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Algorithm:: Time Complexity: O (2 (N 2) )

The document describes a recursive backtracking algorithm to solve a rat in a maze problem. It starts with an empty solution matrix and uses recursion to explore all paths, marking visited positions in the matrix until it reaches the destination or no further moves are possible.

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Fasih Zahid
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21 views

Algorithm:: Time Complexity: O (2 (N 2) )

The document describes a recursive backtracking algorithm to solve a rat in a maze problem. It starts with an empty solution matrix and uses recursion to explore all paths, marking visited positions in the matrix until it reaches the destination or no further moves are possible.

Uploaded by

Fasih Zahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Algorithm:

1. Create a solution matrix, initially filled with 0’s.


2. Create a recursive funtion, which takes initial matrix, output matrix and position of
rat (i, j).
3. if the position is out of the matrix or the position is not valid then return.
4. Mark the position output[i][j] as 1 and check if the current position is destination
or not. If destination is reached print the output matrix and return.
5. Recursively call for position (i+1, j) and (i, j+1).
6. Unmark position (i, j), i.e output[i][j] = 0.

.
In recursion function calls itself until reaches a base case.

In backtracking you use recursion in order to explore all the possibilities until you get the best
result for the problem.

Recursion describes the calling of the same function that you are in
Backtracking is an algorithm that tries to find a solution given parameters. It builds candidates
for the solution and abandons those which cannot fulfill the conditions
backtracking is an algorithm, like all the other algorithms, like BFS and DFS, but recursion and
also iteration are methods, they are at a higher level than the algorithms, for example, to
implement a DFS, you can use recursion, which is quite intuitive, but you can also use iteration
with a stack, or you can also think recursion and iteration are just methods to support your
algorithms.
backtracking is an algorithm, like all the other algorithms, like BFS and DFS, but recursion and
also iteration are methods, they are at a higher level than the algorithms, for example, to
implement a DFS, you can use recursion, which is quite intuitive, but you can also use iteration
with a stack, or you can also think recursion and iteration are just methods to support your
algorithms.

Time Complexity: O(2^(n^2)).

The recursion can run upperbound 2^(n^2) times.


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0

-------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

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