THEME : MANAGEMENT AND CONTINUITY OF LIFE

LEARNING AREA : 4. REPRODUCTION

4.1 SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

LET’S LEARN

 Compare and Contrast Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Animals

and Plants
 Reason the Importance of Reproduction
 Be Grateful for The Ability to Reproduce and Continuation of Life as
a Gift from God

What is reproduction?
_____________________________________________

Why is reproduction important?

i.____________________________________________
ii.___________________________________________

There are two types of reproduction.

1. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

involves the joining of a ___________________________________________________.

FERTILISATION
Is the process where _______________________________________________________.

INTERNAL FERTILISATION

EXTERNAL FERTILISATION
_______________________________________________________________________

Organisms that reproduce sexually are:

_______________________________________________________________________

Disadvantages of External Fertilisation:

1.
2.
3.
4.

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 Male gamete

Male organism New organism

Female organism

Differences between Internal and External Fertilisation

Internal Fertilisation Characteristics External Fertilisation

Nucleus of __________ Nucleus of male gamete
gamete fuses with the Happens when _________ with the
nucleus of female gamete nucleus of female gamete
__________ the body of __________ the body of
female parent female parent
The male parent releases The male parent releases
__________ into the body Place of fusion ______________________
of the female parent _____________________.
The fertilization occurs in
______________

The male gamete (sperm) The male gamete usually

from the male Process ____________ towards the
reproductive organ will be ovum and ___________
released into the female with it.
reproductive organ which
has the female gamete
(ovum) and ____________
to form a _____________

Sexual Reproduction Process

2. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
does not ______________________________________________________________
classified into:
i. Binary fission
ii. _______________________________________
iii. _______________________________________
iv. _______________________________________
v. _______________________________________

Organisms that reproduce asexually are:

________________________________________________________________________

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 Asexual Reproduction Details
1. Binary Fission Mature organisms that have reached __________
size perform cell division to produce _________
daughter cells.
Examples:

2. Regeneration The ________________ or regrowth of missing or

injured body parts.
Examples:

3. Budding Involves protoplasmic outgrowth containing a nucleus

projecting from the side of the parent cell.
This outgrowth will develop and grow to form a
_____________.
A wall will be formed between ___________ and
_____________ and this causes the mature buds
______________ from the parent cell.
Examples:

4. Spore Formation _________________ is a reproductive cell that can

develop in to a new organism.
Mature spores produced and stored in the
_______________.
Spores will be released when the ____________
bursts.
Examples:

5. Vegetative Reproduction New plants are produced from existing ________

________.
1. Root The new plants have the same _____________
(A) Roots: The modified root planted in soil makeup as the original plant.
develop shoot from the bud present on root and Types of vegetative reproduction:
adventurous root at the base to give rise new _________________________________________

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 Asexual Reproduction Details
plant. Ex. Sweet potato ________________________________________.

2. Stem

(B) Stems: Underground modified stems grow into

new plants and help in vegetative reproduction. There
are different variants stems, these are as follows:

(i) Suckers: These are shoot grow horizontally in soil

and they come out to form new aerial shoots. Once it is
break from the parent plant, it grows as independent
plant. Ex. Mint, Chrysanthemum
3. Leaf
(ii) Rhizomes: These are modified stems with stored
(C) Leaf: Some plant develops adventitious material to withstand adverse conditions. Once they
buds on their leaves and these leaves buds off are getting favorable condition, they give rise to shoot
and give rise to new plants. For ex. and root at the base. Ex. Ginger, Turmeric, Lotus etc.
Bryophyllum, Begonia
(iii) Corms: These are highly condensed and
specialized stem with many buds. They can be able to
withstand unfavorable conditions. Ex. Yam

(iv) Runners: These are creepers which produces

adventurous root at each node. Each node give rise to
aerial shoot which becomes a new plant. Ex. grass

(v) Bulbs: This gives new plant when sown in soil. Ex.
Onion, garlic, Lilies etc.

(vi) Tubers: These are underground modified stems

with several buds. For ex. Potato has several eyes
which grows into new plant when planted with a
portion of the swollen tuber. It is a common mode of
propagation in the case of potato

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 Similarities and Differences between Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction

Similarities:

Differences
Parent
Gamete
Fertilisation
Offspring

Classification of Animals and Plants based on types of Reproduction

REPRODUCTION

SEXUAL ASEXUAL

ANIMAL PLANT ANIMAL PLANT

Seeds BUDDING

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 4.2 HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

LET’S LEARN:
 Identify the structures and function of the male and female reproductive
system
 Communicate about the physical changes that occurs during puberty
 Compare and contrast the male gamete with the female gamete in the
reproductive system

The Male Reproductive System

1. Identify the following parts of male reproductive system.

2. Complete the table below.

Organ Structure Functions

Testis An oval organ located inside the
scrotum

Sperm duct Connects and direct sperm from

(vas deferens) testes to seminal vesicles

Seminal vesicle A pair of gland located at the

base of the urinary bladder

Urethra A fine tube that connects the

urinary bladder to the penis

Penis Cylindrical-shaped organ which

has erectile tissue

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 Organ Structure Functions
Scrotum Sac which protects and support
the testes

Prostate gland Muscular gland and located

below the urinary bladder

The Female Reproductive System

1. Identify the following parts of male reproductive system

2. Complete the table below.

Organ Structure Functions
Ovary Resembles a spherical pouch,
located at the lower part of
abdomen.
Fallopian tube Funnel-shaped tube that has cilia
(oviduct) and muscular wall that contract
rhythmically to produce rippling
movements.
Uterus Pear-shaped structure that has
thick strong wall of muscles. Rich
in blood vessels.
Cervix Thick and strong muscles. Narrow
and short opening from the uterus
to the vagina
Vagina Muscular tube that opens from the
cervix to the outside of the female
body.
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What are the changes in male and female during PUBERTY?

Puberty is____________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
___

Changes in Male Changes in Female

Comparison Between the Male and Female Gamete

1. What is the role of ovum in reproduction?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

2. What is the role of sperm in reproduction?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

3. Label the structure of the sperm. 1. HEAD

Cytoplasm-

Nucleus-

2. BODY

3. TAIL
Flagellum-

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 a) Complete the path taken by the sperm from the place of production to the body
of the female.

Testis

Vagina

b) How long can the sperm stay alive after leaving the male’s body?
_______________________________________________________________

4. Label the structure of the ovum.

What are the differences between a sperm and an ovum?

Sperm Differences Ovum

Size
Number
Mobility
Shape

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4.3 THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

LET’S LEARN:

 Communicate about the menstrual cycle and the sequence of changes in the
uterus lining during menstruation
 Relate the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle to the process of fertilization
 justify the importance of personal hygiene during menstruation.

What is the MENSTRUATION?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

The MESTRUAL CYCLE refers to a series _________________________________

________________________________________and also involves ______________

_____________________________________________________________________

A normal menstrual cycle lasts ___________ days and is divided into _____ stages.

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

Menstruation

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What happens to the uterus lining at each stage of the menstrual cycle?

Importance of Personal Hygiene during menstruation?

Bacteria growth in the vagina and cervix can cause itchiness and inflammation of the
vagina and bad odour.

The ways of practicing good personal hygiene during menstruation and their
importance.

1.__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

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 Do You Experience an Irregular Menstruation?

An irregular menstruation refers to ____________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

might be caused by:

WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF A WOMEN

EXPERIENCES IRREGULAR
MENSTRUATION

Irregular menstruation can cause negative effects to a woman’s health.

1. ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

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4.4 FERTILISATION AND PREGNANCY

LET’S LEARN:
 Communicate about the process of fertilisation and the implantation of
embryo
 Justify the importance and functions of placenta and umbilical cord
 Describe the development of a zygote into an embryo and subsequently
into a foetus during pregnancy until birth.

Fertilisation

1. Fertilisation is the process in which ________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

2. The sperms will swim towards the ovum in the Fallopian tube following the
path shown below. Complete the boxes.

Fallopian tube

3. Draw arrows to show the journey of the sperm towards the ovum.

4. a) Where does the fertilisation take place? Label it on the figure above.

b) How many sperms are required to fertilise an ovum?

______________________________________________________

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Implantation and Pregnancy

1. Implantation is the process in which _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

2. Figure below shows the stages from ovulation to implantation.

iii. A ____________________ is
formed and it divides.

iv. The zygote divides repeatedly to

form a ____________________.

v. Repeated cell divisions form an

_____________________.

vi.

a) Complete the figure using the words given.

Implantation Fertilisation zygote

Ovulation ball of cells embryo

b) What is X?
_________________________________________________________

c) State what happen to the uterus lining during implantation.

_______________________________________________________________

d) State the stages taking place after fertilisation until birth.

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 The Development of an Embryo into a Foetus until Birth

1. Label the figure below and state the function for 1, 2 and 3.
2
1
i.

ii.
.

2. a) Name the period and the special characteristics of the zygote, embryo,
foetus and baby in the table below.

Zygote Embryo Foetus Baby

Period

Special
characteristics

b) How long does pregnancy last in a human?

_________________________________________________________

c) Where does the embryo implant itself in the female reproductive system?
_________________________________________________________

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3. Complete the table below by explaining what happens at every stage.

Week 1 - 4 Week 7 – 9 Week 10 - 19

Week 20 – 37

Week 38 – 40

Growth of the foetus in the uterus.

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 4.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FOETUS AND
BABY

1. The intake of nutrients by a pregnant woman must be balanced and contain

more _________________, ______________, ___________________,

_______________, _______________,________________, ____________,

_______________ and _____________________.

2. Find out the function of the nutrients below.

No. Nutrient Sources Function

Carbohydrate
1 and Fat

Protein
2

Iron
3

Calcium and
4 Phosphorus

Folic Acid
5

Vitamin C
6

Fibre
7

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 3. Pregnant woman must not _____________ and consume _______________
and __________________.

4. List the effects of smoking, intake of alcohol, drinks and drugs on a pregnant
woman.

No. Substance Effects

1 Cigarette

2 Alcohol drink

3 Drug

5. Importance of Breast Milk

i. ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

ii. ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

iii. ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

iv. ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

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4.6 INFERTILITY AND CONTRACEPTION

1. Infertility/sterility is ______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________.

2. Sterility can be caused by both of couples, males and females. By using

double bubble map, list out various factor of sterility in males and females.

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3. Method to overcome sterility

i. Hormone Treatment

_____________________________________________________________

Hormone being injected

Laparoscope surgery for blockage in

Fallopian tube

ii. Surgery

Surgery is done on women who have ________________________________

or men who have _______________________________________

iii. In vitro fertilization (IVF)

- This procedure is done on women who have ___________________________

- This method takes out ________________ to be ____________________ with

the _____________ outside the body in a ______________________.

- __________________ formed is then put inside the uterus.

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4. Method of Contraception

There are several methods of contraception for married couples who want to plan
their family.

1. Contraceptive pills
- prevent _________________________

2. Implants
- secrete __________________ that prevent ____________________________

3. Use of condom
- to prevent ______________________________________________________

4. Intrauterine Contraceptive Device, IUCD

- is inserted ______________________________________________________

5. Vasectomy
- surgery is carried out ____________________________________ to prevent

_______________________________________________________________

6. Ligation
- surgery is carried out ____________________________________ to prevent

______________________________________________________________

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