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Nondestructive testing
Nondestructive testing (NDT) is a wide group of analysis
techniques used in science and technology industry to evaluate the
properties of a material, component or system without causing
damage.[1] The terms nondestructive examination (NDE),
nondestructive inspection (NDI), and nondestructive
evaluation (NDE) are also commonly used to describe this
technology.[2] Because NDT does not permanently alter the article
being inspected, it is a highly valuable technique that can save both
money and time in product evaluation, troubleshooting, and
research. The six most frequently used NDT methods are eddy- X-ray vault used in Radiography
current, magnetic-particle, liquid penetrant, radiographic,
ultrasonic, and visual testing.[3] NDT is commonly used in forensic
engineering, mechanical engineering, petroleum engineering, electrical engineering, civil engineering,
systems engineering, aeronautical engineering, medicine, and art.[1] Innovations in the field of
nondestructive testing have had a profound impact on medical imaging, including on echocardiography,
medical ultrasonography, and digital radiography.

NDT methods rely upon use of electromagnetic radiation, sound and other signal conversions to
examine a wide variety of articles (metallic and non-metallic, food-product, artifacts and antiquities,
infrastructure) for integrity, composition, or condition with no alteration of the article undergoing
examination. Visual inspection (VT), the most commonly applied NDT method, is quite often enhanced
by the use of magnification, borescopes, cameras, or other optical arrangements for direct or remote
viewing. The internal structure of a sample can be examined for a volumetric inspection with penetrating
radiation (RT), such as X-rays, neutrons or gamma radiation. Sound waves are utilized in the case of
ultrasonic testing (UT), another volumetric NDT method – the mechanical signal (sound) being reflected
by conditions in the test article and evaluated for amplitude and distance from the search unit
(transducer). Another commonly used NDT method used on ferrous materials involves the application of
fine iron particles (either suspended in liquid or dry powder – fluorescent or colored) that are applied to
a part while it is magnetized, either continually or residually. The particles will be attracted to leakage
fields of magnetism on or in the test object, and form indications (particle collection) on the object's
surface, which are evaluated visually. Contrast and probability of detection for a visual examination by
the unaided eye is often enhanced by using liquids to penetrate the test article surface, allowing for
visualization of flaws or other surface conditions. This method (liquid penetrant testing) (PT) involves
using dyes, fluorescent or colored (typically red), suspended in fluids and is used for non-magnetic
materials, usually metals.

Analyzing and documenting a nondestructive failure mode can also be accomplished using a high-speed
camera recording continuously (movie-loop) until the failure is detected. Detecting the failure can be
accomplished using a sound detector or stress gauge which produces a signal to trigger the high-speed
camera. These high-speed cameras have advanced recording modes to capture some non-destructive
failures.[4] After the failure the high-speed camera will stop recording. The captured images can be
played back in slow motion showing precisely what happened before, during and after the
nondestructive event, image by image.

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Contents
Applications
Weld verification
Structural mechanics
Relation to medical procedures
Notable events in early academic and industrial NDT
Methods and techniques
Personnel training, qualification and certification
Certification schemes
Levels of certification
Terminology
Reliability and statistics
See also
References
Bibliography

Applications
NDT is used in a variety of settings that covers a wide range of industrial activity, with new NDT
methods and applications, being continuously developed. Nondestructive testing methods are routinely
applied in industries where a failure of a component would cause significant hazard or economic loss,
such as in transportation, pressure vessels, building structures, piping, and hoisting equipment.

Weld verification

In manufacturing, welds are commonly used to join two or more metal parts. Because these connections
may encounter loads and fatigue during product lifetime, there is a chance that they may fail if not
created to proper specification. For example, the base metal must reach a certain temperature during the
welding process, must cool at a specific rate, and must be welded with compatible materials or the joint
may not be strong enough to hold the parts together, or cracks may form in the weld causing it to fail.
The typical welding defects (lack of fusion of the weld to the base metal, cracks or porosity inside the
weld, and variations in weld density) could cause a structure to break or a pipeline to rupture.

Welds may be tested using NDT techniques such as industrial radiography or industrial CT scanning
using X-rays or gamma rays, ultrasonic testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle inspection or
via eddy current. In a proper weld, these tests would indicate a lack of cracks in the radiograph, show
clear passage of sound through the weld and back, or indicate a clear surface without penetrant captured
in cracks.

Welding techniques may also be actively monitored with acoustic emission techniques before production
to design the best set of parameters to use to properly join two materials.[5] In the case of high stress or
safety critical welds, weld monitoring will be employed to confirm the specified welding parameters (arc
current, arc voltage, travel speed, heat input etc.) are being adhered to those stated in the welding
procedure. This verifies the weld as correct to procedure prior to nondestructive evaluation and
metallurgy tests.
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Structural mechanics

Structure can be complex systems that undergo different loads

during their lifetime, e.g. Lithium-ion batteries.[6] Some
complex structures, such as the turbo machinery in a liquid-fuel
rocket, can also cost millions of dollars. Engineers will
commonly model these structures as coupled second-order
systems, approximating dynamic structure components with
springs, masses, and dampers. The resulting sets of differential
equations are then used to derive a transfer function that
models the behavior of the system.

In NDT, the structure undergoes a dynamic input, such as the

tap of a hammer or a controlled impulse. Key properties, such as
displacement or acceleration at different points of the structure,
are measured as the corresponding output. This output is 1. Section of material with a
recorded and compared to the corresponding output given by surface-breaking crack that is
the transfer function and the known input. Differences may not visible to the naked eye.
indicate an inappropriate model (which may alert engineers to 2. Penetrant is applied to the
unpredicted instabilities or performance outside of tolerances),
surface.
failed components, or an inadequate control system.
3. Excess penetrant is removed.
Reference standards, which are structures that intentionally
4. Developer is applied, rendering
flawed in order to be compared with components intended for
use in the field, are often used in NDT. Reference standards can the crack visible.
be with many NDT techniques, such as UT,[7] RT[8] and VT.

Relation to medical procedures

Several NDT methods are related to clinical procedures, such as radiography,

ultrasonic testing, and visual testing. Technological improvements or upgrades
in these NDT methods have migrated over from medical equipment advances,
including digital radiography (DR), phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT),
and endoscopy (borescope or assisted visual inspection).

Notable events in early academic and

Chest radiography
industrial NDT indicating a peripheral
bronchial carcinoma.
1854 Hartford, Connecticut – A boiler at the Fales and Gray Car works
explodes,[9][10] killing 21 people and seriously injuring 50. Within a decade,
the State of Connecticut passes a law requiring annual inspection (in this case visual) of boilers.
1880–1920 – The "Oil and Whiting" method of crack detection[11] is used in the railroad industry to
find cracks in heavy steel parts. (A part is soaked in thinned oil, then painted with a white coating that
dries to a powder. Oil seeping out from cracks turns the white powder brown, allowing the cracks to
be detected.) This was the precursor to modern liquid penetrant tests.
1895 – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovers what are now known as X-rays. In his first paper he
discusses the possibility of flaw detection.
1920 – Dr. H. H. Lester begins development of industrial radiography for metals.

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1924 – Lester uses radiography to examine castings to be installed in a Boston Edison Company
steam pressure power plant.
1926 – The first electromagnetic eddy current instrument is available to measure material
thicknesses.
1927-1928 – Magnetic induction system to detect flaws in railroad track developed by Dr. Elmer
Sperry and H.C. Drake.
1929 – Magnetic particle methods and equipment pioneered (A.V. DeForest and F.B. Doane.)
1930s – Robert F. Mehl demonstrates radiographic imaging using gamma radiation from Radium,
which can examine thicker components than the low-energy X-ray machines available at the time.
1935–1940 – Liquid penetrant tests developed (Betz, Doane, and DeForest)
1935–1940s – Eddy current instruments developed (H.C. Knerr, C. Farrow, Theo Zuschlag, and Fr.
F. Foerster).
1940–1944 – Ultrasonic test method developed in USA by Dr. Floyd Firestone, who applies for a
U.S. invention patent for same on May 27, 1940 and is issued the U.S. patent as grant no. 2,280,226
on April 21, 1942. Extracts from the first two paragraphs of this seminal patent for a nondestructive
testing method succinctly describe the basics of ultrasonic testing. "My invention pertains to a device
for detecting the presence of inhomogeneities of density or elasticity in materials. For instance if a
casting has a hole or a crack within it, my device allows the presence of the flaw to be detected and
its position located, even though the flaw lies entirely within the casting and no portion of it extends
out to the surface." Additionally, "The general principle of my device consists of sending high
frequency vibrations into the part to be inspected, and the determination of the time intervals of
arrival of the direct and reflected vibrations at one or more stations on the surface of the part."
Medical echocardiography is an offshoot of this technology.[12]
1946 – First neutron radiographs produced by Peters.
1950 – The Schmidt Hammer (also known as "Swiss Hammer") is invented. The instrument uses the
world's first patented non-destructive testing method for concrete.
1950 – J. Kaiser introduces acoustic emission as an NDT method.

(Basic Source for above: Hellier, 2001) Note the number of advancements made during the WWII era,
a time when industrial quality control was growing in importance.

1963 – Frederick G. Weighart's[13] and James F. McNulty (U.S. radio engineer)'s[14] co-invention of
Digital radiography is an offshoot of the pairs development of nondestructive test equipment at
Automation Industries, Inc., then, in El Segundo, California. See James F. McNulty also at article
Ultrasonic testing.
1996 – Rolf Diederichs founded the first Open Access NDT Journal in the Internet. Today the Open
Access NDT Database NDT.net
2008 – Academia NDT International has been officially founded and has its base office in Brescia
(Italy) www.academia-ndt.org

Methods and techniques

NDT is divided into various methods of nondestructive testing, each based on a particular scientific
principle. These methods may be further subdivided into various techniques. The various methods and
techniques, due to their particular natures, may lend themselves especially well to certain applications
and be of little or no value at all in other applications. Therefore, choosing the right method and
technique is an important part of the performance of NDT.

Acoustic emission testing (AE or AT)

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Blue etch anodize (BEA)

Dye penetrant inspection or liquid penetrant testing (PT or LPI)
Electromagnetic testing (ET) or electromagnetic inspection
(commonly known as "EMI")
Alternating current field measurement (ACFM)
Alternating current potential drop measurement (ACPD)
Barkhausen testing
Direct current potential drop measurement (DCPD)
Eddy-current testing (ECT)
Magnetic flux leakage testing (MFL) for pipelines, tank floors,
and wire rope
An example of a 3D replicating
Magnetic-particle inspection (MT or MPI)
technique. The flexible high-
Magnetovision resolution replicas allow surfaces to
Remote field testing (RFT) be examined and measured under
Ellipsometry laboratory conditions. A replica can
be taken from all solid materials.
Endoscope inspection
Guided wave testing (GWT)
Hardness testing
Impulse excitation technique (IET)
Microwave imaging
Terahertz nondestructive evaluation (THz)
Infrared and thermal testing (IR)
Thermographic inspection X-Ray, Optical and Terahertz image
Scanning thermal microscopy of a packaged IC.[15]
Laser testing
Electronic speckle pattern interferometry
Holographic interferometry
Self-mixing laser interferometry
Low coherence interferometry
Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
Profilometry
Shearography
Leak testing (LT) or Leak detection
Hydrostatic test
Absolute pressure leak testing (pressure change)
Bubble testing
Halogen diode leak testing
Hydrogen leak testing
Mass spectrometer leak testing
Tracer-gas leak testing method for helium, hydrogen and refrigerant gases
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and NMR spectroscopy
Metallographic replicas[16][17]
Spectroscopy
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Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR)
(Far-infrared =) Terahertz spectroscopy
Raman Spectroscopy
Optical microscopy
Positive material identification (PMI)
Radiographic testing (RT) (see also Industrial radiography and Radiography)
Computed radiography
Digital radiography (real-time)
Neutron imaging
SCAR (small controlled area radiography)
X-ray computed tomography (CT)
Resonant inspection

Resonant acoustic method (RAM)[18]

Scanning electron microscopy
Surface temper etch (Nital Etch)
Ultrasonic testing (UT)
Acoustic resonance technology (ART)
Angle beam testing
Electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) (non-contact)
Laser ultrasonics (LUT)
Internal rotary inspection system (IRIS) ultrasonics for tubes
Phased array ultrasonics (PAUT)
Thickness measurement
Time of flight diffraction ultrasonics (TOFD)
Time-of-flight ultrasonic determination of 3D elastic constants (TOF)
Vibration analysis
Visual inspection (VT)
Pipeline video inspection
Weight and load testing of structures
Corroscan/C-scan
3D computed tomography
Industrial CT scanning
Heat Exchanger Life Assessment System
RTJ Flange Special Ultrasonic Testing

Personnel training, qualification and certification

Successful and consistent application of nondestructive testing techniques depends heavily on personnel
training, experience and integrity. Personnel involved in application of industrial NDT methods and
interpretation of results should be certified, and in some industrial sectors certification is enforced by

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law or by the applied codes and standards.[19]

NDT professionals and managers who seek to further their growth, knowledge and experience to remain
competitive in the rapidly advancing technology field of nondestructive testing should consider joining
NDTMA, a member organization of NDT Managers and Executives who work to provide a forum for the
open exchange of managerial, technical and regulatory information critical to the successful
management of NDT personnel and activities. Their annual conference at the Golden Nugget in Las
Vegas is a popular for its informative and relevant programming and exhibition space

Certification schemes

There are two approaches in personnel certification:[20]

1. Employer Based Certification: Under this concept the employer compiles their own Written
Practice. The written practice defines the responsibilities of each level of certification, as
implemented by the company, and describes the training, experience and examination requirements
for each level of certification. In industrial sectors the written practices are usually based on
recommended practice SNT-TC-1A of the American Society for Nondestructive Testing.[21] ANSI
standard CP-189 outlines requirements for any written practice that conforms to the standard.[22] For
aviation, space, and defense (ASD) applications NAS 410 sets further requirements for NDT
personnel, and is published by AIA – Aerospace Industries Association, which is made up of US
aerospace airframe and powerplant manufacturers. This is the basis document for EN 4179[23] and
other (USA) NIST-recognized aerospace standards for the Qualification and Certification (employer-
based) of Nondestructive Testing personnel. NAS 410 also sets the requirements also for "National
NDT Boards", which allow and proscribe personal certification schemes. NAS 410 allows ASNT
Certification as a portion of the qualifications needed for ASD certification.[24]
2. Personal Central Certification: The concept of central certification is that an NDT operator can
obtain certification from a central certification authority, that is recognized by most employers, third
parties and/or government authorities. Industrial standards for central certification schemes include
ISO 9712,[25] and ANSI/ASNT CP-106[26] (used for the ASNT ACCP [27] scheme). Certification under
these standards involves training, work experience under supervision and passing a written and
practical examination set up by the independent certification authority. EN 473[28] was another
central certification scheme, very similar to ISO 9712, which was withdrawn when CEN replaced it
with EN ISO 9712 in 2012.

In the United States employer based schemes are the norm, however central certification schemes exist
as well. The most notable is ASNT Level III (established in 1976-1977), which is organized by the
American Society for Nondestructive Testing for Level 3 NDT personnel.[29] NAVSEA 250-1500 is
another US central certification scheme, specifically developed for use in the naval nuclear program.[30]

Central certification is more widely used in the European Union, where certifications are issued by
accredited bodies (independent organizations conforming to ISO 17024 and accredited by a national
accreditation authority like UKAS). The Pressure Equipment Directive (97/23/EC) actually enforces
central personnel certification for the initial testing of steam boilers and some categories of pressure
vessels and piping.[31] European Standards harmonized with this directive specify personnel certification
to EN 473. Certifications issued by a national NDT society which is a member of the European
Federation of NDT (EFNDT) are mutually acceptable by the other member societies [32] under a
multilateral recognition agreement.

Canada also implements an ISO 9712 central certification scheme, which is administered by Natural
Resources Canada, a government department.[33][34][35]
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The aerospace sector worldwide sticks to employer based schemes.[36] In America it is based mostly on
AIA-NAS-410 [37] and in the European Union on the equivalent and very similar standard EN 4179.[23]
However EN 4179:2009 includes an option for central qualification and certification by a National
aerospace NDT board or NANDTB (paragraph 4.5.2).

Levels of certification

Most NDT personnel certification schemes listed above specify three "levels" of qualification and/or
certification, usually designated as Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 (although some codes specify Roman
numerals, like Level II). The roles and responsibilities of personnel in each level are generally as follows
(there are slight differences or variations between different codes and standards):[25][23]

Level 1 are technicians qualified to perform only specific calibrations and tests under close
supervision and direction by higher level personnel. They can only report test results. Normally they
work following specific work instructions for testing procedures and rejection criteria.
Level 2 are engineers or experienced technicians who are able to set up and calibrate testing
equipment, conduct the inspection according to codes and standards (instead of following work
instructions) and compile work instructions for Level 1 technicians. They are also authorized to
report, interpret, evaluate and document testing results. They can also supervise and train Level 1
technicians. In addition to testing methods, they must be familiar with applicable codes and
standards and have some knowledge of the manufacture and service of tested products.
Level 3 are usually specialized engineers or very experienced technicians. They can establish NDT
techniques and procedures and interpret codes and standards. They also direct NDT laboratories
and have central role in personnel certification. They are expected to have wider knowledge covering
materials, fabrication and product technology.

Terminology
The standard US terminology for Nondestructive testing is defined in standard ASTM E-1316.[38] Some
definitions may be different in European standard EN 1330.

Indication
The response or evidence from an examination, such as a blip on the screen of an instrument.
Indications are classified as true or false. False indications are those caused by factors not related
to the principles of the testing method or by improper implementation of the method, like film
damage in radiography, electrical interference in ultrasonic testing etc. True indications are further
classified as relevant and non relevant. Relevant indications are those caused by flaws. Non
relevant indications are those caused by known features of the tested object, like gaps, threads,
case hardening etc.
Interpretation
Determining if an indication is of a type to be investigated. For example, in electromagnetic testing,
indications from metal loss are considered flaws because they should usually be investigated, but
indications due to variations in the material properties may be harmless and nonrelevant.
Flaw
A type of discontinuity that must be investigated to see if it is rejectable. For example, porosity in a
weld or metal loss.
Evaluation
Determining if a flaw is rejectable. For example, is porosity in a weld larger than acceptable by
code?
Defect

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A flaw that is rejectable – i.e. does not meet acceptance criteria. Defects are generally removed or
repaired.[38]

Reliability and statistics

Probability of detection (POD) tests are a standard way to evaluate a nondestructive testing technique in
a given set of circumstances, for example "What is the POD of lack of fusion flaws in pipe welds using
manual ultrasonic testing?" The POD will usually increase with flaw size. A common error in POD tests is
to assume that the percentage of flaws detected is the POD, whereas the percentage of flaws detected is
merely the first step in the analysis. Since the number of flaws tested is necessarily a limited number
(non-infinite), statistical methods must be used to determine the POD for all possible defects, beyond
the limited number tested. Another common error in POD tests is to define the statistical sampling units
(test items) as flaws, whereas a true sampling unit is an item that may or may not contain a flaw.[39][40]
Guidelines for correct application of statistical methods to POD tests can be found in ASTM E2862
Standard Practice for Probability of Detection Analysis for Hit/Miss Data and MIL-HDBK-1823A
Nondestructive Evaluation System Reliability Assessment, from the U.S. Department of Defense
Handbook.

See also
Destructive testing
Failure analysis
Forensic engineering – Investigation of failures associated with legal intervention
Inspection – Organized examination or formal evaluation exercise
Magnetovision
Maintenance testing
Materials science – Interdisciplinary field which deals with discovery and design of new materials,
primarily of physical and chemical properties of solids
Predictive maintenance – Determining the condition of in-service equipment in order to estimate
when maintenance should be performed
Product certification
Quality control – Project management process making sure produced products are good
Reliability engineering – Sub-discipline of systems engineering that emphasizes dependability in the
lifecycle management of a product or a system
Risk-based inspection
Robotic non-destructive testing – Method of inspection using remotely operated tools
Stress testing
Terahertz nondestructive evaluation

References
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13. U.S. Patent 3,277,302, titled "X-Ray Apparatus Having Means for Supplying An Alternating Square
Wave Voltage to the X-Ray Tube", granted to Weighart on October 4, 1964, showing its patent
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earlier filed co-pending application for an essential component of invention
14. U.S. Patent 3,289,000, titled "Means for Separately Controlling the Filament Current and Voltage on
a X-Ray Tube", granted to McNulty on November 29, 1966 and showing its patent application date
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s://www.researchgate.net/publication/326183918). Measurement.
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(2006)
17. BS ISO 3057 "Non-destructive testing - Metallographic replica techniques of surface examination"
(1998)
18. "Fundamentals of Resonant Acoustic Method NDT" (2005)
19. "ICNDT Guide to Qualification and Certification of Personnel for NDT" (http://www.ndt.net/news/files/I
CNDTGuidelinesJuly2012.pdf) (PDF). International Committee for NDT. 2012.
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New Zealand.
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Testing, (2006)
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23. EN 4179: "Aerospace series. Qualification and approval of personnel for non-destructive testing"
(2009)
24. AIA NAS410
25. ISO 9712: Non-destructive testing -- Qualification and certification of NDT personnel (2012)
26. ANSI/ASNT CP-106: "ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing
Personnel" (2008)
27. "ASNT Central Certification Program", ASNT Document ACCP-CP-1, Rev. 7 (2010)
28. EN 473: Non-destructive testing. Qualification and certification of NDT personnel. General principles,
(2008)
29. Charles Hellier (2003). Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. McGraw-Hill. p. 1.25. ISBN 978-0-
07-028121-9.
30. Charles Hellier (2003). Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. McGraw-Hill. p. 1.26. ISBN 978-0-
07-028121-9.
31. Directive 97/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 May 1997 on the
approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning pressure equipment, Annex I, paragraph
3.1.3
32. EFNDT/SEC/P/05-006: Agreement for EFNDT multilateral recognition of NDT personnel certification
schemes (http://www.efndt.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=McGXzQepYA0%3D&tabid=408&mid=1707)
(2005)
33. http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/smm-mms/ndt-end/index-eng.htm : The NDT Certifying Agency
(CANMET-MTL)
34. The relevant national standard for Canada is CAN/CGSB-48.9712-2006 "Qualification and
Certification of Non-Destructive Testing Personnel.", which complies with the requirements of ISO
9712:2005 and EN 473:2000.
35. Charles Hellier (2003). Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. McGraw-Hill. p. 1.27. ISBN 978-0-
07-028121-9.
36. R. Marini and P. Ranos: "Current Issues in Qualification and Certification of Non-Destructive Testing
Personnel in the Aerospace Industry (http://www.ndt.net/article/ecndt2006/doc/Th.3.6.5.pdf)",
ECNDT 2006 - Th.3.6.5
37. AIA-NAS-410: "Aerospace Industries Association, National Aerospace Standard, NAS Certification
and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel"
38. ASTM E-1316: "Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations", The American Society for
Testing and Materials, in Volume 03.03 NDT, 1997
39. T. Oldberg and R. Christensen (1999). "Erratic Measure" (http://www.ndt.net/article/v04n05/oldberg/o
ldberg.htm). 4 (5). NDT.net.
40. T. Oldberg (2005). "An Ethical Problem in the Statistics of Defect Detection Test Reliability" (http://ww
w.ndt.net/article/v10n05/oldberg/oldberg.htm). 10 (5). NDT.net.

Bibliography
ASTM International, ASTM Volume 03.03 Nondestructive Testing
ASTM E1316-13a: "Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations" (2013)
ASNT, Nondestructive Testing Handbook
Bray, D.E. and R.K. Stanley, 1997, Nondestructive Evaluation: A Tool for Design, Manufacturing and
Service; CRC Press, 1996.
Charles Hellier (2003). Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-
028121-9.

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Shull, P.J., Nondestructive Evaluation: Theory, Techniques, and Applications, Marcel Dekker Inc.,
2002.
EN 1330: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Nine parts. Parts 5 and 6 replaced by equivalent ISO
standards.
EN 1330-1: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. List of general terms (1998)
EN 1330-2: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms common to the non-destructive testing
methods (1998)
EN 1330-3: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in industrial radiographic testing
(1997)
EN 1330-4: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in ultrasonic testing (2010)
EN 1330-7: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in magnetic particle testing (2005)
EN 1330-8: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in leak tightness testing (1998)
EN 1330-9: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in acoustic emission testing (2009)
EN 1330-10: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in visual testing (2003)
EN 1330-11: Non-destructive testing. Terminology. Terms used in X-ray diffraction from
polycrystalline and amorphous materials (2007)
ISO 12706: Non-destructive testing. Penetrant testing. Vocabulary (2009)
ISO 12718: Non-destructive testing. Eddy current testing. Vocabulary (2008)

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