Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region 2
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CAUAYAN CITY
CAUAYAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

FACTORS AFFECTING THE SLEEP PATTERNS AMONG

GRADE 9 STE STUDENTS
SY 2019-2020

A Study presented to
Cauayan City National High School-Main
As part of the requirements in the subject English 10

Researchers:
Arnold Paclarin
Clarissa Laggui
Joyce Mia Bardiaga
Jasmine Fernandez
Carl Rivera
Markvic Capellan
Carrie Garcia
Justin Aguinaldo
Keith Padre
Submitted to:

ROCLY JAMES G. SARASUA

Teacher-I, Subject Teacher

S.Y. 2019-2020
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Chapter I: INTRODUCTION
A. Introduction and Background of the Study
B. Research Questions
C. Significance of the Study
D. Scope and Limitation
E. Definition of Terms
II. Chapter II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND RELEVANT STUDIES
A. Review of Related Literature
B. Review of Relevant Studies
C. Synthesis
III. Chapter III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design
B. Participants of the Study
C. Sampling Procedure
D. Instrumentation
E. Data Gathering Procedures
F. Data Analysis Procedures
IV. Chapter IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
A. Presentation of Results
V. Chapter V: SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Summary
B. Conclusions
C. Recommendations
VI. Bibliography
VII. Appendices
A. Curriculum Vitae
B. Consent Letters
C. Sample Questionnaire
D. Documentation

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 I. CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Introduction and Background of the Study

Sleep is one of the necessities of our human nature. Sleep is defined as a physiological
process essential to maintain humans normal functioning. Sleep problems are also influenced by
physical, mental, and environmental factors. It is a key factor which helps us relax and replenish
energy. Furthermore, the relevance of this study is to address and assess whether the activities which
deprive the sleep of Grade 9 STE students are worthy of giving importance or not. This will benefit
both the understanding and habits of both the students and the researchers.
Sleep disorder is often a symptom of psychosis, since some psychopathic factors are
accompanied with distinct changes in sleep physiology. Since people have sleep disorders for one
third of their life, and more than 30% of people have sleep disorders, it can be accounted as one of the
biggest psychopathic problems (2). Insomnia may be considered as sleeping with difficulty, problem
at sleep onset or lack of good sleep continuity, awakening at midnight or early in the morning and
inability to sleep again, or even a combination of these abnormalities (3) inadequate rest impedes
thinking ability and concentration power. It also reduces the ability to confront with stress and
disorders in the immune system (4). Factors such as age, life style, smoking, lack of daily activity,
dissatisfaction, and illness(physical and mental) are known as effective elements of insomnia (5).
Stress affects the quality of sleep more than alcohol, caffeine, and using electrical devices until late at
night (Asiyeh Namazi & Shiva Alizadeh, 2014)

As researchers, we tend to conduct this study to provide information and promote awareness
for students, teachers, parents or guardians, and fellow researchers.
B. Research Questions
1) What are the contributing factors affecting the sleep patterns of Grade 9 STE students?
2) Will the respondents have the same answer in the survey?
3) Is there a specific reason that affects the majority of the Grade 9 learners?
4) Will the female and male respondents have different responses?

C. Significance of the Study

 RESEARCHERS
The data that will be gathered will allow researchers to conduct further studies.
 STUDENTS
This study will provide awareness and and benefit their sleep patterns whether they will limit it
or not if it is necessary.
 TEACHERS
They will be able to provide guidance for their students in order to overcome the factors
that affect the sleeping patterns.

 PARENTS
The study will be able to inform parents about some factors that make the sleep patterns
of their child.

D. Scope and Limitation

This study will be conducted for the grade 9 Science, Technology, and engineering students

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The research is limited only to learn the factors affecting the sleep patterns of Grade 9 STE students.
The performance of these students in the school is not part of the study, including their behaviors and
actions relevant to the study.
E. Definition of Terms
Sleep patterns- person's clock-hour schedule of bedtime and arise time as well as nap behavior;
the sleep pattern may also include time and duration of sleep interruptions.
Sleep Deprivation - the situation or condition of suffering from a lack of sleep.
Sleep -condition of body and mind such as that which typically recurs for several hours every night, in
which the nervous system is relatively inactive, the eyes closed, the postural muscles relaxed, and
consciousness practically suspended.
Descriptive Research-used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied.
Random Sampling-is a procedure for sampling from a population in which the selection of
a sample unit is based on chance and every element of the population has a known, non-zero
probability of being selected.

II. CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELEVANT STUDIES

A. Review of Related Literature

The concepts of sleep habits based on the research entitled "Sleeping Habits And
Perception Of Its Health Effects on College Students" is directly connected to this research
that will be conducted. Moreover, it talks about the relationship of the activities that affected
the sleeping habits of the participants and also the amount of sleep they get. The reasons of
their sleep deprivation were also studied and have the conclusion that the academic activities
made them deprived on their sleep. (Adrian, Childers, Yoder, & Abraham, 2017)

The important concepts that were discussed in this literature were that exercise improves sleep
and that quality sleep does affected by the dinner an individual ate. More, importantly it discovered
that the majority of the participants were affected by the activities connected to the academics of the
individuals (Adriansen, et. Al, 2017) This study on the college students gave us an idea on connecting
this research to the students from Grade 9 students of the STE curriculum whether they experience
similar sleep habits and sleep patterns of the high school pupils.

Difficulties in both falling asleep and in sleep maintenance programs of sleep medicine, and
for a more effective control appear to be strongly associated with emotional factors (such of
pharmacological prescription. as anxiety, worry and depression). The data support the role played by
psychological distress in sleep problems at this age (Morrison 1992).

The use of smartphone and electronic reading devices prior to bedtime is becoming more
common, resulting in changing sleep patterns. In the past 50 years there was a decline in sleep
duration by 1.5 to 2 hours in the United States. Sleep time is shortened and bedtime is typically
delayed in adolescence a finding also noted in university students. Apart from the effect of new
media, other factors including the lack of parental supervision, changed living environment on
campus, caffeine or energy drinks, and academic stress may contribute to irregular sleep habits in
university students. Over the past decades, the prevalence of dissatisfaction with sleep quality among
university students has increased. (Brunborg GS, Mentzoni RA, Molde et al. 2011).

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 B. Review of Relevant Studies
Poor sleep in adolescents: A study if 869 17-year-old Italian secondary high school students
R. Manni, M.T Ratti, E. Marchioni, G. Castelnovo, R. Murelli, I. Sartory, C.A. Galimbert & A.
Tartara. J Sleep Research (1997) 6, 44-49
The study was conducted in February and March 1992 in Pavia and this study consisted of
cross-sectional, questionnaire based survey. The respondents were chosen at random from 1226
students-in percent, 60% were female and 40% were male attending the 4th year class. The
randomized process started by arranging the names of the 1226 students in alphabetical order and the
randomized choice started from the 8th name. In every successive 4th name were used as a pre-test
group while the others were a sample group. In that 920 chosen respondents, 32 were absent during
the questionnaire distribution day. Out of the 888 filled questionnaires, 19 were excluded due to
inadequate response, making it 869 students.
The questionnaire contained 138 items filled out by 869 students. Moreover, they
were asked to answer the 4-point scale. The questions aimed to determine:
Sleep habits: bedtime, wake-up time on weekends and weekdays, sleep duration and
daytime napping.
(1) Sleep environment
(2)Sleep difficulties in falling to and maintaining sleep
(3) Reasons given for difficulty in sleeping
(4) Parasomnia
They gave the definition of poor sleep was framed from the question “do you have an
unrefreshing, non restorative nocturnal sleep?” wherein non restorative sleep is defined as the
subjective feeling that sleep has been insufficiently refreshing (Wilkinson K; J. Clin Sleep Med, 2013)
There were no significant difference from the other respondents subjected to the type of school, living
environment, and its quality, and physical disturbances. Yet, the independent variables differentiating
poor sleepers from the other subject shows difficulty in sleeping, mid-sleep awakenings, emotional
factors, parasomnia, and fatigue. Based on the research, the data matched high valued for poor sleep
in adolescents reported in European countries and in USA (Price et al. 1978; Morrison et al. 1992)
Sleep patterns and other sleep related factors affecting the students of Islamic Azad University,
Rasht Branch Iran
Asiyeh Namazi and Shiva Alizadeh Jundishapur J Chronic Dis Care. 2015 January
The study was conducted in the year 2012 through a cross-sectional process. The statistical
population is all girls studying at different majors at the Islamic University. The sample was
calculated , then, based on the list of the students’ name, the samples were chosen randomly. For data
collection, the researchers used the questionnaire of the self-reporting as part of the Pietersburg
sleeping quality inventory. PSQI is a self-reporting that considers the quality of sleep during previous
months and evaluates that sleep patterns and habits. Based on the survey the sleep of less that 6 hours.

The results indicate that 35.7% has disruption of sleep onset, 46.3% has impairment of sleep
continuity. There was a significant statistical relationship between the background noise, caffeinated
drinks, repeated awakening at night, morning fatigue, sleepiness in classrooms, and time of going to
bed.
The study shows that the students have problems in sleeping due to some factors based on
their genders as female. Yet, the research will be able to provide education and improve quality of life
and academic performance.

The Contributing Factors to Poor Sleep Experiences in According to the University Students: A
cross-sectional Study
Insaf Altun, Nursan Cinar, and Cemile Dede
From Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2012 June
This descriptive, cross-sectional study was based on subjective questionnaires that assed the
contributing factors to poor sleep experiences among university students in the academic year 2011-
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2012. Participants were 256 students. The data were collected from April 19-27, 2011 using self-
report questionnaires.
The questionnaire form used was developed by the researchers in the light of relevant. For
pilot trial, the question form was given to 20 students who were not a part of the main research to test
the comprehensibility and clarity of questions and based on it, the questionnaire was revised. The
questionnaire was distributed randomly to the university students of Kocaeli, Turkey, completed and
returned anonymously. Questions on factors influencing sleep behaviors and habits with four response
alternatives for each potential contributing factors to poor sleep experiences are ranked from “extreme
affect”, “mild/moderate affect”, “no affect at all”, and “no idea”.

Two hundred fifty-six students (48% male and 52% female) participated in the study. The
mean age of the students was 20.7  2.14 years (17-24). When university students were asked to self-
rate the environmental factors influencing sleep; 63.7% of the answers were “tobacco smoke in the
sleeping room; 61.7% of the answers were indicating “noise”; 55.1% of answers were indicating “air
quality of the room”; 53.1% of answers were indicating “room scents (sweat, perfume, humidity,
naphthalene, etc.); and 52.0% of the answers were indicating “noise that caused by other people in the
room”.
When university students were asked to self-rate “psychological factors influencing to sleep”;
67.2% of the answers were indicating “stress”; 53.1% of answers were indicating “sadness”; 51.6% of
the answers were indicating “depression”; 51.1% of answers were indicating “anxiety and tension”.
Regarding “biological factors influencing to sleep”; 62.9% of answers were indicating “pain”;
55.1% of answers were indicating “being patient”; 53.9% of answers were indicating “strenuous
physical activity”; and 53.5% of answers were indicating “fatigue”.

Regarding “social factors influencing to sleep”; 62.5% of answers were indicating “having
family problems”.

C. Synthesis
Sleep is a primary necessity of the human body. Sleep is not only a biological need but it
is also a psychological drive. and yet this has been one of the unnoticed social issue that occurs
relevantly today. Most sleep deprivation occurs to most students and adults. The effects of inadequate
sleep are more than mere annoyances: they affect our mood and how we perform at school, work, and
home and behind the wheel. Lost sleep also accumulates over time; the more “sleep debt” an
individual incurs, the greater the negative consequences, according to researchers in the field
(Carskadon and Dement, 1981; Wolfson and Carskadon, 1998).

The findings of this study synthesized here will be highly relevant to our research. First,
the study will focus on the grade 9 STE students and the factors that affect their sleep pattern. The
survey will be provided for them to answer. The data gathered will also be the basis of the study and
finding a conclusion based on the results that will be produced. In the studies of the related literature,
the researchers used the random sampling method in which the method will also be used in the study.
All the research basis will be all in the literature of other authors.

Second, is to assess other problems regarding with the sleep patterns of the students with
all common objectives. This study will also be using the descriptive process and similar to other
research basis, the results will also be laid out in a chart. To take into account, the study will also be
supporting other performed studies which regards to sleeping patterns.

In the three studies, it focuses on students with different courses and levels, yet these
research reviews will achieve a good degree of fidelity. The study will reveal a strong validity based
on the researches above and the literature. The study will also be associated with past studies like the
similar studies that focused on sleep patterns and sleep deprivation regardless of the respondents’
demographical information.

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 III. CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design
The study will be a Quantitative Research. The research aims to get the quantity on
answers of the students. The research aims to discover how many Grade 9 STE students have
in common in connection with the problem and the survey form that will be provided. Under
the quantitative research this study will be a descriptive research that enables the researchers
to use statistical procedures in interpreting the data.

B. Participants of the Study

This research will be conducted on a total of 96 students from Cauayan City National High
School Main Campus (CCNHS-Main) Grade 9 STE curriculum consisting of 48 males and 48
females.

SECTION (STE) MALE FEMALE

PASCAL 10 20

MENDELEEV 10 20

CHARLES 10 20

C. Sampling Procedure
The study will use Purposive sampling. The respondents will consist of 90 selected
students. The name will be optional, yet the grade and section is mandatory to be filled out.
There will be 45 girls and 45 boys that will fill out the administered survey.

D. Instrumentation
Survey forms will be used in data collection. This survey will be prepared with a set of
questions designed to get response from the respondents. The researchers will provide the coined set
of questions.
E. Data Gathering Procedures
The data gathering process is through a Survey method. This will be a checklist type of survey.
More often, checklist type of questions make the bulk of quantitative surveys as it helps in
simplifying and quantifying the answers of the respondents. After collecting all the data, the results
from the survey will be tabulated and tallied.
F. Data Analysis Procedures
The data analysis procedure will be a Descriptive Analysis. As the results will be tallied, the
researchers will be using a graph to show a visual representation of the results as well as to enable the
clarity of communication. The study will be using the appropriate statistical formulas to analyze the
results.

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 IV. CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

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 V. CHAPTER V
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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VI. REFERENCES

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VII. APPENDICES

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