧١‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭ )ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺌﻨﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ ‪١٨٦٧‬ﻡ(‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﻰ )ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺒﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫• ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺩﺕ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ )ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﻄﺎﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﻋﺪ‪ ،‬ﺻﻮﺍﻋﻖ( ﺍﱃ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺒﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰﻯﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴـﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﺑﻄﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﱪﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳍﻴـﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻭﺟﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻻ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻮﺀ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﳌﺸﺎ‪‬ﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻻ ﳝﻨﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺷﺘﻖ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺇﻳﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﱃ ﳐﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺧﻠﻴـﺘﲔ ﰒ ﺍﱃ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺣﱴ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺣﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﻘﺴﻢ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺯﻫﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫• ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﺜﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺩ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻃﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﻧﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺃﻧﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳌﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﻞ ﻭﺗﻔﻜﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﻭﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﲰﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻛـﺜﲑﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻯ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻫﺠﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﻼﻓﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺿـﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺫﻫﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻴﺎ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﻰ ﰲ ﺳﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻯ‬
‫• ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻄﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺩ ﻳﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﻮﻥ ﲝـﺴﺐ‬
‫ﻗﺮ‪‬ﻢ ﻷﺻﻠﻬﻢ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﱐ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ‪‬ﻢ ﻳﺘﺪﺭﺟﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳـﺄﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻧـﻮﺝ ﰒ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻨﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺍﳌﺎﻭﻳﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻵﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗﺐ )ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ(‪.‬‬
‫• ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻔﺰﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻄـﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒـﺸﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﲤﻴﺰﺕ ﰱ ﺗﻔﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺑﺪﺍﻋﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ ﲣﻄـﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﲢﻀﺮ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻭﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ )ﺑﺎﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﻕ( ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺯﻋﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭﻩ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﲑ ﻟﻸﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻫﻰ ﺩﻭ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻧﻮﺝ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﻄﺮ‪‬ﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻨـﺪﻫﺎ‬

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‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﲤﺖ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫]÷‪< <êÃéfŞÖ]<h^~jÞ‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﺈﻫﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳍﺰﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ )ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻟﻸﺻﻠﺢ( ﻓﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳـﻮﺭﺙ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺬﺭﻳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧـﺔ ﺻـﻔﺔ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ )ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻮﺀ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻳﺮﺗﻘﻲ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷـﺌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻛـﺎﺋﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ )ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ(‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺭﺩ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻨﺪﻭﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ )ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎﻝ( ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺗﺼﺪﻉ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻥ"‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺩﻭﻧﻪ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓـﻼ ﺗﻮﺟـﺪ‬
‫ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺫﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﻮﺓ ﻭﻻ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻔﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻘﺮﻳـﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻷﲰـﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺣﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺣﻒ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺩﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺫﻛﺮ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺩ ﻓﺮﻗﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻓﻼ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳓﻜﻢ ﺑـﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﻼﻟﺔ ﻗﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻬﺎﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﳛﺴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﻔﻮﻩ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ )ﻭﻣﻨﻬﻢ )ﻣﻴﻐﺮﺕ( ﻗـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ )ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻥ( ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﻩ ﻭﺇﻧﻪ ﻣـﻦ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﻢ )ﻫﻜﺴﻠﻲ( ﻭﻫﻮ ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﻟـ )ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻥ( ﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻧﻪ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﱂ‬
‫ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻗﻂ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺄ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫_‪^ãi]m`iæ<àèæ…]<í膿Þ<…^m‬‬
‫ ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺻﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﷲ ﻭ ﺇﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻭﺧﻼﻓﺎ ﳌﺎ ﻳﺮﻭﺟﻪ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ‬
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‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﳘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ )ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ( ﺍﻻ ﺇﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧـﺎﻟﻖ ﻭﺗﻔـﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺃﺩﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﱄ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﲔ ﻭﺳﺎﻋﺪﺕ ﰲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻭﺑﻠـﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﲡﺎﻭﺯ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺣﱵ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‬
‫ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻭﺗﺸﺮﺑﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺻﻘﻠﺖ ﲨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺷﱵ ﻣﻨﺎﺣﻲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺇﻥ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺣﻀﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺷﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﱪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳـﻔﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ )ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ( ﻛﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﲤﻴـﺰ‬
‫‪‬ﺎ ﺃﺩﺑﻴﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ )ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﳍﻤﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰉ )ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻨـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻼﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﲔ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻨـﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺧـﺮﻯ ﰱ ﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﱃ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻟﻠﻴﻬﻮﺩ )ﺷﻌﺐ ﺍﷲ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭ( ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﱏ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺗﱪﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺑﻴﲔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻭﺳﻴﻄﺮ‪‬ﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻨﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣـﱪﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﻨﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﻣﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﻠﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﱪﺭ ﻟﻸﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﲔ ﺍﺿﻔﺎﺀ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﻥ ﻟﻜـﻞ ﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﳍﻢ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﰱ ﻧﺸﺮﻩ ﻭﺍﺫﺍﻋﺘﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺑﻼ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻤﲑ‪.‬‬

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‫ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻘﺪﻩ ﻭﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻫﻰ ﰱ ﺃﺳـﻔﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﻃﲑ ﻭﺧﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺟﻌـﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻰﺀ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﻗﺔ )ﺍﻻﻟﻪ( ﻭﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻧﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻫﻰ ﺧﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻻﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺗﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﺮ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻰ ﺃﻃﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴـﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻣـﺮﺽ ﺍﻻﻳـﺪﺯ ﻣـﺼﺪﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺩ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﳌـﺮﺽ ﻗـﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﻞ ﺍﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻰ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺎﺭ ﺑﻞ ﺗﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﻫﻮ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﰱ ﺍﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻧﺐ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺼﻴﺔ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﱪﳘـﺎ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻠﻮﻛﻪ ﻭﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺑﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﲤﺴﺖ ﲟﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ )ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺺ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻖ( ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺬﻭﺫ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻰ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﺷـﻜﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻟﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺰﻯ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﲢﺒﺬ ﻭﺗﻨـﺸﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻭﺗﻀﻔﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺰﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ )ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ( ) ﻭﺍﳒﻠﺰ( ﰱ ﺍﻧـﺸﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻰ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﳊﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﻪ ﻭﺗﺒﻌﻬﻤﺎ )ﻟﻴﻨﲔ( ﻭ )ﺳﺘﺎﻟﲔ( ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ )ﻓﺮﻭﻳﺪ( ﺍﳉﻨـﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ )ﺩﻭﺭ ﻛـﺎﱘ(‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﳘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺃﺩﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﻨﺎﻕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻯ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴـﺔ ﺿـﺪ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺳﻴﻮﻳﲔ ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺣﻰ ﺍﳊﻴـﺎﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﰱ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻭﺍﻟـﱴ ﱂ ﺗﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺰﻧﻮﺝ ﰱ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻬﻢ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻰ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺣﺼﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻔﻘﻮﺓ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﺼﻞ ﰱ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﰱ ﺭﻭﺩﻳﺴﻴﺎ )ﺯﳝﺒﺎﺑﻮﻱ( ﻭﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫)ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻬﻨﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻵﺳﻴﻮﻳﲔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲤﻨﺢ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺑﻴﲔ( ﻭﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﺮﻧـﺴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺄﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳒﺎﻣﻊ ﺯﳒﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻏﻮﺭﻳﻼ ﻓﻘﺪ ﳓـﺼﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺇﻥﹼ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ‪‬ﻄﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪ‪‬ﺭﺍﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻫﺾ ﻓﻜـﺮﺓ ﺧﻠـﻖ ﺍﻷﺣﻴـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﱂ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺣﺪ ﻛﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺳﻔﺴﻄﺔ ﻻ ﲤﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺄﻳﺔ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ ﳒﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺪ‪‬ﻋﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏـﲑ ﺣﻴـﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﺩﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‪ ‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺩ‪‬ﻋﺎﺀ ﺳﺮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ‪‬ﺎﻭﻯ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﺣﻴـﺎﺀ ﻭﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﷲ ﻋﺰ ﻭﺟﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻼ ﺷـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﻟﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻃﺮ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ‪‬ﻄﻮﺭ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﺎﺋﺒﺔ ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺗﺸﺒﺜﺖ ﺑﻔﻜﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺭﻓﺾ "ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﷲ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ" ﻭﺗﺒﲏ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ "ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ" ﺑﺪﻻ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﻧـﺘﻔﺤﺺ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﻨ‪‬ﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺍﻵﺧـﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﹼﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﳕﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻻﹼ ﺃﻥﹼ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﹼﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﳊﻲ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻂ ﻟﻪ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺪﻫﺸﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥﹼ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﻕ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﺳـﺒﺒﺎ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﻔﻨﻴﺪ ﻣﺰﺍﻋﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

‫]‪< <íéßèæ]…‚Ö]<kÚ‚â<Ö]<gÂ^’¹‬‬
‫ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨ‪‬ﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳـﻊ ﻋـﺸﺮ ﻣـﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺘﺪ ﺟﺬﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﳊﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻠـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻮﻃﺊ ﻗﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ "ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻷﻧـﻮﺍﻉ" ﳌﺆﻟﻔـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﷲ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺸﻮﺀ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻴﻔـﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥﹼ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﲏ ﱂ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﱂ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ "ﺟﺪﻻ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺎ" ﻟـﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺇﻻﹼ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺮﺍﻓﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎ ﺣﱴ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﻣﺼﺎﻋﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ" ﺗﻨـﺎﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻄﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﲡﺪ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺛﻐﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﲎ ﺃﻥ ﳚـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﲟـﺮﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﲏ ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﺧﻴﺐ ﺃﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳـﻦ ﻭﻓﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺰﺍﻋﻤﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺭﺋﻴـﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻧﺘـﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥﹼ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﺸﻞ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ "ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄـﻮﺭ" ﻛﻮﺳـﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺃﻥﹼ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺠﻼﺕ ﳊﻔﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺩﻓﻌـﺔ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻜﺲ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻭﰱ ﺗﺰﺍﻭﺟﻬـﺎ ﻭﰱ‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/10/2020 8:49 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻐﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺧﻼﻓﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﱃ ﺣﻜﻤﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﻭﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌـﻞ ﻗـﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﲨﻴﻌﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ ﺑﺮﺏ ﺣﻜﻴﻢ ﺧﺎﻟﻖ ﻛﺮﱘ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫_‘‪< <ì^é£]<Ø‬‬
‫ﺗﺪ‪‬ﻋﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ‪‬ﻄﻮﺭ ﺃﻥﹼ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﻴﻒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻼﻳﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ؟ ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻓﻌﻼ ﻓﻠﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﱂ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺫﻟﻚ؟ ﱂ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳋﻮﺽ‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ "ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ"‪ .‬ﺗﺮﻯ ﻛﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ؟ ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭﲢﺖ ﻇﻞ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺃ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻓﺾ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﺭﻓﻀﺎ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻠﻴـﺔ ﻇﻬـﺮﺕ ﺑﻔﻌـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺑﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌـﺼﺎﺩﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌـﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﻓﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻢ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ ﱂ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﺃﺑﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﳊﻴـﺎﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﹼﻞ ﰲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺼﺮﻩ ﻭﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺁﻧﺬﺍﻙ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﲢـﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ "ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ" ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺳﻴﻄﺮ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﻣﻔﺎﺩﻫـﺎ ﺃﻥﹼ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩﺍ ﻏﲑ ﺣﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﲡﻤﻌﺖ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﻭ ﺃﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﺍ ﺣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺒﲏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻓﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﹼﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﻜـﺎﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﺒﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺩ‪‬ﻋﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲡﺮﻱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺏ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺣﻔﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺒﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺳﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﺳـﺘﺒﺪﺃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻢ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺳﺎﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻨ‪‬ﺎﺱ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺐ ﻭﺍﲣﺬﺕ ﺩﻟﻴﻼ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰎ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺩ ﻳـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺟﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﲑﻗﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻢ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺃﻟﻒ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ" ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲬﺲ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻟـﻮﻳﺲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻠﺤﺾ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﲑ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺃﲝﺎﺛﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻹﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺸﺊ ﺍﳊﻴـﺎﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻬـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺢ"‪ .‬ﻭﻇﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﻓﻌﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺤﻮﻥ ﳌﺪﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﺭﻩ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺼﻒ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺼ‪‬ﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ "ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻨﺪﺭ ﺃﻭﺑﺎﺭﻳﻦ" ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨـﺎﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺟﺮﻯ ﺃﲝﺎﺛﺎ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌـﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﲝﺎﺛﻪ ﺑﺎﺀﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﺿﻄﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﲟﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﺋﻼ ‪" :‬ﺇﻥﹼ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺳﻮﺩﺍﺀ ﻣﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﻴﺄﺱ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﻭﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳـﻠﻜﻪ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺑﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺃﺟﺮﻭﺍ ﺃﲝﺎﺛﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﲝﺚ ﺃﺟﺮﻱ ﻣـﻦ ﻗﺒـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﲑﻛﻲ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻠﻲ ﻣﻴﻠﻠﺮ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٥٣‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﳎﺘﻤﻌـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺟﻬﺰﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻡ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻓﺸﻠﻬﺎ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﲤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﰲ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺻﻤﺖ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﺿﻄﺮ ﻣﻴﻠﻠﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐـﻼﻑ ﺍﳉـﻮﻱ ﰲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﻭﺑﺎﺀﺕ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﻃﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺸﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ "ﺟﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺩﺍ" ﺍﻷﺧﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﰲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﻐﻮ ﺳﻴﻜﺮﺑﺲ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﻧﺸﺮﻩ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٩٨‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﳎﻠﺔ "ﺍﻷﺭﺽ"‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﲏ ﻭ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ‪:‬ﳓﻦ ﻧﻮﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺯﻟﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺘﻪ ﻧﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻣﻌﻀﻠﺔ ﱂ ﳒﺪ ﳍﺎ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ؟‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﰲ ﻧﺴﻒ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ "ﺁﻟﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ" ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﱂ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺻﺤﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﻭﻟﻌﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍﺋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﻓﺈﻥﹼ ﺍﻟﺘﻄـﻮﺭ ﺣـﺪﺙ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ "ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ" ﻭﺃﻋﻄﻰ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺩ‪‬ﻋﺎﺀ ﺣﱴ ﺃﻥﹼ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﲰﺎﻩ "ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ"‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥﹼ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻭﻣﻼﺀﻣﺔ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻧﻘﺮﺍﺿﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜـﺎﻝ ﻟـﻮ‬
‫ﻫﺪﺩ ﻗﻄﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺳﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻳـﻞ ﺍﻷﺳـﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌـﺪﻭ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻴﻊ ﻣﺘﺄﻟﻔﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﻗﻮﻳﺎﺀ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﲔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻹﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺄﻥ ﲢﻮﳍﺎ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺧﻴﻮﻝ ﻣﺜﻼ‪ .‬ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺒﺐ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺒﲏ "ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ" ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ" ﲟﺎ ﻳﻠـﻲ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٧‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻻﻣﺎﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ :‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐـﻴﲑﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ؟ ﻭﺃﺟﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻣـﻦ ﺳـﺒﻘﻮﻩ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺭﺟﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﺼﺮﻩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻻﻣﺎﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻻﻣﺎﺭﻙ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻋﺎﺵ ﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ‬

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‫ﺑﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺭﺛﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻼﹼﺣﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻤﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺟﻴﻼ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﻴﻞ ﺃﺩ‪‬ﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﺋﻪ ﻓﺈﻥﹼ ﺍﻟﺰ‪‬ﺭﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻻﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳏﺎﻭﻻ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻐـﺬﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺃﺣﻘﺎﺏ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻋﻄﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑـﻪ‬
‫"ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ" ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺩ‪‬ﻋﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﺻﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺩﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﻐﺬﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻀﻄﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﱰﻭﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﲔ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬

‫]‪< <íém]…çÖ]<l]†ËŞÖ]æ<ínè‚£]<íéßèæ…]‚Ö‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪ‪‬ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺟﻬﻮﺩﻫﻢ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﻮﻫﺎ ﺧـﺼﻮﺻﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺳﺎﻗﻮﺍ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﲰﻮﻫﺎ "ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ" ﺃﻭ ﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺮﻓﺖ "ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻪ ﺗـﺄﺛﲑ ﺗﻄـﻮﺭﻱ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﰲ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﻃﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻔـﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﳊﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺇﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺗﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﲢﺖ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻛـﺎﻟﻌﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺒـﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ ‪...‬ﺍﱁ ﱂ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻃﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻐـﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻣﻄﺒ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻡ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺳـﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻓﺈﻥﹼ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﺍﻟـ‪ DNA‬ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻃﻔﻴﻔﺎ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺳﻠﱯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﻳﻌـﱪ ﻋﻨـﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﱂ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ "ﺏ‪.‬ﺝ‪.‬ﺭﺍﻧﻜﺎﻧﺎﺛﺎﻥ ‪ "B.G.Ranganathan‬ﺍﻷﺧﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥﹼ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﻭﻻ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺇﻻ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻏﲑ ﺫﻱ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ‪ .‬ﺇﻥﹼ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﻥﹼ ﺍﻟﻄﻔـﺮﺍﺕ ﻻ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﰲ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺃﻥﹼ ﺃﻱ‪ ‬ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪ ﻻﺑﺪ‪‬‬
‫ﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﺿﺎﺭﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺃﻱ‪ ‬ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻴـﺪ ﻻ ﻳـﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺇﳊﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺆﺛﹼﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻓﻌﻼ ﻷﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻃﻔﺮﺓ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺗـﺆﺩ‪‬ﻱ ﺇﱙ ﲢـﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺿﺮﺭ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥﹼ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﲣﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻗﲔ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ )ﻭﺃﻓـﻀﻞ ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻄﻔﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﲟﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ( ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﻭﺍﳊـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﻔـﺴﲑ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘ‪‬ﻄﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﺃﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻟﻮﺣـﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﻘـﻂ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺑـ"ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ"‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥﹼ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﱂ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ ‪ :‬ﻻ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘـﱪ‬
‫ﺳﺠﻼﹼﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺠ‪‬ﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪ‪‬ﻋﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺪ‪‬ﻋﻲ ﺃﻥﹼ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻭ‪‬ـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻥﹼ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻼﻳﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﻄﻰ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺣﻒ ﻭﺍﻷﲰﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳐﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﲢﻮﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻭﺍﺣﻒ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺣﻒ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺯﻭﺍﺣﻔـﺎ‬
‫ﰒ ﲢﻮﻟﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻃﻴﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻋﺎﺷﺖ ﰲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﲢﻮﻝ ﻓﻼﺑـﺪ ﺃﻥ‬

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‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﺧﻠﻘﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺸﻮ‪‬ﻩ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﺩﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻄـﻮﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ "ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ"‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮ ﻓﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ "ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻄﻰ" ﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺷﺖ ﻓﻌﻼ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺣﻘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺑﺄﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛـﺜﲑﺓ ﺗﻘـﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻼﻳﲔ ﺑﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﻠﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﺃﺛﺮﺍ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﱪ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺻﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﱵ ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻋﺎﺷﺖ ﰲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ‪ ...‬ﻭﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﺍﻛﺘـﺸﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﳊﻔﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻴﺒﺔ ﺁﻣﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﻨﺘـﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺛﺮ ﳍﺬﻩ "ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻄﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺷـﻜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻣﺎ ﻛـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﺠﺄﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻛﻤﻞ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﻑ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻏﻼﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ "ﺩﻳﺮﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﻳﻜﺮ" ﺍﻷﺧﺼﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﱐ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﺋﻼ‪ :‬ﺇﻥﹼ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺼﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﺋﻨـﺎﺕ ﺣﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻔﺤﺼﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺘﻨﺎ ﺩﻭﻣﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ‪ ‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﺠﺄﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻸﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﳐﻠﻮﻗـﺔ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ ﻓﺠﺄﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺟﺪ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﳐﻠﻮﻗـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ "ﺩﻭﻏﻼﺱ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﳝﺎ" ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥﹼ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﺋﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﺘﻔـﺴﲑ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺣﻴـﺎﺀ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺇﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻓﺠﺄﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﻤﻞ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺟﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﺒﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻓﺠـﺄﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻓﻼﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻻﺣﺪ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻋﻘﻞ ﳏﻴﻂ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺎ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﳌﺘﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻓﺠﺄﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟـﻪ‬

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫]‪< <á^ŠÞý]<…çŞjÖ<íÏË×¹]<í’ÏÖ‬‬
‫ﺇﻥﹼ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻫـﻮ ﺑﻼﺷـﻚ ﺃﺻـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺩ ﻋﺎﺷﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ ٥-٤‬ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻴـﺎﱄ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﳎﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺃﻭﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻮﺑﻴﺜﻴﻜﻮﺱ‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻫﻮﻣﻮ ﻫﺎﺑﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻫﻮﻣﻮ ﺍﺭﻳﻜﺘﻮﺱ‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻫﻮﻣﻮ ﺳﺎﺑﻴﻨﺲ‬
‫ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﺩﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺍﺳﻢ "ﺃﻭﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻴﺜﻴﻮﻛﺲ" ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺩ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻨـﻘﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﻛﻞﹼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻓﻴـﺴﻮﺭ "ﺗـﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ ﺃﻭﻛـﺴﻨﺎﺭﺩ"‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺭﺩ "ﺳﻮﻟﻠﻲ ﺯﺍﺧﺮﻣﺎﻥ" ﻭﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺩ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻮ ﺇﻻ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻨﻘﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺩ ﻭﻻ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﻲ ﻗﺮﺩ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﲔ ﺍﺳـﻢ "ﻫﻮﻣـﻮ" ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟـ "ﻫﻮﻣﻮ" ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺩ ﺍﳉﻨـﻮﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﺸﺒﺚ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﺮﺿﺔ ﻛﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻـﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺧﻴﺎﱄ ﻷﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺜﺒـﺖ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺘﻔﻜﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﺮﻑ ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺩﻋﺎﺓ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﻫﻮ "ﺃﺭﻧـﺴﺖ ﻣـﺎﻳﺮ" ﻗـﺎﺋﻼ‪ :‬ﺇﻥﹼ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻫﻮﻣﻮ ﺳﺎﻳﻴﻨﺲ ﻣﻨﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﻞ ﻣﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﳛﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﻭﻳﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﻣـﻦ ﻗـﺮﺩ ﺍﳉﻨـﻮﺏ‬
‫)ﺃﻭﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻮﺑﻴﺜﻴﻜﻮﺱ ﻫﻮﻣﻮﻫﺎﺑﻴﻠﻴﺲ ـ ﻫﻮﻣﻮﺍﺭﻳﻜﺘﻮﺱ ـ ﻫﻮﻣﻮﺳﺎﺑﻨﻴﺲ( ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﺪﻣﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﹼﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺟﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺮﺩ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻮﻣﻮﻫﺎﺑﻴﻠﻴﺲ ﻭ ﻫﻮﻣﻮﺍﺭﻳﻜﺘﻮﺱ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮﻣﻮ ﺃﺭﻳﻜﺘﻮﺱ ﻗﺪ ﻋﺎﺷﺖ ﺣﱴ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻭﺟﺪﺕ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺒﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻫﻮﻣﻮ ﺳﺎﻳﻴﻨﺲ ﻧﻴﺎﻧﺪﺭﺗﺎﻟﻴﺴﻴﺴﻦ ﻭ ﻫﻮﻣﻮﺳﺎﻳﻴﻨﺲ )ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻟﻸﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻀﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺩﻋﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ "ﺳﺘﻴﻔﻦ ﺟﻲ ﻛﻮﻟـﺪ"‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻫﺎﺭﻓﺎﺭﺩ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻋﺎﺷﺖ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳊﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺣﺼﻞ ﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ؟ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻟﻶﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻷﺩﻫﻰ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻕ ﻗﺼﺔ ﺧﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺰﻳﺰﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻋﻼﻣﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻨﻘﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊﻲ ﻧﺼﻔﻪ ﻗﺮﺩ ﻭﻧﺼﻔﻪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺭﺩ "ﺳﻮﻟﻠﻲ ﺯﺍﺧﺮﻣـﺎﻥ" ﺃﲝﺎﺛـﻪ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﺮﺩ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﳌﺪﺓ ‪ ١٥‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻛﺄﺧﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺩ ﻭﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺮﻑ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ‪ .‬ﻗـﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﺧﺮﻣـﺎﻥ ﺑﺘـﺄﻟﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺭﺝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺯﺍﺧﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﰲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉـﺪﻭﻝ‬

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﻃﺮ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋﻲ )ﺍﻟﺘﻠﺒﺎﺛﻲ( ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍ ﻋﻠـﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﻀﻴﻒ ﺯﺍﺧﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺩ‪‬ﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺖ ﺑﺼﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥﹼ ﻛﻞ ﺷـﻲﺀ ﺟـﺎﺋﺰ ﻭﳑﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺣﱴ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻀﻄﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻘﺒـﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿـﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘـﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﺇﻥﹼ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺇﻻﹼ ﺇﳝﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻭﻳﻼﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﻷﺻﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺇﻥﹼ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ‪‬ﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﻌﺠﺰ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻗـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﺲ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺩﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﻄﻠﻊ ﻭﻟﻮ ﺑﺈﳚﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷـﺒﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌـﺪ ﺳﻠـﺴﻠﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻣـﻦ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺰ ﻟﻨﻔﻜﺮ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥﹼ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲟﻌﺰﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﻣﻈﻠﻢ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟـﻀﻮﺀ ﻻ ﻳـﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺮﻯ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﺑﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻇﻠﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﺣﺎﺩﺍ ﻭﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﻳﻌﺠﺰ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺠﺰ ﻣﺜﻴﻼ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻧﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳـﺮﻯ ﺣـﱴ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺗﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎﺯﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻋﻮﻥ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﺪﺃﺏ ﻣﻨﺬ ‪١٠٠‬ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺎﺀ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻭ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﻌﻴﻮﻧﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻧﻈﺮﻭﺍ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺎﺷـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺷﺎﺳﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺗﲔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺻﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻭﺿﻮﺣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌـﺎﺩ ﺃﻣـﺎﹼ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻭ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻌﻴﻮﻧﻜﻢ ﻓﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ )ﳎﺴﻤﺔ(‪.‬‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﲝﺎﺙ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﲡﺮﻱ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺻـﻮﺭ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﻀﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﺴﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﳒﺢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺻﻨﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﻻ‪ ،‬ﻓﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﺸﻮﺷﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺗﺒـﺪﻭ‬
‫ﻛﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻭﺭﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﺑﺪﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻀﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﻜﻮ‪‬ـﺎ ﻋـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﲑﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﻮﺷﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟـﺸﻲﺀ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺐ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻮ ﺃﺧﱪﻛﻢ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻟﹼﻔﺖ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻬـﺎﺯ ﺍﳌـﺪﻋﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻔﺴﺮﻭﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﱪ؟ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻨﺠﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﻌﺠﺰ ﺍﳌﻼﻳﲔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ؟‬
‫]†‪< <íéßèæ…]‚Ö]<h„Ói<Ö]<l^ÞçÚ‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻜﻢ ﻣﺎ ﳚﻌـﻞ ﺳـﲑ‬
‫ﻼ ‪ ..‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺿـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻼ ﻭﻣﻼﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻼﺣﻈﻮﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺸﻌﺮﻭﺍ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺷﻲﺀ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻜﻢ ﺳﻬ ﹰ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺸﻌﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﳋﻮﻑ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺗﺘﺤﻔﺰ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗـﺼﺪﺭ ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻏﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐـﺪﺩ ﺗﻔـﺮﺯ ﻫﺮﻣـﻮﻥ ﻳـﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺭﻳﻨـﺎﻟﲔ‬
‫)‪ (Adrenalin‬ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻃﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻤﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳍﻀﻤﻲ ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺳﲑ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳍﻀﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﺪﻡ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻀﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺩﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻭﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﳛﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺰﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﺔ ﻋﺪﺳـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻔﺎﺀ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻹﻧﺬﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻛـﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺮﻭﺑﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺠﻮﻣﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻴﺘﺔ ﻻ ﺷﻌﻮﺭ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺭﻙ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻷﻣـﺎﻛﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺻﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻻ ﺷﻌﻮﺭ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻻ ﺇﺣﺴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﻛﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑـﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﰒ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﻭﳛﻮﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻃﺎﺭﺋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺪﻓﻪ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺩﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﳐﺎﻟﻒ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻧـﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮﺿﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﳌﻮﻗﻒ ﻳﺴﺨﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺪ‪‬ﻋﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻛـﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻮﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﲑﻳﺪ ‪ malcom muggerıdge‬ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﺝ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻣﻠﺤﺪ ﻭﻳﻘﺘﻨﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ ’‘ :‬ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﺴﺨﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻘﻒ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺣﲑﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﻫـﻲ ﻣﻠﻴﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻤﻮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﻮﻥ ﺑﺴﺬﺍﺟﺔ ﻭﺇ‪‬ﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﻣـﻦ ﺧﻠـﻖ ﺍﷲ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺔ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ؟‬
‫ﻣﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻺﻧﻘﺎﺫ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺟﻞ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﻓﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﻔﺚ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺗﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻘﺘﻠﻬﺎ ‪‬ﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﱰﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﳑﺎ‬
‫ﻻ ﺭﻳﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﻖ ﻋﺰ ﻭﺟﻞ ﺧﺎﻟﻖ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﺎﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻧﹰﺎ ﺭﻫﻴﺒﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺗﻘـﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﻇـﺎﺋﻒ‬

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‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
‫; ‪AN: 2256817‬‬ ‫;‪.‬‬
‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﲑﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻮﻻ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺗﻜﻢ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﲔ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝـﺎﺕ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺟـﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲝﻴﺎ‪‬ﻮ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﻧﺰﱘ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻟـﻮﻻ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻷﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﳋﻤﺲ ﺛﻮﺍﱐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻗـﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﲨﻠـﺔ ‪١٥٠٠‬ﻋـﺎﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻖ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺎ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺑﻞ ﺇﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻹﺳـﺮﺍﻉ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻓﺘﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻃﺆ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﻻ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺫﺍﻙ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﺗﺪﺭﻙ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ؟‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘ‪‬ﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻧﺰﱘ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻷﻧﺰﱘ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻢ ﳉﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﱘ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﹰﺎ ﲤﺎﻣـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻔﻞ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﳚـﺐ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺰﱘ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺑﻄﻪ ﲜﺰﺀ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﳝﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻭﳌـﺎﺫﺍ‬
‫ﲢﻤﻠﺖ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ؟‬
‫ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺔ؟ ﻭﻛﻴـﻒ ﻗـﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻟـﺼﺪﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ؟‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﻭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺁﳍﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﲡﻴـﺐ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﻳﺴﻮﻕ ﺑﺪﺍﻫﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﲞﺎﻟﻖ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﺗﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻳـﻮﻡ ﻳـﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺟـﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ ﻭﳛﺎﻭﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘـﺄﺛﲑ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﺴﻠﻞ ﻭﺗﻘﺘﺤﻢ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﺋ ٍﺬ ﺧﻄﺮﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﻴﺠﲔ )‪،(antıgen‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ )‪ (antıkor‬ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻴﺠﲔ ﻭﲢـﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌـﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﻻﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﻘﺘﺎﳍﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﻏﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌـﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳉـﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻋﺠﺒﹰﺎ‪ ..‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﻻﻑ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻞ؟ ﻭﻟﻮ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﻓﻨـﺎ ﺑﺘﻌـﺮﻑ ﺍﳌـﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﲑﺓ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﺗﻠﺘﻖ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠـﻢ ﺑﺈﻧﺘـﺎﺝ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺗﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﺸﺔ ﻓـﻼ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺷﺮﺣﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻑ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﰲ ﻣﺄﺯﻕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻔـﺸﻠﻮﻥ‬
‫ﰲ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﺠﻬﻮﻥ ﺑﺸﺮﻭﺡ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﻭﻳﻘـﻮﻝ ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﻠـﻲ‬
‫ﺩﻣﲑﺳﻮﻱ )‪ (ALI-Demirsoy‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﻪ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪ :‬ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪) :‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻛﺎﻫﻦ ﻭﺍﻉ ﺃﻋﺪﺕ ﻭﻃﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﻨـﺬ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻦ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻤﻌﺖ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ ﺩ‪.‬ﺩﻣﲑﺳﻮﻱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄـﻮﺭ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻓـﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﳛﺎﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﳛﺎﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﺳﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ )ﻣﻌﺠﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻄـﻮﺭ( ﺃﻭ‬
‫)ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﻦ( ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻛﺎﻫﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺘﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﻭﺍﻉ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻳﻔﻜﺮ ﲜﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺃﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ‬

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‫ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻﻳﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻻ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ‬،‫ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰ‬
،‫ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺻﺪﻑ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳـﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻟـﺒﻌﺾ‬،‫ﺇﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ‬
.‫ﺍﳉﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺇﳍﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬

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‫]‪< <Äq]†¹‬‬
‫<<‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫• ﺃﲪﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﺪﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺯﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺃﲪﺪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭ "ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ" ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﺔ‪ -‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺰﻗﺎﺯﻳﻖ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﺭ‪" ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﻣﺼﲑ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ"‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍ‪‬ﻠـﺲ ﺍﻟـﻮﻃﲎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‪.١٩٨٤ ،‬‬
‫• ﺻﱪﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺮﺩﺍﺵ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻗﻨﺒﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ـــ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳـﺖ‬
‫‪.١٩٩٧‬‬
‫• ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ "ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻰ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ" ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪.١٩٩٨ ،(١٤٥) ،‬‬
‫• ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺯﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ،١‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠـﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪.١٩٩٤ ،‬‬
‫• ﻧﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺼﻤﻰ‪" ،‬ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ"‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‪.١٩٩٣ ،‬‬
‫• ﻳﺴﺮﻱ ﺭﺿﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ،١‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﲑ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺼﺮ‪،‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٠-١٤٢١‬ﻡ‬
‫• ﺍﺳﺄﻟﻮﺍ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻭﻥ ﻻﻳﻦ‬
‫‪http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/index.shtml‬‬

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‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻷﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬

• Gupta PB, Chaffer CL, Weinberg RA (2009).

"Cancer stem cells: mirage or reality?". Nat Med
15 (9.(
• Civin CI, Jones RJ (2004). "Characterization of
clonogenic multiple myeloma cells". Blood. 103 (6(
• O'Brien CA, Pollett A, Gallinger S, Dick JE (2007).
"A human colon cancer cell capable of initiating
tumour growth in immunodeficient mice". Nature
445 (7123.(
• Li C, Heidt DG, Dalerba P, Burant CF, Zhang L,
Adsay V, Wicha M, Clarke MF, Simeone DM
(2007). "Identification of pancreatic cancer stem
cells". Cancer research 67 (3): 1030–7.
• Maitland NJ, Collins AT (2008). "Prostate cancer
stem cells: a new target for therapy". J. Clin.
Oncol. 26 (17): 2862–70.
• Park IK, Qian D, Kiel M, Becker MW, Pihalja M,
Weissman IL, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF (May
2003). "Bmi-1 is required for maintenance of adult
self-renewing haematopoietic stem cells". Nature
423 (6937): 302–5.
• Beachy PA, Karhadkar SS, Berman DM
(November 2004). "Tissue repair and stem cell
renewal in carcinogenesis". Nature 432 (7015):
324–31

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‫ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﰲ ﺳﻄﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺑﺎﺣﺚ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻰ ﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ ﰲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.١٩٩٠‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﺎﺋﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.١٩٩٦‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.١٩٩٦‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﻢ ﺍﲰﻪ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴـﺔ "‪ "WHO’s is WHO‬ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪،١٩٩٧‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺑﺎﺣﺚ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٩‬ﻣﻦ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻴﻮﻧﺴﻜﻮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﲔ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺩﻗﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪.٢٠٠٤-٢٠٠٢‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺪﻳ ‪‬ﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻯ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﺎﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺸﺮﻓﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺑﻴﻮﻧﺴﻜﻮ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻋﻮﺍﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻀﻮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻨﺸﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ ١٥٠‬ﲝﺜﹰﺎ ﻭﻣﻘﺎ ﹰﻻ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻋـﺪﺩﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﺮﺕ ﺑﺎﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬

‫ﻧﺒﺬﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ‪7..........................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﳋﻠﻖ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻢ‬ ‫‬

‫ﺍﳌﻘـﺪﻣـﺔ ‪13..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ‪19.................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎ‪‬ﺎﻫﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﺳﻜﻮﺏ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻰ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺔ‬ ‫‬

‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﻻ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﲔ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ؟‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌـﺮﻭﺭ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﺃﻱ‪ ،‬ﰐ‪ ،‬ﰊ )‪ :(ATP‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﻴﻀﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﻴﻀﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ )ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﻴﻀﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﻮﻱ ﺍﳌـﺰﻣﻦ ‪ ،CML‬ﻋـﻼﺝ‬
‫ﺍﺑﻴﻀﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻫﺐ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻮ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺷﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻮ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ‪ :‬ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱮ ‪55.......................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌـﺸﺘﺒﻚ‬ ‫‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱮ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻜﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﻘﺪ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜـﻮﻥ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﺩﻣﻐﺘﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﻛﻴﻒ ﳝﺮ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ؟‪ ،‬ﳌﻦ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟـﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺦ؟‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ‪69..................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﶈـﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴـﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﱂ ﻓﺮﻳـﺪﺭﻳﻚ ﺳـﺎﻧﻜﺮ‬ ‫‬

‫‪Genetic‬‬ ‫‪ ، Frederick Sanger‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣــﻞ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳــﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴــﺔ‬

‫‪ - ١ ،Engineering‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ ‪ - ٢ ،‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ - ٣ ،‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﲢﻮﻳﺮ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ )ﺩ‪.‬ﻥ‪.‬ﺃ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨـﺴﺎﺥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨـﺴﺎﺥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻲ‪،‬‬

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‫‪Copyright © 2013. Arab Press Agency. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻓﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﺠﻤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﳉﲔ ‪ ، Cloning Gene‬ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ )ﺩ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺃ( ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺧﺼــﺎﺏ ﺍﻟـﺼﻨـﺎﻋﻲ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ، In‬ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ‪- vitro Fertilization‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻰ ‪ ،‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻴﺤﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪ :‬ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ‪101....................................................... Stem Cells‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ؟‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺓ‬ ‫‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﺘﺨﻠﻖ ﺍﳉﻨﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻭﱃ‪ :‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺛﻮﻣﺴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺟﲑﻫﺎﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜـﺔ‪ :‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻹﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻌـﻼﺝ ﺩﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﺭﻛﻨـﺴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﺮﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﺮﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣـﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﻰ‪ ،‬ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧـﺔ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻮﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﳌـﺜﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﺠـﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺎﻧـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﲏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﺒﻬﺎ ‪125.................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﺪﻳﻌـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـــﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﻋﺐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪149..................................................................................................................‬‬

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‫‪EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection Trial - printed on 4/10/2020 8:49 AM via MINISTÈRE DE L''EDUCATION NATIONALE, DE LA‬‬
‫‪FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE‬‬
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‫‪Account: ns063387‬‬