LOGIC AND CITICAL THINKING

Multiple Choice/ True False

1. Logic is the study of how people actually a. True
think—flaws, warts, and all. b. False
a. True 13. Aristotle wrote the first logic textbook
b. False in history.
2. According to the text, philosophy and a. True
myth have this in common: Both offer b. False
explanations of the world. 14. According to the text, logic is:
a. True a. One of the most difficult of all
b. False academic subjects
3. According to the text, logic was taught in b. One of the oldest of all
ancient times and then was not taught academic subjects
again until the twentieth century. c. The academic subject with the
a. True shortest history
b. False d. A branch of psychology
4. According to the text, philosophy differs e. Thebes
from myth in this way: Philosophy seeks 15.The Plato’s Academy was located in:
rational explanations, whereas myth a. Sparta
does not. b. Athens
a. True c. America
b. False d. Thebes
5. Thales was an Egyptian philosopher e. None of the above
who carried philosophy to the Greeks.
a. True Argument or Non-Argument
b. False 16.The Beatles were the greatest rock band
6. Logic is defined in the text as the study of all times.
of the standards of correct or good a. Argument
reasoning. b. Non-Argument
a. True 17.If the French had not helped, the
b. False Americans probably would not have
7. Inductive reasoning seeks to show that won the Revolutionary War.
the conclusion is probably true but not a. Argument
certain. b. Non-Argument
a. True 18.It is impossible that something pop into
b. False being from nothing. But the universe
8. Aristotle studied under Plato. was not created. Therefore, the universe
a. True must have simply existed from all
b. False eternity.
9. According to the text, Plato is the a. Argument
founder of logic as an academic subject. b. Non-Argument
a. True 19.It is impossible that something existed
b. False before time began. But time began when
10.According to the text, logic was founded the universe began. Therefore, it is
in ancient India and then copied by the impossible that something created the
ancient Greeks. universe.
a. True a. Argument
b. False b. False
11.According to the text, Socrates is the
founder of logic.
a. True 20.Part of the road from Lexington,
b. False Massachusetts, to Concord,
12. Chapter 1 offers reasoning in support of Massachusetts, is named "Battle Road"
the claim that not all acts of reasoning in honor of the historic battle fought on
are equally reasonable or logical.
GUL E FARIS ZAMAN
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 LOGIC AND CITICAL THINKING
Multiple Choice/ True False
the very spot the morning of April 19, a. Argument
1775. b. Non-argument
a. Argument 28.Both Plato and Aristotle were
b. Non-Argument philosophers, both were male, both
21.If rocking-horse people eat were from Greece, and both wrote
marshmallow pies, then Lucy will take a political works.
newspaper taxi to the sky. There she a. Argument
will find cellophane flowers of yellow b. Non-argument
and green, towering over her head as 29.Plato wrote The Republic, and The
people walk by slowly. The flowers Republic was written by an ancient
there grow so incredibly high! Greek philosopher. Plato must then be
a. Argument an ancient Greek philosopher.
b. Non-Argument a. Argument
22.The Marx Brothers did vaudeville before b. Non-argument
they got into the movies. So did the 30.Mary and Ian went together to work on
Three Stooges. They were sure funny, Wednesday, got into an automobile
weren’t they? accident, and were late. Their boss was
a. Argument having a meeting that day, and they
b. Non-argument missed it.
23.In the last election, our opponent a. Argument
unleashed a smear campaign against b. Non-argument
our candidate, but it happened on the 31.Mary and Ian left for work on
last day of the campaign, so we didn’t Wednesday but decided to go to the
have time to respond. As a result, we movies instead. Their boss was having a
lost the election. meeting that day, and they missed it.
a. Argument That is why they did not hear about the
b. Non-argument layoffs.
24.The light from that star displays a a. Argument
peculiar wobble. The only possible b. Non-argument
explanation of the wobble is that the 32.Mary and Ian, you are irresponsible. You
star has an unseen planet. So, it is should not have gone to the movies,
reasonable to conclude that the star has especially when you had an important
a planet. meeting. You should always go to
a. Argument meetings.
b. Non-argument a. Argument
25.First we stopped and got hamburgers. b. Non-argument
About an hour later we stopped for 33.Mary and Ian drove together to work
some tacos. Then we stopped for a every day this year and worked. People
corndog about two hours later. At who go to work every day and work
dinner we got fish and chips and onion hard usually do get raises. Thus, Mary
rings and a couple hotdogs. After that, and Ian probably will get a raise.
we got sick. a. Argument
a. Argument b. Non-argument
b. Non-Argument 34.Some people do not go to work
26.Joan studies every day for her regularly. For example, Mary and Ian
philosophy class and writes very started to go to work on Wednesday but
carefully for her papers. She also takes decided to return home to practice their
complete notes. We can conclude that tennis. This shows poor work habits.
Joan will likely do well in her class. a. Argument
a. Argument b. Non-argument
b. Non-argument 35.Plato believed the Forms were more
27.Jenny likes ice cream. John likes football. real than matter. So, Plato has been
Jenny likes reading. called an "Idealist."
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 LOGIC AND CITICAL THINKING
Multiple Choice/ True False
a. Argument c. Exclamatory
b. Non-argument d. Imperative
45.Do you like ice cream?
Interrogative, Declarative, Exclamatory, or a. Interrogative
Imperative b. Declarative
Are the following sentences interrogative, c. Exclamatory
declarative, exclamatory, or imperative? d. Imperative
46.An artist, wow!
36.If today is Tuesday, then tomorrow is a. Interrogative
Wednesday. b. Declarative
a. Interrogative c. Exclamatory
b. Declarative d. Imperative
c. Exclamatory 47.Matter is the only thing in the universe.
d. Imperative a. Interrogative
37.I love ice cream. b. Declarative
a. Interrogative c. Exclamatory
b. Declarative d. Imperative
c. Exclamatory 48. As "argument" is defined in the text,
d. Imperative every argument has exactly one
38.Darn! conclusion.
a. Interrogative a. True
b. Declarative b. False
c. Exclamatory 49.As "argument" is defined in the text,
d. Imperative some arguments may have no premises
39.Do you know where Seattle is? at all.
a. Interrogative a. True
b. Declarative b. False
c. Exclamatory 50.According to the text, Aristotle defined
d. Imperative truth as the correspondence of a
40.Philosophy is my favorite class. statement or proposition with reality.
a. Interrogative a. True
b. Declarative b. False
c. Exclamatory 51.A conclusion indicator word is used to
d. Imperative flag the presence of a conclusion.
41.Go to sleep. a. True
a. Interrogative b. False
b. Declarative 52.If no premise or conclusion indicator
c. Exclamatory word is present, then no argument is
d. Imperative present.
42.I’ve been gone for a while. a. True
a. Interrogative b. False
b. Declarative
c. Exclamatory 53.An enthymeme is an argument that is
d. Imperative missing a premise or a conclusion or
both.
43.Surprise. a. True
a. Interrogative b. False
b. Declarative 54.An argument that is missing a premise
c. Exclamatory or a conclusion or both is called an
d. Imperative "enthymeme."
44.Stalin executed his political opponents. a. True
a. Interrogative b. False
b. Declarative 55.Some exclamatory sentences are true.
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 LOGIC AND CITICAL THINKING
Multiple Choice/ True False
a. True Decide by considering the form of reasoning
b. False displayed in the argument.
56.The principle of charity is a principle 63.All cats are mammals. All mammals are
that urges us to contribute 10% of our hairy. Therefore, all cats are hairy.
surplus to registered charitable a. Deductive
organizations. b. Inductive
a. True 64.The cheese has turned moldy. Mold is
b. False usually caused by organisms in the air.
57.In logic, the term "argument" refers to a So, the cheese was left exposed to the
heated, nasty verbal fight. air.
a. True a. Deductive
b. False b. Inductive
58.In an argument, ideally the premises: 65.This car gets 20 mpg. It has ten gallons
a. Are supported by the conclusion in its tank. Therefore, it will go two
b. Support the conclusion hundred miles before needing gas.
c. Counterbalance the conclusion a. Deductive
d. Are there only as "window b. Inductive
dressing" 66.We have always collected a lot of candy
59.An argument must have at least ___ on Halloween. Therefore, tomorrow
premises. night, Halloween night, we will collect a
a. One lot of candy.
b. Two a. Deductive
c. Three b. Inductive
d. Four 67.Every time in the past that Jan has
e. Five spoken, she has gone over her time
60.According to the text, critical thinking is: limit. Therefore, she will speak too long
a. Constantly criticizing your own tomorrow night at the awards banquet.
views and the views of others a. Deductive
b. Oppositional thinking b. Inductive
c. Evaluating beliefs and values 68.My doctor says this drug is safe. She is
on the basis of rational, an expert in this area. So, the drug is
reality-based standards safe.
d. A kind of thinking that takes a. Deductive
place unconsciously b. Inductive
69.If we move to Colorado, then we will ski
61.He invented the Socratic method: often. If we ski often, then we will
a. Socrates become better skiers. So, if we move to
b. Plato Colorado, then we will become better
c. Pluto skiers.
d. Aristotle a. Deductive
e. Moses b. Inductive
62.Critical thinking is identified in the text 70.There's a good chance that
as: a. Deductive
a. A type of level 1 thinking b. Inductive
b. A type of level 2 thinking 71.Necessarily
c. A type of thinking suited mainly a. Deductive
for intellectuals b. Inductive
d. A primarily negative form of 72.Must
thinking a. Deductive
e. Thebes b. Inductive
73.It's likely that
Deductive or Inductive? a. Deductive
b. Inductive
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 LOGIC AND CITICAL THINKING
Multiple Choice/ True False
74.Certainly 86.No whales are sharks. No sharks are
a. Deductive dolphins. So, it is certain that some
b. Inductive sharks are not dolphins.
75.Probably a. Deductive
a. Deductive b. Inductive
b. Inductive 87.Every doctor says that we should eat a
76.The chances are high that balanced breakfast. So, we certainly
a. Deductive should eat a balanced breakfast.
b. Inductive a. Deductive
77.For sure b. Inductive
a. Deductive 88.Almost everyone agrees that pi is an
b. Inductive irrational number. So, we probably can
78.It may well be that conclude that pi is an irrational number.
a. Deductive a. Deductive
b. Inductive b. Inductive
79.It's guaranteed that 89.If Susan is a child, then Susan is a minor.
a. Deductive But Susan is not a minor. Thus, Susan is
b. Inductive not a child.
80.I am ten feet tall. Therefore, I must be a. Deductive
ten feet tall. b. Inductive
a. Deductive 90.Some things in the universe are not
b. Inductive made by people. Thus, it is certain that
81.Either George is an sculptor, or he is a some things in the universe occur
painter. But he is not a sculptor. So, he naturally.
definitely is a painter. a. Deductive
a. Deductive b. Inductive
b. Inductive 91.John lives to the north of Marsha. Fred
82.No fish have ever been found in the lives north of John. So, it is certain that
Dead Sea. So, it is likely that no fish will Fred lives north of Marsha.
be caught by us in the Dead Sea. a. Deductive
a. Deductive b. Inductive
b. Inductive 92.If Stalin was a leader of the Soviet
83.Some cats are mammals. Some Union, then he was a dictator. Stalin was
mammals are vertebrates. a dictator. Thus, Stalin was certainly a
Consequently, some cats are leader of the Soviet Union.
vertebrates. a. Deductive
a. Deductive b. Inductive
b. Inductive 93.The traffic at rush hour always moves at
84.The sign at the Mt. Rainier National Park about thirty miles an hour. At rush hour
says that it the park was established in I have to drive to work, which is about
1300. Most official signs are accurate. thirty miles away. So, it will probably
Thus, the park was likely established in take me about thirty minutes to drive to
1300. work.
a. Deductive a. Deductive
b. Inductive b. Inductive
85.No person has ever moved faster than 94.There is a handwritten note here that
the speed of light. So, the next space says the park is closed. Therefore, the
flight with people will probably not go park must be closed.
faster than the speed of light. a. Deductive
a. Deductive b. Inductive
b. Inductive True or False?
95.Deductive arguments aim to show that
the conclusion must be true.
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 LOGIC AND CITICAL THINKING
Multiple Choice/ True False
a. True a. True premises and a true
b. False conclusion
96.Inductive arguments aim to show not b. True premises and valid
that the conclusion must be true but reasoning
rather that it is likely true. c. False premises or invalid
a. True reasoning
b. False d. All of the above
97.Every deductive argument has at least True or False?
two premises. 105. All valid arguments have all true
a. True premises and true conclusions.
b. False a. True
98.No inductive argument aims to prove its b. False
conclusion with certainty. 106. All sound arguments are valid
a. True arguments.
b. False a. True
99.Mathematical arguments are a type of b. False
deductive argument. 107. If an argument is valid, then it
a. True must have at least one true premise.
b. False a. True
100. Cause-and-effect reasoning is a b. False
type of deductive argument. 108. Every valid argument is a sound
a. True argument.
b. False a. True
101. Categorical arguments are a b. False
common type of deductive argument.
a. True 109. The following is a valid deductive
b. False argument: If it snows, then we will go
sledding, just like when we were kids. It
102. The following is one of the two is snowing. So, certainly we will go
ways to effectively criticize an sledding, just like when we were kids.
argument: a. True
a. Hit the arguer over the head with b. False
a broom 110. The following is clearly a valid
b. Make fun of the arguer's deductive argument: All rock fish are
appearance orange and red. So, if we catch a rock
c. State an argument against one fish, then it will surely be red and
of the argument's premises orange.
d. Present an argument against the a. True
conclusion of the target b. False
argument 111. The following is an invalid
103. The combination that you will argument: Jim is at least sixty. Jan is at
not find in a valid argument is: least as old as Jim. So, Jan is at least
a. True premises and a false sixty.
conclusion a. True
b. True premises and a true b. False
conclusion 112. The following is an invalid
c. False premises and a false argument: Jim is between fifty and sixty
conclusion years old. Jan is older than Jim. So, Jan is
d. False premises and a true older than sixty.
conclusion a. True
e. None of the above b. False
104. The combination that you will 113. The following is a valid
not find in a sound argument is: argument: Britney is a good musician.
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 LOGIC AND CITICAL THINKING
Multiple Choice/ True False
Christa is a good musician. Therefore, b. Invalid
they will make a good musical duo. 123. If Smith wins, Jones will be
a. True happy. However, Smith won't win. So,
b. False Jones won't be happy.
114. The following is a valid a. Valid
argument: Senator Clarke associates b. Invalid
with known horologists. Therefore, the 124. Only birds are blue. My pet is
argument he just gave must be an blue. So, my pet is a bird.
invalid argument. a. Valid
a. True b. Invalid
b. False 125. Ann and Bob both won't be
115. The following is a valid home. So, Ann won't be home.
argument: No splogs are crogs. All crogs a. Valid
are blonks. So, no splogs are blonks. b. Invalid
a. True 126. No aardvarks are reptiles. No
b. False reptiles are blue. So, no aardvarks are
116. If a deductive argument is blue.
invalid, then it must also be unsound. a. Valid
a. True b. Invalid
b. False 127. If Sue wins, then Ed will be
117. If an argument is invalid, then it happy. If Ed is happy, then George will
must have at least one false premise. be happy. So, if Sue wins, then George
a. True will be happy.
b. False a. Valid
118. If an argument has a conclusion b. Invalid
that is certainly false, then the argument 128. All dogs are wolves. No wolves
must be invalid. are insects. So, no dogs are insects.
a. True a. Valid
b. False b. Invalid
119. If the premises and conclusion 129. The United States comprises fifty
are all false, the argument must be states. Thus, the United States has an
invalid. even number of states.
a. True a. Valid
b. False b. Invalid
120. Some invalid arguments have
true premises and a true conclusion. 130. If John is a bachelor, then John is
a. True unmarried. However, John is not a
b. False bachelor. Therefore, John is unmarried.
Valid or Invalid? a. Valid
Assume that each of the following is a b. Invalid
deductive argument. In each case, is the 131. Tigers live underwater. Tigers
argument valid or invalid? are mammals. So, some mammals live
underwater.
121. Some football coaches are poets. a. Valid
But no poet knows how to play football. b. Invalid
So, some football coaches do not know 132. Some felines are lions. Therefore,
how to play football. some felines are not lions.
a. Valid a. Valid
b. Invalid b. Invalid
122. Some cars are purple, and some 133. Either Susan is not an actress, or
cars are Chevrolets. So, some cars are she is not a director. However, she is a
purple Chevrolets. director. Consequently, she is not an
a. Valid actress.
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 LOGIC AND CITICAL THINKING
Multiple Choice/ True False
a. Valid b. Weak
b. Invalid 143. Over the past month, Fred has
134. Bill Gates is now the richest man eaten eight burritos at Gorditos. All
in the world. So, Bill Gates is now the eight were good. For his next dinner, he
richest man in the world. plans to buy another Gordito burrito.
a. Valid His next burrito will likely be good.
b. Invalid a. Strong
135. Five is greater than two, and two b. Weak
is greater than three. So, five is greater 144. Professor Smith wore a bright
than two. red tie twice last week. He rarely wears
a. Valid a tie. So, he will probably wear a bright
b. Invalid red tie next week.
136. This drawing is a pentagon. Thus, a. Strong
this drawing has six sides. b. Weak
a. Valid 145. Yesterday someone told me that
b. Invalid driving a diesel truck causes cancer. So,
137. Some cats are animals. Some cats driving a diesel truck probably causes
are Siamese. Therefore, some animals cancer.
are Siamese. a. Strong
a. Valid b. Weak
b. Invalid 146. Most physicists agree that
138. If George plays soccer, then he nothing can travel faster than the speed
must be in good physical shape. George of light. Thus, it is likely that nothing can
is not in good physical shape. Hence, travel faster than the speed of light.
George must not play soccer. a. Strong
a. Valid b. Weak
b. Invalid 147. We sampled the box of a
139. George W. Bush is a Quello. So, thousand nails by picking ten of them,
George W. Bush must be a Quello. and none of them was bent. So, it is
a. Valid likely that none of the nails in the box is
b. Invalid bent.
140. Either Sarah isn't a good actress, a. Strong
or she is a good singer. If Sarah has ever b. Weak
taken acting lessons, then she's a good 148. It has snowed on Christmas in
actress. Sarah has taken action lessons. our town every year for the past forty
So, Sarah is a good singer. years, so it will probably snow on
a. Valid Christmas this year.
b. Invalid a. Strong
141. Ten is greater than six. Six is b. Weak
greater than twelve. Consequently, ten 149. The tide washed up some
is greater than twelve. garbage onto my beach yesterday, so I
a. Valid conclude that the tide will wash up
b. Invalid some garbage onto my beach tomorrow.
Strong or Weak? a. Strong
Suppose that the following arguments b. Weak
are inductive. In each case, is the 150. I went out to lunch with Yolanda
argument strong or weak? yesterday at the hamburger drive-in,
142. Almost every time that Pete has and she ordered a diet cola. We loved
gone to Gorditos restaurant, he has that drive-in's food, so we are going
ordered a large taco. He has eaten there there tomorrow again. Yolanda will
many times. He just left for Gorditos. He probably order a diet cola again.
will probably order a large taco. a. Strong
a. Strong b. Weak
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 LOGIC AND CITICAL THINKING
Multiple Choice/ True False
151. Numerous studies have shown 158. Whenever people go to a
that people who go to movies once a wedding, they dress up. Whenever they
week do not buy snacks at the go to a funeral, they dress up. Whenever
concession stand. Jackie goes to movies they go to the opera, they dress up.
once a week, so she probably doesn't Consequently, when they go to a party,
buy snacks at the concession stand. they should dress up.
a. Strong a. Strong
b. Weak b. Weak
152. My biology teacher told me that 159. Paul's boss tells him every day
automobiles are designed to break that he needs to be more aggressive in
down after 100,000 miles. So, it's his sales pitch to customers. Paul's
probably true that automobiles are coworkers tell him that he should let
designed to break down after 100,000 customers lead the conversation and
miles. not be aggressive. Some of Paul's
a. Strong customers respond well to aggressive
b. Weak sales pitches, but some do not. Paul is
153. Two people from out of town probably feeling confused.
were fined for littering in our town. a. Strong
Consequently, I conclude that most of b. Weak
the litter in our town is caused by True or False?
people from out of town. 160. The following is a strong
a. Strong argument: It has been snowing for thirty
b. Weak days straight, and the prediction is for
154. Shawn and Liz went to a the snow to continue tomorrow. Thus,
romantic comedy last night. Liz liked it, tomorrow it will probably snow.
but Shawn didn't. Therefore, it is likely a. True
that Shawn doesn't like romantic b. False
comedies, but Liz does.
a. Strong
b. Weak 161. If an argument is inductively
strong, then it must also have all true
155. Every Friday night for the past premises.
five years Yusif has taken Sherry to an a. True
action movie, and Yusif has noticed that b. False
Sherry didn't like the movie. So, it is 162. If an argument is cogent, then it
likely that Sherry won't like the next must also be valid.
action movie that they go to. a. True
a. Strong b. False
b. Weak 163. The following is a weak
156. When we went to the restaurant argument: It has been snowing for sixty
last night, we saw that the employees days straight, and the prediction is for
were clearing tables, mopping the the snow to continue tomorrow. Thus,
floors, and putting chairs onto the table. tomorrow it will probably be a sunny
Therefore, it is likely that the restaurant day.
was closing. a. True
a. Strong b. False
b. Weak 164. The following is a weak
157. The sign on the restaurant says argument: Joe has eaten lunch at the
that it is closed, so it's likely that the taco stand every day for two days
restaurant is closed. straight. Thus, tomorrow he will
a. Strong probably eat there again.
b. Weak a. True
b. False
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 LOGIC AND CITICAL THINKING
Multiple Choice/ True False
165. The following is a strong
argument: Sodium burns yellow. This
metal burns yellow. So, this metal is
very probably sodium.
a. True
b. False

Consistent or Inconsistent?
166. Consistent or inconsistent (C or
I)? (Assume the ordinary meanings of
the words and assume that the author is
not playing tricks with words. For
example, if Jan is referred to twice,
assume it is the same Jan both times and
so on.)

167. Someone in room 1410 is twenty.

Someone in room 1410 is thirty.
a. Consistent
b. Inconsistent

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 LOGIC AND CITICAL THINKING
Multiple Choice/ True False
168. Maria is under thirty. Maria is 183. Maria is a Democrat. Maria is
over thirty. Hindu.
a. Consistent a. Yes
b. Inconsistent b. No
169. Maria is over forty. Maria is 184. Jan is younger than thirty. Jan is
thirty. younger than sixty.
a. Consistent a. Yes
b. Inconsistent b. No
170. Maria is a Democrat. Maria is 185. Yes or No? 2
Hindu. 186. In each case, does the second
a. Consistent imply the first? Yes (Y) or No (N)
b. Inconsistent
171. True or False? 187. Someone in room 1410 is over
172. If two sentences are equivalent, twenty. Someone in room 1410 is over
then they imply each other. sixteen.
a. True a. Yes
b. False b. No
173. If two sentences are consistent, 188. Maria is under forty. Maria is
then both sentences must be true. under thirty.
a. True a. Yes
b. False b. No
174. If P implies Q and Q implies P, 189. Maria is over twenty. Maria is
then P and Q are equivalent. under fifteen.
a. True a. Yes
b. False b. No
175. If P is contingent, then it is 190. Joe is rich. Joe is a socialist.
possible P is false. a. Yes
a. True b. No
b. False 191. Yes or No? Equivalent
176. If P is necessarily false, then P is 192. In each case, are the two
contingent. sentences equivalent? Yes (Y) or No (N)
a. True
b. False 193. Someone is over twenty-one.
177. If P implies Q, then Q implies P. Someone is over twenty.
a. True a. Yes
b. False b. No
178. Socrates asked a lot of questions. 194. Joe knows Pete. Pete knows Joe.
a. True a. Yes
b. False b. No
179. Yes or No? 195. Today is Monday. Today is not
180. In each case, does the first Tuesday.
sentence imply the second? Yes (Y) or a. Yes
No (N) b. No
196. Carbon is one of the elements.
181. Someone is over twenty. One of the elements is carbon.
Someone is over thirty. a. Yes
a. Yes b. No
b. No 197. No cats are reptiles. No reptiles
182. Maria is over forty. Maria is over are cats.
thirty. a. Yes
a. Yes b. No
b. No 198. No mechanics exist. Nothing in
existence is a mechanic.
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 LOGIC AND CITICAL THINKING
Multiple Choice/ True False
a. Yes 218. In a standard categorical
b. No syllogism, the minor term appears
199. True or False? twice.
200. Categorical logic is the first a. True
specialized branch of logic to be b. False
systematized and presented in textbook 219. Every standard categorical
form. syllogism contains exactly one middle
a. True term, appearing twice.
b. False a. True
201. The A sentence is universal and b. False
affirmative. 220. No standard categorical
a. True syllogism contains three premises.
b. False a. True
202. The O sentence is universal and b. False
affirmative. 221. Every standard categorical
a. True syllogism contains exactly two different
b. False terms.
203. The I sentence is universal and a. True
negative. b. False
a. True 222. A fallacy is an error in reasoning.
b. False a. True
204. The E sentence is particular and b. False
affirmative. 223. In the I statement, both terms are
a. True distributed.
b. False a. True
205. The O sentence is particular and b. False
negative. 224. In every case, the converse of an
a. True E sentence is equivalent to the original
b. False sentence.
206. The E sentence is: a. True
a. Universal and affirmative b. False
b. Universal and negative 225. In every case, the obverse of an A
c. Particular and affirmative sentence is equivalent to the original
d. Particular and negative sentence.
207. Multiple Choice Quiz a. True
208. All blogs are glogs. b. False
209. All glogs are wogs. 226. In every case, the contrapositive
210. So, all wogs are blogs. of an E sentence is equivalent to the
a. Valid original.
b. Invalid a. True
211. No snarks are jarks. b. False
212. No jarks are splarks. 227. If an A sentence is true, then the
213. So, no snarks are splarks. corresponding I sentence must be true.
a. Valid a. True
b. Invalid b. False
214. Some splarks are blarks. 228. If an O sentence is false, then the
215. Some blarks are frarks. corresponding E sentence must be false.
216. So, some splarks are frarks. a. True
a. Valid b. False
b. Invalid 229. True or False?
217. True or False? 230. John Venn is the inventor of the
method of Venn diagrams.
a. True
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 LOGIC AND CITICAL THINKING
Multiple Choice/ True False
b. False 242. No snowboarders are rich. No
231. The X in a Venn diagram marks rich persons are MTV fans. So, no
the spot where the treasure is buried, as snowboarders are MTV fans.
in, "X marks the spot." a. Valid
a. True b. Invalid
b. False 243. All blogs are glogs. All glogs are
232. An X in an area of a Venn wogs. So, all wogs are blogs.
diagram means that nothing exists in a. Valid
that area. b. Invalid
a. True 244. No snarks are jarks. No jarks are
b. False splarks. So, no snarks are splarks.
233. In the text, the middle term is a. Valid
represented by the top circle. b. Invalid
a. True 245. Some splarks are blarks. Some
b. False blarks are frarks. So, some splarks are
234. In the text, the minor term is frarks.
represented by the circle on the bottom a. Valid
left. b. Invalid
a. True 246. True or False? Quiz 1
b. False 247. A function is a rule relating one
235. Aristotle is the inventor of the set of values to another set of values.
method of Venn diagrams. a. True
a. True b. False
b. False 248. Truth-functional logic was
236. George Boole was a friend of founded by Aristotle.
Aristotle. a. True
a. True b. False
b. False 249. Some compound sentences
237. Aristotle and Venn fought a duel; contain two sentence operators.
Aristotle lost. a. True
a. True b. False
b. False 250. An operator is truth functional if
238. At the end of the eighteenth it forms a sentence whose truth value is
century, the German philosopher Kant a function of the truth values of its
believed that logic was basically a component or components.
completed subject; nothing much left to a. True
discover. b. False
a. True 251. The Stoics founded their school
b. False on a porch.
239. A Venn diagram for a categorical a. True
syllogism contains ___ regions. b. False
a. Three 252. The Stoics were ancient Egyptian
b. Sixteen philosophers.
c. Five a. True
d. Seven b. False
240. Valid or Invalid 253. The Stoic school of philosophy
241. All truckers are happy persons. was founded in Concord, Massachusetts,
No prisoners are happy persons. Thus, in 1860.
no prisoners are truckers. a. True
a. Valid b. False
b. Invalid 254. In the case of a truth-functional
compound sentence, if we know the
truth values of the component(s), then
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 LOGIC AND CITICAL THINKING
Multiple Choice/ True False
we can compute the truth value of the
compound. 267. If Joy went to work early, then
a. True either Suzie was wrong about the time
b. False or Fred went to work early; and Joy did
255. No interrogative sentence is ever not go to work late.
true or false.
a. True 268. Answer: If, then, or, and, not
b. False
256. The conjunction operator is 269. True or false? For each, write T
dyadic. or F.
a. True
b. False 270. If the left conjunct is true and the
257. The disjunction operator is right conjunct is false, then the
monadic. conjunction as a whole is ...
a. True a. True
b. False b. False
258. If a conjunction is true, then each 271. If the left disjunct is true and the
of its conjuncts must be true, too. right disjunct is false, then the
a. True disjunction as a whole is ...
b. False a. True
259. If a disjunction is true, then each b. False
of its disjuncts must be true, too. 272. If the antecedent is true and the
a. True consequent is false, then the conditional
b. False as a whole is ...
260. It is possible that a conditional is a. True
true while at the same time its b. False
antecedent and consequent are both 273. If the antecedent is false and the
false. consequent is true, then the conditional
a. True as a whole is ...
b. False a. True
261. It is possible that a conditional is b. False
true while at the same time its 274. Multiple Choice
antecedent is true and its consequent is 275. Assuming obvious abbreviations,
false. which of the following would be an
a. True accurate translation of "Neither Ann nor
b. False Bob is home"?
262. A truth-functional argument is an a. ~(A & B)
argument that is true. b. ~(A ⊃ B)
a. True c. ~A v ~B
b. False d. ~(A v B)
263. The truth value of a truth- 276. Assuming obvious abbreviations,
functional compound is determined by which of the following would be an
the time of day in addition to the truth accurate translation of "It is not the case
values of the components. that Ann and Bob are both home"?
a. True a. ~(A & B)
b. False b. ~(A ⊃ B)
264. Some compound sentences are c. ~A v ~B
not truth functional. d. ~(A v B)
a. True 277. Assuming obvious abbreviations,
b. False which of the following would be a
265. True or False? Quiz 2 logically equivalent translation of "It is
266. For each of the following, list the not the case that either Ann or Bob is
operators: home"?
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 LOGIC AND CITICAL THINKING
Multiple Choice/ True False
a. ~(A & B) 285. The following symbol belongs to
b. ~(A ⊃ B) the vocabulary of PL: ?.
c. ~A & ~B a. True
d. ~A v ~B b. False
e. Both a and c 286. The following symbol belongs to
278. Assuming obvious abbreviations, the vocabulary of PL: (x).
which of the following would be an a. True
accurate translation of "Ann will swim b. False
unless Bob is swimming"? 287. The following symbol belongs to
a. A v B PL: %.
b. A ⊃ B a. True
c. A v B b. False
d. ~(A v B) 288. The following is a well-formed
279. Assuming obvious abbreviations, formula of PL: A.
which of the following would be an a. True
accurate translation of "Although Ann is b. False
not home, Bob is home"? 289. The subject clause of a sentence
a. ~(A & B) states what the sentence is about.
b. ~ A & B a. True
c. ~A v B b. False
d. ~(A v B) 290. An open sentence can be
280. Which of the following principles symbolized with a variable and a
sums up the truth table for conjunction? predicate constant.
a. A conjunction is true when both a. True
conjuncts are true; otherwise it is b. False
false. 291. The letter a is a sentence
b. A conjunction is false when both constant in PL.
conjuncts are false; otherwise it a. True
is true. b. False
c. A conjunction is true when one 292. The syntax of a language includes
conjunct is true; otherwise it is the semantics of the language.
false. a. True
281. Which of the following principles b. False
sums up the truth table for disjunction? 293. The language PL is resident
a. A disjunction is true when both within TL.
disjuncts are true; otherwise it is a. True
false. b. False
b. A disjunction is false when both 294. The expression Fa is an open
disjuncts are false; otherwise it is sentence.
true. a. True
c. A disjunction is true when one b. False
disjunct is true; otherwise it is 295. Which of the following would be
false. an accurate PL translation of "Jumpin'
282. True or False? / Multiple Choice Jack is happy"?
283. The following sentence is a. (x) Jx
singular: A dog is man's best friend. b. JH
a. True c. Hj
b. False d. HJ
284. The following sentence is e. JJIS
singular: One man can be an army. 296. Which of the following would be
a. True an accurate translation of "Some people
b. False are exploited" (assuming a universal
domain)?
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 LOGIC AND CITICAL THINKING
Multiple Choice/ True False
a. (?x) Ex 305. Assuming obvious abbreviations
b. Px & Ex and the universal domain, the following
c. (?x) (Px & Ex) would be an accurate PL translation of
d. Sx & Ex "Someone loves everyone":
e. Some people are exploited. a. (?x) (y) [(Px & Py) & Lxy]
297. Frege: b. (?x) (?y)Lxy
a. Wrote a logic book with a really c. (?x) (?x) [(Px & Ex) ? Lxy]
long and imposing title d. (?x) Lee
b. Swam the English Channel 306. Assuming obvious abbreviations
c. Waged a one-man war against and that the domain is restricted to all
France people, the following would be an
d. Got into a wrestling match with accurate PL translation of "Someone
Bertrand Russell (and won) loves everyone":
298. The following is a relational a. (?x) (y) Lxy
predicate: "knows." b. (?x) (?y)Lxy
a. True c. (?x) (?x) [(Px & Ex) ? Lxy]
b. False d. (?x) Lee
299. The following is a relational 307. He is the author of Leibniz's Law:
predicate: "fears." a. Leibniz
a. True b. Descartes
b. False c. Aquinas
300. The following is a relational d. Aristotle
predicate: "is twenty-one years old." 308. A definition is an explanation of
a. True the meaning of a word or words.
b. False a. True
301. The following is a monadic b. False
predicate: "is serene." 309. A stipulative definition is stated
a. True in order to give the commonly
b. False understood meaning of a term.
302. The following PL predicate a. True
constant is monadic: Hx. b. False
a. True 310. A stipulative definition is stated
b. False in order to give a new meaning to a
303. Assuming obvious abbreviations, term.
which of the following would be an a. True
accurate PL translation of "Jumpin' Jack b. False
is taller than Sammy": 311. A word is vague if it has
a. (x) (Jx ? Sx) borderline cases.
b. Tjs a. True
c. Jts b. False
d. Sjt 312. This is an intensional definition:
e. JJTS "Rock band" means a group like the
304. Assuming obvious abbreviations Beatles, the Doors, the Animals, etc.
and the universal domain, which of the a. True
following would be an accurate PL b. False
translation of "Every dog is taller than 313. As it is commonly used, the
any flea": following phrase is vague: "legally an
a. (x) (Dx ? Tx) adult."
b. (x) (y)(Dx & Fy)? Txy) a. True
c. (x) (Dx ? Txy) b. False
d. (x) (y) Txy 314. As it is commonly used, the
e. (x) Txy following word is vague: "old."
a. True
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 LOGIC AND CITICAL THINKING
Multiple Choice/ True False
b. False b. False
315. A fallacy is an error in reasoning. 326. The disconfirmation of a
a. True scientific hypothesis is inductive in
b. False nature.
316. The appeal to the people fallacy a. True
attacks all people. b. False
a. True 327. One way to strengthen an
b. False enumerative induction is to list more
317. The fallacy of composition is cases.
committed only by artists. a. True
a. True b. False
b. False 328. A generalization from a sample is
318. The appeal to the people is also deductive in nature.
called the "appeal to the gallery." a. True
a. True b. False
b. False 329. Pascal is one of the founders of
319. The following is one of the probability theory.
fallacies identified in the text: Don't a. True
accept his conclusion; he associates with b. False
known gangsters. 330. If something is impossible, its
a. True probability is 0.
b. False a. True
320. The following is not one of the b. False
fallacies identified in the text: the fallacy 331. The probability of drawing a king
of the forgotten ellipses. from a shuffled poker deck is 4/52.
a. True a. True
b. False b. False
321. In an analogical argument, all 332. It is highly probable but not
things equal, the more specific the certain that the sun will rise tomorrow.
conclusion, the weaker the argument. a. True
a. True b. False
b. False 333. Assuming the ordinary meanings
322. In an inference to the best of the words, the following proposition
explanation, all things equal, the less is necessarily true: 1+1=2.
simple the hypothesis, the stronger the a. True
argument. b. False
a. True 334. Assuming the ordinary meanings
b. False of the words, the following proposition
323. In an analogical argument, the is necessarily true: 1+1=12.
fewer qualities the items have in a. True
common, the stronger the argument. b. False
a. True 335. Assuming the normal meanings
b. False of the words, the following proposition
324. In an enumerative induction, is necessarily false: Someone is taller
generally, the more cases enumerated, than himself.
the stronger the argument. a. True
a. True b. False
b. False 336. Assuming the ordinary meanings
325. In an enumerative induction, of the words, the following proposition
generally, the more heterogeneous the is contingent: The Earth is flat.
cases enumerated are, the stronger the a. True
argument. b. False
a. True
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 LOGIC AND CITICAL THINKING
Multiple Choice/ True False
337. Assuming the normal meanings 349. If A and B are both necessarily
of the words, the following proposition true, then A and B must be equivalent.
is necessarily false: Someone is taller a. True
than all persons. b. False
a. True 350. If A and B are both necessarily
b. False false, then they are inconsistent.
338. It is logically possible that two a. True
brothers are each older than the other. b. False
a. True
b. False
339. It is logically possible that a
planet exists and that no gravitational
force exists on that planet.
a. True
b. False
340. It is logically possible that
someone runs all the way around the
world in one minute without stopping.
a. True
b. False
341. Saul Kripke is one of the giants of
modern modal logic.
a. True
b. False
342. If A is necessarily true, then it’s
not possible that A is false.
a. True
b. False
343. If A is false, then A is not
necessarily true.
a. True
b. False
344. If A is non-contingent, then A is
either a necessary truth or a necessary
falsehood.
a. True
b. False
345. Let A abbreviate "2+2=4":
a. True
b. False
346. Let B abbreviate "Dr. Frasier
Crane is Seattle's most popular radio
personality." True or false?
a. True
b. False
347. If a proposition is actually true,
then it is necessarily true.
a. True
b. False
348. If A is necessarily false and B is
necessarily true, then A must imply B.
a. True
b. False
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