Transformer protection RET670
Exercise 2 – Differential protection
Stability and pick-up test
1MRG004957
Exercise 2 – Stability and pick-up test
Copyright
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The software or hardware described in this document is furnished under a
license and may be used, copied, or disclosed only in accordance with the terms
of such license.
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mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective holders.
ABB AB
Substation Automation Products
SE-721 59 Västerås
Sweden
Telephone: +46 (0) 21 34 20 00
Facsimile: +46 (0) 21 14 69 18
www.abb.com/substationautomation
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Exercise 2 – Stability and pick-up test
Transformer differential protection stability and
pick-up test
On completion of this exercise you should be able to
Test the transformer differential function regarding stability and pick-up
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Exercise 2 – Stability and pick-up test
Transformer differential protection
This exercise is based on the configuration in figure 1, i.e., a three winding transformer protection.
Transformer Data:
80 / 80 / 30 MVA
145±9*1,67% / 22 / 11 kV
318 / 2099 / 1574 A
YNd5d11
140 kV Bus
RET670
140kV/110V Meter.
CV MMXU
500/1 Meter. Meter. 49 Ith
C MMXU C MSQI TR PTTR
300/1 84 ↑↓
TCM YLTC
11 kV Bus W1 87N IdN/I 87T 3Id/I
W3 W2 REF PDIF T3W PDIF
1500/1
2000/1 Meter. Meter. 49 Ith 24 U/f>
C MMXU C MSQI TR PTTR OEX PVPH
22kV/110V
Y
Y
Ñ
Meter. Mont.
CV MMXU DRP RDRE
Function Function
configured not configured
22 kV Bus ANSI IEC ANSI IEC
IEC61850 IEC61850
Figure 1: A protection application for a three winding transformer in single breaker arrangement
Figure 1 shows all included functionality in the configuration. Function blocks in black are configured and the
rest indicate possible additions.
Prerequisite
Exercise 1 is completed and the IED is ready for testing (configuration, parameters, signal matrix
and eventually the graphical display is written into the IED).
Test set with 6 current outputs are available.
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Exercise 2 – Stability and pick-up test
Injection tests
The following objectives will be tested and verified:
Through load stability (HV-MV) at rated power
Current pickup level (IdMin) of the differential function for
o balanced three-phase injection from the HV-side.
o balanced three-phase injection from the MV- side
o single-phase injection from the HV- side.
o single-phase injection from the MV- side.
Current pickup level of the differential function for balanced three-phase injection for the operate-
restrain characteristic, section 2 and 3 – calculate whether the measured pickup level is correct.
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Exercise 2 – Stability and pick-up test
Verify the through load stability at rated power (HVMV, W1W2)
The differential protection
should be stable when the
transformer has balanced
load.
Figure 2: Through load situation
1. Inject ILxHVSecand ILxMVSec
Figure 3: Use the HMI to check derived values
2. Use the Local HMI and navigate to Tests/Functions status/Differential
protection/TransformerDiff3Wind(PDIF,87T)
3. Check IDL1MAG, IDL2MAG and IDL3MAG
4. Check IBIAS
IHVPrim = 318 A IHVSec = 318/500 = 0.636 A
IMVPrim = 2099 A IMVSec = 2099/2000 = 1.050 A
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Exercise 2 – Stability and pick-up test
Winding 1 is the phase angle reference (Y) and magnitude reference. The power flows from HV-side to MV-
side, i.e. positive according to the reference direction. The CT starpoint is “towards” the transformer, i.e.
ToObject. The flow of the secondary current is therefore ‘towards’ the T3WPDIF.
The HV-side currents for injection are therefore:
IL1HVSec = 0.636 Ð0°
IL2HVSec = 0.636 Ð240°
IL3HVSec = 0.636 Ð120°
Winding 2 is lagging the HV-side current by 150° (d5). The flow of the primary current is ‘away from’ the
transformer, i.e. opposite to the reference direction (180°). The CT starpoint is ‘towards’ the transformer, i.e.
ToObject. The flow of the secondary current is therefore ‘away from’ the T3WPDIF.
The MV-side currents for injection are therefore:
IL1MVSec = 1.05 Ð(-150° +180°) = 1.05 Ð30°
IL2MVSec = 1.05 Ð(90° +180°) = 1.05 Ð270°
IL3MVSec = 1.05 Ð(-30° +180°) = 1.05 Ð150°
The differential currents should be equal and very low in every phase
The bias current should be about 318 A (the bias current is the highest current on any side of the transformer
referred to HV-side).
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Exercise 2 – Stability and pick-up test
Verify the current pick up levels for 3-phase injection
Figure 4: Calculation for ratio correction
5. Ramp injection on HV-side (0 A on MV-side)
6. Trip level: .......... A
7. Trip time: .......... s
8. Ramp injection on MV-side (0 A on HV-side)
9. Trip level: .......... A
10. Trip time: .......... s
11. Analyze the disturbance recordings
HV side injection
When balanced 3-phase 1pu (= 318 A) primary
current flows, it should correspond to 1pu (= 1.0 A)
in the differential function. Hence, the ratio
adjustment by software is:
Ratio_3HV = 1.57
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Exercise 2 – Stability and pick-up test
Pick up level will be IdMin / Ratio_3HV
0.25/1.57 = 0.16 A.
MV side injection
When balanced 3-phase 1pu (=2099 A) primary
current flows, it should correspond to 1pu (= 1.0 A)
in the differential function. Hence, the ratio
adjustment by software is:
Ratio_3MV = 0.95
Pick up level will be IdMin / Ratio_3MV
0.25/0.95 = 0.26 A
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Exercise 2 – Stability and pick-up test
Verify the current pick up levels for 1-phase injection
HV side single phase injection
For a Yd transformer, ZSCurrSubtr should be set On
for the Y- winding (for balanced 3-phase injection,
this setting will have no impact on the current pickup
level since there are no zero sequence currents
during symmetrical faults).
Figure 5: Winding 1 (HV)
Figure 6 illustrates the setting ZSCurrSubtr: Off
Ratio_1_OffHV = Ratio_3HV = 1.57
We have the same sensitivity for earth faults as
three-phase faults.
Figure 6: Zero sequence reduction Off
13. Ramp injection on HV-side (0 A on HV-side)
14. Compare the 3-phase fault above
Figure 7 illustrates the setting ZSCurrSubtr: On. To
set it On is necessary setting to avoid unwanted trips.
The result: the zero sequence currents are subtracted
from the fundamental differential currents. This
leads to a decrease of sensitivity for internal earth
faults.
Figure 7: Zero sequence reduction On
15. Ramp injection on HV-side (0 A on MV-side)
16. Trip level: .......... A
17. Trip time: .......... s
18. Analyze the disturbance recordings
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Exercise 2 – Stability and pick-up test
Ratio_1_OnHV = 2/3 • Ratio_3HV = 1.04
Pick up level will be IdMin / Ratio_1_OnHV
0.25/1.04 = 0.24 A.
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Exercise 2 – Stability and pick-up test
MV side single phase injection
For a Yd transformer, ZSCurrSubtr should be set Off
for the Δ- winding (if no other earthed equipment is
connected between the CT and the transformer, i.e.
earthed zigzag-transformer).
Figure 8: Winding 2 (MV)
Figure 9 illustrates a delta connection with balanced
three-phase currents.
ILine = √3 • IPhase and the actual winding
transformation ratio is:
1: r/√3
Figure 9: Three phase balanced situation
Figure 10 illustrates how a single phase current is
transformed for the Δ- winding.
The result: the zero sequence currents are eliminated.
Figure 10: Single phase current
19. Ramp injection on MV-side (0 A on MV-side)
20. Trip level: .......... A
21. Trip time: .......... s
22. Analyze the disturbance recordings
Ratio_1_OnMV = 1/√3 • Ratio_3MV = 0.55
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Exercise 2 – Stability and pick-up test
Pick up level will be IdMin / Ratio_1_OnMV
0.25/0.55 = 0.45 A.
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Exercise 2 – Stability and pick-up test
Verify the current pick up levels for 3-phase injection – section 2 and 3
Previous we injected balanced three-phase currents,
first on the HV-side and then on the MV-side, to test
the trip values (the blue arrow in figure 11).
Now we are going to test two points, one in section 2
(2pu) and one in section 3 (3.5pu, the green arrows
in figure 11) in order to test the characteristic.
We have defined the bias current as the highest
current on any side of the transformer. So we start
from a stable steady state, i.e. we will start from the
horizontal bias axis (Idiff ≈ 0) at x pu bias current.
Now decease the current on the HV-side (or MV-
side), i.e. the differential current will increase but the
bias current will be stable. We move vertically up
Figure 11: Operating characteristic towards the characteristic until pickup.
Present settings:
Idmin: 0.25
SlopeSection2: 0.40
SlopeSection3: 0.80
EndSection1: 1.25
EndSection2: 3.00
Ratio_3HV = 1.57
23. Inject ILxHVSecand ILxMVSec
24. Ramp down on HV-side until pickup
25. Trip level: .......... A
26. Trip time: .......... s
27. Analyze the disturbance recordings
Ibias = 2pu
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Exercise 2 – Stability and pick-up test
The HV-side currents for injection are:
IL1HVSec = 1.27 Ð0° and balanced
The MV-side currents for injection are:
IL1MVSec = 2.10 Ð30° and balanced
Idiff _ pu Id min SlopeSection 2 (2 EndSection1)
0.25 0.4 ( 2 1.25) 0.55 pu
When ramping down on the HV-side the pickup level will be
2 0.55
I HV 0.92 A
Ratio _ 3 HV
NB! The permissible continuous overload for the 1 A inputs on the TRM is 4 A.
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Exercise 2 – Stability and pick-up test
Ibias = 3.5pu
Figure 12: Operating characteristic
28. Inject ILxHVSecand ILxMVSec
29. Ramp down on HV-side until pickup
30. Trip level: .......... A
31. Trip time: .......... s
32. Analyze the disturbance recordings
The HV-side currents for injection are:
IL1HVSec = 2.23 Ð0° and balanced
The MV-side currents for injection are:
IL1MVSec = 3.68 Ð30° and balanced
Idiff _ pu Id min
SlopeSection 2 ( EndSection2 EndSection1)
SlopeSection3 (3.5 EndSection2)
0.25 0.4 (3 1.25) 0.8 (3.5 3) 1.35 pu
When ramping down on the HV-side the pickup level will be
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Exercise 2 – Stability and pick-up test
3.5 1.35
I HV 1.37 A
Ratio _ 3 HV
NB! The permissible continuous overload for the 1 A inputs on the TRM is 4 A.
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ABB AB
Substation Automation Products
SE-721 59 Västerås, Sweden
Phone +46 (0) 21 34 20 00
Fax +46 (0) 21 14 69 18
www.abb.com/substationautomation
