Kernel-based Virtual Machine

Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) is a

virtualization module in the Linux kernel that allows the KVM
kernel to function as a hypervisor. It was merged into the
Linux kernel mainline in kernel version 2.6.20, which
was released on February 5, 2007.[1] KVM requires a
processor with hardware virtualization extensions, such
as Intel VT or AMD-V.[2] KVM has also been ported to
other operating systems such as FreeBSD[3] and
illumos[4] in the form of loadable kernel modules.

KVM was originally designed for x86 processors and has

since been ported to S/390,[5] PowerPC,[6] IA-64, and
ARM.[7]

KVM provides hardware-assisted virtualization for a

wide variety of guest operating systems including Linux, Screenshot of QEMU/KVM running NetBSD,
BSD, Solaris, Windows, Haiku, ReactOS, Plan 9, AROS OpenSolaris and Kubuntu guests on an Arch
Research Operating System[8] and macOS.[9] In addition, Linux host.
Android 2.2, GNU/Hurd[10] (Debian K16), Minix 3.1.2a, Original author(s) Qumranet
Solaris 10 U3 and Darwin 8.0.1, together with other
operating systems and some newer versions of these Developer(s) The Linux Kernel
listed, are known to work with certain limitations.[11] community
Repository git.kernel.org/pub/scm/virt
Additionally, KVM provides paravirtualization support
/kvm/kvm.git (git://git.kerne
for Linux, OpenBSD,[12] FreeBSD,[13] NetBSD,[14] Plan
l.org/pub/scm/virt/kvm/kvm.
9[15] and Windows guests using the VirtIO[16] API. This
git)
includes a paravirtual Ethernet card, disk I/O
controller,[17] balloon device, and a VGA graphics
interface using SPICE or VMware drivers. Written in C
Operating system Unix-like
Platform ARM, IA-64, PowerPC,
Contents S/390, x86, x86-64
History Type Hypervisor
Internals License GNU GPL or LGPL
Features Website www.linux-kvm.org (http://
Emulated hardware www.linux-kvm.org)

Graphical management tools

Licensing
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
History
Avi Kivity began the development of KVM in mid-2006 at Qumranet, a technology startup company[18] that
was acquired by Red Hat in 2008.[19]

KVM surfaced in October, 2006[20] and was merged into the Linux kernel mainline in kernel version 2.6.20,
which was released on 5 February 2007.[1]

KVM is maintained by Paolo Bonzini.[21]

Internals
KVM provides device abstraction but no
processor emulation. It exposes the
/dev/kvm interface, which a user
mode host can then use to:

Set up the guest VM's address

space. The host must also
supply a firmware image (usually
a custom BIOS when emulating
PCs) that the guest can use to
bootstrap into its main OS.
Feed the guest simulated I/O.
Map the guest's video display
back onto the system host.

On Linux, QEMU versions 0.10.1 and

later is one such userspace host. QEMU
uses KVM when available to virtualize
guests at near-native speeds, but
otherwise falls back to software-only
emulation.

Internally, KVM uses SeaBIOS as an

open source implementation of a 16-bit A high-level overview of the KVM/QEMU virtualization
x86 BIOS.[23] environment[22]:3

Features
KVM supports hot plug vCPUs,[24] dynamic memory management,[25] and Live Migration since February
2007.[26][27] memory write intensive workload impacts in migration process[28]

Emulated hardware
 Class Device

Cirrus CLGD 5446 PCI VGA card, dummy VGA card with Bochs VESA extensions,[29] or
Video card
VirtIO[30]

PCI i440FX or Q35[29]

Input device PS/2 and USB Mouse/Keyboard[29]

Sound Blaster 16, ENSONIQ AudioPCI ES1370, Gravis Ultrasound GF1, CS4231A compatible,
Sound card
Intel HD Audio[29]
Ethernet Network AMD Am79C970A (Am7990), E1000 (Intel 82540EM, 82573L, 82544GC), NE2000, Realtek
card RTL8139 and VirtIO
Storage device IDE, SATA, SCSI, SAS, USB, NVMe and VirtIO
Watchdog timer Intel 6300ESB or IB700
RAM between 50 MB and 32 TB
CPU 1 – 160 CPUs

Graphical management tools

Kimchi – web-based virtualization management
tool for KVM
Virtual Machine Manager – supports creating,
editing, starting, and stopping KVM-based
virtual machines, as well as live or cold drag-
and-drop migration of VMs between hosts.
Proxmox Virtual Environment – an open-source
virtualization management package including
KVM and LXC. It has a bare-metal installer, a
web-based remote management GUI, a HA
libvirt supports KVM
cluster stack, unified storage, flexible network,
and optional commercial support.
OpenQRM – management platform for managing heterogeneous data center infrastructures.
GNOME Boxes – Gnome interface for managing libvirt guests on Linux.
oVirt – open-source virtualization management tool for KVM built on top of libvirt

Licensing
KVM's parts are licensed under various GNU licenses:[31]

KVM kernel module: GPL v2

KVM user module: LGPL v2
QEMU virtual CPU core library (libqemu.a) and QEMU PC system emulator: LGPL
Linux user mode QEMU emulator: GPL
BIOS files (bios.bin, vgabios.bin and vgabios-cirrus.bin): LGPL v2 or later

See also
CloudStack Comparison of platform virtualization
software
 Kernel same-page merging (KSM) OpenStack
Lguest oVirt
libguestfs Proxmox VE
libvirt Red Hat Virtualization
multipass Vx32
Open Virtualization Alliance Xen
OpenNebula

References
1. "Linux kernel 2.6.20, Section 2.2. Virtualization support through KVM" (http://kernelnewbies.or
g/Linux_2_6_20#head-bca4fe7ffe454321118a470387c2be543ee51754). kernelnewbies.org.
2007-02-05. Retrieved 2014-06-16.
2. KVM FAQ: What do I need to use KVM? (http://www.linux-kvm.org/page/FAQ#What_do_I_nee
d_to_use_KVM.3F)
3. "FreeBSD Quarterly Status Report: Porting Linux KVM to FreeBSD" (http://www.freebsd.org/ne
ws/status/report-2007-07-2007-10.html#Porting-Linux-KVM-to-FreeBSD).
4. "KVM on illumos" (http://dtrace.org/blogs/bmc/2011/08/15/kvm-on-illumos/).
5. "Gmane - Mail To News And Back Again" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124348/http://
article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.emulators.kvm.devel/2570). Archived from the original (http://a
rticle.gmane.org/gmane.comp.emulators.kvm.devel/2570) on 2007-09-29. Retrieved
2007-05-07.
6. Gmane Loom (http://news.gmane.org/gmane.comp.emulators.kvm.devel/2595) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20070929103042/http://news.gmane.org/gmane.comp.emulators.kvm.
devel/2595) 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
7. "KVM/ARM Open Source Project" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130310052146/http://columb
ia.github.com/linux-kvm-arm/). Archived from the original (https://columbia.github.com/linux-kv
m-arm) on 2013-03-10. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
8. "KVM wiki: Guest support status" (http://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Guest_Support_Status).
Retrieved 2007-05-27.
9. "Running Mac OS X as a QEMU/KVM Guest" (http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~somlo/OS
XKVM/). Retrieved 2014-08-20.
10. "status" (https://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/hurd/status.html). Gnu.org. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
11. "Guest Support Status - KVM" (http://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Guest_Support_Status). Linux-
kvm.org. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
12. "OpenBSD man page virtio(4)" (https://man.openbsd.org/virtio.4). Retrieved 2018-02-04.
13. "virtio binary packages for FreeBSD" (http://people.freebsd.org/~kuriyama/virtio/). Retrieved
2012-10-29.
14. "NetBSD man page virtio(4)" (http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?virtio++NetBSD-current).
Retrieved 2013-07-15.
15. "plan9front" (https://code.google.com/p/plan9front/wiki/qemu). Retrieved 2013-02-11.
16. "An API for virtual I/O: virtio" (https://lwn.net/Articles/239238/). LWN.net. 2007-07-11. Retrieved
2014-04-16.
17. "SCSI target for KVM wiki" (http://linux-iscsi.org/wiki/vHost). linux-iscsi.org. 2012-08-07.
Retrieved 2012-08-12.
18. Interview: Avi Kivity (http://kerneltrap.org/node/8088) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
070426033902/http://kerneltrap.org/node/8088) 2007-04-26 at the Wayback Machine on
KernelTrap
19. "Red Hat Advances Virtualization Leadership with Qumranet, Inc. Acquisition" (http://www.redh
at.com/en/about/press-releases/qumranet). Red Hat. 4 September 2008. Retrieved 16 June
2015.
20. https://www.itworldcanada.com/article/kvm-15-equipped-with-live-migration/7901
21. Libby Clark (7 April 2015). "Git Success Stories and Tips from KVM Maintainer Paolo Bonzini"
(https://web.archive.org/web/20160315095510/http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/200-l
ibby-clark/821899-git-success-stories-and-tips-from-kvm-maintainer-paolo-bonzini). Linux.com.
Archived from the original (http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/200-libby-clark/821899-gi
t-success-stories-and-tips-from-kvm-maintainer-paolo-bonzini) on 15 March 2016. Retrieved
17 June 2015.
22. Khoa Huynh; Stefan Hajnoczi (2010). "KVM/QEMU Storage Stack Performance Discussion" (h
ttp://www-01.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/api/content/nl/en-us/linuxonibm/liaav/LPCKVM
SSPV2.1.pdf) (PDF). IBM. Linux Plumbers Conference. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
23. "SeaBIOS" (http://www.seabios.org/SeaBIOS). seabios.org. 2013-12-21. Retrieved
2014-06-16.
24. https://access.redhat.com/articles/1339413
25. https://www.linux-
kvm.org/page/FAQ#Is_dynamic_memory_management_for_guests_supported.3F
26. https://lwn.net/Articles/223754/
27. https://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Migration
28. https://www.berrange.com/posts/2016/05/12/analysis-of-techniques-for-ensuring-migration-
completion-with-kvm/
29. wiki.qemu.org – QEMU Emulator User Documentation (http://wiki.qemu.org/download/qemu-d
oc.html), read 2010-05-06
30. "Introducing Virgil - 3D virtual GPU for qemu" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130725063318/ht
tp://airlied.livejournal.com/77553.html). 2013-07-18. Archived from the original (http://airlied.liv
ejournal.com/77553.html) on 2013-07-25.
31. Licensing info from Ubuntu 7.04 /usr/share/doc/kvm/copyright

Bibliography
Amit Shah (2016-11-02). "Ten years of KVM" (https://lwn.net/Articles/705160/). lwn.net.
Retrieved 2017-02-10.

External links
Official website (http://www.linux-kvm.org)
Best practices for the Kernel-based Virtual Machine (http://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/dw/linu
x390/perf/ZSW03346USEN.pdf), IBM, second edition, April 2012
Virtio-blk Performance Improvement (https://web.archive.org/web/20141021055601/http://ww
w.linux-kvm.org/wiki/images/f/f9/2012-forum-virtio-blk-performance-improvement.pdf), KVM
Forum 2012, November 8, 2012, by Asias He
Wikibook QEMU & KVM (https://web.archive.org/web/20101128114720/http://qemu-buch.de/e/
Content)

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