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f Topic-2

Core and Core Analysis

By

PETROGATE Academy, Dehradun

.
Office Address: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Complex, GMS Road, Near Ballupur
Chowk, Dehradun, Uttarakhand - 248001 Email ID:[email protected]
Contact No: 8780679522, 9410188470 Website: www.petrogate.in
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1:n troduc tion

. Coring ~ tbe. backbo ne for investig ating the deposit ional environ ment of a
reservo ir and its interna l anato.rn y.

The array of inf'orma .Uon as obtain ~ fro.rn a:,re ana)ysl

s may be classifi ed into
three broad categor ies: · .I :

•
Factua l Data.~ Thickn ess• perm eabili"ty. porosit y and their distribu tions, and the
presen ce or absenc e of hydroc arbon fluids.

retatio n Data~ Fluid distr"b· · · · or gas

Interp. • 1 ution, type of flwd produc tion, water
rough possibil ities from
coning possibi lities. and: injecte d water or gas breakth
high permea bility streaks .

ies, produc tion rate,

Evalua tion Data:- Initial .qydroc arbon in place, recover
produc tivity lndux, luJecUo n rate and injectlv lty tndox.

Gener al Coring Metho ds and EqulpD llent••

T,;,vo has.ic rotary co.r ing lllethod s are applied :

L Bottom Coring
Conven tional Corin& Pressu:F e Coring. Rubber Sleeve· Coring
Wir9lin e Coring

II. Sidewa ll Coring

Conve ntiona l Coring

the core is extrud ed
The core bit is shaped like a donut, and as the hole is drilled,
baITel. Conven tional coring equip.r nent require s that the entire
up into the core
ntage howev er the
drill string be pulled to retriev e the core. This is a disadva
to in diamet er and 30 - SO ft
corxies pondin g advant age is that la?'.ge •:ores 3 Sin.
ly the most commo n.
.long .may be obtaine d. The 3½ in. diamet er core is probab

Wireli ne Coring
may be retriev ed
It denote s the method whereb y the core (and inner barrel)
used are somew hat variabl e
,vithou t pulling the drilling string. The core barrels
types. The cores obtaine d by this
but are basical Jy similar to conven tional
to 20 ft long. The
metho d are small commo nly 1¼ to 1¾ in. in diamet er and 10
durabil ity of the
main advant age of this metho d is the saving in trip time. The
thick section to be cored
diamo nd bit couple d with the wlrelin e feature allows a
benefic ial in deep wells.
with no time lost in making trips. This ls particu larly

Sidew: all Coring

lar zone or zones
It is often desirab le to obtain core ~:ample s from a particu
tool into the
alread y drilled. This is commo nly accom plished by sendin
hole on a wirelin e. Sample s of this typo are normal ly¾ to 6
g a
in. 1:
coring
in diamet er and¾
areas where hole
to 1 in. long. Sidewa lJ coring 1s widE,ly applied in soft rock
condit io.n s are not conduc tive to drill string testing.

ur
Office Addr ess: PETROGATE Academy~ Usha Complex, GMS Road, Near Ballup
Chowk, Dehradun, Uttarakhand - 24800 1 Email ID:pe trogat e4u@ gmail .com
Contact No: 8780 6795 22, 94101 88470 Webs ite: www .petro gate.i n
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Core Pres erva tion

Com mon ly used pres erva tion tech niqu

es for core s inclu de the follo wing : .

1. Sub mws lon Sn deae rate d wa ~

2. Subm ersio n Sn non- oxld lzed crud

e oil or refin ed oil
3. Encl osur e in plas tlc bags (sho rt term
stora ge, two to thre e days only ).
4. Encl osur e Sn plas tic wra p and alum
inum foil coat ed with
wax or strip pabl e plast ic.
S. Free zing or chill ing with dry
ice. (The core ls in a CO atmo sphe
2 re as the ice
subl imes .
6. No pres erva tion exce pt insu latio
n to
prev ent brea kage .
7. Rub ber sleev e core s may be pres
erve d. by capp ing and tapin g the sleev
e ends .

Sam ple Prep arat ion

1. Who le Core Scan nJug

The- purp ose of this core exam inati
on and d~c rlptl on ls. to reco gnis
litho logic al, depo sitio nal, stru ctur al e
and dJag eneti c featu res of the who
or slab bed core . Q;ua litati ve and le a-ire
quan titati ve core desc ripti ons prov
bas.i s for ·r outin e core anal ysts samp ide the
ling. fade s analy sis and furth er rese
stud ies such as rese rvoi r qual ity and rvoi r
supp leme ntary core anal ysis.
The follo wing anal ysis migh t be earn
ed out on who le core . _
□ A Core Gam JDa Log

a AnX -Ray Anal ysts

~
D
0 Com pute rTom ogra phyC Tsca n
0 Nuc lear Mag netic ~so nan ce (NM
R) Scan .
~=- = ~
@
J
2. Core Clea ning

Sam ple prep arati on is an imp orta nt cons

idera tion in core anal ysis. Prio r to
sam ples or plug s bein g used for the dete
rmin ation of poro sity or perm eabi lity
they mus t be thor ough ly clea ned to extra
ct all of the oil and form ation wate r
and then be prop erly dried .

This is gene rally carr ied thro ugh flush ing,

flow ing or cont actin g '\vi.th vari ous
solv ents to extr act hydr ocar bons and form
ation wate r.
Care need s to be take n to dry the samp
les parti cula rly whe n hych :atea ble
mine rals are pres ent in the sam ple that brea
', . k dovm at high tem pera ture t • ·
Hum idity -con troll ed oven s are used
whe n dryi ng clay bear ing sam ples to
main tain the prop er state of hydr ation .

Office Address: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Com

plex, GMS Road, Nea r Ballupur
Chowk, Dehradun, Utta rakh and - 248 001
Email ID:p etro gate 4u@ gma il.co m
Con tact No: 878 067 952 2, .941 018 847 0 We
bsit e: ww w.p etro gate .in
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There are basically two main ca~gories of core analysts tests that are performed
on core samples regarding physical proJ>ertles of reservoir rocks. These are:

Routine Core Analysh. Tests

0 Porosity
0 Permeability
0 Saturation

Special Tests
0 Overburden Pressure
0 Capillary Pressu.r e
0 Relative Permeability
□ Wettability
0 Surface and Interfadal Tension

Porosity MeasureU1ents

Bulk Volume Determinations

In all porosity methods a bulk core sample volume has to be determined and this
m.ay be carried out either by:

0 Du:11t:U1siuual Maasui-e1nents
0 Displacement of Liquid

Sunm1ation of Fluids Method

This method involves the independent determination of oil, gas and pure water
volumes of a fresh core sample. A sample of approximately 20 to 30 cc bulk
volume is used. The oil and water cau be obtained by retort or distillation
method and the gas by mercury injection. The pore volume is determined by
summing the three independent volumes .

ElectricPycnometer

An electric pycnometer ls a device from whi,:h the

bulk volume can be read directly. The sample ls
immersed in the core chamber, which causes a Lise in
the leveJ of the connecting U tube. The change i11 level
ls sensed by the micrometer scre.w ; The renllting
change in level is read directly in volume fr.om the
micro:meter scale. Either dry or saturated samples
:may be used in the device.

Russell Vohuneter

The Russell volumeter also provides :for direct reading o .f the

bulk volume. A saturated ·s ample ls placed in the sample bottle
after a zero reading is establlshed wlth fluid Ir, the volumeter.
The resulting increase in vobnne is the bullc volUJ11e. Only ,,,.._,.,.
~~ . .,..,,.,,,.
saturated or coated samples niaybe used in the device. ~ ! - ~ - _• .,,.,,,,,,..

Office Address: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Complex, GMS Road, Near Ballupur
Chowk, Dehradun, Uttarakhand - 248001 Email ID:[email protected]
Contact No: 8780679522, 9410188470 Website: www.petrogate.in
~]
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; Together, w e will m
ake a difference

Bo yl e" s La w
Po ro slm et :e rs
"n le op er at io
n of th es e de vi
ga s la w. ce s ls ba se d on
th e
A ss um in g~
Is ot he rm al ex
ga s a m ol e ba pa ns io n of a pe
la nc e at co nd .11 rf
:lo n I an d n gi ve ec t
n:
n 1 + n · =- n +
2 W lw re
s U. n1. + n,z =- n1 ol•
ns + 114 =- mo le"• or p: s tn oan 1 &
or ga s t11 oa ll 3
2 at co nd iti on I
Fr om . th e id ea & ♦ at co nd iti ou
11
l ga s la w, n = pv/K r. th er ef or e
· V •= V +V :i W he re.
- 1 - (P V: a) /P z
1 Pi , Pz = ga ug •
& TI res pe cti ve preaaur■ _a t00 nd ltl on s I
ly
V1,. V:z = Vo lu m
- of ce ll 1 & 2
V1 = gr ab , vo lum
e oi C'OI"■ sam ple

Sa tu ra tio n M et
ho d
Th e po re vo lu m
e of a sm np le In
sa tu ra tin g a sa aY be m ea su re d
m pl e w ith a liq gr av im et ric al ly
in cr ea se . ui d of lm ow n by co m pl et el y
de ns ity an d no
tin g th e w ei gh
t
Po re Vn1um v {V W .sa t-W dr y
p) =- ,um.s·
,t: yo / / 1ui d
'W he re.
W s.a t = ·w eig ht
of 10 0% sa tur ate
W dl y = W eig ht d co re s.u np le
of dr y ro ck sam .pl
e
G ra in vo lU ID e m
ay al so be ca lc ul
at ed fr om :
W he re
Pg = sa nd gr ai n
de ns ity

Ex am pl e: • 1
Gi ve n th e fo llo wi
ng da ta , co m pu
Th e gr ai n vo lu m te th e po ro si ty
e w as m ea su re d (in % ) of a cy lin
Sa m pl e D im en in a t\v o ce ll Bo dr ic al sa m pl e.
si on s yl ~' s la w po ro si m et
Le ng th = 4 cm , D er .
ia m et er = 2. 5 cm
· Po ro si m et er D
at a
V 1 = 25 cc , V =
2 SO cc , P 1 = 10 0. 03
ps ig , P 2 = 41 .7 9
ps ig
Ex am pl e: - :Z.
Th e bu lk vo lu m
e of a co re sa m pl
25 cc . Po re vo lu e w as m ea su re d
m e w as ob ta in ed by m er cu ry di sp
so lv en t as sh ow n by sa tu ra tin g th la ce m en t as
by th e fo llo w in g e sa m pl e w ith a hy
W d = 50 .2 5 gm , da ta : dr oc ar bo n
W s = 54 .5 0 gm
Ca lc ul at e po ro si , pl = 0. 70 1 gm /c c
ty (in % ) an d gr
ai n de ns ity

O ff ic e A dd re ss : PE
TROGATE Academ
Chowk, D eh ra du n, y, U sh a Complex,
U tt ar ak ha nd - 2480 GMS R
C on ta ct No: 87 80 67 01 Email ID :p et ro ga oad, N ea r Ballupur
95 22 , 94 10 18 84 70 te 4u @ gm ai l.c om
W eb si te : w w w .p et
ro ga te .i n
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I
I
I

Penneablllt;y MeasU1·ements

Gas Permeameter ··• 1

The absolute permeabillt:y nf a core r.ample is
determined from flow test data. The most
conventional permeabillt-y mea5ure111ent
approach has been to use the tneasurement of the ·
· pressure drop associated with a fixed flow rate.
To determine specific permeability nitrogen or air
is usually used due to the folloV\7lng reason,s:

□ Steady stateflo,vis quickly obtained, which

allows rapid determinations
□ Dry air does not alter the mineral constituents of
the ruck
□ 100 % saturation to the flowing fluid is oasily
obtained.

Air or gas perm~blllty is calculated from the suitable form of Darcy's equation .as
developed earlier. ·
qµL
CP1 -p:JA
and then corrected :for Klinkenberg Effectt:.singthe equation ;:i•;,:,1\ b,::lc•.•.•-
·-1

The klinkenberg correction is not particularly crit;cal i11 high1y µ~;.-ineable samples or if ,-\
high mean pressure are used.
Air or gas permeability can also be cakulated using the equation developed for
compressible fluid as:

l:J.bPbµ L
k.ur
Or, ka.u- Pn, cP1 - P:z) A

Liquid Permeauieter

For viscous, isothermal flow through the porous

medium, permeability can be determined using
Darcy's law at steady state condition. Tho formula
for calculating liquid permeability is:

Vµ.L
k (Pi - Pz) At

Where,
v :- volume ofliquld ·f lowed thrCJueh ,..,. ... pl11t -d urln~
time :interval, cc
t = Time required for V cc ofllquid to flow through
the core holderunderagivenpressu reg1·adien~sec , ,

Office Address: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Complex, GMS Road, Near Ballupur
Chowk, Dehradun, Uttarakhand - 248001 Email ID:[email protected]
Contact No: 8780679522, 9410188470 Website: www.petrogate.in
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Fluid Satura tion Measu remen ts

Core analys is ls someti mes used to :measu re the fluid

saturat ions associa ted with the
core. Becau se of the large pressu re variati ons betwee
th n the reserv oir and the sur£ac e
· ese satura tions are not tioo rep.r ase.nta tive oC the
values that would. exist in the
:f'orma tlon. unless precau tions have been taken 'to preven
declin e. t evapor ation during pressu re

Satura tion determ ination s requir e a knowle dge

of the individ ual fluid volU1U es
contai ned in a known sample pore volum e.

Deter: mlnat ion of'Ga:s sa:tur atlon

Conve ntiona l and Sidewa ll core sample s have gas

saturat ion measu red by injecti ng
:mercu ry into the gas fllled portion s of the pores. The
gas ls comp: essed into a small
vohun e OT f'orced into solutio n in the liquids in the
pol'EIS using a mcrcw y pWllp.
Measu renien t of the volum e of"mer cury penetr ated is
the sample . a measu re .o f'the gas conten t of

Deter minat ion of Liquid Satur ation

Metho ds conun only used are:

1 . Retor t Metho d

A fresh relativ ely lar&e .saniplA (100 to 200 gm) is

placed h1 Lha
retort and heated at apprax hnatel y 1200° F.for 20 minut
es to an
hour. Durin g this period water and light oil fractio
recov ered and their volum es noted.

The tempe rature ls then raised to approx imatel y

ns are
---
COid

~
1200° F to
distill any heavy .residu al HC. Any water recove red during ' - - -••n_~
th.is
period is consid ered to be of interc rystall ine origin
includ ed in the compu ted water satura tion.
and not
Core
G'Ji~=~u
~

2. Distill atlouM ethod

This metho d of determ ining fluid satura tion ls by

extract ion 'With a
solven t.

About SO to 75 gm of sainple are placed i.n a weighe

d, porous thimbl e.
The thimbl e is then· sus'pe- nded in the flask which
contain
solven t having a bolling point near that.of water. Toluen s a suitabl e
e with a b.,p of
112°c ~ conun onlyus ed. Gasolin e or Napht ha can
also be used. Ccllcl
- - -·IIJI
Tile solven t is then boll~ this vaporlz :e.s both -w ater
and solven t. The
vapors are conden sed a,nd fall into the calibra ted trap
where the water
collect s at the bottom . 'J"he dlsttlla tlon Is contin ued
until the collect ed
water volume reID.at ns consta nt.

The thimbl e and sample are then remov ed from

the flask, dired .and
reweig hed. The liquid satura tion may be calcul ated
from. data on the
total weigh t loss, collect ed water volum e and oil density
.

Office Addr ess: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Complex, GMS Road

, Near Ballu pur
Chowk, Dehr adun , Uttar akha nd - 2480 01 Email ID:petrogate4u@
gmail.com, ·
Cont act No: 8780 6795 22, 9410 1884 70 Web site: www .petro gate.
in
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3. Centrifugal Core Cleaning

AnothAr mathod ·or de.w rmlnlni;t ,.vamr saturation ls to

use a centrifuge. ': ·

A solvent is injected into the centrifuge just off center.

Owing to centrifugal force it ls thrO'W'lT, to the outer radil.
bemg forced to pass through the core saniple. The solvent
rernoves the -water and oil fr-0111 the core. The outlet fluid
ls trapped, and tha quantity 0£ wa1:e.1· In tha ·core is
DJeasured. ·

The use of the cantrlfu.ga provides a very rapid rnetbQCl. because of the high forces
-,.vhicb can be applied. At the same ttrne that the water content ls detennlned, the
core ls cleaned tn preparation for the other measureD'lants.

Exainple:- 3

Given the following data on a core sample, compute the porosity and the oil,
\vater and gas saturations.

Sample weight as received from field= S3.50 gm

Water volume recovered during extraction= 1.5 cc
Sample weight after extracting and drying= 51.05 gm
Density of core oil= 0.85 gm/cc
Bulle Volume of sample= 23.60 cc
Grain density of sample = 2.63 gm/ cc

Laborato.ry Measurement of Reservoir .Fluid Properties

Typical fluid property rneasurernents i::iclude fluid annposition, specific gravity,

viscosity, compressibility. bubble-point pressure, formation vohnne factors and
gas solubility, ·a.JDong others.

Sampling Reservoir Fluids

There are essentially three sa.rnpllng techniques for obtaining reservoir fluid
s .a mples for analysis of the pressure, •volume, and tempen1ture (PVT) relations.
These three techniqu-e s are. corn.rnonly 14nown as:

1. Sub-Surface Sanipllng/BuUu1u-Hole Sampling

2. Surface Sa:mpling/Reco.rnbinatlon Sampling

3. Split-Stream Sampling
_J
Office Address: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Complex, GMS Road, Near Ballupur
Chowk, Dehradun, Uttarakhand - 248001 Email ID:[email protected]
Contact No: 8780679522, 9410188470 Website: www.petrogate.in
IT]
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, ..· ....~:( ·

..

tL\v,
JtJ
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PETROGATE Aca dem y
Together, we will make a difference ..

Sub-surf a.oe Samplin g/Botto m-Hole Samplin g

In this case a sub~c :e sampler ls lowered into the
wall and kept Opposite th• producin g layer ior
sufficien tly long time. A well must be selected and
a
properly prepare d before any of the sampling
techniqu es can be applied.

Subsurf ace samples can only be represen tative of the

resel'VO lr contents when the pressure a~ the point of
samplin g ls above or equal to the saturatio n
pressure . lf this conditio n ls not fulfilled. one should
-take a surface sample.
I
Subsurf ace samplin g ls generall y not-nteomin anded
for gas-con densate reservoi rs nor for oil reservoi rs
contalnl ng substant ial quantitie s ofwat~

Surface Samplin g/Recom bination Samplin g

For a recombi nation sample. the fluids are collected from

separato r oil .and sepanrto r gas at the surface and are
-- ·
recombi ned in the laborato ry in the proper proporti ons ..!-~i!!-..J
as determin ed by producti on characte ristics •measure d
at the surface during sampling operatio ns Le. on the
basis of the producin g GOR.

Split-St ream ~plln g

The third method of sampling ls split-stre am .sampling . This method
used tn sampling of gas condens ate wells.
is primaril y
--
Once the samples have been collected . they are shipped t.o a laborato
ry for
complet e analysis. The type -of laborato ry analysis ls depende nt upon
the type of
reservoi r and the infonnat ion desired.

Laborat ory Analysi s of Reservo ir-Fluid Sample s

Laborat ory analyses are the same regardle ss of the method used in collectin '
g· the
sample.

There are three main PVT tests for oil systems plus associat ed compos itional
·
analysis : ··

0 Flash Vaporis ation or Relative Volume Tests.

D Differen tial Test.

D Separat or Tests.

Office Addre ss: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Complex, GMS Road, Ne~r Ballupur
Chowk, Dehradun, Uttara khand- 24800 1 Email ID:[email protected]
Conta ct No: 8780679522, 94101 88470 Website: www.petrogate.in

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Flash Vapor izatio n

test
Flash vapori zation is also refen- ed to as const ant comp ositio n expan sion
oJl to simula te the pressu re--
w-hlch are perf'o nned on a;i.s conde nsates or crude
volum e relatio ns o.fhyd rocarb on fluids.

inatio n of the follow ing:

Object ives of flash vapor izatio n includ e the determ

0 Bubbl epoin to.r satura tion pressu r$

0 Specif ic volum e at satura tion pressu re
0 Coeffi de:iit of therm al expan sion
bubbl epotnt
D Isothe rmal compr essibi lity of the liquid above the
0 Compr es.sibl lity factor s of the gas phase
Total hydro carbo n volu.rn e as a functi on o 'f pressu
re
D

t:s
Co.n stant Conip o.sitio .n Expa. nslo·n Mea.¥U remen
The experh nental proce dure, as shown
sche:m aticall y in the figure w-hich involv es
placin g a hydro carbo n fluid sainpl e (oil or
gas) or a · recont bined sampl e obtain ed
from a surfac e separa tor or stock tank .h.-i
a visual PVT cell at reserv o.ir tempe rature
and at a pressu re in excess of the initial
reserv oir pressu re.

When the bubbl epoint o:fthe fluid syster n

is reache d, a sharp chang e in slope is
observ ed. The fluid volum .e begins to
expan d marke dly with pressu re declin e at
and belm.v the bubbl epoin t due. to the
libera tion of the vapor phase .

Differ ential Liber ation Te.st

g compo sition of the total
This type of libera tion is charac terize d by a varyin
hydro carbo n system .

Result s of the study includ e the follow inE:=

0 Soluti on gas/oi l ratio

0 Relati ve oil vohnn e
0 Relati ve total volum e
0 Densi ty of the oil
0 Gas deviat ion factor
D Gas forma tion volum e factor
D Increm ental gas gravit y
D Fluid viscos ity as a functi on of.pre ssure

Ne~r Ballu pur

Offic e Addr ess: PETROGATE Academy, Usha C_omplex, GMS Road,
gma1l.com
Chow k, Dehr adun , Uttar akha nd - 2480 01 Email ID:petrogate4u@
in
-con tact No: 8780 6795 22, 9410 1884 70 Web site: www .petro gate.
~
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Diff'e rentla l Vapo rizati on Meas urem ents

The test is carrie d out on resetv olr oil sampl es
and involv es charging a visual PVT cell with a
liquid sampl e at the bubble -point pressu re
and at reserv oir tempe rature as shown
IE)w
schem aticall y in figure .
&JOI.
It should be noted that the compo sition of the
hydro carbon fluid compo nents in the lilJDCUtrt
experi menta l cells chang es contin uously due to
the withd rawal or the gas phase and becom es
progre ssivel y richer in the heavie r compo nents.

The differe ntial on forma tion volum e factor s Bec1 (comm only
called the relativ e oil volum e
factor s) at all the variou s pressu re ievels are calcul
ated by dividin g the record ed oil
volum es V1, by the volum e ofresid ual on v_ or:
V
Boc1=v--
sc

Sepa rator Tests

Tpe . . prima ry object ive of condu cting

separ ator tests, theref ure, ls to provid e the
essent ial iabora tocy inform ation neces sary
for determ ining · the optim um surfac e
separ ation condit ions, which in turn will
maxim ize the stock- tank oil produ ction.

The exper iment al data obtain ed can then be used

to determ ine the oil forma tion
volum e factor and gas solubi lity at the bubbl e~point
press ure as follow s:

Bofb=
v: t where Bofb = bubble -point oil forma tion volum e factor, as
~ ff measu red by flash liberat ion
~=bu bble- point solutio n gas-oil ratio as measu red
by flash
liberat ion, scfjST B
(VJ..,= total volum e ofgas remov ed from separa tors, scf ··
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