The 6th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production

Integrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal Production

October 20-22, 2015, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Phytobiotics Habbatus Sauda and Garlic Meal: Are Still Efficacious during the
Spread of Marek’s Disease Outbreak
Nanung Danar Dono, Edwin Indarto, Kustantinah, Zuprizal1

Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada,

1

3rd Fauna Street – UGM Campus, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

Telp. +62(0)274-513363, Fac. +62(0)274-521578.
Corresponding email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: When kept intensively in a closed-house poultry shed, additions of habbatus sauda
(Nigella sativa; HSM) or garlic bulb meal (Allium sativum; GBM) in the diets were claimed to
be efficacious used as growth promoter for broiler chickens. This study critically evaluated the
effectiveness of both phytobiotics during the spread of Marek’s disease outbreak. A hundred male
New Lohmann day old broiler chicks were divided into 5 dietary treatments. One-way ANOVA
treatment structure in a Complete Randomized Design was used in this experiment. The treatment
diets were: basal diets that meet dietary requirements of the breeder, without phytobiotics
supplementation (control; P1); basal diets + 1.0% HSM (P2); basal diets + 1.0% GBM (P3); basal
diets + 1.0% HSM + 1.0% GBM (P4); and basal diets + 0.5% HSM + 0.5% GBM (P5). Each
treatment was replicated 5 times, with 4 birds in each replicate pen. Response parameters that
evaluated in this study were growth performance (average daily gain, final weight, feed intake,
and feed conversion ratio) and protein-energy efficiency (protein and energy intake, protein and
energy efficiency ratio), based on 5 weeks rearing period. Results showed that, when the birds
were raised in tropical opened-system poultry shed during the spread of Marek’s disease, dietary
addition of 1.0% habbatus sauda and garlic bulb meal did not give any significant positive effects
on all response variables that observed on growth performance and protein-energy efficiency
parameters. It might be concluded that phytobiotics supplementation is only efficacious for
improving productivity of broiler chickens when the birds are reared in closed-house poultry shed
that free from disease outbreak.

Keywords: Phytobiotics eficacy, Marek’s disease outbreak, Growth performance, Protein-energy

efficiency

INTRODUCTION

Available studies suggest that traditional poultry farmers face serious problems in disease
attacks, such as: infectious bursal disease (Berg, 2010), Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis,
avian influenza, and Marek’s (Tabbu, 2000). Studies reported that development of the body self-
defence might be depressed by low biosecurity level, poor sanitary condition, and low quality of feed
stuffs (Gibbens et al., 2001). Uncontrolled farm condition and non-intensive poultry managements
seem to be responsible for this problem. Traditional farmers might use antibiotics to solve this
problem. Antibiotics have been administered mostly during the grow-out period to control growth
and proliferation of exogenous pathogens, promote growth, maintain health, facilitate better feed
efficiency, and improve meat quality. In order to limit the spread and development of antibiotic
resistant microflora, the authorization of several antibiotics as feed additives has been withdrawn
in European Union since 1997 (Dibner and Richards, 2005). However, the removal of antibiotics
authorization resulted in substantial increase in infection in poultry (Knarreborg et al., 2002;
Casewell et al., 2003).
Some studies showed that garlic bulb meal (GBM) and habbatus sauda meal (HSM) have
been known to be efficacious as sources of phytobiotics for poultry. Numerous studies reported
that GBM improved the growth performance of poultry with non-antibiotics diets (Mahmood et

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The 6th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production
Integrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal Production
October 20-22, 2015, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

al., 2009). On the other hand, habbatus sauda was also reported to be good as growth promoter
for broiler chickens (Abu-Dieyeh and Abu-Darwish, 2008; Al-Beitawi and El-Ghousein, 2008;
Shewita and Taha, 2011).
However, these studies were done in intensive poultry management, using good quality feed
stuffs and closed-housed poultry system. Therefore, the results did not draw the ‘real’ condition.
Since there is no study to report the effects of dietary supplementations of garlic bulb and habbatus
sauda on New Lohman broiler chickens during the outbreak of poultry diseases, this study is
important to evaluate the factual effects of phytobiotics supplementations on real condition in
traditional farmers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Birds, Diets, Housing, and Experimental Desain

A hundred male day old New Lohman broiler chicks from local commercial breeder were
allocated to 5 treatments in a complete randomized fashion. Each treatment had 5 replicate pens
with 4 birds per replicate pen. The treatment diets were: basal diets that meet dietary requirements
of the breeder, without phytobiotics supplementation (control; P1); basal diets + 1.0% HSM (P2);
basal diets + 1.0% GBM (P3); basal diets + 1.0% HSM + 1.0% GBM (P4); and basal diets + 0.5%
HSM + 0.5% GBM (P5). These dose rates were based on the recommendation of the previous
studies from the available literatures. The basal diets were composed of yellow corn, rice polished,
soybean meal, meat bone meal, crude palm oil, Di-Calcium Phosphate, Calcium Carbonate, mineral-
vitamin premix, methionine, salt, with garlic bulb meal and habbatus sauda meal added at different
doses. All diets for starter and grower stages were prepared with the same batch of ingredients. The
feeding program consisted of a single starter diet (from 0 – 14 days of age) and a layer diets (15 to
35 days of age). The diets were formulated to meet the recommendations of the National Research
Council (1994) for broiler chickens. The ingredients and chemical compositions of the diets are
presented in Table 1. Feed and drinking water were given for ad-libitum consumption. During the
experiment, no enzymes or coccidiostat were added to the experimental diets. The chicks were
vaccinated at the hatchery, and no additional vaccinations were administered during the study.
Sampling Procedures and Statistical Analyses
Response parameters that evaluated in this study were growth performance (average daily
gain, final weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio) and protein-energy efficiency (protein and
energy intake, protein and energy efficiency ratio), based on 5 weeks rearing period. Body weight
and feed intake data were taken on d 0 and 35 for calculation of average daily gain and feed
conversion ratio. The protein and energy intake was based on the amount of feed intake, multiplied
by protein and energy content in the feed. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) and energy efficiency
ratio (EER) were calculated for each phase using the following formula:

Body weight gain (g) Body weight gain (g) x 100

PER (g/g) = EER (g/100 kcal) =
Protein intake (g) Gross energy intake (kcal)

Growth performance data, as well as nutrient and energy utilization data, were analyzed
statistically by Analyses of Variance employing Complete Randomized Design (Steel and Torrie,
1993). Significance was declared for the probability of less than 5%. All statistical analyses were
performed using Statistical Procedures for Social Science (SPSS) for Windows versi 16.0 (SPSS
Inc., Chicago, IL) software.

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The 6th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production
Integrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal Production
October 20-22, 2015, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Table 1. Composition of experimental starter and grower diets (%)

Starter diets Grower diets

Items
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
Yellow corn 38.29 38.29 38.29 38.29 38.29 42.92 42.92 42.92 42.92 42.92
Rice polished 7.93 7.93 7.93 7.93 7.93 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91
Soybean meal 41.10 41.10 41.10 41.10 41.10 37.89 37.89 37.89 37.89 37.89
Meat bone meal 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.25 5.15 5.15 5.15 5.15 5.15
Crude palm oil 3.14 3.14 3.14 3.14 3.14 4.66 4.66 4.66 4.66 4.66
Di-calcium phosphate 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Calcium carbonate 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27
Mineral-vitamin premix 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Methionine 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.50 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
Salt 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Garlic bulb meal 2.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.50
Habbatus sauda meal 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.50
Filler 2.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 2. Growth performance response and nutrient – energy efficiency ratio of broiler chickens
fed diets with phytobiotics supplementation1

Level of
Treatment diets2
Variables significance
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 SEM p-value
Growth Performance
Feed intake. g/bird 748.77 752.00 778.59 726.44 746.67 10.83 0.713
Average daily gain. g/bird 296.90 334.49 318.94 314.99 330.08 11.76 0.896
Final weight. g/bird 333.90 371.49 355.94 351.99 367.08 11.76 0.896
Feed conversion 2.50 2.28 2.48 2.38 2.38 0.092 0.956

Nutrient and energy utilization

Protein intake. g/bird 169.45 170.18 176.20 164.39 168.97 10.827 0.713
Protein efficiency ratio. g/kg 1.76 1.96 1.82 1.91 1.96 0.068 0.870
Energy intake. kcal/g 2175.3 2184.7 2262.0 2110.5 2169.2 11.760 0.896
Energy efficiency ratio 13.72 15.28 14.18 14.85 15.27 0.523 0.879
Note: 1Means represent 5 pens of 4 bird each per treatment.
2
P1= control; basal diets + 1.0% HSM (P2); basal diets + 1.0% GBM (P3); basal diets + 1.0%
HSM + 1.0% GBM (P4); and basal diets + 0.5% HSM + 0.5% GBM (P5).

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The 6th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production
Integrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal Production
October 20-22, 2015, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The effects of low dose phytobiotics supplementation on growth performance of broiler

chickens are summarized in Table 2. Feed intake. average daily gain. and final weight feed
conversion of the male birds fed diets containing garlic bulb meal (GBM) or habbatus sauda meal
(HSM) did not different with those of the birds fed control diets. Dietary supplementation with
1.0% HSM individually or in combination with 1.0% GBM did not stimulate growth performance
of male broiler chickens. These results might be attributed to the adverse effects of Marek’s disease
on appetite and nutrients absorption. In a critical study with poultry, Tabbu (2000) showed that
Marek’s disease was associated with poor appetite, which in turn reduced the amount of micro
nutrient that available to be absorbed for daily metabolism. On the other hand, reduction of the body
immune system due to the occurrence of Marek’s disease, initiated the body to maximally recover
their health state. Consequently, available micro-nutrients in the intestine cannot be utilized to
stimulate daily growth. Result in current study was in the line with the results of previous studies
by Ashayerizadeh et al. (2009), Doley et al. (2009) and Dono (2012) where supplementation of
1.0% HSM did not stimulate growth performance in broiler chickens.
Results in Table 2 also showed that dietary supplementations with GBM or HSM did
not stimulate nutrient and energy utilization. At the rate of 1.0% alone or in combination,
supplementations of GBM and HSM did not influence nutrient and energy intake, as well as
nutrient and energy efficiency ratio. This result might be attributed to the increase of competition
for available micro-nutrients between pathogenic microbes and micro-villi in the intestinal wall
(Dibner and Richards, 2004). Increase of the population of pathogenic microbes might stimulate
production of intestinal mucous barrier and reduce micro-nutrients uptake, which in turn might
interfere nutrients and energy utilities for daily metabolism. Result in this study was similar with
result of Kirkpinar et al. (2010) that supplemented broiler diets with garlic essential oil.

CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from current study that when broiler chicken birds were kept in opened
poultry-house research and raised during the spread of Marek’s disease, dietary supplementation
of phytobiotics garlic meal and habbatus sauda meal did not have any significant benefits on the
growth performance or nutrient-energy utilization of broiler chickens.

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Integrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal Production
October 20-22, 2015, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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