Republic of Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education and

Scientific Research
University of Technology
Petroleum Technology Department

(Petrophysical Properties Laboratory)

Second stage

Prepared by:
1- Ass. Tech. Ali Anwar Ali
2- Eng. Mohammad Abdulridah
3- Ass. Eng. Jassim Mohammad Jaleel
4- Ass. Eng. Mohammad Abdullah Ahmed

2016-2017
 Table of contents

Content Page
Table of content. I
List of figures. I
List of table. II
Introduction. III
How to write report. IV
Experiment 1 (Core analysis, cutting and 1
preparation).
Experiment 2 (Core Cleaning and Drying). 5
Experiment 3 (Bulk Volume Measurement). 12
Experiment 4 (Porosity measurement). 19
Experiment 5 (Fluid Saturation). 28

Experiment 6 (Permeability Determination) 31

Experiment 7 (Capillary Pressure Determination). 41
Experiment 8 (Calibration of Pressure Gage). 46
Experiment 9 (Grain volume and Density 48
determination).

List of Figures

Figure Page
Fig(1): Sidewall Core Equipment. 2
Fig(2): Types and sizes of test samples. 2
Fig(3): Drill Press for Diamond Core Cutter. 3
Fig(4): Core saw. 4
Fig(5): Soxhlet Extractor instrument. 6
Fig(6): Electrothermal instrument. 7

I
Fig(7): Dessicator. 7
Fig(8): Oven. 8
Fig(9): Centrifugal Extractor. 9
Fig(10): Vernier. 13
Fig(11): Mercury pump porosimeter. 14
Fig(12): Archimedes device. 16
Fig(13): Electric Pycnometer. 17
Fig(14): Electric Pycnometer calibration chart. 18
Fig(15): Apparatus of porosity determination by liquid 21
saturation (picture and schematic shape).
Fig(16): Mercury pump porosimeter. 23
Fig(17): The Mercury porosimeter. 24
Fig(18): Air porosity measurement graph. 26
Fig(19): The mortar and pestle. 27
Fig(20): Dean –Stark Apparatus. 29
Fig(21): Fluid flow through a porous medium. 31
Fig(22): Liquid Permeameter (PERL-200). 33
Fig(23): Variation in gas Permeability with mean 37
pressure and type of gas.

Fig(24): Cement Permeameter Apparatus. 37

Fig(25): Example of capillary pressure curves. 41
Fig(26): Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure Apparatus. 43
Fig(27): PORG-200 instrument. 49

List of Tables

Table Page
Flow rate reading 40

II
 In this practical course you will learn:-

Core analysis, cutting, Preparation and cleaning in two methods:

a) Sohxlet method.
b) Centrifuge method.

Core Bulk volume measurement in four method:

a) Vernier, b) Mercury pumps Porosimeter, c) Archimedes bulk
volume and d) Electric pycnometer.

Core porosity Determinations in four methods:

a) Porosity determination by liquid saturation method.
b) Effective porosity by Mercury Injection.

c) Effective Porosity by Air Injection (Kobe Method).

d) Absolute porosity by crushing.

Fluid Saturation in core sample- Determination by Dean-Stark

method.

Permeability Determination in Two methods:

a) Permeability measurement by liquid Permeameter.
b) Permeability Measurement by Cement Permeameter.

Capillary pressure determination by Capillary pressure system.

Calibration of Pressure Gage- assess the accuracy of a pressure

gage with a dead weight gage tester.

Grain volume and Density determination.

III
 How to write report

Report cover: contain the names of ministry, university, department, laboratory,

experiment and name of student that write report, also contain group number and date
of preparation experience.

Objective: is the purpose of the experiment.

Introduction: is a definition for the subject of experiment and clear up each theoretical
content, mathematical content that contain laws or any notational things of scientists,
without writing more than two pages.

Procedure: is the steps of working experiment in laboratory, you don’t force to write
the same procedure in syllabus but you can write the steps of your actual work in
laboratory.

Apparatus Sketch: you must do that by your hand only, don’t put the picture of device
in your report that will consider missing part during emendation the report.

Calculations: are applying equations that relate experiment to get results of work, you
must attach the signed calculation paper in report.

Discussion and conclusions: in this part you must discuss your results that get from
calculations, also show the factors effect on work or factors that caused error on work
and how to deal with it, if there are mistakes in results you must discus that, and finally
show what is your conclusions from the experiment?

References
IV
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Experiment one
Core analysis, cutting and preparation
Core Analysis:
Core analysis is laboratory measurement of Petrophysical properties of core sample
recovered from geological formations analysis of reservoir rock specimens (cores) yield
fundamental information for effective reservoir exploration, description and
exploration.Core data provides positive evidence of hydrocarbon presence ,storage
capacity for reservoir fluid (porosity) , and flow capacity (permeability).Residual fluid
saturation data allow for interpretation of the probable production of oil, gas or water.
Objective of core analysis:
Common objective for coring program include:
1- Definition of porosity, permeability, residual fluids, lithology irreducible water
saturation, and prediction of gas, oil or water production.
2- Reservoir estimates.
3- Formation damage assessment.
Types of core analysis (General coring method):
Core analysis has evolved into types that relate to the size of core selected for analysis, that
is:
1- Plug –Type core Analysis:
Plug analysis is the most commonly used. It is normally restricted to homogenous
formation that can be characterized by plug size sample 1 inch in diameter and 1.5 inches
long. Sample are taken from the core center at selected vertical intervals.
2- Full Diameter Core Analysis:
It was introduced to allow testing of more complex lithology, such as heterogeneous
carbonate and fissured, vugular formation unsuitable for plug analysis. The total core or
portions of the full diameter core may be used in this test.

1
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

3. Sidewall core analysis:

This type of core is used extensively in the softer sand areas. The equipment and techniques
used are particularly suitable for small size of the samples as show in Fig (1)

Fig (1): Sidewall Core Equipment.

Fig (2): Types and sizes of test samples.

Core Packing and Preservation:
Cores are packaged to prevent residual fluid loss between time of recovery and analysis.
Heavy duty plastic bags are commonly used, followed by a layer of aluminum foil and then
dip the wrapped core in strippable plastic or wax. This technique is suitable for all coring
fluids.
Lines or arrows are drawn on the core to distinguish top from bottom, and the total core
length is recorded and each foot marked on the core if possible.

2
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Drill press for diamond core cutters (Rock well):

This specifically in Fig.3 designed swivel – and – taped chuck permits diamond drilling of
various sizes of core specimens, both for the cutting of the holes in cores, and for obtaining
cylindrical specimens for further core tests, the swivel is designed so that water can be
introduced inside the diamond cutter- head and forced out around the diamond cutting
surface to cool and clean the cutting edge.
Cutter sizes faced with individually set diamonds range from 1/4"I.D. 0.75"I.D. 1"I.D.
to 1.5"I.D. Cutter heads are easily exchanged for size variations , and the speed of rotation
can be altered by shifting the motor V-belt on the drill shaft pulleys.
A tray with a V-shaped trough and splash sides holds the cores securely .A drain is
provided in the tray to reduce the fluid spray. The bit is forced into the core by means of a
hand lever, and fluid is introduced through a valve into the swivel.
This cutting producer cannot be used if the plug is unconsolidated, in which case it must
be cut by hand using a knife.

Fig (3): Drill Press for Diamond Core Cutter.

3
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Core Grinder and Drill:

Two diamond saw blades, are mounted parallel with a sliding tray that permits cutting slice
of core test specimen 2cm in thickness. By making three passes through the blades, a cube
of the material to be tasted is obtained, and permeability can be measured in three
directions, as well as reverse directions. Spacing of the diamond blades may be slightly
increased .A grinding wheel is attached to the other end of the shaft; it is used after
trimming the ends to achieve a flat right angle surface on the plug. However, liquid may
be introduce directly to the blades by means of a stream and drained through a hole in the
base of the tray.

Fig (4): Core saw.

4
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Experiment Two
Core Cleaning and Drying
Objective:
Measurement of porosity and permeability by certain techniques, and measurement
of fluid saturation require residual fluid be removed and cores be cleaned and dried.

Cleaning solvents:
Solvents, including toluene, benzene, and others are used to remove oil; water or
methanol are used to remove residual salt from interstitial or filter water; solvents selected
must not react with the rock.
The commonly used solvents are:
(1-Acetone, 2-Benzene, 3-Benzene–Methol Alcohol, 4-Carbon Tetrachloride, 5-
Chloroform, 6-MethyleneDichloride, 7-Mexane, 8-Naphtha, 9-Tetra Chloroethylene, 10-
Toluene, 11-Trichloro Ethylene, 12-Xylene)

Methods of cleaning:
1- Refluxing in soxhlet apparatus (which is slow but gentle).
2- Flushing in centrifuge (limited to plug size cores and fast).
3- Pressure flushing of solvent through the core (slow)
4. Vapor soaking with condensed toluene dripping on the core.
5- Repeated pressure cycling of carbon dioxide and toluene (relatively fast, but not suitable
for poorly consolidated sand or chalky limestone).
All these techniques are suitable for non-clay and non-gypsum- bearing formations
prior to measurement of permeability and porosity.

5
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Part (1): Core cleaning by soxhlet Extractor

This instrument is used extract and clean all the fluids from the samples used for porosity
and permeability measurements as shown in figures (5). it is best to have two extractors
for extracting fluids to speed up the analyses .Basically, the operation consist of vaporizing
a solvent such as toluene (at approximately 110 0C), filled halfway in the bottom flask,
which permits the greatest area to be exposed for surface vaporization . The vapor passes
to the middle chamber after being condensed at the top chamber by a circulating cold-
water jacket. The condensed solvent gradually fills the middle chamber and eventually is
siphoned back into the boiling flask.
In the repetition of the cycle .the oil and water from the sample being cleaned remain
in the oiling flask since toluene vaporize more readily than water or oil.
The boiling flask contain a breakage of glassware to homogenous distribute of heat
inside the flask and avoid bubbling.
A complete extraction may take several days to several weeks in the case of low API
gravity crude or presence of heavy residual hydrocarbon deposit within the core. Low
permeability rock may also require a long extraction time. The distillation in soxhlet
apparatus is slow. But is gentle on the sample.

Fig (5): Soxhlet Extractor

instrument.

6
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Electrothermal:
This range in Figure (6) provides a convenient, easily set up apparatus which permit the
carrying out of the tests with accurate temperature control, and immunity from fire and
explosion risk.
The introduction of glass wool insulation between the heating element and housing
reduce heat losses to a minimum. The standard aluminum housing supported by rubber
feet is designed for a number of flask capacities. Due to the even distribution of heat over
the entire surface of the vessel, breakage of glassware is reducing considerably .Element
temperature up to 450 0 C (842 0F) can be attained with exact control by the use of energy
regulator.
Dessicator:
This is metal container dividing into top and bottom sections as shown in Figure (7),
the bottom section contains chemical particular which absorb moisture as (cuso4). In the
top part is placed the samples to container is sealed to the lid with petroleum jelly or
thick oil to maintain an air – tight condition.

Fig (6): Electrothermal instrument. Fig (7): Dessicator.

7
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Drying:
The core sample is dried for the purpose of removing connate water from the pores.
Or to remove solvent used in cleaning the cores. Drying poses no problems in stable rocks
and temperature of 240 0F can be maintained with no damage to the cores. Formation of
hydrocarbon clays are best dried with controlled humidity and low temperature conditions.
Critical point drying can be employed when minerals sensitive to phase change (i.e, illite),
are percent.

Oven:
The heated oven will draw any remaining moisture from the cleaned porosity and
permeability samples placed inside. Drying temperatures range from 180- 240 0F. if
problems with clay are expected ,drying thesample at 112 0F and 40 % relative humidity
will not damage the sample.
The alternative drying device is an ordinary cuttings sample drying oven which is
not as efficient and allows the moisture of the atmosphere to interfere with the process.

Fig (8): Oven.

8
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Part (2): Core cleaning and drying by Centrifugal Extractor

The CE-520 centrifugal Extractor is an instrument that provides one of the fastest core
cleaning procedures available. Samples are placed into a chamber that rotates while hot
solvents are dispensed to the cores. The hot solvent is forced into the core samples by
centrifugal force. Solvents are then recycled into a distillation unit where they are distilled
back into the core sample chamber.

Features:
 Rapid extraction of oil, water and salt from consolidated core plug samples.
 Cleans consolidated (and mounted) core samples fester than soaking in a reflux by taking
advantage of centrifugal forces.
 Optional sample holders direct more solvent through the core, not between or around the
core samples.
 A supplied solvent distillation system continuously recycles dirty solvent and delivers
clean solvent to the centrifuge and core samples.
 Maximum operating speed: 3600 RPM.
 Solvent distillation unit offers the operator the ability to collect clean solvent by diverting
flow from the centrifuge to outlet tabulation.

Specifications:
Core diameter: 1.0", 1.5" or 30 mm
Maximum number of samples and length: 8 (1.0" diameter, up to 3" long)

Procedure:
1-Prepare the core samples outside of the system.
2-Rebuild and clean necessary system components.
3-Locate core samples that are equal in size and pair them to be placed in opposing sides
of the inner rotor.
4-Weight the paired core samples and add weight to core sample that is lighter by placing
lead or steel with the core sample on the balance.
9
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

5-Load the matched weight core samples into opposing holes in the inner rotor be sure to
place the aqualizing weight the lighter core sample it is recommended to use flat and place
them on the bottom of the core sample with a piece of flet between the core and weights.
6-Place the loaded and weight matching assemblies into the rotor at positions that are in
direct position to each other. If 1 inch diameter samples are used be sure to use the supplied
sample liners.
7-Load the rest of the samples in the inner rotor, slide the inner rotor down into the outer
rotor cup that inside the centrifuge. Be sure there are on weights or cores protruding from
the inner rotor assembly before attempting to place it down into the cup.
8-close centrifuge top and lock into place.
9-Initiate the centrifuge rotational speed to approximately 1000 RPM or less by slowly
rotating the speed control Knob clockwise on the centrifuge control panel.
10-Monitor for excessive vibration then start again.
11-When the centrifuge is spinning without excessive vibration insure that the distillation
unit effluent tube is connected to the fitting on the top of centrifuge cap.
12-Start the solvent distillation soxhlet by turning the heater on. Also be sure there are
boiling stones in the boiling and solvent begins to reach the centrifuge.
13-Once the distillation soxhlet is boiling and solvent begins to reach the centrifuge.
14-The test is completed when the effluent is clean or when at least 4 hours have passed.
15-Stop the centrifuge by slowly rotating the speed control knob counterclockwise to zero.
Do not use the brake as this may damage core samples.

10
Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Fig (9): Centrifugal Extractor

11
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Experiment Three
Bulk Volume Measurement
Objective:
To measure the bulk volume of core sample by different methods that will need in
porosity calculation.

Introduction:
Although the bulk volume may be computed from measurements of the dimensions of
a uniformly shaped sample, the usual procedure utilizes the observation of the volume of
fluid displaced by the sample. The fluid displaced by a sample can be observed either
volumetrically or gravimetrically. In either procedure it is necessary to prevent the fluid
Penetration into the pore space of the rock. This can be accomplished:

1- By coating the sample with paraffin or a similar substance.

2- By saturating the core with the fluid into which it is to be immersed.
3- By using mercury.

Gravimetric determinations of bulk volume can be accomplished by observing the loss in

weight of the sample when immersed in a fluid or by change in weight of a pycnometer
with and without the core sample.

Types of Apparatuses:

1- Vernier.
2- Mercury pumps porosimeter.
3- Archimedes bulk volume.
4- Electric pycnometer.

12
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Part (1): (Bulk volume measurement by Vernier)

Bulk volume can be determined by callipering a shaped sample as shown in Fig (10), and
applying appropriate mathematical formulas. This technique is rapid, but suffers from
inability to arrive at a valid average diameter by callipering when cores are not right
cylinders.
Bulk volume for cylindrical sample =π/4 D2*L
Where:
D: diameter of sample
L: length of sample in cm.

Fig (10): Vernier.

13
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Part (2): Bulk volume measurement by mercury pump porosimeter

The mercury pumps porosimeter as shown in Fig (11) Consists of a 100 cc
volumetric mercury pump to which a pycnometer vessel is attached. The pycnometer will
take core plug 1.25" long and 1.5" in diameter , the pycnometer has breech locked lid for
pressure sealing .A needle (petcock) valve in the pycnometer lid allows opening and
closing the sample chamber to the atmosphere when the lid is breech locked of the top of
the chamber.
Volumetric readings to an accuracy of 0.01cc can be measured and read directly with
the porosimeter. The mercury pump porosimeter may be used for either the mercury
injection porosity method or the Boyles Law air method. The volume of the porosimeter
vessel is given in a cubic centimeter.
Archimedes principle may be used for cores containing no surface vugs and it yields
accurate volumes. Archimedes state that a body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a
force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.

Fig (11): Mercury pump porosimeter.

14
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Procedure:

1-Remove the breech locked lid from the pycnometer, after first checking that the left
and right hand gauge register at or below zero and the petcock valve on top of the lid is
open.
2-Turn the hand wheel to the left until the mercury level in the pycnometer vessel is at
the inlet hole in the bottom of the pycnometer vessel. All motions of the hand wheel
while making measurement must be made to the right.
3-Put the breech locked lid on the pycnometer, the "F" on the lid surface should initially
be on the right side of the instrument and tighten firmly.
4-Leave the petcock valve open and turn the hand wheel to the right until it reach the
calibration mark( needle valve position),then an initial reading is recorded (RI).
5-Move the hand wheel to the left, when the pycnometer vessel is approximately half full
of mercury, place the sample in the pycnometer.
5. Move the hand wheel to the right until it reach the calibration mark (needle valve
position), then a second reading is recorded (R2).
7. The difference between the two readings represents the bulk volume in cm3

∆𝑽 = 𝑹𝟏 − 𝑹𝟐

Where:
∆𝑉= Bulk volume
R2 = second reading and
R1= first reading.

15
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Part (3): Bulk volume measurement by Archimedes method

The Archimedes bulk volume measurement system is designed to rapidly and

accurately determine the bulk volume (VBulk) of saturated or partially saturated sample
gravimetrically.

Features:
The system is comprised of a digital balance interfaced to a window PC, data
acquisition software, Plexiglas balance stand which houses the submerged weighing work
station, stepper driven articulated sample basket and two stainless steel liquid basins for
solvent or brine.

Procedure:
The VBulk is determined by weighing a sample suspended in air followed by a
weighing submerged under liquid the weight difference is then divided by the liquid
density to give the VBulk of the sample. Measurement time is approximately 20 seconds per
sample with accuracy of ± 0.001 cc. sample placement into and removal from the liquid,
data acquisition, data reduction and storage functions are performed the operating software
running on a windows based PC.

Fig (12): Archimedes device.

16
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Part (4): Bulk volume measurement by electric pycnometer

The Electric Pycnometer as shown in Fig. 3: is an instrument for determining the
bulk volume of plugs. Volume is determined by mercury displacement rather than
weighing, with electrical indication of the volume.

Description of Apparatus:
The instrument consist of a "U" tube with one leg large enough to accept standard
cores and the other leg containing a micrometer screw and dial to accurately measure the
height of mercury column. An electrical contact between the micrometer screw and the
surface of the mercury, lights a neon glow lamp which aids in precision of determination
of the height of the mercury column.

Fig (13): Electric Pycnometer.

17
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Procedure:
1-Place Electric Pycnometer on firm level surface, preferably nonmetallic.
2-Adjust micrometer screw to zero reading.
3-Using clean mercury, fill Pycnometer to level of point of micrometer screw as indicated
by lighting of neon glow lamp.
4-Make fine adjustment of mercury level by means of adjustment screw at side of
Pycnometer. This screw displaces mercury and may be screwed in or out to adjust level.
Be sure the cap is on the large core chamber during this procedure.
5-Remove the cap from the core chamber. Insert the core whose volume is to be measured
and replace the cap, noting that the core is pushed below the mercury surface by the prongs
on the cap.
6-Turn the micrometer screw upward until contact is broken as indicated by the neon glow
lamp, then turn down until contact is just made.
7-Note reading the micrometer screw and vernier, and from the attached calibration chart
as shown in Fig (_) determine the bulk volume of the core in cubic centimeters.
8-Remove core, being careful not to remove mercury as this will change the zero setting.
Cubic centimeter

Micro reading
Fig (14): Electric Pycnometer calibration chart.

18
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Experiment Four
Porosity measurement

Objective:
To measure the porosity of core sample by using different methods:
-Porosity determination by liquid saturation method
-Effective porosity by Mercury Injection
-Effective Porosity by Air Injection (Kobe Methods)
-Absolute porosity by crushing

Theory:
Porosity is defined as the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume. Its determination
requires measurement of two of three variable, pore volume (PV), bulk volume (BV),
and grain volume (GV); the latter refers to nonporous solids comprising the rock matrix,
and when combined with pore volume yield the bulk volume as shown in Fig 1.

𝑃𝑉
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ∗ 100
𝐵𝑉

𝐵𝑉 − 𝐺𝑉
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ∗ 100
𝐵𝑉

𝑃𝑉
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ∗ 100
𝑃𝑉 + 𝐵𝑉

Total pore space is defined as all pores space, whether it exists as an isolated pore sealed
by secondary deposition, or connected to other pores.

Effective pore space is composed of interconnected pores. Only the latter contributes to
production, but certain down-hole logs sense the total porosity .Laboratory technique are
available to evaluate both types of porosity when required.

19
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Part (1): Porosity determination by liquid saturation method

Pore volume may be directly measured on a cleaned and dried core by Resaturation
of void space .Techniques include evacuation and pressure saturation with liquid. Fig
(15) show the apparatus.
In the saturation method a clean dry sample is weighted (Wd), then saturated 100% with
a liquid , and weighted again (Ws) ,Knowing the density of the saturation fluid ( s )
yields the pore volume (VP) .It is calculated using the following equations:

𝑊𝑠 − 𝑊𝑑
𝑉𝑃 =
𝜌𝑠
Then effective porosity is calculated by:

𝑃𝑉
∅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ∗ 100
𝐵𝑉

If care is exercised to achieve complete saturation, this procedure is believed to be the

best available technique for intergranular materials

Advantage of this method include:

A-Many samples can be handled at one time
B-Provides a direct measurement of pore volume

Procedure:
1-The bulk volume of the core is measured by mercury displacement in the porosimeter
and read directly on the volume scale or with caliper.
2-The sample is usually evacuated in a vacuum flask to which the saturation fluid may be
admitted by means of a separatory funnel .Run vacuum pump about 1 hour.
3-Saturate the core with NACl brine or any suitable liquid.
4-Weight the Saturated cores,Ws.

20
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Limitation of this method include:

1-The procedure is relatively slow in regard to total elapsed time of measurement due to
vacuum process.
2-The procedure is basically accurate but limited to the samples which can be 100-percent
saturated and weight successfully determined
3-Cores containing surface vugs are not recommended for porosity determination by this
method because of the potential loss of liquid from the vugs during the weighting process.
If liquid is lost, this volume would not be included in the pore volume, and erroneously
low porosity will be calculated.

Fig (15): Apparatus of porosity determination by

liquid saturation (picture and schematic
shape)

21
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Part (2): Effective porosity by Mercury Injection

Porosity by mentioned methods, at this case, mercury injection is used, the principle
consist of forcing mercury under relatively high pressure, (usually 750 psi) in the rock
pores. A pressure gauge is attached to the pump for reading pressure under which
measured fluid is forced into the pores .the volume of mercury entering the core sample
is obtained from the device with mercury up to 0.01 cm3.the mercury injection method is
accurate if careful technique is used and the measurement made precisely. Errors result
when air is trapped in and around the sample. The sample cannot be reused or data
checked by a second run since the pore spaces have been filled with mercury.

Procedure and calculation:

1-Measure the bulk volume for a given sample in the pycnometer.

2-Close the petcock valve and turn the hand wheel slowly to the right until 750 psig is
registered on the gauge. the volume scale on the instrument gives the apparent pore
volume ( VPapp) , which must be corrected for instrument volumetric deviation when
pressure is raised from atmospheric pressure to 750 psig, the correction factor ( Fc) is
obtained as described in steps A,B, and C.
A-remove the core from the pycnometer and displace mercury into the pycnometer until
it appears in the pycnometer valve seats.
B-set the scale to zero without turning the hand –crank.
C-close the pycnometer valve and increase the pressure to 750 psig .the volumetric
correction factor (Fc) is the volume mercury displaced by the piston when the pressure
in the mercury filled instrument is raised from zero to the reference pressure (750 psig).
3-As mercury fills the pore space of the sample, the pressure on the gauge will decrease.
Turn the hand wheel until the pressure remains constant.
4-read the whole number on the pore volume scale. Use the left slanting figures opposite
the hand wheel dial index.
5-VP= (VPapp. –Fc) +Vc
Where: Vc is used to account for compression of air trapped in the core Boyl's l aw can be
used to calculate Vc.
6-The effective porosity is calculated by using the formula:

22
Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

𝑷𝑽
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑩𝑽

Fig (16): Mercury pump porosimeter.

23
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Part (3): Effective Porosity by Air Injection (Kobe Method)

The mercury porosimeter is designed to yield bulk volume as well as pore volume.
The mercury porosimeter (Fig.3) lends itself to use by two method. The Kobe porosimeter
consist of a mercury pump, pressure gauge gas inlet and outlet valves, and a sample
chamber. In this method a fixed volume of air at atmospheric pressure is compressed to an
indicated volume at a reference pressure, usually 30 psi .this procedure then repeated with
the core sample in the pycnometer, providing data from which the core grain volume is
readily calculated. Since the sample have been penetrated only by air, it can be used for
additional core analysis test.

Fig (17): The Mercury porosimeter

Procedure:
Grain volume is calculated by backing the mercury pump out to a" preset" volume.
During this portion of the test the sample is not immersed in mercury, the pressure in the
cell is vented to atmospheric pressure (PI), mercury is pumped into the sample cell (gas
outlet valve shut) and the new pressure (P2) is recoreded. Knowing the volume of mercury
in the cell, the empty preset volume of the cell , and the pressures, Boyles Law can be used
to calculate grain volume (P1x V1=P2 xv2 ). The technique is fairly rapid, and is valid on
clean and dry sample.

24
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Steps:
The following steps is to measure a given volume of air under compression in the
pycnometer:
1-Turn the hand wheel to the left (counter – clockwise) and empty the pycnometer of
mercury. Be careful not to the mercury fall too far below the inlet hole in the bottom of the
pycnometer vessel.
2-Open valve for the right-hand low pressure gauge. Bring the bead of mercury to the inlet
hole with a right- hand motion of the hand wheel .push the volume scale slide against its
stop. Using the right slanting figures.
3-Turn the hand wheel to the right until volume scale index opposite 40 cc and the hand
wheel slipping dial is indexed at zero cc.
4-Place the lid on the pycnometer, tighten as in the mercury injection procedure and close
petcock valve.
5-Turn the hand wheel to the right 30 psi. The pressure remain constant. Record the volume
scale index and the decimal portion on the hand wheel slipping dial.
6-Referring to the graph in Fig.4; make a dot on the graph paper at the appropriate position
on the volume Vf axis .since there is no solid object in the pycnometer, the grain volume
Vg which equals zero.in the particular exam of Fig .4.the Vf is 10.60 cc. Release the air
pressure slowly by loosening the petcock valve.
7-Take the three metal plugs from their case, they are purposely of different sizes to create,
with the volumetric measurement of each plug, a line which delineates, starting with the
zero grain volume. Grain volume of increasingly larger plugs at the same pressure 30 psi
none of the metal plugs has porosity, so in effect the grain volume is the bulk volume. An
approximate measurement of the plugs might be 13, 14, 15 cc on the V f axis. Repeat the
procedure with each plug in the pycnometer vessel. Starting with smallest plug first.
8-Don’t turn the hand wheel back to 40cc after recording the Vf of each plug. Instead, open
the petcock valve slowly, turn the hand wheel to the right until a bead of mercury appears
at the petcock valve seat .This producers the volume of the plug in the pycnometer Vg grain
volume. Approximate values for Vg corresponding to Vf values in paragraph (7) are 3, 4.3,
5.5 cc.
9-Plot the figures the reference volume Vf and grain volume Vg on prepared graph paper
as shown Fig .18.

25
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

10-Place the sample in the pycnometer, record the sample reference volume and project it
across the graph from the Vf axis, make a tick mark to the grain volume axis.
11-Subtract the grain volume from the bulk volume to establish the pore volume.
12-The effective porosity calculates by using the formula:

Fig (18): Air porosity measurement graph

26
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Part (4): Absolute porosity by crushing

This method applies specifically to rock material which has grains such as sands
and sandstone sand can be crushed with mortar and pestal the method is very difficult to
apply to carbonate rocks due to their hardness and lack of individual grains.
The measurement of the grain volume of a core sample may be also be based on the loss
in weight of a saturated sample plunged in a liquid.
The volume of the crushed sample is then determined by (either pycnometer or)
immersing in a suitable liquid. It is very important that no grains or fluids are lost in
making the following measurement.

Procedure:
1. Weight sample after drying and record weight
2. Obtained the bulk volume as in the mercury injection method.
3. Crush the sample to grain size using the mortar and pestle. Transfer the crushed grains
to a liquid voltmeter which contains a measured amount of toluene .record the amount of
fluid.
4. Record the increased volume of fluid observed, which the volume of the liquid and
sand grains volume.
5. Subtract the amount of fluid from the volume of the liquid and the sand grains and
record the sand grains volume.
6. The pore volume equals the bulk volume minus the grain volume.
7. Total porosity is calculated by using the formula:

𝑩𝑽 − 𝑮𝑽
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝑩𝑽

Fig (19): the mortar and pestle

27
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Experiment Five
Fluid Saturation
Fluid saturation is defined as the ratio of the volume of a fluid in a given core
sample to the pore volume of the sample.

𝑉𝑤 𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑔
𝑆w = 𝑆𝑂 = 𝑆𝑔 =
𝑉𝑝 𝑉𝑝 𝑉𝑝

Sw+So+Sg=1

Where Vw, VO, Vg and Vp are water, oil, gas and pore volumes respectively and SW, So
and Sg are water, oil and gas saturations. Note that fluid saturation may be reported either
as a fraction of effective porosity .since fluid in pore spaces that are not meaningful if
expressed on the basis of effective porosity.

Methods commonly used for fluid saturation determination include:

1. Vacuum distillation where high vacuum and 450°F are used to recover oil and water.
2. Distillation extraction where water is distilled and oil extracted by appropriate solvents
(also known as Dean Stark method).
3. The retort method at atmospheric pressure and temperatures up to 1200°F.

Fluid Saturation Determination by Dean-Stark method

Objective:
The objective of the experiment is to determine the oil, water and gas saturation of a core
sample.

Apparatus:
The dean-stark distillation provides a direct determination of water content. The oil and
water area extracted by dripping a solvent, usually toluene or a mixture of acetone and
chloroform, over the plug samples. In this method, the water and solvent are vaporized,

28
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

re-condensed in a cooled tube in the top of the apparatus and the water is collected in a
calibrated chamber.

Fig (20): Dean –Stark Apparatus

Procedure:
1-Weigh a clean, dry thimble. Use tongs to handle the thimble.
2-Place the cylindrical core plug inside the thimble, then quickly weigh the thimble and
sample.
3-Fill the extraction flask two-thirds full with toluene. Place the thimble with sample into
the neck flask.
4-Tighten the ground joint fittings, but don’t apply any lubricant for creating tighter
joints.
5-Start circulating cold water in the condenser.
6-Turn on the heating jacket or plate and adjust the rate of boiling so that the reflux from
the condenser is a few drops of solvent for second, the water circulation rate should be

29
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

adjusted so that excessive cooling does not prevent the condenser solvent from reaching
the core sample.
7-Continue the extraction until the solvent is clear. Change solvent if necessary.
8-Read the volume of collected water in the graduated tube. Turn off the heater and
cooling water and place the sample into the oven (from 1050 Co to 1200 Co), until the
sample weight does not change. The dried sample should be stored in a desiccator.
9-Obtain the weight of the thimble and the dry core.
10-Calculate the loss in weight WL of the core sample due to the removal of oil and
water.
11-Calculate the oil, water and gas saturations after the pore volume Vp of the sample is
determined.

Calculation:
WL= Worg - Wdry
Wo= WL - Ww
Vb= π/4 D^2*L
VP= ϕ Vb
Where:
Worg: weight of original saturated sample.
Wdry: weight of desaturated and dry sample.
Wo: oil weight.
WL: loss weight.
D: diameter of core sample.
L: length of core sample.

30
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Experiment Six
Permeability Determination
Permeability is a property of the porous medium and is a measure of capacity of the
medium to transmit fluids. Permeability is a tensor that in general is a function of pressure.
Usually, the pressure dependence is neglected in reservoir calculations, but the variation
with position can be pronounced. Very often the permeability varies by several
magnitudes, and such heterogeneity will of course influence any oil recovery.
Its unit is the Darcy. The millidarcy (one thousandth of a Darcy) is used in core analysis.
One Darcy is defined as that permeability permitting a fluid of one centipoise viscosity to
flow at a rate of one cubic centimeter per second through a cross-sectional area of square
centimeter when the pressure gradient is one atmosphere per centimeter.
Equation below of a non-compressible fluid for flow such as oil and basic units (Darcy
low):
Q= K. ∆P. A/µ.L
Where:
Q: Flow rate cc/sec
∆P: Pressure differential, atmosphere
A: Area cm^2
µ: Fluid viscosity, centipoise
L: Length, cm
K: Permeability, Darcy’s

Fig (21): Fluid flow through a porous medium

31
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Permeability is a constant when:

1-No reaction between the rock and flowing fluid occurs.
2-Laminar flow exists.
3-One fluid completely saturates the core.
These conditions exist during conventional core analysis measurement which yields
specific absolute permeability.

Classification of permeability:
1- Absolute permeability (K):
If a single fluid is flowing alone in a porous medium, the permeability is known as
absolute permeability. In other words it is the permeability at 100% saturation of a given
fluid. Its unit is Darcy.
2- Effective Permeability (Ke):
If more than one fluid are present in the pore space, the permeability is clear that the
effective permeability, it is less than or equal to the absolute permeability and is a
function of the fluid saturation as well as the absolute permeability of the rock. Its unit is
Darcy.
3- Relative permeability (Kr):
The relative permeability is the ratio of the effective permeability to the absolute
permeability and is a function of the fluid saturation only, it’s a dimensionless
parameters.

32
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Part (1): Permeability measurement by liquid Permeameter

Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to measure the absolute permeability of water
using a method based on Darcy theory.

Introduction:
Permeability is measured by passing a fluid of known viscosity through a known
dimension core sample and then measuring flow rate and pressure drop.
Various technique are used for permeability measurements of cores depending on sample
dimensions and shape, degree of consolidation, type of fluid used, ranges of confining
and fluid pressure applied and range of permeability of the core sample.

Principle of permeability Determination by liquid permeameter:

Flow rate is controlled by the upstream gas pressure regulator, the resultant liquid
flow rate through the sample is determined by measuring the time required for the liquid
meniscus to pass between the calibration marks of the calibrated measurement tune,
measurement can be made at different flow rates to ensure that the rate in Darcian
region.

Apparatus:

Fig (22): Liquid Permeameter (PERL-200)

33
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Procedure:
1-Filling PERL-200 and close V4 then pour brine into the reservoir until is fill.
2-Disconnect the tubing from PERL-200 to the fancher core holder at the core holder
end.
3-Turn V2 to vent and V3 to fill, open V4 to allow the measurement tube to gravity fill
with brine, stop the flow using V4, when the brine reaches the top of the measurement
tube.
4-Direct the disconnected tubing into a suitable container, turn V3 to the flow position,
and continue brine flow by gravity from the measurement tube until no air is produced
from the tubing. (It may necessary to refill the measurement tube as previously described.
And repeat the sequence), stop the brine flow by turning V3 to fill position, then connect
the tubing to the bottom port of the core holder.
5-Plece the brine- saturated core plug to be evaluated in the fancher core holder, be sure
that the inlet port of the core holder and any space beneath the core plug are completely
filled with brine so that no air is injected into the sample.
6-Refill the reservoir if needed, then refill the measurement tube to a point above the
upper calibrated mark then close V4.
7-Connect the regulator air supply to the instrument, set supply regulator to
approximately 25 psig, make sure that valve V3 is in the fill position, open valve V1 and
adjust the flow pressure by rotating the handle of the regulator. (The flow pressure should
be estimated from air permeability data, if available so that a flow rate between 1 and 6
cc/min is anticipated).
8-make sure that V2 is turned to the flow position and start the timer or stopwatch when
the brine meniscus reach the upper calibration mark of the measurement tube, stop the
timer when the meniscus reach the lower calibration mark, turn V3 to the fill position to
stop flow through the sample.
9-Record the time required for the 10 cc of brine to pass through the sample, record the
upstream during the flow.

34
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Calculation:

K= 14500 V µ L/∆P T A
Where:
K: permeability (md).
V: flow volume (ml).
L: length of flow (cm).
µ: viscosity (cP).
T: time (seconds).
A: cross section area of flow (cm2).

35
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Part (2): Permeability Measurement by gas Permeameter

(Cement Permeameter)

Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to measure the permeability of core sample by
using gas Permeameter.

Klinkenberg Effect:

Klinkenberg has reported variations in permeability determined by using gases as the

flowing fluid compared to those obtained when using non-reactive liquids. These
variations were considered to be due to slippage, a phenomenon well known with respect
to gas flow in capillary tubes. The phenomenon of gas slippage occurs when the diameter
of the capillary openings approach the mean free path of the gas. The mean free path of
a gas is a function of molecular size and the kinetic energy of the gas. Therefore,
permeability of gas depends on factors which influence the mean free path, such as
temperature, pressure and the molecular size of the
gas.
Fig (23) is a plot of the permeability of a porous medium as determined at various mean
pressures using three different gases. Note that for each gas a straight line is obtained for
the observed permeability as a function of the reciprocal of the mean pressure of the test.
All the lines when extrapolated to infinite mean pressure (1/Pm ~ 0) intercept the
permeability axis at a common point. This point is designated kL, or the equivalent liquid
permeability.

36
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Fig (23): Variation in gas Permeability with mean pressure and type of gas

Apparatus: The Gas

Permeameter (as shown in Fig 24) is designed to measure the flow of air through a core
sample by forcing air into the sample. The amount of air pressure applied to the sample is
measured by a floating ball in any one of three different sized flow meters and a pressure
control valve.
Pressure gage
Flowmeter
Steady state scale
Flowmeter valve
Core holder
Regulator
Nitrogen supply valve

Fig (24): Cement Permeameter Apparatus.

37
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Procedure:

1-Prepare the cylindrical core sample (plug), and measure the dimensions of it (diameter
and length) by a sliding Vernier.
2-Place a dry specimen into the rubber specimen holder and place the specimen holder
into the sleeve.
3-Place the sleeve between the pressure plates on the Permeameter. Make sure the face of
the core does not come in contact with the surface of the pressure plates.
4-Using your hand, screw the bottom plates upwards as tight as possible to insure a good
seal between the specimen and the rubber specimen holder.
5-Turn the pressure regulator fully counter-clockwise and open the "Nitrogen supply"
valve .
6-Open the valve on flowmeter1 by turning it fully counter-clockwise. Flowmeter2 is
much more sensitive than flowmeter1. If flowmeter1 does not register any appreciable
flow rate at 180 PSI (1249 Kpa), close the valve on flowmeter1, open the valve on
flowmeter2, and take all subsequent readings from flowmeter2.
7-Turn the regulator clockwise until the steady state scale reading (center of float) on the
flowmeter registers 10. Record the inlet pressure (P1) from the pressure
gauge.
8-Continue opening the regulator. Record the inlet pressure at every increment of 10
units on the steady state scale.

38
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Calculation:
Permeability is calculated via Darcy's law, which is stated mathematically:
K=2000 Po Q µ L / A (Pi^2 – Po^2)
Where:
K= permeability (md).
Po= outlet pressure (atm.).
Pi= inlet pressure (atm.).
Q= flow rate (cc/sec).
µ= viscosity (cP.), the viscosity of nitrogen is 0.1756 cp at ambient conditions.
L= specimen length (cm).
A= cross sectional area (cm2).

39
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

The scale reading is determined by observing the center of the float in the flowmeter. Use
the corresponding flow rate (Q) in the equation:
Flowmeter 1 Flowmeter 2
Scale reading Flow rate (cc/min) Scale reading Flow rate (cc/min)
150 139.2 150 30.97
140 124.5 140 27.77
130 111.4 130 25.08
120 98.5 120 21.87
110 89.7 110 19.17
100 81 100 17.31
90 70.9 90 15.3
80 63.2 80 12.85
70 55.9 70 10.94
60 49.6 60 9.65
50 41.3 50 7.98
40 31.1 40 5.41
30 25.3 30 5.11
20 22.9 20 4.05
10 17.6 10 2.94

-Calculate air permeability from Eq. above in calculation.

-Calculate mean pressure (Pm). Where Pm=Pi+Po/2.
-Plot K versus 1/P m and calculate K i .

40
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Experiment Seven
Capillary Pressure Determination

Capillary pressure may be defined as the differential pressure that exists between two
fluids (two liquids, or a liquid and gas) as a result of interface curvature that separates
them. The relationship between saturation and capillary pressure follows the patterns of
Fig (25).
Capillary pressure has two important effects in oil and gas reservoirs:
First, it controls the distribution of fluids in an untapped reservoir.
Secondly; it is mechanism whereby oil and gas move through reservoir pore spaces.

Fig (25): Example of capillary pressure curves.

41
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

The Mercury injection capillary pressure Apparatus as shown in Fig .2. is employed for
the rapid accurate determination of capillary pressure – fluid saturation relationship in
porous media. In particular, the determination of capillary pressure curves leads to the
evaluation of connate water percentage associated with the reservoir rocks.
The apparatus is not subjected to the pressure limitations of the restored state equipment,
since it has a working pressure up to 2000 psi. Additionally, uniform shaped test
specimens are not essential.
The mercury injection apparatus consist of a modified 100 cc , Ruska volumetric pump,
to which high pressure pycnometer is attached ,Samples up to 1"in diameter and 1.5"
long can be accommodate .A screw ring locks the lid to the cup to provide pressure and
vacuum tight seal. The pycnometer is provided with upper and lower observation
windows for viewing the mercury level reference marks. The pump scale and micrometer
dial, which permit direct reading to 0.01 cc and estimation to 0.001cc, indicate the
volume of mercury charged to or withdrawn from the sample chamber.
The pycnometer lid is connected to the control assembly by means of a fixable high
pressure hose. The control equipment allows the accurate measurement and the
application of gas pressure to the pycnometer. The assembly consist of three gages.0-2
atm. Absolute, 0-15 atm. Absolute,0150 atm. Absolute, a vacuum gage and five high
pressure control valves interconnected behind a panel. The low range gage are equipped
with relief valves to prevent damage from accidental overloads. Required auxiliary
equipment, which is not furnished, includes a vacuum pump, and bottled nitrogen.

42
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

With an extracted and dried test specimen in the pycnometer, the system is evacuated.
Mercury is injected into the chamber by pump operation until the mercury level attains
the upper reference mark. The bulk volume of the core is calculated from the pump scale
and dial reading, since prior to operation, the scale and dial are zeroed with respect to one
of the reference marks.

Fig (26): Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure Apparatus.

Nitrogen is subsequence admitted to the system to affect a desired increase in pressure in

the mercury immersing the specimens. As mercury penetrates the specimen, the mercury
immersing the specimen, as mercury penetrates the specimen, the mercury level will
recede from the upper reference mark, mercury is injected into the chamber again by
pump operation until the level returns to the reference mark. The change in the pump
reading is the measure of the volume of mercury which had entered specimen under the
test pressure. Using the desired gas pressure increments, the above procedure is repeated
until the required pressure level is attained or sufficient data are accumulated.

43
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Procedure:
The following steps are employed to obtain a mercury capillary – pressure saturation
relationship:
1-A suitably dried and extracted sample of core or cuttings is placed in the pycnometer
chamber.
2-The pycnometer lid is locked in position, and by hand wheel manipulation, the pump
metering plunger is withdrawn fully.
3-The panel valve leading to the vacuum source and pressure gage are opened. The
system is evacuated until an absolute pressure is attained; the time required is depend on
the condition of the equipment and sample.
4-The vacuum valve is closed, and the pump metering plunger is advanced until the
mercury level reach the lower pycnometer reference mark.
5-The pump scale and hand wheel dial are seat to the read graduation.
6-Mercury is injected into the pycnometer until its level reach the upper reference mark
.the bulk volume of the sample is read directly on the movable pump scale and hand
wheel dial numbers slanting right.
7-The movable pump scale and hand wheel dial are adjusted to read
0.0 cc.
8-By throttling with the bleed valve, gas is admitted to the system until the mercury level
has recorded 3-5 mm below the upper reference mark or the desired pressure increase has
been affected.
9-The pump is operated so as to displace mercury into the pycnometer and again raise the
level to the upper mark.
10-The low pressure gage reading and the corresponding volume scale and hand wheel
dial readings, using the dial figures slanting left and supplemental 0-5 cc graduated
interval on the scale.

44
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

11-Steps 8, 9 and 10 repeated, for each increment increase in system pressure the
resulting volume reading and corresponding pressure are noted.
12-When the system pressure reaches the limit of the 0-2 atm gage ,the gage is isolated
from the system during subsequent measurements by closing the appropriate panel valve
,the 0-15 atm gage is employed until its limits is reached, whereupon it likewise is
isolated.
13-When the test has been completed, the panel nitrogen valve is closed. System pressure
is reduced to atmospheric by bleeding gas through the panel bleed valve.
14-The pore volume of specimen will have been measured prior to capillary pressure
tests. In order to demonstrate calculation of the mercury saturation at each pressure, each
of the mercury saturation is divided by the pore volume; the resulting quotients, when
multiplied by 100, are equal to the percent of the pore volume occupied by mercury.
15-The mercury capillary pressure associated with respective mercury saturations. These
pressure and saturation data are graphically related as in Fig 25.

45
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Experiment Eight
Calibration of Pressure Gage
Objective:

The objective of this experiment is to assess the accuracy of a pressure gage with a
dead weight gage tester.

Introduction:

A dead-weight tester is a device used for balancing a fluid pressure with a known weight.

Typically, it is used for static calibration of pressure gages there are three primary
components of this device: a fluid that transmits the pressure, a weight and piston used to
apply the pressure, and an attachment point for the gage to be calibrated. The weight
applies a force over a precisely known area, thereby applying a known pressure to the
fluid, the reservoir accumulates oil displaced by the vertical piston during tests when a
large range of weights are used for a given gage. The adjusting piston is used to make
sure that the vertical piston is freely floating on the oil.

The accuracies of dead-weight tester are limited due to:

1-The friction between the cylinder and the piston.
2-The uncertainty in the area of piston.
3-The buoyancy error.
4-Gravity error.

46
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Apparatus:

Fig (27): Instrument of Dead Weight Tester.

Procedure:
1-Attach the gage.
2-Select a weight and place it on the vertical piston.
3-Move the handle of the adjusting piston to insure that the weight and piston are
supported by oil, not the bottom stop.
4-Spin the vertical piston to insure it is floating freely.
5-Record the gage reading and the weight.
6-Repeat steps 2 through 5 for increasing and decreasing weights for each gage. Be sure
to cover as much of the range of the gage that can be achieved with available weights
7-For each gage tested, draw two curves plot of the pressure indicated on the gage versus
the pressure of the oil in the dead weight tester. Is the discrepancy between the pressure
gage reading and the pressure applied by the weight on the dead weight tester.

47
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Experiment Nine
Grain volume and Density determination
Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to determination the density and grain volume.

Introduction:
The grain volume of pore samples is sometimes calculated from sample weight and
knowledge of average density. Formations of varying lithology and, hence, grain density
limit applicability of this method. Boyle’s law is often employed with helium as the gas
to determine grain volume. The technique is fairly rapid, and is valid on clean and dry
sample.
The measurement of the grain volume of a core sample may also be based on the loss in
weight of a saturated sample plunged in a liquid.
Grain volume may be measured by crushing a dry and clean core sample. The volume of
crushed sample is then determined by (either pycnometer) or immersing in a suitable
liquid.

Apparatus:
Instrument include: Sample chamber, matrix cup (grain volume cell) for one-inch
diameter samples, includes five calibrated disks for system calibration, Integrated
pressure transducer, reference cell, gas flow manifold assembly, Digital data read-out,
Thermometer and Associated plumbing

48
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Fig (28): PORG-200 instrument

System Grain Volume Calibration:

1-After performing a leak test and transducer test and transducer zero check, connect
the matrix cup to instrument ,place a reference disk into the matrix cup, record the
identification number of the disk .
2- turn sample valve to the vent position , turn gas inlet valve in on , pressurize the
system to approximately 100 psi , Adjust the pressure by rotating , he handle of the
regulator , close gas inlet ( off position ) , record the upstream pressure p1.
3-Turn sample valve to Expand. Direct the helium into the matrix cup, observe the
upstream pressure until a stable reading is obtained.
4- Record the stabilized pressure reading, p2
5- Turn sample valve to vent, remove the calibration disk
Repeat the procedure until all the calibration disks have been run , as well as various
combinations of the disks

49
 Petrophysical Properties Laboratory Second stage

Plot p1/p2 versus the grain volume of the disks in the cup
The equation line can be obtained and used to determine the grain volume for the core
plug

Grain volume determination:

1-After performing system grain volume calibration, place the core plug in matrix cup
2-Turn valve sample valve to the vent position, open valve gas inlet to on , pressurize the
system to approximately 25 psi , adjust the pressure by rotating the handle of the
regulator
3-Close gas inlet (off position) and Record the upstream pressure P1
4-turn sample valve to expand, directing the helium into the matrix cup
5-observe the upstream pressure until a stable reading is obtained, record the stabilized
pressure reading, P2
6-Enter the recorded values into the line equation to calculate the Grain Volume of the
core sample.

Calculations:

Grain volume can be calculated by line equation:

Y=b+m x
Y= P1/P2
b= y intercept
m= slop
x= grain volume (VG)

50