DESIGN OF BUNGALOW

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by

G.MANIKANDAN (16TUCV031)
C.PRAVEEN VENKATESH (16TUCV047)
R.RANJITH KUMAR (16TUCV050)
R.VIGNESH (16TUCV062)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

CIVIL ENGINEERING

SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
Kovaipudur, Coimbatore

OCTOBER 2019
 SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
Kovaipudur, Coimbatore
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report DESIGN OF BUNGALOW is the bonafide

work of …………………who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr.I.PADMANABAN M.Tech., Ph.D., Dr.M.LENIN SUNDAR M.E.,Ph.D.,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Professor and Head, Professor,

Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,

Sri Krishna College of Technology, Sri Krishna College of Technology

Coimbatore - 641042. Coimbatore – 641042.

Place : COIMBATORE
Date :
Submitted for viva voce held on ……………………at Sri Krishna College of Technology,
Coimbatore- 641 042

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our sincere thanks to all who have helped us in bringing this project work to
complete

I gratefully acknowledge our eminent Principal Dr.Srinivasan Alavandar,

M.E.,Ph.D., Sri Krishna College of Technology, for making available every
possible facility in this institution for the completion of project work.

We wish to record our sincere gratitude to Head of Department

Dr.I.PADMANABAN, M.Tech.,Ph.D., Civil Engineering Department, Sri
Krishna College of Technology, for this keen interest and encouragement.

I express my sincere thanks to my guide Dr.M.LENIN SUNDAR M.E.,Ph.D.,

Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Sri Krishna College of Technology, for
his valuable suggestions and instructions to carry out this project work
successfully.

I also wish to thank our project co-ordinators Dr.M.LENIN SUNDAR M.E.,Ph.D.,

Professor and Mr.J.Robinson M.E.,(Ph.D) Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering
Department, Sri Krishna College of Technology, for his keen interest and
encouragement.

I extend my sincere thanks to all my friends for their complete support and
guidance of non-teaching staff members for helping and guiding me.

I also take immense pleasure in thanking our parents for extending their fullest
co-operation and assisting in every possible way for the successful completion of
the project work.

i
 ABSTRACT

Structural planning and design is a process of designing a building with economy and
elegance, serviceable and durable structure . The process of structural planning and designing
requires not only imagination and conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge of science of
structural engineering besides knowledge of practical aspects, such as relevant design codes
and byelaws backed up by example experience.

The aim of the project is to plan and design the framed structure of a residential
building.

In this direction , the process commence with planning of structure primarily to meet the
requirements of the client with Auto CAD, then the structure is analyzed with STAAD Pro,
also manually analyzed for check and with the values obtained from these analyses the design
of various elements are done with reference to the codal provisions .

STAAD Pro is a software tool to design structural elements of any plan and also it can
give loads to the structure, the type of material, size of members, type of code to be used for
design and it can also analyze the structure .

Auto CAD is a software used to draft any plan , it involves the design of every single
unit in the proposed building and the specifications in terms of dimension is given in this
software accurately.

This project consists of :

(i) Drafting the plan according to the area available (plot area) and according to vasthu.
(ii) Analysis of the building using STAAD Pro.
(iii) Manual analysis of the building.
(iv) Design of structural members.

In this project we have done the planning, analysis and design of all the elements of the
residential building and gained extra knowledge about the code books such as IS 456:2000, IS
875 (Part 1) – 1987, IS 875 (Part 2) - 1987 and SP – 16.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

NO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
LIST OF TABLES iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS vi

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 OBJECTIVE 1
1.3 STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION 2
1.4 SPECIFICATIONS OF BUILDING 2

2 SPECIFICATIONS
2.1 COLUMN FOOTING 3
2.2 BEAM 3
2.3 SUPER STRUCTURE 3
2.4 R.C.C WORKS 3
2.5 FLOORING 3
2.6 DIMENSIONS OF COMPONENTS 4
2.7 PLASTERING 4
2.8 WHITE WASHING 4
2.9 PAINTING 4

3 PLANNING
3.1 GENERAL 5
3.2 SITE LAYOUT 6
3.3 SITE LOCATION 7
3.4 GROUND FLOOR PLAN 8
3.5 FIRST FLOOR PLAN 9
3.6 ELEVATION 10
 3.7 SECTION 11
3.8 BEAM LAYOUT 12
3.9 COLUMN LAYOUT 13

4 ESTIMATION OF LOAD
4.1 UNIT WEIGHT 14
4.2 MEMBER SELF WEIGHT 14
4.3 LIVE LOAD 14

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS USING STAAD

5 PRO V8i
5.1 GENERAL 15
5.2 STADD PRO 16
5.3 MANUAL ANALYSIS 22

6 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

6.1 DESIGN OF SLAB 24
6.2 DESIGN OF BEAM 29
6.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN 40
6.4 DESIGN OF FOOTING 43
6.5 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE 47

7 CONCLUSION 51

REFERENCES 52
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1.1 Dimensions of components 4

5.1 Distribution Factor 23

Moment distribution by iteration

5.2 23

iii
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIG NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1.1 Study Area 2

3.1 Site Layout 6

3.2 Site Location 7

3.3 Ground floor plan 8

3.4 First floor plan 9

3.5 Elevation 10

3.6 Section 11

3.7 Beam layout 12

3.8 Column layout 13

5.1 Dimensions 16

5.2 Member properties 17

5.3 Loads in STAAD Pro 17

5.4 Design in STAAD Pro 18

5.5 Deflection 19

5.6 Bending moment diagram 19

5.7 Shear force diagram 20

5.8 Critical beam 21

5.9 Critical column 21

5.10 Manual analysis 22

6.1 Reinforcement detailing of slab 28

6.2 Reinforcement detailing of beam (type 1) 35

6.3 Reinforcement detailing of beam (type 2) 39

6.4 Reinforcement detailing of column 42

6.5 Reinforcement detailing of footing 46

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIG NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

6.6 Plan of staircase 47

6.7 Load diagram 49

6.8 Reinforcement detailing of staircase 50

v
 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

fck Characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete, N/mm2

fy Characteristic strength of steel, N/mm2

Lx Effective length of shorter span of the slab, mm

Ly Effective length of longer span of the slab, mm

D Overall Depth, mm

d Effective depth, mm
B Width of the beam, mm

Mu Bending Moment, kNm

Ast Area of steel reinforcement, mm2

Fsc Stress in compression steel, N/mm2

Asc Area of compression steel, mm2

S Spacing, mm

Vu Factored shear force, N

Ag Gross area of concrete, mm2

Pu Design load on column, kN

Ld Development length, mm

Pt Percentage of tension reinforcement, %

R Rise, mm

T Tread, mm

P Safe bearing capacity of soil, kN/m2

αx Bending moment co-efficient in shorter direction

αy Bending moment co-efficient in longer direction

Mu lim Limiting moment of resistance, kNm

Leff Effective length, mm

Astmin Minimum area of steel, mm2

vi
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From times
immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The point of his
efforts has to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession of shelter besides being a
basic, used, gives a feeling of security, responsibility and shown the social status of man. Every
human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his pleasant living, this
objective is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and convenient location, such
a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and kept in view.

The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye laws, environment,
financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of future, aeration, ventilation
etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan to any client.

In planning, it is important to recognize the close relationship between design and

construction. This process can be best viewed as an integrated system. Design is a process of
creating the description of a new facility, usually represented by detailed plans and specifications;
construction planning is a process of identifying activities and resources required to make the
design a physical reality. In both design and construction, numerous operational tasks must be
performed with a variety of precedence and other relationship among the different tasks.
Innovative design concepts must be tested for technological feasibility. Three levels of technology
are of special concern: technological requirements for operation or production, design resources
and construction technology. The analysis of the building is done by using software package
“STAAD Pro.V8i”. Limit state method is adopted for the design of slab, beam, column, staircase
etc., and referred IS 456-2000, IS 875 (Part 1) 1987, IS 875 (Part 2) 1987 and SP 16.

1.2 OBJECTIVE

 To design a Bungalow with all kind of amenities in a small plot area.

 To acquire the complete knowledge of softwares such as Auto CAD and STAAD Pro.

1
1.3 STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION

 The site is located in Dindigul district, Masilamanipuram(locality) and it is a west facing site

and it is shown in figure 1.1 .

 A 20 ft road is present in front of the site.

 The site has red soil with a total area of 1530 sq.ft

 The dimensions of the site are 51 ft along east-west and 30 ft along north-south.

 The guideline value of site is Rs 650 per sq.ft

 The market value of site is Rs 2000 per sq.ft

FIGURE 1.1 STUDY AREA

1.4 SPECIFICATION OF BUILDING

 Type of Structure : Residential building

 Built up Area : 1837.25 sq.ft

 Number of floors : G+1

 Floor to floor height : 3.3 m

 Main wall Thickness : 230 mm

 Partition wall Thickness : 115 mm

 Grade of concrete : M20

 Grade of steel : Fe 415

2
 CHAPTER 2

SPECIFICATIONS

2.1 COLUMN FOOTING

The type of footing provided is isolated rectangular footing to resist the lateral forces. The
column footing shall be of M 20 Grade of concrete with Fe 415 steel.

2.2 BEAM

The beam shall be of M 20 Grade of concrete with Fe 415 steel. The size of beam
provided is 230 mm * 300 mm.

2.3 SUPER STRUCTURE

The super structure shall be of brick work in cement mortar 1:6, 230 mm thick using first
class brick of height 3300 mm.

2.4 R.C.C WORKS

All the R.C.C works shall be with M 20 Grade of concrete 1:1.5:3 and Fe 415 steel using
20 mm aggregates for beams, columns, slabs and lintel.

.
2.5 FLOORING

Flooring shall be with 1:4:8 using 40 mm aggregate and plaster the top with cement mortar
1:4, 20 mm thick and finished with granite or marble flooring.

3
2.6 DIMENSIONS OF COMPONENTS

TABLE 1.1 DIMENSIONS OF COMPONENTS

NAME DESCRIPTION SIZE (L*H)

MAIN DOOR M.D 4’X7’
DOOR 1 D1 3’X7’
DOOR 2 D2 2’6”X7’
DOOR 3 D3 2’X7’
Window W 3’X4’
Ventilator V 2’X2’

2.7 PLASTERING

Plastering of internal and external exposed walls shall be with cement mortar 1:5, exposed
concrete surface walls using cement mortar 1:5, 10 mm thick.

2.8 WHITE WASHING

Two coats of white washing is done for the whole structure including ceiling, sunshade
and external surface of walls.

2.9 PAINTING

In the painting process first a smooth wall putty is applied, then a primer coat, finally
painting with suitable colour .

4
 CHAPTER 3
PLANNING

3.1 GENERAL

The functional planning of man-made environment is the pre-basic of any type of building
construction. Man-made environment is defined as the physical surrounding which a man builds
for himself for survival. Good environment cannot just arise but is a result of consciously planned
with competent technical knowledge.
The development of a construction plan is very much analogous to the development of a
good facility design. The planner must weigh the cost and reliability of different options while at
the same time insuring technical feasibility. Construction planning is more difficult in some ways
since the building process is dynamic as the site and the physical facility change over time as
construction proceeds.
While past experience is a good guide to construction planning, each project is likely to
have special problems or opportunities that may require considerable ingenuity and creativity to
overcome and exploit. Unfortunately, it is quite difficult to provide direct guidance concerning
general procedures or strategies to form good plan in all circumstances. There are some
recommendations or issues that can be addressed to describe the characteristics of good plan.

Planning is the process which involves affected persons and approving authorities defining
the issues and problems establishing goals and policies, adopting implementation measures,
enforcing and carrying out those measures, evaluating and updating each of the above steps.

The Residential building has been planned to be constructed as a G+1 Building.

5
3.2 SITE LAYOUT

 A 20 ft road is present in front of the site.

 The site has red soil with a total area of 1530 sq.ft

The dimensions of the site are 51 ft along east-west and 30 ft along north-south

SITE LAYOUT N

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

20'

TYPE OF SOIL=RED SOIL

EMPTY LAND
TOTAL SITE AREA=1530 sq.ft
30'
BUILDUP AREA (GROUND FLOOR)=1022.5 sq.ft
ROAD

BUILDUP AREA (FIRST FLOOR)=814.75 sq.ft

TOTAL BUILDUP AREA=1837.25 sq.ft

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
51'
All dimensions are in feet and inches

FIGURE 3.1 SITE LAYOUT

6
3.3 SITE LOCATION

 The site is located in Dindigul district ,Masilamanipuram(locality) and it is a west facing

site.

FIGURE 3.2 SITE LOCATION

7
3.4 GROUND FLOOR PLAN

The ground floor plan consists of a hall in South-West direction, kitchen in South-East
direction along with dinning and bedroom attached with toilet in North-East direction. The portico
in the North-West direction along with sit-out is provided. Outer toilet is provided in South-East
direction and underground water tank is provided in North-East direction.

UNDERGROUND TOILET
WATER TANK (8'X5') V

(10'X5')
D3

3'-2
W
D1 W
3'

KITCHEN
W
(10'X8')

BED ROOM
(10'X11') D1
W

D3

V TOILET (10'X5'3")
DINNING (10'X8') D2

A 3'
A' A
SITOUT M.D
(10'X5') W

HALL (10'X16')
PORTICO (10'X11')

6'

GROUND FLOOR
DESCRIPTION SIZE
M.D 4'X7'
D1 3'X7'
All dimensions are in feet and inches D2 2'6"X7'
All d
D3 2'X7'
W 3'X4'
V 2'X2'

FIGURE 3.3 GROUND FLOOR PLAN

8
 3.5 FIRST FLOOR PLAN

The first floor plan consists of a hall in the East, two bedrooms one in South-West
direction and the other in North-West direction, both have attached toilets and they also have a
balcony for each. The quarter-turn staircase is provided in South-East direction to provide access
to first floor from dinning of ground floor to the hall in the first floor.

3'-2"
D1 W

W W
HALL (20'9"X11')

D2 D2
3'-2"
TOILET (7'X5'3") TOILET (7'X5'3")

V V

D3 D3
A' A A'

W
BED ROOM BED ROOM W
(10'X16') (10'X16')

W W

D1 D1
BALCONY BALCONY
(6'X3') (6'X3')

ZE FIRST FLOOR DESCRIPTION SIZE

7' M.D 4'X7'
7' D1 3'X7'
X7'
All dimensions are in feet and inches D2 2'6"X7'
7' D3 2'X7'
4' W 3'X4'
2' V 2'X2'

FIGURE 3.4 FIRST FLOOR PLAN

9
3.6 ELEVATION

The elevation of the building shows front appearance of the building which includes the
balcony, portico, sit-out and the staircase.

ELEVATION

GL

FIGURE 3.5 ELEVATION

10
3.7 SECTION

The cross section shows the interior of the house and also shows depth of footing, floor to
floor height and thickness of the slab etc..,

CROSS SECTION

6"

11'W W

RCC 1:1.5:3 6" THICK

WALL THICKNESS 9"

6"

11' W

7'

1'-2" GL
RR MASONARY
EARTH FILL
5'
6" RCC 1:1.5:3
1'-4"
6' 5'-3"
All dimensions are in feet and inches PCC 1:4:8

FIGURE 3.6 SECTION ON A-A`

11
3.8 BEAM LAYOUT

The beam layout shows the position and dimensions of all the beams in the structure.

BEAM LAYOUT N

BEAMS WIDTH DEPTH

B1.1-1.22 9" 12"
B2.1-2.6 9" 9"
10'-9" 10'-9"

3'-7" B1.1 B1.2

B1.3 B1.4

B1.5 B1.6 B1.7 11'-9"

B1.8 B1.9

B2.1 B2.2 B2.3 5'-9"

B1.10 B1.11
B2.4 B2.5 B2.6 5'-9"

B1.12 B1.13

B1.14 B1.15 B1.16 11'

B1.17 B1.18

B1.19 B1.20 B1.21 B1.22 3'-4.5"

2'-9" 5'-3" 5'-3"

All dimensions are in feet and inches

FIGURE 3.7 BEAM LAYOUT

12
3.9 COLUMN LAYOUT

The column layout shows the position and dimensions of all the columns in the structure.

COLUMN LAYOUT N

COLUMNS WIDTH BREADTH

C1-C16 12" 9"
C1
10'-9" 10'-9"

C2 C3 C4

11'-9"

C5 C6 C7

5'-6"
C8 C9 C10

6'
C11 C12 C13

10'-9"

C14 C15 C16

All dimensions are in feet and inches

FIGURE 3.8 COLUMN LAYOUT

13
 CHAPTER 4

ESTIMATION OF LOAD

4.1 UNIT WEIGHT

As per IS 875 (Part 1) -1987

The unit weight of;
• Reinforced Cement Concrete = 25 kN/m3
• Plain Cement Concrete = 24 kN/m3
• Brick work = 19 kN/m3

4.2 MEMBER SELF WEIGHT

The self weight of members are as follows ;

• Size of Beam (Type 1) = 230 mm x 300 mm
• Size of Beam (Type 2) = 230 mm x 230 mm
• Size of Column = 230 mm x 300 mm
• Thickness of Slab = 150 mm
• Self weight of Beam (Type 1) = 0.23 x 0.3 x 25 = 1.725 kN/m
• Self weight of Beam (Type 2) = 0.23 x 0.23x 25 = 1.323 kN/m
• Self weight of Column = 0.23 x 0.3 x 3.3x 25 = 5.692 kN
• Self weight of Slab = 0.15 * 25 = 3.75 kN/ m2
• Self weight of Brick wall (230 mm thick) = 0.23 *3.3* 19 = 14.421 kN/m

4.3 LIVE LOAD

As per IS 875 (Part 2) -1987

The live load on slab and staircase are ;
• Live load on slab = 3 kN/m2
• Live load on staircase = 3 kN/m2

14
 CHAPTER 5

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

5.1 GENERAL
Analysis of frame is the determination of the effects of loads on physical structures and
their components. Structures subjected to this type of analysis include all that must withstand
loads, such as buildings, bridges, vehicles, machinery, and furniture. Structure analysis
incorporates the fields of applied machines, material science and applied mathematics to compute
a structure’s deformations, internal forces, stresses, support reactions, accelerations and stability.

The result of this analysis is used to verify a structure’s fitness for use. Structural analysis
is thus plays a key role in designing a structure. Software analysis is done by using STAAD
Pro.V8i, which is a leading structural analysis and design software from Bentley. In recent years it
has become part of integrated structural analysis and design solutions mainly using an exposed
API called Open STAAD to access and drive the program.

The STAAD Pro.V8i Graphical User Interface (GUI) is normally used to create all input
specifications and all output reports and displays. These structural modelling and analysis input
specifications are stored in STAAD input file – a text file with extension, .STD. When the GUI
opens an existing model file, it reads all of the information necessary from the STAAD input file.
You may edit or create this STAAD input file and the the GUI and the analysis engine will both
reflect the changes.

The STAAD input file is processed by the STAAD analysis “engine” to produce results
that are stored in several files. The STAAD analysis text file contains the printable output as
created by the specifications in this manual. The other files contain the results (member/element
forces, mode shapes, section forces/moments/displacements, etc.) that are used by the GUI in the
post processing mode.

The manual analysis is done by moment distribution method, the moment distribution
method is a structural analysis method for statically indeterminate beams and frames. This method
only accounts for flexural effects and ignores axial and shear effects. The moment distribution
method is an iteration process, which offers a convenient way to analyze statically indeterminate
beams and rigid frames. Moment distribution method is used when the number of redundants are
large and when other method becomes very tedious.

15
5.2 STAAD Pro

Model Generation as per plan

The three dimensional model is created in STAAD Pro by assigning the values such as
length, width, height and number of bays as per the plan. The total length of building is 10.37 m,
which has four bays in various dimensions such as 3.58 m, 1.68 m, 1.83 m and 3.28 m. The width
of building is 6.56 m, which has two bays each of 3.28 m respectively. The height of building is
13.2 m with two bays each of 6.6 m respectively.

FIGURE 5.1 DIMENSIONS

3D View with Member Properties

After the three dimensional model is created the suitable member properties is assigned to
each member, the member properties include type of material and dimensions such as width,
depth, breadth and thickness. The thickness of slab is 150 mm, the width and depth of beams are
230 mm x 300 mm in type 1 beams and 230 mm x 230 mm in type 2 beams respectively. The
width and breadth of column is 300 mm x 230 mm respectively. The material type is selected as
concrete. The member properties are assigned by selecting suitable members and assigning the
appropriate properties.

16
 FIGURE 5.2 MEMBER PROPERTIES

Loading

The load is applied to the structure after assigning the member properties. The load values
are individually added under respective sections such as dead load and live load. The dead load of
slab is given as -3.75 kN/m2, the live load and floor finish together is given 4 kN/m2 and the wall
load is given as -14.421 kN/m2 for main wall and 4.37 kN/m2 for parapet wall respectively

FIGURE 5.3 LOADS IN STAAD PRO

17
Design

For the design of members in STAAD Pro the IS 456:2000 code is selected and the
suitable concrete design parameters are selected. The parameters include compressive strength of
concrete 20000 kN/m2 is given, tensile strength of steel for main and distribution reinforcement
415000 kN/m2 is given for both, diameter of bars in main and distribution reinforcement is given
as 16 mm and 12 mm respectively. Commands such as design beam, design column, design
element, track 2, code Indian and concrete take are selected. The design parameters are assigned
to the members.

FIGURE 5.4 DESIGN IN STAAD PRO

Deflection

The deflection of the members can be viewed in STAAD Pro after the combination of
loads are applied and the analysis is done. The deflection can be seen in the beams as the result of
application of load. Generally the deflection is known as the distance moved from the original
location or the displacement from the original position.

18
 FIGURE 5.5 DEFLECTION

Bending moment diagram (Mz)

The bending moment diagram in STAAD Pro can be viewed after analysis is done. The
bending moment diagram gives the maximum and minimum bending moments values of the
structure. Generally the bending moment is rotational forces within the beam that causes bending.
At any point within a beam, the bending moment is the product of external force and
perpendicular distance to the direction of force.

FIGURE 5.6 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

19
Shear Force Diagram (Fy)

The shear force diagram in STAAD Pro can be viewed after analysis is done. The shear
force diagram gives the maximum and minimum shear force values of the structure. The shear
force is known as forces pushing one part of member in one direction and the another part in the
opposite direction. Generally the shear force at any point in the structure is the sum of all the
forces acting on the structure.

FIGURE 5.7 SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

Critical Beam

The critical beam is the beam in which it has the maximum load acting on it. From
analysis the beam no = 52 is identified as the critical beam and the suitable design is made
according to the load acting on it. The design made for the critical beam is applied to all the
beams as the load acting on the other beams are less when compared to the critical beam.

20
 FIGURE 5.8 CRITICAL BEAM

Critical Column

The critical column is the column in which it has the maximum load acting on it. From
analysis the beam no = 108 is identified as the critical column and the suitable design is made
according to the load acting on it. The design made for the critical column is applied to all the
columns as the load acting on the other column are less when compared to the critical column.

FIGURE 5.9 CRITICAL COLUMN

21
5.3 MANUAL ANALYSIS

The manual analysis is done by moment distribution method, because this method offers a
convenient way to analyze the structure.

The moment distribution method is a structural analysis method for statically

indeterminate beams and frames. This method only accounts for flexural effects and ignores axial
and shear effects. The moment distribution method is an iteration process, which offers a rapid
way to analyze statically indeterminate beams and rigid frames. Moment distribution method is
used when the number of redundants are large and when other method becomes very tedious.

Moreover, the moment distribution method in mathematical terms can be demonstrated as

the process of solving a set of simultaneous equations by means of iteration. Added to that, it falls
into the category of displacement method of structural analysis.

51.679 kN/m 36.635 kN/m 37.798 kN/m 49.639 kN/m

3.58 m 1.68 m 1.83 m 3.28 m

A B C D E

FIGURE 5.10 MANUAL ANALYSIS

FIXED END MOMENTS

MFAB = - (wl2 /12) = - 55.194 kN/m

MFBA = + (wl2 /12) = + 55.194 kN/m
2
MFBC = - (wl /12) = - 8.616 kN/m
2
MFCB = + (wl /12) = + 8.616 kN/m
MFCD = - (wl2 /12) = - 10.548 kN/m
MFDC = + (wl2 /12) = + 10.548 kN/m
2
MFDE = - (wl /12) = - 44.503 kN/m
2
MFED = + (wl /12) = + 44.503 kN/m

22
 DISTRIBUTION FACTOR

TABLE 5.1 DISTRIBUTION FACTOR

Joint Members Relative Stiffness k Distribution Factors k/ k

Values (k)
BA I/3.58 0.875I 0.319
B
BC I/1.68 0.68
CB I/1.68 1.142I 0.521
C
CD I/1.83 0.479
DC I/1.83 0.851I 0.642
D
DE I/3.28 0.358

BY MOMENT DISTRIBUTION ITERATION WE GET

TABLE 5.2 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION BY ITERATION

Joint A B C D E
Members AB BA BC CB CD DC DE ED
Distribution
- 0.319 0.68 0.521 0.479 0.642 0.358 -
Factor
Fixed end
-55.194 +55.194 -8.616 +8.616 -10.548 +10.548 -44.503 +44.503
moments
Balancing -14.858 -31.673 +1.007 +0.925 +21.799 +12.156
Carry over -7.429 0.504 -15.837 +10.9 +0.463 +6.078
Balancing -0.161 -0.343 +2.572 +2.365 -0.297 -0.166
Carry over -0.081 +1.286 -0.172 -0.149 +1.183 -0.083
Balancing -0.410 -0.874 +0.167 +0.154 -0.759 -0.424
Carry over -0.205 +0.084 -0.437 -0.38 +0.077 -0.212
Balancing -0.027 -0.057 +0.426 +0.391 -0.049 -0.028
Final end
-62.909 +39.638 -39.689 -3.658 +3.658 +32.965 -32.965 +50.286
moments

BENDING MOMENT :
The bending moments are,

Span AB = (wl2 /8) = 82.792 kNm

Span BC = (wl2 /8) =12.925 kNm

Span CD = (wl2 /8) =15.823 kNm

Span DE = (wl2 /8) =66.755 kNm

23
 CHAPTER 6

DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

6.1 DESIGN OF SLAB

Slabs are elements having one dimension small when compared with the other two
dimensions. Slabs are classified into two type’s namely one way slab and two way slab. When the
(ly / lx)ratio is less than or equal to two, slabs are called as two way slabs. For one way slabs, main
reinforcement is provided in the shorter direction and distribution is provided in the larger
direction. In case of two way slabs, main reinforcement is provided in both the direction.

TYPES OF SLAB

ONE WAY SLAB

One way slabs are supported on opposite sides and loads are transmitted in one
direction. The ratio of long to short span is greater than 2.((ly / lx) > 2)

TWO WAY SLAB

Reinforced concrete slabs supported on all the four edges with the ratio of long span
not exceeding 2 are referred to as two way slabs .Loads are transmitted to the support in both
direction with main reinforcements provided in mutually perpendicular direction.

TYPES OF SLAB
Slabs are classified into

LOADS ON SLAB
In the slab two types of loads are taken
 Live load
 Dead load

24
DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB
Data
Slab dimension= 3050x3280 mm
Width of supports=230 mm (along X direction )
=300 mm (along Y direction )
Step 1: Check for two way slab

1.07 < 2

Hence it is a two way slab

Step 2: Effective depth

= 35*0.8 = 28

depth= ( ) = 109 mm
d= 109 mm

Step 3: Overall depth

Assuming clear cover as 20 mm and ɸ as 10 mm
D= 109+(10/2)+20 = 134 mm
D=134 mm ~ 150 mm
Step 4: Factored load
Dead load
Self weight of slab= 0.15*25=3.75 kN/m2
Floor finish = 1 kN/m2
Live load =3 kN/m2
Total load = 7.75 kN/m2
Ultimate load = 11.625 kN/m2

Step 5: Effective span

From Page no 34 cl 22.2 of IS 456 - 2000
Effective span in X direction :
i) Clear span+ eff. depth = 3.05+0.109 = 3.159 m
ii) Clear span+ c/c of support = 3.05+(0.23/2)+(0.23/2) = 3.28 m
Effective span in Y direction :
i) Clear span+ eff. depth = 3.28+0.109= 3.389 m
ii) Clear span+ c/c of support = 3.28+(0.3/2)+(0.3/2) = 3.58 m
25
Step 6: Calculation of shear force and bending moment

BENDING MOMENT

From Page no 91 Table 27 of IS 456-2000

1.07
α x= 0.074; α y= 0.061

Mux= αxw le x 2

Mux= 0.074×11.625 ×3.1592

= 8.584 kNm

2
Muy= αyw l ex

Muy= 0.061 ×11.625×3.3892

= 8.144 kNm

Mu limit = 0.138 ×fck ×b ×d2

= 0.138 ×20 ×1000 ×1092
= 32.79 kNm.

Mux < Mu limit =8.584 kNm < 32.79 kNm

Muy< Mu limit =8.144 kNm < 32.79 kNm

Hence it is under reinforced

SHEAR FORCE

= = = 18.36 kN

Step 7: To find Ast in shorter span

Mux= 0.87*fy*Ast* d ( 1- )

8.584 x 106 = 0.87*415*Ast*109 ( 1- )

Ast = 228.106 mm2

Assume 8 mm dia bars

26
ast = ( * 82 ) = 50.265 mm

Spacing = ( *1000) = ( *1000) = 220 mm

Spacing limit : ( from IS456 2000 – pg 46 )

i. 3d= 3*117=351 mm
ii. 300 mm
iii. 220 mm

Provide 8 mm ɸ @ 220 mm c/c spacing

Step 8 : To find Ast in longer span

Muy = 0.87*fy*Ast* d ( 1- )

8.144 x 106 = 0.87*415*Ast*117 ( 1- )

Ast = 215.829 mm2

Assume 8 mm dia bars

ast = ( * 82 ) = 50.265 mm

Spacing = ( *1000) = ( *1000) =230 mm

Spacing limit : ( from IS456 2000 – pg 46 )

i. 3d= 3*117 = 351 mm

ii. 300 mm
iii. 230 mm

Provide 8 mm ɸ at 230 mm c/c spacing

Step 09 : Check for Shear Stress

τv = Vu / (b * d )
= (18.36 * 103 ) / (1000 * 109) = 0.17 N/mm2

Pt = 100 *(Ast / (b*d)) = 0.21

From Table 19 Page no 73 of IS: 456-2000 the design shear strength of concrete is

τc x k = 0.328 x 1.3 = 0.426 N/mm2

27
τv <τc

0.17 < 0.426

Hence O.K

Step 10: Check for deflection

(l/d) basic = 20

fs = 0.58*fy * ( ) = 0.58*415*1 = 240.7

% tension = 0.21 ; Mf = 1.5

(l/d)max = (l/d)basic* f1 * f2 *f3 = 20*1.6*1*1 = 32 mm

(From IS 456:2000 Page no 39 Fig 5 )

(l/d)provided = (3159/109) = 28.98 mm

(l/d)provided < (l/d) max

Hence ok

REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF SLAB

8 mm diameter @ 220 mm c/c

8 mm diameter @ 230 mm c/c

3280 mm
A A'

8 mm diameter @ 230 mm c/c

150 mm

8 mm diameter @ 220 mm c/c

SECTION A-A'
3050 mm

FIGURE 6.1 REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF SLAB

28
6.2 DESIGN OF BEAM

GENERAL

A beam is a structural horizontal bending member which is subjected to bending moments

and shear force due to transverse load. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at
the beam's support points. The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to produce shear
forces and bending and deflections of the beam.

Beams reinforced only in tension zones is known as singly reinforced beam and the beams
reinforced both in compression and tension zones is known as doubly reinforced beam.

To arrive preliminary dimension of a beam, the steps are to be carried out.

Depth of beam = 1/12 to 1/20 of the span

Width of beam = 1/3 to 1/2 of the span

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAM

(a) According to support conditions:

 Simply supported beam

 Cantilever beam

 Fixed beam

 Over hanging beam

 Continuous beam

(b) According to Structural Configuration

 Simple beam

 Compound beam

 Plate girder

 Turn girder

29
Simply supported beam

A simply supported beam is defined as a beam supported at its ends. It has hinged support
at one end and roller support at the other end. The hinged support will not allow vertical and
horizontal displacements and so will develop reactions along X and Y directions. On the other
hand, the roller support will not allow vertical displacements alone. Both the supports will allow
rotations. The failure of simply supported beam is by bending due to heavy loads.

DESIGN OF BEAM (TYPE 1)

Data

The critical beam identified have the following properties

Breadth (b) = 230 mm
Depth (D) = 300 mm
Effective cover (d’) = 25 mm
Clear span =3275 mm
The ultimate load on beam = 51.679 kN/m
Width of support = 304 mm
M-20 Grade concrete
Fe-415 HYSD bars
fck= 20 N/mm2
fy= 415 N/mm2

Step 1: Effective depth and effective span

Effective depth d = Depth - Effective cover

d = 300-25
d = 275 mm

30
Effective span = (3.275+0.304)

= 3.58 m

Step 2: Ultimate Moments & Shear Forces

Maximum Bending moment Mu = 82.79 kNm

Maximum Shear force Vu = 95.505 kN

Step 3: Limiting moment of resistance

Mu lim = 0.138 × fck × b × d2

= 0.138 × 20 × 230 × (275)2

= 48 × 106 Nmm

= 48 kNm

Mu > Mu lim

Hence the beam is designed as doubly reinforced section .

Step 4: Design for negative bending moment

Mu2 = Mu – Mu lim = 82.79 -95.505

Mu2 = 34.79 kNm

xu, max = 0.48 × d

= 0.48 × 275

= 132 mm

Area of compression steel

Asc =( Mu –Mu lim) / ( fsc (d – d’))

= (34.79 × 106) / (0.85×415 × (275-25))
= 394.5 mm2

31
Provide 16 mm diameter bars

No of bars = Asc / asc

= 394.5 / ((π/4) ×162)

= 2 bars

Provide 2-16 mm diameter bars at the compression zone

Area of tension steel

Ast1 = (0.36 fck b xu, max) / ( 0.87 fy )

= (0.36 x 20 x 230 x 132) / ( 0.87 x 415 )
= 605.43 mm2

Ast2 =( Asc fsc ) / (0.87 fy )

=( 394.5 x 0.85 x 415) / (0.87 x 415 )
= 385.43 mm2

Ast = Ast1 + Ast2

= 605.43 + 385.43
= 990.86 mm2

Provide 16 mm diameter bars

No of bars = 990.86 / ((π/4) ×162)

=5 bars
Provide 5-16 mm diameter bars at the tension zone

Step 5: Check for Shear Stress

τv = Vu / (b×d)
= (95.505 × 103) / (230 × 275)
=1.51 N/mm2

32
Pt= 100(Ast / (b×d))

=100 (990.86 / (230 × 275))

=1.567 %

Pc= 100(Asc / (b×d))

=100 (394.5 / (230 × 275))

= 0.624 %

From Page no 73 Table 19 of IS: 456-2000 the design shear strength of concrete is

τc = 0.728 N/mm2

τv > τc

Shear reinforcements are required

Vus = Vu – (τc ×b ×d)

= (95.505 x 103) - (0.728 × 0.230 × 0.275)

= 46.45 kN

Using 8mm diameter 2 legged vertical stirrups

Asv = 2 ×((π/4) × 82)

= 100.531 mm2

Spacing of stirrups

Sv = (0.87 × fy × Asv × d) / Vus

Sv = 214.889 mm

Sv ~ 215 mm

33
The maximum spacing should be the least of the following
i) 0.75 × d = 206.25 mm
ii) 300 mm
iii) 215 mm

Adopt spacing for stirrups as 200 mm c/c

Provide 8mm diameter 2 legged vertical stirrups at 200 mm c/c

Step 6: Check for Deflection Control

Pt = 1.567 %

Pc = 0.624 %

kt = 0.9

kc = 1.1

kf = 1.0

(l/d) max = (l/d) basic × kc × kt × kf

= 20 × 0.9 × 1.1 × 1
= 19.8

(l/d) provided = 3580 / 275

= 13.018

(l/d)max > (l/d) provided

Hence it is safe

So, provide 2 bars of 16 mm diameter at the compression zone & 5 bars of 16 mm diameter at the
tension zone

Also provide 8 mm diameter 2 legged vertical stirrups at 200 mm c/c distance

34
REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF BEAM (TYPE 1)

230
mm 2 no.of 16 mm diameter bars

300 mm

5 no.of 16 mm diameter bars

CROSS SECTION
2 no of 16mm diameter bars

5 no of 16mm diameter bars 2 legged 8mm diameter

stirrups @ 200mm c/c

3580 mm

FIGURE 6.2 REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF BEAM (TYPE 1)

DESIGN OF BEAM (TYPE 2)

Data
The critical beam identified among the type 2 beams have the following properties
Breadth (b) = 230 mm
Depth (D) = 230 mm
Effective cover (d’) = 25 mm
Clear span =1524 mm
The ultimate load on beam = 37.798 kN/m
Width of support = 304 mm
M20 Grade concrete
Fe-415 HYSD bars
fck= 20 N/mm2
fy= 415 N/mm2

35
Step 1: Effective depth and effective span

Effective depth d = Depth - Effective cover

d = 230 - 25
d = 205 mm
Effective span = (1.524+0.304)
= 1.83 m

Step 2: Ultimate Moments & Shear Force

Maximum Bending moment Mu = 15.823 kNm

Maximum Shear force Vu = 34.585 kN

Step 3: Limiting moment of resistance

Mu, lim = 0.138 × fck × b × d2

= 0.138 × 20 × 230 × (205)2

= 26.677 × 106 Nmm

= 26.677 kNm

Mu < Mu, lim

Hence the beam is designed as singly reinforced section

Step 4: Area of tension reinforcement

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1-((Ast fy)/(bd fck))

Mu = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 205 [1-((Ast x 415)/(230 x 205 x 20 ))
Ast = 238.915 mm2
Provide 12 mm diameter bars

No of bars = 238.915 / ((π/4) ×122)

=3 bars

Provide 3-12 mm diameter bars at the tension zone and 2 hanger bars of 10 mm diameter.

36
Step 5: Check for Shear Stress
τv = Vu / (b×d)
= (34.585 × 103) / (230 × 205)
=0.733 N/mm2

Pt= 100(Ast / (b×d))

=100 (238.915 / (230 × 205))

=0.506 %

From Page no 73 Table 19 of IS: 456-2000 the design shear strength of concrete is

τc = 0.48 N/mm2

τv > τc

Shear reinforcements are required

Vus = Vu – (τc ×b ×d)

= (34.585 x 103) - (0.48 × 0.230 × 0.205)

= 34.58 kN

Using 8mm diameter 2 legged vertical stirrups

Asv = 2 ×((π/4) × 82)

= 100.531 mm2

Spacing of stirrups

Sv = (0.87 × fy × Asv × d) / Vus

Sv = 215.17 mm
Sv ~ 215 mm

37
The maximum spacing should be the least of the following
i) 0.75 × d = 153.75 mm
ii) 300 mm
iii) 215 mm

Adopt spacing for stirrups as 150 mm c/c

Provide 8mm diameter 2 legged vertical stirrups at 150 mm c/c

Step 6: Check for Deflection Control

Pt = 0.506 %

kt = 1.2

kc = 1

kf = 1

(l/d) max = (l/d) basic × kc × kt × kf

= 20 × 1.2 × 1 × 1
= 24

(l/d) provided = 1830 / 205

= 8.926

(l/d)max > (l/d) provided

Hence it is safe

So, provide 2 bars of 10 mm diameter at the compression zone as hanger bars & 3 bars of 12
mm diameter at the tension zone

Also provide 8 mm diameter 2 legged vertical stirrups at 150 mm c/c distance

38
REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF BEAM (TYPE 2)

230
mm 2 no.of 10 mm diameter bars
230 mm

3 no.of 12 mm diameter bars

CROSS SECTION
2 no of 10mm diameter bars

3 no of 12mm diameter bars 2 legged 8mm diameter

stirrups @ 150mm c/c

1830 mm

FIGURE 6.3 REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF BEAM (TYPE 2)

39
6.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN

GENERAL

Column is a compression member supporting beams and slab in a structural system

and having an effective length exceeding three times the least lateral dimension. If the ratio of
effective length to least lateral dimension exceeds 12, the column is considered as long
column and less than 12 it is considered as a short column for design purpose. The effective
length "L” effective is taken according to IS 456-2000.

TYPES OF COLUMN

Classification based on types of loading

load with biaxial bending

DESIGN OF COLUMN

Breadth = 0.23m
Width = 0.3m
Height = 3.3m
Pu= 711.11 kN
Fck = 20 N/mm2
Fy = 415 N/mm2

40
Effective length of column
Column is effectively held in position and restrained against rotation in both ends
Leff= 0.65 L = 0.65 (3.3) = 2.145m

Slenderness ratio:
(Leff/b) (2145/230) = 9.326 < 12
It is a short column
(Leff/D) = (2145 / 300)=7.15 < 12
Hence it can be designed as a short column.

The ultimate axial load = 711.11 kN

Pu =(0.4)fck Ac + (0.67fy)Asc
711110=[0.4x20x((230x300) - Asc) ] + [(0.67x415)]x Asc
Asc =589.198 mm2
Hence provide 4 bars of 16 mm diameter as longitudinal reinforcement.
(Asc = 804.24 mm2 )

Tie reinforcement
The largest of the following is adopted
1) Diameter of the bar = (1/4) xφ = (1/4) x16 = 4 mm
2) 8mm
Provide 8 mm diameter bars for tie reinforcement

Spacing of the ties

The least of the following is adopted
1) 16 φ =16(16) =256 mm
2) 48 φ = 48(8) = 384mm
3) 300 mm
Provide 8mm φ bars @ 250mm c/c spacing

41
REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF COLUMN

300 mm

300 mm
4 no.of 16 mm diameter bars
230 mm

16 mm diameter bars CROSS SECTION

3300 mm

2 legged 8mm diameter

ties @ 250mm c/c

FIGURE 6.4 REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF COLUMN

42
6.4 DESIGN OF FOOTING

Footing is the part of the structure which is in direct contact with soil. The R.C.
structures consist of various structural components which act together to resist the applied
loads and transfer them safely to soil. In this regard the footing is the last element which takes
up the whole load from the above structural elements. In general, the loads applied on slabs in
buildings are transferred to soil through beams, columns and footings. Footings are the part of
the structure which are generally located below ground Level.

DESIGN OF FOOTING
DATA
Factored Axial load= 711.11 kN
fck = 20 N/mm² ,
fy = 415 N/mm²,
Column dimensions
Breadth = 230 mm,
Width = 300 mm,
pu = 250 kN/m²,
Use M20 grade concrete and Fe415 HYSD grade steel bars.

Size of footing

Load of column = 711.11 kN

Self-weight of footing [10%] = 71.11 kN

Total factored load Wu=782.221 kN

Footing area =(782.221 / 250) = 3.129 m2

Proportion the footing area in the same proportion as the sides of column

Hence (2.3 x )X (3x) =3.129

x = 0.673

Short side of footing = [2.3×0.673] = 1.549 m

Long side of footing = [3×0.673] = 2.019 m

Rectangular footing size 1.6 m X 2.1 m

43
Factored soil pressure @base is computed as,

Pu=(711.11 /(2.1 X 1.6)) = 211.63 kN/m² < [1.5×250] = 375 kN/m2

Hence ok

Factored bending Moment

Cantilever projection from the short side face of the column =0.5[2.1 - 0.3] = 0.9 m

Cantilever projection from the long side face of the column =0.5[1.6 - 0.23]=0.685 m

Bending moment at the short side face of the column is

[0.5pu.l2]=[0.5x 250 x0.92]= 85.71 kNm

Bending moment at the long side face of the column is

[0.5pu.l2]=[0.5x 250 x0.6852]=49.654 kNm

Depth of footing

From moment considerations

Mu =0.138fck bd2
85.71 x 106=0.138 x 20 x 1000 x d2
d = 176.22 mm
~ 177 mm
From shear considerations

Shear force per meter width [longer direction] is

VuL= 211.63 [900-d] N

Assuming τc=0.36 N/mm² for M20 grade with percentage of reinforcement=0.25

τc=(VuL/bd)

0.36 = (211.63 [900-d]/1000xd)

d =333.211 mm

d=350 mm approximate

Over all depth D = 400mm

44
Reinforcement in footing

A) Longer direction

Mu=0.87 fy Ast d [1-Ast fy/bd fck]

85.71x 106=126.367 x103 Ast -7.49 Ast2

Ast= 707.9 mm2

Spacing=(133.09/707.9)x1000= 159.7 mm ~ 160 mm
Adopt 12 mm diameter bars @ 160 mm c/c distance

B] Shorter direction

Mu=0.87 fy Ast d [1-Ast fy/bd fck]

49.654 x106 = [0.87x415 Ast x 350] [1-((415 Ast )/(103x350x20))]

Ast = 402.539 mm2

Minimum reinforcement = [0.0012x1000x400]

= 480mm2

Spacing=(113.09/480)x1000=235 mm ~ 230 mm

Provide 12 mm diameter bars @ 230 mm c/c distance

Check for shear stress

Critical section for one way shear

Vu= 0.7x 211.63 =148.141 kN
τc =0.25 √fck
=0.25 √20 = 1.118
Refer table 19 of IS 456-2000
ks xτc=1x1.118=1.118N/mm²
Nominal shear stress = vu/bd
τv =(148.141x103)/( 103x350)=0.423 N/mm2

τv < ks τc shear stresses are within the safe permissible limits

45
Check for development length

Development Length Ld = (φ x stress in bar )/(4 x τv )

Ld = (12 x 230 )/(4 x 1.2 x 1.6 )
Ld = 359.37 mm
400 mm < 360 mm hence ok

REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF FOOTING

12 mm diameter bars @ 160 mm c/c

400 mm

2100 mm
12 mm diameter bars @ 230 mm c/c
CROSS SECTION

300 mm

1600 mm 230 mm

12 mm diameter bars @ 160 mm c/c

12 mm diameter bars @ 230 mm c/c

2100 mm
TOP VIEW

FIGURE 6.5 REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF FOOTING

46
6.5 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

Staircase is an important component of a building providing access to different floors

and roof of the building. It consists of a flight of steps (stairs) and one or more intermediate
landing slabs between the floor levels. Different types of staircases can be made by arranging
stairs and landing slabs. The main components of a staircase to be designed are flight and
landing slabs and to calculate the no.of treads and no.of rises. Number of riser or steps find
out by n=(floor to floor height / Size of riser). Number of treads can be found by (n-1), where
n- no.of risers
In this project a quarter turn staircase is designed according to the plan,with steps of
rise 150 mm and tread 300 mm.

1000 mm

2100 mm

2100 mm

230 mm
1000 mm

3900 mm 300
support
4750 mm mm
PLAN

FIGURE 6.6 PLAN OF STAIRCASE

47
DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
Material constants
Concrete, fck = 20 N/mm²
Steel, fy = 415 N/mm²

Dimensions
Width of flights = 1 m
Considering 2 flights of quarter turn staircase
Floor to floor height = 3.3 m
Taking
Rise of stair, R = 150 mm
Tread of stair, T = 300 mm
Total No of rises = 22
Total No of treads = 20 (For two flights)
Effective span of flight 1 = 4.75 m
Effective depth of waist slab =(1/20) x 4750= d = 238 mm
Adopt overall depth = D=238+20= 258mm
Adopt overall depth D ~260 mm
Length Flight 1 = 4.36 m
Length Flight 2 = 2.35 m
Total going = 6 m
The design of flight 1 is done which has 14 rises and 13 treads

Loads
Weight of waist slab = D√(1+(R2/T2)) x 25
= 260√(1+(1502/3002)) x 25
= 7.267 kN/m
Weight of steps = (25RT)/2T
= (25 x150 x300)/ (2 x 300)
=1.875 kN/m
Dead load of landing=0.26 x 25 = 6.5 kN/m
Total factored load for flight =(7.267+1.875+3) x 1.5 = 18.213 kN/m
Total factored load for landing =(6.5+3) x 1.5 = 14.25 kN/m

48
Bending Moment calculation

18.213 kN/m 14.25 kN/m

A B
3.9 m 0.8m
RA 4.7 m RB

FIGURE 6.7 LOAD DIAGRAM

Reactions at supports
RA + RB = 83.577 kN
RA = 43.199 kN
RB = 40.378 kN

M u = 51.22 kNm

Mu, lim =0.138 fck b d2

Mu, lim =0.138 x 20 x 1000 x 2402 = 158.97 x 106

Mu, lim =158.97 kNm

Mu < Mu limit Hence designed as singly reinforced section

Main reinforcement

(Mu) = 0.87 fy Ast d (1 – (fy Ast / bd fck ))

51.22 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 240 x (1-( Ast x415/ 1000 x240 x20))
Ast = 624.84 mm2
Assume 12 mm diameter bars (ast =113.09 mm2 )
Spacing=(113.09 /624.84)x1000= 181 mm ~ 180 mm
Hence provide 12 mm dia bars @ 180 mm c/c spacing

49
Distribution reinforcement

Distribution reinforcement = 0.12 % of CSA

= 0.12 x 1000 x 260
Ast= 312 mm2
Taking 10 mm bars as distribution reinforcement (ast =78.53 mm2 )
Spacing=(78.539/312)x1000= 251 mm ~ 250 mm
Hence provide 10 mm bars @ 250 mm c/c spacing

REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF STAIRCASE

12 mm diameter bars @ 180 mm c/c

260 mm
waist slab thickness
300 mm
4360 mm

150 mm

10 mm diameter bars @ 250 mm c/c

230 mm
4750 mm
CROSS SECTION

FIGURE 6.8 REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF STAIRCASE

50
 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

In this project we have done the planning, analysis and design of all the elements of
the residential building and gained extra knowledge about the code books such as IS
456:2000, IS 875 (Part 1) – 1987, IS 875 (Part 2) - 1987 and SP – 16. During the project
these code books were effectively used. The design of all the structural member are learned
how to design during this study.
The elements of residential building such as slab, beam, column, footing and the
staircase were designed.
From this project the knowledge on Auto CAD and STAAD Pro were gained
effectively.

51
 REFERENCE

1.“R.C.C Designs”, Dr.B.C.Punmia, Er.Ashok Kumar Jain, Dr.Arun K. Jain, Laxmi

publications (P) Ltd, New Delhi, 2007, tenth edition.

2. “Design of Reinforced Concrete structures”, N.krishna Raju, CBS publishers &

distributors (Pvt) Ltd, New Delhi, 2003, third edition.

3. IS 456:2000 published by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), New Delhi, 2007, fourth
revision.

4. SP 16:1980 Published by Bureau of Indian standard (BIS), New Delhi, 1999, eleventh
reprint.

6. National Building Code of India - 1970 Published by Bureau of Indian standard (BIS),
New Delhi, 2016, third revision.

7. IS 875 Part 1-1987 Code of Practice for unit weight of building materials, Published by
Bureau of Indian standard (BIS), New Delhi, 2002, second revision.

8. IS 875 Part 2-1987 Code of Practice for Design Loads ( other than earthquake ) For
Buildings and Structures, Published by Bureau of Indian standard (BIS), New Delhi, 2002,
second revision.

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