Online Shopping System

Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT)

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Dhaka – 1216

July, 2020
 Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Online Shopping System

Arika Afrin Boshra (ID: 15162103275)

Rabeya Begum (ID: 15162103288)
Mosa. Sunjana Islam (ID: 15162103286)

The project Submitted to the Department of Computer Science and Engineering Bangladesh
University of Business and Technology (BUBT). In partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

July, 2020
 ABSTRACT

E-Commerce is process of doing business through computer networks. A person sitting on his
chair in front of a computer can access all the facilities of the Internet to buy or sell the products.
Unlike traditional commerce that is carried out physically with effort of a person to go & get
products, ecommerce has made it easier for human to reduce physical work and to save time.
E-Commerce which was started in early 1990’s has taken a great leap in the world of
computers, but the fact that has hindered the growth of e-commerce is security. Security is the
challenge facing e-commerce today & there is still a lot of advancement made in the field of
security. The main advantage of e-commerce over traditional commerce is the user can browse
online shops, compare prices and order merchandise sitting at home on their PC [1]. In this
information age, it seems like every company has its own web site. A web site that is not
effectively designed and maintained could spoil the company’s reputation. The report along
with providing certain helpful tips for building an on-line business, discusses some of the legal
and regulatory issues [2]. We try to develop a system where user can search for products by
name or price range. Products are organized by category and upcoming products are also visible
in the home page so the seller can catch the demand of that product. Usually, the customer will
be asked to fill or select a billing address, a shipping address, a shipping option. No payment
information needed because we proceed cash on delivery as per customers demand and for
their security. A notification will be sent to the customer as soon as the order is placed. Admin
can see user details and can change the status of product. And can edit, add and delete product
details. User can see all the products without registering. Only when user try to buy a product,
a registration process is required for the shipping details and verification process. We use
HTML, CSS, JavaScript as a front-end and PHP, MySQL database as back-end to implement
the project.

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 DECLARATION

We declare that this project and the work presented in it are our own and has been generated
by us and hereby declare that the project entitled “Online Shopping System” submitted in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Computer
Science and Engineering in the Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) of
Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT), is our own work and that it
contains no material which has been accepted for the award to the candidate(s) of any other
degree or diploma, except where due reference is made in the text of the project. To the best of
our knowledge, it contains no materials previously published or written by any other person
except where due reference is made in the project.

-------------- -------------- --------------

Arika Afrin Boshra Rabeya Begum Mosa. Sunjana Islam
ID: 15162103275 ID: 15162103288 ID: 15162103286

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 CERTIFICATE
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that Arika Afrin Boshra, Rabeya Begum and Mosa. Sunjana Islam students
of B.Sc. Engineering in CSE have completed the Project work titled ‘Online Shopping
System’ satisfactorily in partial fulfillment for the requirement of B.Sc. Engineering in CSE in
Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT) in the year 2020.

-------------- -------------- --------------

Arika Afrin Boshra Rabeya Begum Mosa. Sunjana Islam
ID: 15162103275 ID:15162103288 ID: 15162103286

----------------------------
Project Supervisor
(Suman Saha)
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT)
Mirpur-2, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, we are grateful to the Allah, the Almighty, the Merciful without whose
patronage and blessing this project would not have been successfully completed. He gave us
zeal, confidence, power of determination and courage and vanquished all the stumbling
hardness that we faced on the way .It is an auspicious occasion for us as students of Department
of Computer Science and Engineering, one of the prestigious academic centers of the
Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT), to express our deep feelings of
gratitude to the department and especially to our supervisor, Head of the department, all the
teachers and also to the departmental staff .We are immensely indebted to our supervisor,
Suman Saha, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Technology, for his
wonderful guidance, inspiration, encouragement and also for through review and correction of
this dissertation work that could not be finalized without his astute supervision.

We pay profound regard to all of our teachers of the department for their very valuable
directives and special attention .Our parents are very much keen and hopeful in the best
performance of the dissertation we are going to submit .We wish we could fulfill their
aspiration .We also pay regards to our friends in the department who, through their interest and
work, are our contestant source of inspiration.

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 DEDICATION

Dedicated to our parents for all their love and inspiration.

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 APPROVAL

This Project “Online Shopping System” Submitted by Arika Afrin Boshra ID NO:
15162103275, Rabeya Begum ID NO: 15162103288 and Mosa. Sunjana Islam ID NO:
15162103286 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), Bangladesh
University of Business and Technology (BUBT) under the supervision of Suman Saha,
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering has been accepted as
satisfactory for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science
(B.Sc. Eng.) in Computer Science and Engineering and approved as to its style and contents.

-----------------------
Supervisor
Suman Saha
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
Bangladesh University of Business & Technology (BUBT)
Mirpur-2, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.

-----------------------
Chairman (Acting)
Dr. Kamruddin Nur
Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT)
Mirpur-2, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.

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 ABBREVIATION & NOMENCLATURE

ABBREVIATION Description

IT Information Technology

RAM Random Access Memory

HTML Hyper Text Markup Language

CSS Cascading Style Sheet

PHP Hyper Text Preprocessor

SQL Structured Query Language

MYSQL My Structured Query Language

RDBMS Relational Database Management System

XAMPP Cross-Platform (x), Apache (A), MariaDB (M), PHP (P) and
Perl (P).

XML Extensible Markup Language

DOM Document Object Model

MMU Memory Management Unit

CGPA Cumulative Grade Point Average

ADODB Active Data Objects Data Base

W3C The World Wide Web Consortium

ERD Entity Relationship Diagram

DFD Data Flow Diagram

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 GUI Graphical User Interface

URL Universal Resource Locator

PC Personal Computer

MB Mega Byte

GB Giga Byte

OS Operating System

SL NO Serial Number

PDF Portable Document Format

SWOT Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats

B2B Business to Business

B2C Business to Consumer

C2C Consumer to Consumer

WAP Wireless Application Protocol

WEB World Electronic Base

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................ I

DECLRATION……………………………………………………………..……… II

CERTIFICATE…………………………………………………………………… III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………… IV

DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………… V

APPROVAL…………………………………………………………………..…… VI

ABBREVIATION & NOMENCLATURES………………………………..……. VII

Chapter 01: Introduction…………………………………………….. 1-7

1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 1

1.2 Existing Systems…………………………….……………………………….. 2

1.2.1 Yellow……….…………………………………………………..….. 3

1.2.2 ClickBD.com …….…………………………………….…………… 3

1.2.3 Cellbazaar.com…………………………..………..………………… 3

1.2.4 Rokomari.com………………………………………………………... 3

1.2.5 Hutbazar.com. ……………………………………………………….. 4

1.3 Motivations………………..…………………………………………………. 4

1.4 Objectives……………………………………………………………………... 5

1.5 Contribution………………………..………………………………………… 5

1.6 Organization of the Project Report………………..…………………………. 6

1.7 Conclusions…………………………..……………………………………… 7
.

Chapter 02: Existing Systems……………………………..…………. 8-33

2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 8

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 2.2 Existing Systems…………………………………………………………….. 8

2.2.1 Yellow ……………………………………………………………… 9

2.2.2 ClickBD.com ……………………………………………….……….. 11

2.2.3 Cellbazaar.com ……………………………….................................... 13

2.2.4 Rokomari.com …………………………………..…...……………... 15

2.2.5 Hutbazar.com ………………………………………………………. 17

2.3 Supporting Theory……………………………………………………………. 18

2.3.1 HTML…………………………..…………………………………… 19

2.3.2 CSS………………………………………..………………………… 20

2.3.3 PHP……………………………………..…………………………… 21

2.3.4 MySQL………………………………………………………………. 23

2.3.5 XAMPP………………………………………….…………………... 24

2.3.6 Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)………………………………... 25

2.3.7 Data Flow Diagram (DFD)…………… ……………………………. 30

2.4 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………… 33

Chapter 03: Proposed Model…………………………………………. 34-59

3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 34

3.2 Overview of Proposed System………………………………………………... 34

3.2.1 Features………………………………………………………………. 35

3.3 Feasibility Study……………………………..………………………………. 35

3.3.1 Objective of Feasibility Study………………………………………. 36

3.4 Requirements Analysis………………………………………………………. 38

3.5 System Architecture…………………………………………………………... 40

3.6 System Design………………………………………………………………… 41

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 3.6.1 Methodology…………………………………………………………. 42

3.6.2 Entity Relationship Diagram (E-R diagram) …………………..…… 46

3.6.3 Data Flow Diagram…………………………………………………... 47

3.6.4 Use Case Diagram…………..………………………………………. 48

3.7 Database Design………………………………………………………………. 50

3.8 Implementation………………………………………………………………. 58

3.9 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………… 59

Chapter 04: Implementation & Evaluation…………………...…… 60-66

4.1 Introduction………………………………..…………………………..……… 60

4.2 Result Analysis………………………...……………………………………... 63

4.2.1 Unit Testing………………………………………………….............. 63

4.2.2 White Box Testing……………………..……………………………. 64

4.2.3 Test Scenario…………………………………………………………. 65

4.3 Test Cases ……………………………………………………………………. 66

4.4 Application Outcome…………………………..……………………….......... 66

4.5 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………… 66

Chapter 05: User Manual…………………………………………….. 67-73

5.1 Introductions………………………..………………………………………… 67

5.2 User Interfaces………………………………………………………............... 67

5.3 Conclusion.…………………………………………………………………… 73

Chapter 06: Conclusions……………………………………............... 74-75

6.1 Summary ………………………………………………………...…………. 74

6.2 Future Enhancement………………………………..………………………… 75

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………… 76-78

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Data object in database table for about us..……………………………… 50

Table 3.2: Data object in database table for admin ………………………………… 51

Table 3.3: Data object in database table for background image……………………. 51

Table 3.4: Data object in database table for category……………….……………… 51

Table 3.5: Data object in database table for discount………………………………. 52

Table 3.6: Data object in database table for order………………………………….. 52

Table 3.7: Data object in database table for order details…………………………… 53

Table 3.8: Data object in database table for order status…………………………… 53

Table 3.9: Data object in database table for privacy policy………………………… 53

Table 3.10: Data objects in database table for product………………………………. 54

Table 3.11: Data objects in database table for product display……………………… 54

Table 3.12: Data objects in database table for product images………………………. 55

Table 3.13: Data objects in database table for product sizes………………………… 55

Table 3.14: Data objects in database table for shipping info………………………... 56

Table 3.15: Data objects in database table for slider………………………………... 56

Table 3.16: Data objects in database table for sub-category………………………… 57

Table 3.17: Data objects in database table for terms-and-condition………………… 57

Table 3.18: Data objects in database table for user………………………………….. 57

Table 4.3: Example of test scenario ………………………………………………... 65

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: Yellowclothing.net Home Page ….….………………………………. 9

Figure 2.2: ClickBD.com Home Page .……………….…………………….……. 11

Figure 2.3: Cellbazaar.com Home Page…………………………….……………. 13

Figure 2.4: Rokomari.com Home Page……………………………………........... 15

Figure 2.5: Hutbazar.com Home Page…………...………………………………. 17

Figure 2.6: PHP Work Flow …………………………………………..…………. 22

Figure 2.7: XAMPP Control Panel…………………………………….…………. 25

Figure 2.8: Relational Symbols ……………………………………..……………. 29

Figure 2.9: Comprehensive Look at Diagram Symbols ……………………..…… 31

Figure 3.1: Function of feasibility study ……………..…………………………… 35

Figure 3.2: Basic system architecture …………….……………………………… 40

Figure 3.3: System function structure ……………………………………………. 41

Figure 3.4: Phases of Agile model ……...………………………………………… 43

Figure 3.5: E-R Diagram for Online Shopping System …………..……………… 46

Figure 3.6: DFD context diagram …………………………..……………………. 47

Figure 3.7: DFD Level 0…………………………………..……………………… 48

Figure3.8: Use Case diagram ……………………………………………………. 49

Figure 3.9: Basic of database design ……………………………………………… 50

Figure 3.10: Database schema……………………………………………………… 58

Figure 4.1: Unit Testing ……………………………………………..…………… 63

Figure 4.2: White box testing ………………………………….………………… 65

Figure 5.1: Admin Login ……………………………………….………………… 68

Figure 5.2: Adding New product.……………………………….………………... 69

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 Figure 5.3: Admin Home Page …………………………………………………… 70

Figure 5.4: Searching Product by category.……………………………..………… 71

Figure 5.5: Product Details ………………….……………………………………. 71

Figure 5.6: Search Product by Price.……………………………………………… 72

Figure 5.7: Shopping Page.………………………..……………………………… 73

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
With this changing world we also have to change ourselves according to the current requirements
of the market, there was no proper medium available for the people to get information about the
world so that they could update themselves besides newspaper, but today various medium area
there such as television, radio and now a day’s IT. IT has changed the people's idea about
information. People can get information about anything within few seconds. These media are the
software which are developed to store information about any particular area. Here, the software
“Online Shopping System” will help the users to gather information about a particular way and
then they can easily access it to them self. E-commerce has experienced rapid growth since its
humble beginnings with e-commerce sales projected to grow to 599.2 billion USD by 2024. The
COVID-19 outbreak saw e-commerce sales spike 25% in March 2020 alone. The power of e-
commerce should not be underestimated as it continues to pervade everyday life and present
significant opportunities for small, medium, and large businesses and online investors. You don’t
need to look far to see the potential of e-commerce businesses. Amazon, for example, which set
the standard for customer-orientated websites as well as a lean supply chain, is selling over 4000
items a minute from SMBs alone [3].
People buy online because of:

i. Lower Prices: Managing an online storefront is far cheaper than an offline, brick and
mortar store. Typically less staff are required to manage an online shop as web-based
management systems enable owners to automate inventory management and warehousing
is not necessarily required. As such, e-commerce business owners can afford to pass
operational cost savings on to consumers (in the form of product or service discounts)
whilst protecting their overall margin. Furthermore, with the rise of price comparison
websites, consumers have more transparency with regard to prices and are able to shop
around, typically purchasing from online outlets instead.

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 ii. Accessibility and Convenience: Unlike many offline stores, consumers can access e-
commerce websites 24 hours a day. Customers can read about services, browse products
and place orders whenever they wish. In that sense, online shopping is extremely
convenient and gives the consumer more control. Furthermore, those living in more remote
areas are able to order from their home at a touch of a button, saving them time travelling
to a shopping center.
iii. Wider Choice: For the past twenty years, the growth of online shopping has to a large
extent been based around increased choice. With an almost endless choice of brands and
products to choose from, consumers are not limited by the availability of specific products
in their local town, city or country. Items can be sourced and shipped
globally. Interestingly, one recent study found that consumers are actually starting to
become frustrated by e-commerce sites that offer too much choice. Whichever way you
look at it though, more choice has likely been a good thing over the long term.

Having a broad idea of your requirements for each of the items listed above is an important aspect
of deciding whether to re-platform. Platform choice will depend on the business in question and
specific goals. It is worth spending some time detailing specific requirements out, in order to speed
up the process.

1.2 Existing Systems

There are many E-Commerce systems, in Bangladesh, E-Commerce is just evolving but the ball
has been set rolling for an Internet revolution. E-commerce is no longer a luxury but a reality.
Now, it is estimated that more than 180 ISP’s have been working in this country and there are near
about 4.5 lakhs1 Internet users in the country. So, there is a vast chance for the expansion of e-
commerce in Bangladesh. The usage of computer in Bangladesh is very low. Beside this, the speed
of the Internet is very slow as the necessary advancement of telecommunication infrastructure is
not in place. Bangladesh is recently connected to the rest of the world over a fiber-optic backbone.
Before that ISPs in Bangladesh are providing Internet services via VSATs from Singapore. In
Bangladesh, some companies/vendors have already started their business through E-Commerce,
and they achieved some success [4].

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1.2.1 Yellow

Yellowclothing.net is the trendiest fashion brand from Bangladesh, is mostly distinguished for its
true international quality designs and fabrics. Since origin, they have been offering world class
designs at amazing value price. Our product line includes a wide range of fashion clothing,
fragrance, and accessories for men, women and children; textiles for home decoration; avant-garde
ceramic items; paintings; books; and many more. YELLOW highly values the urgency of orders.
They endeavor to make sure that your ordered products reach your door in the fastest possible
time. Once your order is confirmed, you will receive a confirmation mail from their Customer
Services Department [5].

1.2.2 ClickBD.com
ClickBD is creating a place where people can offer goods for sale and anyone in the world can buy
at a fair price. It will be a market of people, where your next-door neighbor can compete with a
large corporation and have an equal chance of success. It will be a place that constantly adapts and
improves to meet the needs of buyers and sellers. Trust, honesty and efficiency will be rewarded.
In the end, our market will be so large and open that you will be able to find almost anything you
can imagine. And every other way to buy and sell things will seem inferior [6].

1.2.3 Cellbazaar.com
CellBazaar is a WEB based virtual platform that intends to assist the Visitors, Customers,
Purchaser, Buyer, Sellers and Users committing business introduction among them. CellBazaar
provides certain services to its users so that they can use this website as a common zone of selling
or purchasing their lawful or permitted products/contents. The service under CellBazaar web
managed by CellBazaar [7].

1.2.4 Rokomari.com
Rokomari.com is now one of the leading e-commerce organizations in Bangladesh. It is indeed the
biggest online bookshop or bookstore in Bangladesh that helps you save time and money. You can
buy books online with a few clicks or a convenient phone call. With breathtaking discounts and
offers you can buy anything from Bangla Upannash or English story books to academic, research

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or competitive exam books. Superfast cash on delivery service brings the products at your doorstep
as ordered [8].

1.2.5 Hutbazar.com
Hutbazar.com, a sister concern of Right IT Corporation, pioneered online comparison shopping
and today is one of the fastest growing shopping destinations for a comprehensive set of products
from thousands of trusted stores from across the Web. With a singular focus on shopping,
Hutbazar.com offers shoppers easy-to-use search tools, engaging content and time saving
navigation [9].

1.3 Motivations
Based on these above problems, we are highly motivated to introduce or develop a new system
having the following features.

i. To introduce a new service.

ii. No need to go through an outlet to find a new product.
iii. User could give us feedback & opinions.
iv. Latest and upcoming product information can be uploaded instantly from the admin panel.
v. The admin can manage all the products by himself.
vi. Previously uploaded products by admin can easily be seen.
vii. To enter into the global market place.
viii. Scope of further improvement.
ix. To meet customer demands.
x. To increase sales.
xi. To reduce transection cost.
xii. To reduce customer support cost.

For above all information, we are highly motivated to develop “Online Shopping System” the E-
commerce system for our final year project and started our work.

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1.4 Objectives
The study of E-commerce is much broader that the current enthusiasm for home shopping on the
web. The objective behind the preparation of the project “Online Shopping System” the E-
commerce system is:
a) To know the importance of E-commerce in today’s environment.
b) Business to customer transaction using internet.
c) To make a user-friendly environment.
d) To create an easy searching way to find budget-friendly product.
e) To capture all cities of Bangladesh.
f) To show all the upcoming products for the users.
g) To published different types of product.
h) To change or update the uploaded product by the admin.
i) To upload a product information from anywhere and anytime by the admin.
j) To get the feedback from the users.
k) To increase the efficiency of managing the products.
l) To integrate of all records of upload products.
m) The system should provide admin facility to manage the products.
n) The system should be flexible enough.
o) To provide a strong security system.
p) To provide latest technology.
q) To manage and opportunities, securely stores all records.
r) To build to make components reusable for future developments.

1.5 Contributions
After implement the project, we overcome the manual work for user satisfaction. So, the
contributions of the project are:

i. To create web-based E-commerce system.

ii. Our project ‘Five Star’ is fully web-based software.
iii. Admin has to manage of the all products and related information.
iv. It is an efficient system.

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 v. Enough flexible for the users.
vi. Admin can add a new product and edited within a particular section.
vii. The system provides a security system.
viii. It saves time and money.

1.6 Organization of The Project Report

The organizations of the project report are as follows:

Chapter 2, we discuss the existing systems of “E-commerce system” that able to clear our intention
to develop our system with saving time, energy. Manually, it is very energetic and time-consuming
process. We also describe Existing/Supporting systems, Analysis of existing system and many
diagrams in this chapter. Our proposed solution to make a truly online system to have met with
Property Management System, all manual process has been automated through this system are
described in Chapter 3.

Feasibility study, requirement analysis, system design, data-flow diagram (DFD), entity-
relationship diagram (ERD), database design, forms design, report design is also described in this
section. Finally, we implement our system. In implementation various kinds of code are presented.
All the experimental result in our system we describe in the Chapter 4.

We also describe some testing such as unit testing, black box testing in this section. This part
shows all possible better outcomes through necessary test cases of our system. This part must proof
that we have built our proposed system properly.

Chapter 5 introduced system requirements, hardware requirements, software requirements

graphical user-interfaces of each side (users’ side and Admin side) and user manual having all the
screenshots with explanation how user can work and corresponding output of the system. It
provides the direction to the users who don’t know how to use the software. It denotes which page
will come after which one. It also denotes which task have to do after which one, how to complete
our project.

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Finally, conclusion and the limitations of the project with prospective future scopes are defined in
Chapter 6. We also describe the benefits of our system in this section [10].

1.7 Conclusions
The “Online Shopping System” is an E-commerce system that provide the user interface where
the all users can be searched a new product. The admin can upload the products and also manage
all the products. Admin record the sells and history for future need and also search the products to
select types and price. A user select a product and order it. Admin also can add a discount price
and update information. Admin also can also add a product for future without publishing it.
Consumer can search by category as well as price range of a category. If user is not registered and
add to cart some product, products will be available to his cart after registration also. That makes
it super easy to shop a product weather the user is registered or not.

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 CHAPTER 2
EXISTING SYSTEM

2.1 Introduction
In this chapter we discuss the existing systems of ‘E-Commerce System’ that able to clear our
intention to develop our E-commerce system with saving time, energy. Manually, it is very
energetic and time-consuming process. We aim to address this lacking by providing online base
application and provide the best opportunity of the admin and the users. The chapter also contains
problem of existing system, supporting theory, analysis of existing system. The explanation of
many diagram such as Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD), Data Flow Diagram (DFD), Use Case
Diagram is a part of this chapter. We also describe the manual system and their problem in this
chapter. PHP, HTML, CSS, jQuery, JavaScript, MySQL are also described in this chapter.

2.2 Existing Systems

To online business purpose several E-commerce sites are found in Bangladesh. They serve more
likely equivalent business dimensions. Their revenue model is several categories. As well as
payment systems are also more similar. Major Attributes to establish an ideal E-commerce are as
follows:
• 8 Key Elements of Business model
• 8 Unique Features of E-commerce Technology
• Business Dimensions / Models
• Revenue Model
• Target audiences
• E-commerce Website Methodology
• Secure and quick payment system
• Currencies Support
• Shipping policies
• Collection of multiplicity

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 • Businesses cover up arena
• Privacy policy

The SWOT (Strengthens Weakness Opportunities Threat) analysis is the following on the
several existing E-commerce site [11].

2.2.1 Yellow
Yellow is one of the largest e-commerce services in Bangladesh. User can search by using
locations, product types, selecting price. The home page screenshot and SWOT analysis of
Yellowclothing.net is given below,

Figure 2.1: Yellowclothing.net Home Page.

2.2.1.1 Strength
i. B2C business model.
ii. Has been in the market for 10 years.
iii. Strong group of loyal customers.

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 iv. Revenue model: Advertisement
v. Target Audiences: All BD’s Population
vi. Payment system: Click Card, bKash, Rocket, Nexus Pay.
vii. Cover up arena: Six Divisions.
viii. Collection of multiplicity: More than ten different categories product.
ix. Support social network.

2.2.1.2 Weaknesses
i. No Multiple revenue model-Sales of goods, Transaction fees, Subscription fees, Affiliate.
ii. Shipping policy: up to consumers.
iii. Currency support: Only BDT/Taka.
iv. Global rich- no support.
v. Lack of marketing.
vi. No Competitive advantages: As Consumer generated.
vii. Lack of Market opportunity: Not include multiple business model.

2.2.1.3 Opportunities
i. Has option to turn Multiple business model.
ii. Online retail and E-commerce.
iii. Expansion into other countries.
iv. Has chance to eliminate market middlemen.
v. Can create employment.
vi. Audiences may gather IT knowledge.
vii. M-commerce: That may cover all target audiences.
viii. Marketing: That may bring first mover facility.

2.2.1.4 Threats

i. Shipping policy time consuming. So, consumer may move to better one.
ii. Firm profit may fall down. Because of limited revenue model.
iii. Limited market space: Can avoid the consumer.

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 iv. Products cost high: May move user to return traditional market.
v. Return policy: May create haphazard.
vi. High delivery cost: User can move emerging site.
vii. Threats of new entrants.

2.2.2 ClickBD.com
ClickBD is creating a place where people can offer goods for sale and anyone in the world can buy
at a fair price. The home page screenshot and SWOT analysis of ClickBD.com is given below,

Figure 2.2: ClickBD.com Home Page.

2.2.2.1 Strength

i. B2B, B2C, C2C business model.

ii. Revenue model: Ads, Sales of goods, Subscription fees, Transaction fees.
iii. Target Audiences: City corporation area and large district level town.
iv. Payment system: Click card, cheque, Cash at home, Courier pay.
v. Collection of multiplicity: Large collection.
vi. Privacy policy: Personal information is securely stored in clickbd server.

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vii. Support social network.
viii. In ClickBD over 90% of all listed items get sold.

2.2.2.2 Weaknesses

i. Online payment system: Use only click card.

ii. No affiliate revenue model.
iii. Shipping policy: No proper shipping policies.
iv. Site design: Cannot see the products in different dimension, no shopping cart option, not
easy to access the site.
v. Currency support: Only BDT/Taka.
vi. Global rich: no support.

2.2.2.3 Opportunities

i. Has chance to eliminate market middlemen.

ii. Can create employment.
iii. Audiences may gather IT knowledge.
iv. Has option to study of cultural tradition.
v. Option to run secure Online payment system that helps one step to steer E-banking.
vi. M-commerce: That may cover all target audiences.
vii. Rich structure of website: That may help to run an ideal E-commerce.

2.2.2.4 Threats

i. Weak Shipping policy: Can lose the user.

ii. Improper web site design: May disagree the users to access the site.
iii. Limited market space: Can avoid the consumer.
iv. No media publicity: Can away from competitive environment.
v. Going to introduce E-gateway cards for both banking E-Commerce transaction which may
take the market of Click-Cards.

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2.2.3 Cellbazaar.com
Cellbazaar.com is one of the largest e-commerce services in Bangladesh. User can search by using
locations, product types, selecting price. The home page screenshot and SWOT analysis of
Cellbazaar.com is given below,

Figure 2.3 Cellbazaar.com Home Page.

2.2.3.1 Strength

i. C2C business model.

ii. Revenue model: Advertisement, SMS charges.
iii. Target Audiences: Six Divisions.
iv. Payment system: Hand to hand during receive the product.
v. Cover up arena: Six Divisions.
vi. Collection of multiplicity: Variety collection as user generated.
vii. Mobile SMS: Dial 3838 or SMS can enable to trade.
viii. First concept of M-commerce in BD.
ix. Partnership with the largest telecom company(GP).
x. Platform SMS, VOICE, WAP, WEB.

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2.2.3.2 Weaknesses
i. No value proposition: Most of the products are old.
ii. Lack of marketing.
iii. Lack of B2B, B2C business model.
iv. No Multiple revenue model: Sales of goods, Transaction fees, Subscription fees, Affiliate
revenue model.
v. No online payment system.
vi. Shipping policy: Up to consumers.
vii. Site design: Cannot see the products in different dimension, no shopping cart option.
viii. Currency support: Only BDT/Taka.
ix. Global rich: No support.
x. No Competitive advantages: As Consumer generated.
xi. Lack of Market opportunity: Not include multiple business model.

2.2.3.3 Opportunities
i. Has option to turn Multiple business model.
ii. Has chance to eliminate market middlemen.
iii. Can create employment.
iv. Audiences may gather IT knowledge.
v. Option to run secure Online payment system that helps one step to run E-banking.
vi. M-commerce: That may cover all target audiences.

2.2.3.4 Threats

i. Market strategy may fail: Because user generated.

ii. Products are old: User may reduce.
iii. Risk of hand to hand transactions: Because of dishonest user.
iv. Shipping policy time consuming: So, consumer may move to better one.
v. Firm profit may fall down: Because of limited revenue model.
vi. Cultural tradition: obstacle to turn online business.

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2.2.4 Rokomari.com
Rokomari.com is one of the largest e-commerce services in Bangladesh. The home page screenshot
and SWOT analysis of Rokomari.com is given below,

Figure 2.4: Rokomari.com Home Page.

2.2.4.1 Strength

i. B2C, B2B business model.

ii. Revenue model: Sales of products, transaction fees.
iii. Target Audiences: All BD’s Population.
iv. Payment system: Hand to hand during receive the product and bKash.
v. Collection of multiplicity: Large collection of books in different categories.
vi. The site is aesthetically pleasing.
vii. Also support Bengali language.
viii. Up to 20% off on every purchase of books makes competitive advantages.

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2.2.4.2 Weaknesses

i. No value proposition: Only sell books and CDs.

ii. No Multiple revenue model: Subscription fees, Affiliate revenue model, ads fees.
iii. Lack of C2C business model.
iv. No online payment system.
v. Shipping policy: Up to merchant.
vi. Currency support: Only BDT/Taka.
vii. Global rich: no support.
viii. Lack of Market opportunity: Limited classification products.

2.2.4.3 Opportunities

i. Branding similar market strategy like Amazon.

ii. Soon start selling eBook and other products: Well market strategy.
iii. 30 Day Replacement Policy: Raises the users.
iv. Well site design: Can engage the user.
v. Has option to turn Multiple business model.
vi. Audiences may gather IT knowledge.
vii. Option to run secure Online payment system: That helps one step to run E-banking.
viii. M-commerce: That may cover all target audiences.

2.2.4.4 Threats

i. Replacement policy: Can haphazard merchant of dishonest people.

ii. Risk of transactions: One party of a transaction can deny.
iii. Shipping policy time consuming –3 to 10 working days.
iv. Firm profit may fall down: Because market size is small.
v. Merchant generated: User can move another emerging site.

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2.2.5 Hutbazar.com
Hutbazar.com is one of the largest e-commerce services in Bangladesh. The home page screenshot
and SWOT analysis of Hutbazar.com is given below,

Figure 2.5: Hutbazar.com Home Page.

2.2.5.1 Strength
i. B2C business model.
ii. Revenue model: Sales of products, Delivery charges.
iii. Target Audiences: BD Citizen who lives outside BD.
iv. Payment system: Secure online transaction (Pay pal).
v. Web site design: An ideal E-commerce site, shopping cart etc.
vi. Privacy policy: Secure online transaction (Pay pal) and hide the person information.
vii. Shipping policy: Secure and fast.

2.2.5.2 Weaknesses
i. No Multiple revenue model: Advertisement, Subscription fees, Affiliate revenue model.
ii. Lack of Market opportunity: Because not include BD.
iii. Only one payment system (Pay pal).
iv. Lack of C2C, B2B business model.

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 v. High Product prices.
vi. No multiple collection of variety.
vii. Merchant does not act as clearing house.
viii. Limited services area (17 town over BD).

2.2.5.3 Opportunities
i. Has chance to first mover activity.
ii. Has chance to add BD Banking sector as online payment system.
iii. Global rich: Great chance to move globally.
iv. Has option to turn Multiple business model.
v. Option to eliminate market middlemen.
vi. Option to cover local area BD.
vii. A great option to move export/import business.
viii. Rich structure of web site: May turn for leading.
ix. Great chance to move C2C: Globally.

2.2.5.4 Threats
i. Market strategy may fail: No marketing.
ii. Payment only by Pay pal: May not cover large amount of user.
iii. Products cost high: May move user to return traditional market.
iv. Return policy: May create haphazard.
v. High delivery cost: User can move emerging site.
vi. Small market size: May reduce profit.
vii. No C2C: Consumer can move suitable one.
viii. Wrong Market strategy: No cover local market.

2.3 Supporting Theory

Our whole system is web based. We have implemented our system by the following supporting
various web technology and tools for both frontend and backend.

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2.3.1 HTML
HTML is a computer language devised to allow website creation. These websites can then be
viewed by anyone else connected to the Internet. It is relatively easy to learn, with the basics being
accessible to most people in one sitting; and quite powerful in what it allows you to create. It is
constantly undergoing revision and evolution to meet the demands and requirements of the
growing Internet audience under the direction of the » W3C, the organization charged with
designing and maintaining the language. HTML consists of a series of short codes typed into a
text-file by the site author — these are the tags. The text is then saved as an html file, and viewed
through a browser, like Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator. This browser reads the file and
translates the text into a visible form, hopefully rendering the page as the author had intended.
Writing your own HTML entails using tags correctly to create your vision. You can use anything
from a rudimentary text-editor to a powerful graphical editor to create HTML pages. The tags are
what separate normal text from HTML code. You might know them as the words between the
<angle-brackets>. They allow all the cool stuff like images and tables and stuff, just by telling
your browser what to render on the page. Different tags will perform different functions. The tags
themselves don’t appear when you view your page through a browser, but their effects do. The
simplest tags do nothing more than apply formatting to some text, like this: <b>these words will
be bold</b>, and these will not. In the example above, the <b> tags were wrapped around some
text, and their effect will be that the contained text will be bolded when viewed through an ordinary
web browser. If you want to see a list of a load of tags to see what’s ahead of you, look at this tag
reference. Learning the tags themselves is dealt with in the next section of this website.HTML
stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It can be thought of as a programming language that is
used to place text, images and other contents on a webpage. It is the foundation of almost any page
you visit on your browser. Although not a true programming language (it doesn't process or
manipulate data, it is only a language that defines layouts), it's a great place to start if you want to
get involved with computers, primarily because it's exciting and you can see the results of your
learning almost instantly. It is where I started [12].

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2.3.1 Basic Form of HTML Looks Like
The example of HTML is given below:
<DOCTYPE!>
<html>
<head>
<title> Page title </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a Heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>

2.3.2 CSS
CSS is the language for describing the presentation of Web pages, including colors, layout, and
fonts. It allows one to adapt the presentation to different types of devices, such as large screens,
small screens, or printers. CSS is independent of HTML and can be used with any XML-based
markup language.CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) allows you to create great looking web pages, but
how does it work under the hood? This article explains what CSS is, how the browser turns HTML
into a Document Object Model (DOM), how CSS is applied to parts of the DOM, some very basic
syntax examples, and what code is used to actually include our CSS in our web page. As we have
mentioned before, CSS is a language for specifying how documents are presented to users — how
they are styled, laid out etc. A document is usually a text file structured using a markup
language — HTML is the most common markup language, but you will also come across other
markup languages such as SVG or XML. Presenting a document to a user means converting it into
a usable form for your audience. Browser, like Firefox, Chrome or Internet Explorer, is designed
to present documents visually, for example, on a computer screen, projector or printer. CSS can
style almost any HTML tag that creates a visible element on the page, including all the HTML
tags used to create headings, paragraphs, links, images, lists, and tables list. Specifically, CSS
allows you to style [13].

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 i. Text size, color, style, typeface, and alignment.
ii. Link color and style
iii. Image size and alignment
iv. List bullet styles and indentation
v. Table size, shading, borders, and alignment

2.3.2.1 CSS Syntax

A CSS rule set consists of a selector and a declaration block

2.3.2.2 CSS Example

The example of CSS is given below,
P{
color:vred;
text-align: center;
}

2.3.3 PHP
PHP (recursive acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open source general-
purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded
into HTML. PHP is mainly focused on server-side scripting, so you can do anything any other CGI
program can do, such as collect form data, generate dynamic page content, or send and receive
cookies. You can access the PHP program output with a web browser, viewing the PHP page
through the server. PHP is a language that creates web pages, but exactly how does it do this? If

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you know some HTML, you might be wondering what PHP have to do with it and how it integrates
into a web page. You can think of PHP as a general-purpose computing language if you want to,
but it was designed with one task in mind and it is almost exclusively used for that task - generating
web pages. So, while it might be more flattering to PHP to introduce it in the widest possible
context this would be misleading and it would make the job of learning how to use it harder than
it needs to be. So, let's say the obvious to make it 100% clear. PHP is a language that creates web
pages. What this means in practice is that a PHP program's objective in life is to generate HTML
or JavaScript or anything else that you might find in a web page. In most cases and certainly when
you are first learning PHP the web technology that is used is HTML. The output of a typical PHP
program is HTML this means that to make any sense of PHP you also have to know about the web
technology that the program is generating, and in particular HTML. In practice, this should not be
a huge problem because HTML is not difficult and mostly the way that PHP makes use of it is
simple. However, it is important to know that it is possible that you could have a problem with
understanding a PHP program simply because you cannot understand the HTML it is generating
[14].

2.3.3.1 PHP Work Flow

PHP framework to build Workflow Management system. There are many frameworks through
which you can generate a graph of your existing flow. So, it is basically interested in defining a
workflow rather than generating the graph for existing framework. And it should be an open source
framework (basically PHP).
The following figure is given below,

Figure 2.6: PHP work flow.

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2.3.4 MySQL

MySQL is an open source relational database management system (RDBMS) based on Structured
Query Language (SQL). MySQL runs on virtually all platforms, including Linux, UNIX,
and Windows. Although it can be used in a wide range of applications, MySQL is most often
associated with web-based applications and online publishing and is an important component of
an open source enterprise stack called LAMP. LAMP is a Web development platform that
uses Linux as the operating system, Apache as the Web server and MySQL as the relational
database management system and PHP as the object-oriented scripting language.
(Sometimes Perl or Python is used instead of PHP.) MySQL, the most popular Open Source SQL
database management system, is developed, distributed, and supported by Oracle Corporation.
MySQL is a freely available open source Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that
uses Structured Query Language (SQL). SQL is the most popular language for adding, accessing
and managing content in a database. It is most noted for its quick processing, proven reliability,
ease and flexibility of use. MySQL is an essential part of almost every open
source PHP application. Good examples for PHP & MySQL-based scripts
are WordPress, Joomla, Magneto and Drupal. One of the most important things about
using MySQL is to have a MySQL specialized host. Here are some of the things Site Ground can
offer: We have long experience in providing technical support for MySQL-based web sites.
Thanks to it our servers are perfectly optimized to offer the best overall performance for
most MySQL applications. We offer a lot of free MySQL tools including CMS systems, forums,
galleries, blogs, shopping carts and more. We support MySQL 5 and we provide
unlimited MySQL databases on all our hosting plans [15].

2.3.4.1 Reasons of use MySQL

The following reasons of using MYSQL are given below –

i. Scalability
ii. High Performance
iii. High Availability

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 iv. Robust Transactional Support
v. Web and data Warehouse Strengths
vi. Strong data protection
vii. Management Ease
viii. Very fast, reliable, and easy to use
ix. Ideal for both small and large application.

2.3.5 XAMPP

Xampp stands for Cross-platform (x), Apache (a), Maria BD (M), PHP (P) and Perl (P). It is a
simple lightweight Apache distribution that makes it extremely easy for developers to create a
local web server for testing purpose. Everything needs to set up a web server –server application
(Apache), database (MySQL), and scripting language (PHP)-is included in a simple extractable
file. XAMPP is also cross-platform, which means it works equally well on Linux, Mac and
Windows [16]. The following are the XAMPP included tools:

i. Apache
ii. MySQL
iii. PHP+PEAR
iv. Perl
v. OpenSSL
vi. phpMyAdmin
vii. Xampp Control Panel
viii. Webalizer
ix. SQLite
x. ADODB
xi. Zend Optimizer
xii. Xampp Security
xiii. Tomcat
xiv. FileZilla FTP Server

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2.3.5.1 Xampp Control Panel
XAMPP is a software distribution which provides the Apache web server, MySQL database
(actually MariaDB), Php and Perl (as command-line executables and Apache modules) all in one
package. It is available for Windows, MAC and Linux systems. No configuration is necessary to
integrate Php with MySQL. Here is the screenshot of xampp control panel -

Figure 2.7: XAMPP control panel

2.3.6 Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)

An Entity Relationship (ER) Diagram is a type of flowchart that illustrates how “entities” such as
people, objects or concepts relate to each other within a system. ER Diagrams are most often used
to design or debug relational databases in the fields of software engineering, business information
systems, education and research. Also known as ERDs or ER Models, they use a defined set of
symbols such as rectangles, diamonds, ovals and connecting lines to depict the interconnectedness
of entities, relationships and their attributes. They mirror grammatical structure, with entities as
nouns and relationships as verbs [17].

2.3.6.1Uses of Entity Relationship Diagrams

i. Database design: ER diagrams are used to model and design relational databases, in terms
of logic and business rules (in a logical data model) and in terms of the specific technology
to be implemented (in a physical data model.) In software engineering, an ER diagram is
often an initial step in determining requirements for an information systems project. It’s

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 also later used to model a particular database or databases. A relational database has an
equivalent relational table and can potentially be expressed that way as needed.
ii. Database troubleshooting: ER diagrams are used to analyze existing databases to find
and resolve problems in logic or deployment. Drawing the diagram should reveal where
it’s going wrong.
iii. Business information systems: The diagrams are used to design or analyze relational
databases used in business processes. Any business process that uses fielded data involving
entities, actions and interplay can potentially benefit from a relational database. It can
streamline processes, uncover information more easily and improve results.
iv. Business process re-engineering (BPR): ER diagrams help in analyzing databases used
in business process re-engineering and in modeling a new database setup.
v. Education: Databases are today’s method of storing relational information for educational
purposes and later retrieval, so ER Diagrams can be valuable in planning those data
structures.
vi. Research: Since so much research focuses on structured data, ER diagrams can play a key
role in setting up useful databases to analyze the data [17].

2.3.6.2 The Components and Features of an ER Diagram

ER Diagrams are composed of entities, relationships and attributes. They also depict cardinality,
which defines relationships in terms of numbers. Here’s a glossary:

i. Entity
A definable thing such as a person, object, concept or event that can have data stored about
it. Think of entities as nouns. Examples: a user, client, car or product. Typically shown as
a rectangle [17].

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 a. Entity type: A group of definable things, such as users, whereas the entity
would be the specific user. Other examples: customers, cars or products.
b. Entity set: Same as an entity type, but defined at a particular point in time,
such as users visited it in the first day. Other examples: Customers who
purchased last month, cars currently registered in Florida. A related term is
instance, in which the specific person or car would be an instance of the entity
set.
c. Entity categories: Entities are categorized as strong, weak or associative. A
strong entity can be defined solely by its own attributes, while a weak
entity cannot. An associative entity associates entities (or elements) within an
entity set.

d. Entity keys: Refers to an attribute that uniquely defines an entity in an entity

set. Entity keys can be super, candidate or primary.
e. Super key: A set of attributes (one or more) that together define an entity in
an entity set.
f. Candidate key: A minimal super key, meaning it has the least possible number
of attributes to still be a super key. An entity set may have more than one
candidate key.
g. Primary key: A candidate key chosen by the database designer to uniquely
identify the entity set. Foreign key identifies the relationship between entities
[16].
ii. Relationship
How entities act upon each other or are associated with each other. Think of relationships
as verbs. For example, the named student might register for a course. The two entities
would be the users and the properties, and the relationship depicted is the act of enrolling,

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 connecting the two entities in that way. Relationships are typically shown as diamonds or
labels directly on the connecting lines [17].

a. Recursive relationship: The same entity participates more than once in the
relationship.
b. Attribute: A property or characteristic of an entity. It is often shown as an oval or
circle.

c. Descriptive attribute: A property or characteristic of a relationship (versus of an

entity.)
d. Attribute categories: Attributes are categorized as simple, composite, derived, as
well as single-value or multi-value.
e. Simple: Means the attribute value is atomic and can’t be further divided, such as a
phone number.
f. Composite: Sub-attributes spring from an attribute.
g. Derived: Attributed is calculated or otherwise derived from another attribute, such
as age from a birth date.

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 h. Multi-value: More than one attribute value is denoted, such as multiple phone
numbers for a person.

i. Single-value: Just one attribute value. The types can be combined, such as: simple
single-value attributes or composite multi-value attributes [17].
iii. Cardinality

Defines the numerical attributes of the relationship between two entities or entity sets. The
three main cardinal relationships are one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-many.

a. Cardinality views: Cardinality can be shown as look-across or same-side, depending

on where the symbols are shown.
b. Cardinality constraints: The minimum or maximum numbers that apply to a
relationship.

Figure 2.8: Relational symbols

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iv. Mapping Natural Language
ER components can be equated to parts of speech, as Peter Chen did. This shows how an
ER Diagram compares to a grammar diagram:
i. Common noun: Entity type. Example: Users.
ii. Proper noun: Entity. Example: Sally Smith.
iii. Verb: Relationship type. Example: Enrolls. (Such as in a Flat_id, which would be
another entity type.)
iv. Adjective: Attribute for entity. Example: sophomore.
v. Adverb: Attribute for relationship. Example: digitally.

The database query language ERROL actually mimics natural language constructs. ERROL is
based on reshaped relational algebra (RRA) and works with ER models, capturing their linguistic
aspects [17].

v. ER Diagram
ER diagram represent the who is the entity and who is the attribute and what is the relation between
one table to another table. Here we show the admin has the login table and manage the flat, sale
and rent table. Admin also manage the user’s comments and check the all record. Users provide a
comment and search the rent, flat and sale table.

2.3.7 Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

A data flow diagram (DFD) maps out the flow of information for any process or system. It uses
defined symbols like rectangles, circles and arrows, plus short text labels, to show data inputs,
outputs, storage points and the routes between each destination. Data flowcharts can range from
simple, even hand-drawn process overviews, to in-depth, multi-level DFDs that dig progressively
deeper into how the data is handled. They can be used to analyze an existing system or model a
new one. Like all the best diagrams and charts, a DFD can often visually “say” things that would
be hard to explain in words, and they work for both technical and nontechnical audiences, from
developer to CEO. That’s why DFDs remain so popular after all these years. While they work well
for data flow software and systems, they are less applicable nowadays to visualizing interactive,
real-time or database-oriented software or systems [18].

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2.3.7.1 Symbols and Notations Used in DFDs
One main difference in their symbols is that Yourdon-Coad and Yourdon-DeMarco use circles for
processes, while Gane and Sarson use rectangles with rounded corners, sometimes called lozenges.
There are other symbol variations in use as well, so the important thing to keep in mind is to be
clear and consistent in the shapes and notations you use to communicate and collaborate with
others. Using any convention’s DFD rules or guidelines, the symbols depict the four components
of data flow diagrams.

i. External entity: an outside system that sends or receives data, communicating with the
system being diagrammed. They are the sources and destinations of information entering
or leaving the system. They might be an outside organization or person, a computer system
or a business system. They are also known as terminators, sources and sinks or actors. They
are typically drawn on the edges of the diagram.

ii. Process: any process that changes the data, producing an output. It might perform
computations, or sort data based on logic, or direct the data flow based on business rules.
A short label is used to describe the process, such as “Submit payment”.

iii. Data store: files or repositories that hold information for later use, such as a database table
or a membership form. Each data store receives a simple label, such as “Orders.”

iv. Data flow: the route that data takes between the external entities, processes and data stores.
It portrays the interface between the other components and is shown with arrows, typically
labeled with a short data name, like “Billing details”.

Here is a comprehensive look at diagram symbols and notations and how they’re used [18].

Figure 2.9: Comprehensive look at diagram symbols.

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2.3.7.2 DFD Rules and Tips
i. Each process should have at least one input and an output.

ii. Each data store should have at least one data flow in and one data flow out.

iii. Data stored in a system must go through a process.

iv. All processes in a DFD go to another process or a data store.

2.3.7.3 DFD Levels and Layers: From Context Diagrams to Pseudo Code

A data flow diagram can dive into progressively more detail by using levels and layers, zeroing in
on a particular piece. DFD levels are numbered 0, 1 or 2, and occasionally go to even Level 3 or
beyond. The necessary level of detail depends on the scope of what you are trying to accomplish.

i. DFD Level 0 is also called a Context Diagram. It’s a basic overview of the whole
system or process being analyzed or modeled. It’s designed to be an at-a-glance view,
showing the system as a single high-level process, with its relationship to external
entities. A wide audience, including stakeholders, business analysts, data analysts and
developers, should easily understand it.
ii. DFD Level 1 provides a more detailed breakout of pieces of the Context Level
Diagram. You will highlight the main functions carried out by the system, as you break
down the high-level process of the Context Diagram into its sub processes.
iii. DFD Level 2 then goes one-step deeper into parts of Level 1. It may require more text
to reach the necessary level of detail about the system’s functioning.
iv. Progression to Levels 3, 4 and beyond is possible, but going beyond Level 3 is
uncommon. Doing so can create complexity that makes it difficult to communicate,
compare or model effectively.

Using DFD layers, the cascading levels can be nested directly in the diagram, providing a
cleaner look with easy access to the deeper dive. By becoming sufficiently detailed in the
DFD, developers and designers can use it to write pseudo code, which is a combination of
English and the coding language. Pseudo code facilitates the development of the actual code
[18].

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2.3.7.4 Examples of How DFDs can be Used

Data flow diagrams are well suited for analysis or modeling of various types of systems in different
fields.

i. DFD in software engineering: This is where data flow diagrams got their main start
in the 1970s. DFDs can provide a focused approached to technical development, in
which more research is done up front to get to coding.
ii. DFD in business analysis: Business analysts use DFDs to analyze existing systems
and find inefficiencies. Diagramming the process can uncover steps that might
otherwise be missed or not fully understood.
iii. DFD in business process re-engineering: DFDs can be used to model a better, more
efficient flow of data through a business process. BPR was pioneered in the 1990s to
help organizations cut operational costs, improve customer service and better compete
in the market.
iv. DFD in agile development: DFDs can be used to visualize and understand business
and technical requirements and plan the next steps. They can be a simple yet powerful
tool for communication and collaboration to focus rapid development.
v. DFD in system structures: Any system or process can be analyzed in progressive
detail to improve it, on both a technical and non-technical basis.

The data flow diagram, the circle is representing to the process and the rectangle represents the
data storage. Here the figure left rectangle Admin where he/she publish a new project, read write
the project information, show the content details and edit the information. The users can show the
all post and search a property and message.

2.4 Conclusion
‘Build a business, not a website.’ E-Commerce is not only a website. This is more than this. An e-
commerce site is often as distinctive as the business model it follows. Effectiveness is the success
issue of the work. However, this study observed various triumph in several dimensions that are out
come result after exploitation online market.

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 CHAPTER 3

PROPOSED MODEL

3.1 Introduction
As we mention in the chapter 2, that is the manual system do not work properly. That’s why we
need a new system that to reduce the problem of manual system. For this reason, we proposed a
new system which name is “Online Shopping System”. Our proposed solution “E-commerce” to
make a truly online system to have met with online service facilities, all manual process has been
automated through this system. A new system is proposed which is processed through computers.
The system is operated by the users and Admin. Admin manage the list of the product, available
product, sell product and buy product. Being web based makes this system available everywhere
through internet and that overcomes the issue of the user requirements. The chapter is about the
proposed system design. It will show how the system is designed, how the database is designed,
which database is connected to which one. The chapter also contains implementation. In
implementation flow chart and various kinds of code are presented.

3.2 Overview of Proposed System

The “Online Shopping System” is a web-based application structured on PHP, MYSQL for
providing better service and easiest access to Services and by using this system any institution can
complete registration with schedule easily. This project is used by users,

i Admin
ii All users
The system includes the entities as their admin. Only few members, who called admin, are able to
control that system. Update any system information such as upload a new product, view all
product, view selected users, delete a product information, update a product information etc. There
is no involvement of any user other than admin to update the core information due to security
purpose. The user, all types of users can show the all product list, search a new product and also,
they can buy or add to cart the product.
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3.2.1 Features
The following features of our proposed system which name is “Online Shopping System” are given
below:

i. Creating and changing issue at ease.

ii. It contains better storage capacity.
iii. Works become very speedy.
iv. Decrease the load of the user involved in existing manual system.
v. Well-designed reports.
vi. Easy and fast retrieval of information.
vii. Accuracy in work.

3.3 Feasibility Study

A feasibility study is a study that includes the analysis of the software if it is cost effective from
the economic view, if it can fulfill the requirement technically, and if it is adaptable in the required
environment. It also condiments the groundwork and determine whether the project should be
taken or not. Finally, the net result will be rough plane for proceeding with the project. The
probability the framework will be helpful to the association. The principle target of the practicality
ponder is to test the technical, operational and economical attainability for including new modules
and troubleshooting old running framework. All frameworks are practical in the event that they
are boundless assets and vast time [19].

Figure 3.1: Function of feasibility study.

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3.3.1 Objective of Feasibility Study
A feasibility study evaluates the project's potential for success. So before start to design and
develop a system feasibility study is very much important. From the feasibility study of the project,
we have identified four fundamental criteria. As a feasible project complete successfully, the
project will complete successfully [19].
The four dimensions are:

i. Technical feasibility
ii. Economic feasibility
iii. Operational feasibility
iv. Schedule feasibility

i. Operational Feasibility
Operational feasibility assesses the extent to which the required software performs a series
of steps to solve business problems and user requirements. This feasibility is dependent on
human resources (software development team) and involves visualizing whether the
software will operate after it is developed and be operative once it is installed. Operational
feasibility is concerned with, how the user will accept the software. If the software does
not meet the user expectation, then the user might not use the software. It is dependent on
human resources available for the project and involves projecting whether the system will
be used if it is developed and implemented. It is a measure of how well a proposed system
solves the problems. And it takes advantage of the opportunities identified during scope
definition and how it satisfies the requirements identified in the requirements analysis
phase of system development. The system we developed, we tried our best to make it in
such a way, and users of all level can easily use the software. Proposed ventures are useful
just on the off chance that they can be transformed out into data framework. That will meet
the association's working necessities. Operational possibility parts of the venture are to be
taken as an imperative piece of the venture usage. A portion of the vital issues raised are
to test the operational livability of a venture incorporates the accompanying
i. Is there enough help for the administration from the users?

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 ii. Will the framework be utilized and work appropriately in the event that it is being
produced and actualized?
iii. Will there be any resistance from the user that will undermine the conceivable
application benefits?
ii. Economic Feasibility
Economic feasibility determines whether the required software is capable of generating
financial gains for an organization. It involves the cost incurred on the software development
team, estimated cost of hardware and software, cost of performing feasibility study, and so on.
For this, it is essential to consider expenses made on purchases (such as hardware purchase)
and activities required to carry out software development. In addition, it is necessary to
consider the benefits that can be achieved by developing the software. Software is said to be
economically feasible if it focuses on the issues listed below. A system request is economically
feasible if the projected benefits of the proposed system outweigh the estimated cost involved
in developing, installing and operating it. To determine economic feasibility, we ascertain the
following:
i. The system is economic feasible in the sense that users need not to go to
real estate company.
ii. No special hardware is needed. So, Estimate the cost of needed
equipment, the hardware that will be needed to develop the system. For
example: need of a personal computer.
iii. Estimate the cost of purchasing the necessary software.
iv. Estimate the benefits that will result from the proposed system. Economic
feasibility is usually answered from cost/benefit analysis. The purpose of
cost estimation helps to classify what the system is going to do.

iii. Schedule Feasibility

Schedule feasibility defines the degree to which a deadline for a strategy, plan, project or
process is realistic and achievable. A project will fail if it takes too long to be completed
before it is useful. Typically, this means estimating how long the system will take to
develop, and if it can be completed in a given time period using some methods like payback
period. Schedule feasibility is a measure of how reasonable the project timetable is based

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 on given information the system will perform given tasks. Planning a project strategy and
building a project schedule to
i. Complete project within time and budget.
ii. Resource management system.
iii. Increase team productivity.
iv. Increase project success rate.
v. Realize significant time and resource savings.
We tried to complete the software within time limit. And almost we can do it. The proposed system
will easily be accessible and it will be well organized and delivered the right information in the
right place.

3.4 Requirements Analysis

It is a structured document detailing the descriptions of the system's functions, services and
operational constraints. During this stage of research, more technical information and requirements
are gathered about the proposed system. System Requirement Analysis: for any software
development, the initial phase is to conduct a demand analysis. Demand analysis is the process of
discovery, refinement, modeling, specification and review. The process is directly related to the
quality of the software and subsequently studies significant impacts on the design and
implementation. For this analysis, functional requirements and technical requirements are
analyzed [20].

3.4.1 Requirements Specification

After analyzing the data collected, we formulated a number of requirements namely user
requirements, system hardware and software attribute. These were grouped as user, functional,
non-functional and system requirements.

i. User Requirements
During data collection, we investigated and found out how the current system operates, not
only that but also tried out which problems are faced and how best they can be settled. The
users described some of the basic requirements of the system this includes search the admin
can be the uploaded projects and searched by select the price, locations and area etc. Admin

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 also update and change an upload project. The user can show the all project and different
search in the upload project list.
ii. Functional & Non-Functional
In the proposed project “Online Course Registration System” we described two types
of requirements. Such as-
i. Non-Functional Requirement
ii. Functional Requirement

Non-Functional Requirement:
Non-functional requirement is essentially specifies how the system has behave and that it is a
constraint upon the systems behavior. Non-functional requirements are vital to the success of
software systems. If they are not properly addressed, undesirable results occur such as unsatisfied
users, developers, and clients, and schedule and budget overruns to correct the software that was
developed without the nonfunctional requirements in mind.
It describes the attributes of the system [20].
I. Efficiency
A system has to be effective and efficient for the highest utility to the user of the system.
Broadly speaking, the effectiveness is a measure of the goodness of the output, while the
efficiency is a measure of the productivity, i.e., the measure of the output against the input.
II. Reusability
Rreusability is the use of existing assets in some form within the software product
development process. The system can be reused in any organization or site of the same
group. The ability to reuse relies in an essential way on the ability to build larger things
from smaller parts, and being able to identify commonalities among those parts.
Reusability is often a required characteristic of platform software. Reusability brings
several aspects to software development that does not need to be considered when
reusability is not required.
III. Integrity
A system's state where its intended functions are being performed without degradation or
being impaired by other changes or disruptions to its environments. For example: In our

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 system only system administrator has rights to access the database, not every user can
access all the information. Each user will be having rights to access of the user interface.
IV. Availability
The system should be available at all times. That means any user can access the
system anytime from their browser. A customer friendly system which is in acess of
people around the world should work 24 hours. Incase of a hardware or database
failure a replacement page will be shown. Our system ‘Property Management
System’ is availe for user to acess 24 hours in a day.
V. Delivery
The whole system is expected to be completed in timely.

3.5 System Architecture

Systems Architecture is a generic discipline to handle objects (existing or to be created) called
"systems", in a way that supports reasoning about the structural properties of these objects. It is a
response to the conceptual and practical difficulties of the description and the design of complex
systems. In figure below shows the proposed system architecture. It shows the users and admin
communicate with the system. Users only show the all upload project and admin access all the
sector in the system [21].

Figure 3.2: Basic system architecture

Here the user browses and search the property and the admin panel manage all the access control
and moderate the upload projects. The users get access to appointment material from Internet

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through a web browser. The 2-tier architecture gets connected with the first-tier architecture for
data exchange by means of web service. The 2-tier architecture values the use of a web server to
connect to the Internet by handling all HTTP request completely for the static contexts, like images
and files. It retorts to user’s request through HTTP protocol, like granting back pages of HTML
code. In the event the HTTP inquiry is to impart patient appointment reservation and scheduling
service, the web server will forward the dynamic reply to a different server-side application
situated at the application server to apply a technique to process the inquiry. The consequent
feedback of application server will be reformed to HTML format from web server and will be
advertised in the regulated HTML Web Page format.

3.6 System Design

In this section the design of the system will be described step by step. Systems analysis is the study
of sets of interacting entities. System analysis is the process of gathering and interpreting facts,
diagnosing problems and using the information to recommend improvements on the system.
System analysis is a problem-solving activity that requires intensive communication between the
system users and system developers. System Design helps in specifying hardware and system
requirements and also helps in defining overall system architecture [22].

Figure 3.3: System function structure.

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3.6.1 Methodology
In earlier days Iterative Waterfall model was very popular to complete a project. But nowadays
developers face various problems while using it to develop a software. The main difficulties
included handling change requests from customers during project development and the high cost
and time required to incorporate these changes. To overcome these drawbacks of Waterfall model,
in the mid-1990s the Agile Software Development model was proposed.
The Agile model was primarily designed to help a project to adapt to change requests quickly. So,
the main aim of the Agile model is to facilitate quick project completion. To accomplish this task
agility is required. Agility is achieved by fitting the process to the project, removing activities that
may not be essential for a specific project. Also, anything that is wastage of time and effort is
avoided. Actually, Agile model refers to a group of development processes. These processes share
some basic characteristics but do have certain subtle differences among themselves. A few Agile
SDLC testing models are given below:
o Crystal
o Kanban
o Feature-driven development
o Scrum
o Extreme Programming (XP)
o Lean Software Development
o Unified process
o Disciplined Agile Delivery (DAD)
o Agile Modeling
o Dynamic System Development (DSDM)
o Adaptive Software Development

The overall goal of each Agile method is to adapt to change and deliver working software as
quickly as possible. However, each methodology has slight variations in the way it defines the
phases of software development. Furthermore, even though the goal is the same, each team’s
process flow may vary depending on the specific project or situation. As an example, the full Agile
software development lifecycle includes the concept, inception, construction, release, production,
and retirement phases.

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The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) describes the general phases of the software
development process. However, there are multiple ways that companies can carry out the SDLC.
Agile principles and practices stress the importance of working software, customer satisfaction,
individual responsibility and team collaboration [23].

3.6.1.1 Phases of Agile Model

There are 6 typical phases identified in Agile model and they are followed one by another
continuously.

Figure 3.4: Phases of Agile model

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 i. Requirement Analysis: Firstly, specify the requirement which is suitable for our
project for the iteration based on the product backlog, sprint backlog, customer and
stakeholder feedback
ii. Design Document and Prototype: The requirement specifications from first phase are
studied in this phase and system design is prepared. System Design helps in specifying
hardware and system requirements and also helps in defining overall system architecture.
iii. Iteration, Demo and Feedback: It’s a collaborative event across the team in which people
demo their work, field questions, and get feedback.
iv. Identify Defects and Resolve Bugs: From the feedback identify defects and resolve the
issues for releasing.
v. Production and Technical Support: Production support or maintenance means
maintaining a system once it has gone to production, i.e. it has been released to customers.
This generally takes the form of fixing production incidents
vi. Release to Market: Once the functional and non-functional testing is done, the product is
deployed in the customer environment or released into the market.
The Agile software development lifecycle is dominated by the iterative process. Each iteration
results in the next piece of the software development puzzle - working software and supporting
elements, such as documentation, available for use by customers - until the final product is
complete. Each iteration is usually two to four weeks in length and has a fixed completion time.
Due to its time-bound nature, the iteration process is methodical and the scope of each iteration is
only as broad as the allotted time allows.

3.6.1.2 Advantages of Agile Model

Plans regarding the number of iterations, the duration and the scope of each iteration are clearly
defined in advance. The project scope and requirements are laid down at the beginning of the
development process. Advantages of Agile model are:

i.
i. The division of the entire project into smaller parts helps to minimize the project risk and
to reduce the overall project delivery time requirements.
ii. Efficient design and fulfils the business requirement.

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 iii. By using time-boxed, fixed schedule Sprints of 1-4 weeks, new features are delivered
quickly and frequently, with a high level of predictability. This also provides the
opportunity to release or beta test the software earlier than planned if there is sufficient
business value.
iv. Because each Sprint is a fixed duration, the cost is predictable and limited to the amount
of work that can be performed by the team in the fixed-schedule time box. Combined with
the estimates provided to the client prior to each Sprint, the client can more readily
understand the approximate cost of each feature, which improves decision making about
the priority of features and the need for additional iterations [24].
v. While the team needs to stay focused on delivering an agreed-to subset of the product’s
features during each iteration, there is an opportunity to constantly refine and reprioritize
the overall product backlog. New or changed backlog items can be planned for the next
iteration, providing the opportunity to introduce changes within a few weeks.
vi. By breaking down the project into manageable units, the project team can focus on high-
quality development, testing, and collaboration. Also, by producing frequent builds and
conducting testing and reviews during each iteration, quality is improved by finding and
fixing defects quickly and identifying expectation mismatches early.

3.6.1.3 Why We use Agile Model for This Project

There is continuous planning and feedback throughout the process, delivering value to the business
from the beginning of the project.
i. The model is used only when frequent changes are required.
ii. The project size is small.
iii. It minimizes the risk of the project.
iv. Defining and elaborating requirements just in time.
v. Transparency though information radiators.

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3.6.2 Entity Relationship Diagram (E-R diagram)

Figure 3.5: E-R Diagram for Online Shopping System.

An entity-relationship (ER) diagram is a specialized graphic that illustrates their relationships

between entities in a database. ER diagrams often use symbols to represent three different types of
information. Boxes are commonly used to represent entities. Diamonds are normally used to
represent relationships and ovals are used to represent attributes. This are describing in details in
the chapter 2. ER modeling helps to analyze data requirements systematically to produce a well-
designed database. This E-R diagram defines the database design of Online Shopping System. The
rectangle denotes the entity (Users, Admin, Product, Shopping Info, Order) the diamond denotes
the relationship (Manages, Search) & the oval shape denotes attribute (All types of attribute –like
id, name, email, phone, images, shipping cost, cart_total, description, size, status, quantity etc.).
As like as user have some attributes like email, comment. Admin has login and manage product,
sale, discount and also manage the search sections.

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3.6.3 Data Flow Diagram
Data flow diagram (DFD) represents the flows of data between different processes in a business.
It is a graphical technique that depicts information flow and the transforms that are applied as data
move form input to output. This are describing in details in the chapter 2 [25].

3.6.3.1 Context Diagram

The following figure describes about flow of data. It belongs to the user is to show the all uploaded
project and search the product. Admin panel control the system every time. Admin can upload a
new product, edit and delete the product. This is the main them of the context diagram [26].

Figure 3.6: DFD context diagram.

3.6.3.2 DFD Diagram Level 0

This is the level 0 diagram which describes more elaborately then the context diagram. The users
can search all the uploaded product and provide the valuable opinions. On the other hand, Admin
can upload a new and modified project that show the user interface, edit a project, search a specific
project and manage all the system.

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 Product

Figure 3.7: DFD Level 0.

3.6.4 Use Case Diagram

A use case model describes what a system does without describing how the system does it; that is,
it is a logical model of the system. The use case model reflects the view of the system from the
perspective of a user outside of the system [27].

i. Use Case Diagram

The following figure describes about the use-case diagram of user, that means which
task can be done by users. Admin can also edit his profile like – change pasward, upload
a project, search or view specific project, edit a project and feedback from users. Onthe
other hand the user only search or view specific project and feedback a project.

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 Figure 3.8: Use Case diagram

ii. View admin

This section describes the admin details for student
i. After login the admin can view the admin panel.
ii. Admin add, edit, manage all uploading product.
iii. Admin add discount.
iii. User
This section describe user,
i. User only can see the all upload product.
ii. Search a product.
iii. Buy a product.
iv. Login
This section describes the login process for admin.
i. In this section admin can login.
ii. User needs to login.

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3.7 Database Design
This section will described how the system’s database is degined. Database design is an important
part of software design. The database design is directly related to the merits of the program to
achieve the efficiency and simplicity of data access [28].

Figure 3.9: Basic of database design

3.7.1 Description of Data Objects in Database Table

The following table 3.1 contains the about us table where the attributes are about_id,
about_description. Here the about_id is the primary key. The following table 3.1 is given below,

Table-3.1: Data object in database table for about us.

The following table 3.2 contains the admin table where the attributes are admin_id, user_name,
email, password. Here the admin_id is the primary key. The following table 3.2 is given below,

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 Table-3.2: Data object in database table for admin.

The following table 3.3 contains the background images table where the attributes are bgimg_id,
bgimg_title, bg_image . Here the bgimg_id is the primary key. The following table 3.3 is given
below,

Table-3.3: Data object in database table for background image.

The following table 3.4 contains the category table where the attributes are category_id,
category_name, category_created_by, category_status. Here the category_id is the primary key.
The following table 3.4 is given below:

Table-3.4: Data object in database table for category.

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The following table 3.5 contains the discount table where the attributes are discount_id, amount,
product_id, status. Here the discount_id is the primary key. The following table 3.5 is given below:

Table-3.5: Data object in database table for discount.

The following table 3.6 contains the order table where the attributes are order_id, customer_id,
cart_total, shipping_cost, grand_total, ordered_time . Here the order_id is the primary key. The
following table 3.6 is given below,

Table-3.6: Data object in database table for order.

The following table 3.7 contains the order_details table where the attributes are order_details_id,
order_id, product_id, product_code, product_name, sold_price, product_sales_quantity. Here the
order_details_id is the primary key. The following table 3.7 is given below.

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 Table-3.7: Data object in database table for order details.

The following table 3.8 contains the order_status table where the attributes are order_status_id,
order_id, order_status, processing_time. Here the order_status_id is the primary key. The
following table 3.8 is given below:

Table-3.8: Data object in database table for order status.

The following table 3.9 contains the privacy_policy table where the attributes are
privacy_policy_id, privacy_policy_description. Here the privacy_policy_id is the primary key.
The following table 3.9 is given below.

Table-3.9: Data object in database table for privacy policy.

The following table 3.10 contains the product table where the attributes are product_id,
customer_id, product_code, product_images, product_name, product_sizes, product_description,
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product_quantity, sell_price. Here the product_id is the primary key. The following table 3.10 is
given below:

Table-3.10: Data objects in database table for product.

The following table 4.1 contains the product_display table where the attributes are
display_status_id, product_id, new, popular. Here the display_status_id is the primary key. The
following table 4.1 is given below.

Table-3.11: Data objects in database table for product display.

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The following table 4.2 contains the product_images table where the attributes are
product_image_id, product_images. Here the pimg_id is the primary key. The following table 4.2is
given below:

Table-3.12: Data objects in database table for product images.

The following table 4.3 contains the product_sizes table where the attributes are size_id,
product_id, product_sizes. Here the product_id is the primary key. The following table 4.3 is given
below:

Table-3.13: Data objects in database table for product sizes.

The following table 4.4 contains the shipping_info table where the attributes are shipping_id,
order_id, recipient_name, shipping_address, postal_code, mobile_no. Here the shipping_id is the
primary key. The following table 4.4 is given below.

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 Table-3.14: Data objects in database table for shipping info.

The following table 4.5 contains the slider table where the attributes are slider_id, slider_title_1,
slider_title_2, slider_status. Here the slider_id is the primary key. The following table 4.5 is given
below.

Table-3.15: Data objects in database table for slider.

The following table 4.6 contains the sub_category table where the attributes are sub_category_id,
sub_category_name, cuatomer_id, sub_category_status. Here the sub_category_id is the primary
key. The following table 4.6 is given below:

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 Table-3.16: Data objects in database table for sub-category.

The following table 4.7 contains the terms_and_condition table where the attributes are
terms_and_condition_id, terms_and_condition_description. Here the tc_id is the primary key. The
following table 4.7 is given below.

Table-3.17: Data objects in database table for terms-and-condition.

The following table 4.8 contains the user table where the attributes are user_id, user_name,
user_email, user_mobile, user_password, user_address. Here the user_id is the primary key. The
following table 4.8 is given below.

Table-3.18: Data objects in database table for user.

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3.7.2 Database Schema
The database schema of a database is its structure described in a formal language supported by the
database management system. The term "schema" refers to the organization of data as a blueprint
of how the database is constructed.

Figure 3.10: Database schema.

The following figure describes about the database schema. Database schema means how the
database table are connected to each other that means how the database is designed.
In figure 3.13, we see that one database is connected with other. The users table is connected with
users and all are connected by admin.

3.8 Implementation
Implementation is the realization of an application or execution of plan, idea, model, design,
specification, standard, algorithm or policy. This section describes the project implementation for
developing the Online Course Registration System. The project implements PHP, MySQL, and

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standard HTML and CSS. The project will be capable of running on standard internet web
browsers. The details of PHP, MySQL, and standard HTML and CSS are describing in chapter 2.

3.9 Conclusions
A good project depends on good design and good implementation according to the design. This
chapter is actually about the system analysis which contains mainly used method to draw up the
system procedure through diagrams, flowcharts, database schemas. That means how the system is
designed, how the databaseisdesigned and implemented the whole system. Various types of system
test are also included here with database tables and error handling. This chapter will be able clear
the details about our project.

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 CHAPTER 4
IMPLEMENTATION & EVALUATION

4.1 Introduction
Testing is vital of success in any software. Testing is also carried in two phases. First phase is
during the software engineering during the module creation. Second phase is after the completion
of software. This is system testing which verifies that the whole set of programs hanged together.
This chapter describes the project result or total outcome after developing the bproperty
management system. We also describe unit testing which is a level of software testing where
individual units/components of software are tested. In this chapter, we also introduce white box
testing method, test scenario and test cases. We also analysis the result by entering various input.
This part shows all possible better outcomes through necessary test cases of our system. This part
must proof that we have built our proposed system properly.

4.1.1 Testing
Testing plays a vital role in the success of the system. System testing makes a logical assumption
that if all parts of the system are correct, the goal will be successfully achieved. Once program
code has been developed, testing begins. The testing process focuses on the logical internals of the
software, ensuring that all statements have been tested, and on the functional externals, that is
conducted tests to uncover errors and ensure that defined input will produce actual results that
agree with required results.

4.1.2 Objectives of Testing

1) Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding the error.

2) A good test case is one that has a high probability of finding on unpredictable error.

3) A successful test is one that provides solution for unpredictable error.

The Minimum aim of testing process is to identify all defects existing in software product.
Software product testing accomplishes a variety of things, but most importantly it measures the

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quality of the software that is developed. This view presupposes that there as defects in the
software waiting to be discovered and this view is rarely disproves or even dispute.

4.1.3 Testing Plan

Specifications of the product would be related to:

i) Functions of the system.

ii) Response criteria

iii) Volume constraints (no. of users)

iv) Stability criteria (24 hour)

v) Database responses (flushing, cleaning)

vi) Network criteria (network traffic)

vii) Compatibility (Environment & Browsers)

viii) User Interface / Friendliness criteria

ix) Modularity (ability to easily interface)

x) Security

4.1.4 Testing Strategy

i) As each module is developed it is tested and if found faultless is integrated in main module.

ii) If the module is not perfect it is built again.

Each test plan item should have the following specific characteristics:

i) It should be uniquely identifiable.

ii) It should be unambiguous.

iii) It should have well-defined test-data (test parameters)

iv) It should have well-defined pass/fail criteria for each sub-item and overall-criteria for the
pass/fail of the entire test itself.

v) It should be easy to record.

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vi) It should be easy to demonstrate repeatedly

vii) To prepare test plans.

viii) To specify conditions for user acceptance testing.

ix) To prepare test data for transaction path testing.

x) To plan user training.

4.1.5 Testing Modology

To be truly robust, distributed applications require more than simple functional testing before
release into production. At least one and preferably all of the following types of testing before
releasing application to customers should be performed.

a) Performance Testing
b) Load Testing
c) Stress Testing
d) Endurance Testing

4.1.6 Testing procedure

The testing part forms an important aspect of any System and is vital for success of the system.
System testing makes a logical assumption that if all the parts of the system are correct, the goal
will be successfully achieved. Philosophy behind testing the system is to find errors & rectify it.

The system test change is transitional one, as it represents the period during which control of the
newly developed system passes from the hands of the development team to final users. It is
therefore a critical point as it is the last opportunity to check the system before it is being used.
The testing stage seeks to ensure following aspects of system from user point of view:

a) Completeness
b) Correctness
c) Reliability

Thus, a testing plan is necessary, as it will aid to maximize the effectiveness of discovering error
by early & controlled production of test plans & test specification.

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4.2 Result Analysis
This section shows various test results just to insure that the system is working properly.

4.2.1 Unit Testing

Unit testing is a testing technique using which individual modules are tested to determine if there
are any issues by the developer himself. A unit test is a programmer-written test for a single piece
of functionality in an application. Unit testing is a software testing method by which individual
units of source code, sets of one or more computer program modules together with associated
control data, usage procedures, and operating procedures, are tested to determine whether they are
fit for use. It is performed by using the white box testing method. Preparing the unit test tastes
document which is complete with every possible test case, is an important task in Unit Testing
activity. It gives an assurance of defect-free Unit at the end of Unit Testing stage. Below are some
useful tips:

Figure 4.1: Unit Testing

i. Input values: Write test cases for each of the identified inputs (positive & negative)
accepted by the Unit.
ii. Expected Functionality: To cover all functionality that is expected to be in the Unit.
iii. Output values: Write test cases, which will produce all types of output values that are
expected from the module / unit.
iv. Path coverage: If the Unit has conditional processing those results in various paths, then
write test cases to cover each of these paths.

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 v. Abnormal terminations: Behavior of the Unit in case of abnormal termination should be
tested.
vi. Error messages: Check error messages / warnings. These should be short, precise and
self-explanatory. They should be properly phrased and free of grammatical mistakes.
vii. Screen Layout: Web page or screen layout must be tested against the requirements. Ensure
that pages and screens are consistent and as per requirements.
viii. If you are testing database application, it is important to make sure that transactions are
properly designed and no way inconsistent data gets saved in the database.

4.2.2 White Box Testing

White Box Testing is defined as the testing of a software solution's internal structure, design, and
coding. In this type of testing, the code is visible to the tester. It focuses primarily on verifying the
flow of inputs and outputs through the application, improving design and usability, strengthening
security. White box testing is also known as Clear Box testing, Open Box testing, Structural
testing, Transparent Box testing, Code-Based testing, and Glass Box testing. It is usually
performed by developers. It is one of two parts of the "Box Testing" approach to software testing.
Its counterpart, Black box testing, involves testing from an external or end-user type perspective.
On the other hand, White box testing is based on the inner workings of an application and revolves
around internal testing.

White box testing involves the testing of the software code for the following:

i. Internal security holes

ii. Broken or poorly structured paths in the coding processes
iii. The flow of specific inputs through the code
iv. Expected output
v. The functionality of conditional loops
vi. Testing of each statement, object, and function on an individual basis

The testing can be done at system, integration and unit levels of software development. One of the
basic goals of white box testing is to verify a working flow for an application. It involves testing

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a series of predefined inputs against expected or desired outputs so that when a specific input does
not result in the expected output, you have encountered a bug.

Figure 4.2: White box testing

4.2.3 Test Scenario

A Test Scenario is any functionality that can be tested. It is also called Test Condition or Test
Possibility. Test scenario consists of a detailed test procedure. A test scenario has many test cases
associated with it. Before executing the test scenario, we need to think of test cases for each
scenario.

Table 4.1 shows some possible test scenario.

SL No. Test Scenario ID Test Scenario Description

1 TS1.1 Username & Password Match

2 TS1.2 Invalid Username & Password

Table 4.3: Example of test scenario

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4.3 Test Cases
A test case is a set of conditions or variables under which a tester will determine whether a system
under test satisfies requirements or works correctly. The process of developing test cases can also
help find problems in the requirements or design of an application. A test case could simply be a
question that you ask of the program. The point of running the test is to gain information, for
example whether the program will pass or fail the test. Test cases are the cornerstone of quality
assurance where they are developed to verify the quality and behavior of a product.

4.4 Application Outcome

This system is for online buy & sell system. Therefore, its main application is,
i. Online buying & selling.
ii. Provide product information.
iii. View product details.
iv. User can search with cost range.
v. Approve or cancel request by admin.
vi. View user details.

4.5 Conclusion
The system is built such a way that it will be useful and userfriendly to general user. Result analysis
give a brief how we execute our overall system through testing, observing, analyzing. This is the
proper way to know whether the system is working properly or not. It also means the system
provides mainly what kinds of facilities and if it is better and reliable option for people to get
online service through our system. The application of the system also belongs in this part that clear
we have created our expected online shopping system to support people with saving their time and
energy.

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 CHAPTER 5
USER MANUAL

5.1 Introduction
The user manual contains all essential information for the user to make full use of the
information system. This manual includes a description of the system functions and
capabilities, contingencies and alternate modes of operation, and step-by-step procedures
for system access and use. A user guide or user's guide, also commonly known as a manual, is
a technical communication document intended to give assistance to people using a particular
system. User guides are most commonly associated with electronic goods, computer hardware
and software. Most user guides contain both a written guide and the associated images. In the
case of computer applications, it is usual to include screenshots of the human-machine
interface, and hardware manuals often include clear, simplified diagrams. This chapter contains
all the hardware and software requirements for using the system and also user manual for buyer
and seller. User manual is a directional system of a project. It provides the direction to the users
who don’t know how to use the software. It denotes which page will come after which one and
what things are there [29].

5.2 User Interface

The user interface is very important part of the system. A good and user-friendly interface
attracts the user toward it. Whereas a bad one makes the user experience bad and they never
return to the system several use cases in this system have developed these interfaces to interact
with the system.. As we have shown.
i. Login Page: Admin or client need to log in using login id and password.
ii. Client Page: Clients can view their details as well as product details.
iii. Product Page: Every product detail would be available to this page.
iv. Search Page: The user can search the product using this interface.

5.2.1 Admin Profile

Admin profile is profile which is assigned to a super user having full access to the system.
Admin module contains Admin Id, name, address, contact no. Admin can view the product

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details make changes if required, delete the product details. Check the payment status, view,
and manage the client details. Any issue in client’s details or in product details just reports to
admin.

Figure 5.1: Admin Login

5.2.2 Adding New Product

Admin can add a new product, when a new product is need to be uploaded then that will be
provide the admin panel. Admin can check the product details and upload the project. In this
system the admin is access all the sectors like they can change any information’s (size,
discount, picture, location, etc.), if any project is sold or rent then the admin panel can disable
the projects.
Admin upload the new product, to select the size, discount, product real picture, description,
product types etc.
The screen sort of this page is given blew,

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 Figure 5.2: Adding New product.

Every time company gets any product it should be added to the system and the system would
track the product day to day.
Details About Adding new product is given below:
i. Client can check all the product.
ii. Client can view any specific product from specific range.
iii. After Login or entering to the system, User can see all the details about any products
he wishes.
iv. Admin can view all Details related to product.
v. Admin can manage statistical summary.

5.2.3 Home page Status

This is the main home page in our system for the user site. When the user can show the site
then they show the screen. User will get all the initial sections for browsing from here as like
product list, upcoming products, log in, register new user, searching by category, searching by
price, add to cart, contact owner, about the owner and all.

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 Figure 5.3: Admin Home Page.

User can search products here.

a) View product
b) Client will have all the confirmation about any buying or selling details.
c) Client will see all details about a specific product.

5.2.3 Search Result

There are many ways of searching a project,
i. Client can search by Price Range.
ii. Client can search by Category.
iii. Client can search without any of them.

When a user needs to see or search or find a new product then they can easily to enter and
select the size or select the range of price and easily they can show the all product in that ranges.
Here is the user search page screenshot is given blew,

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 Figure-5.4: Searching Product by category.

5.2.4 Product Details

Product details hold the data about the product in product category, total price, discount etc.
The product gives an idea about the product which helps the clients to choose the product.
When a user can search a product, they can show the details information’s. Here is the product
screen short is given blew,

Figure 5.5: Product Details

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5.2.5 Search Product
There are a lot of product in ours site. Clients may be confused to search their desired product.
Clients can search product using product type like category, price etc. Product can be searched
by product status. If the product is not available. Then it would be unavailable to buy [28].
Sometimes the user wants to know the product price range. They want a product on their ability
but if the system is not any price search key the user is not easily to search an exact product
that’s why we can add this option for the users.
The screen sort of this page is given blew,

Figure 5.6: Search Product by Price.

5.2.6 Availability
Searched product can be viewed as available or not. The client can book the product only if it
is available. Sold product can be hidden from the page. This would decrease the conflict
between buyers and seller [29].

5.2.7 Shopping
Once the product is searched and the client finds desire product. This module helps the client
to buy the product. This module collects the information and checks the information from the
backend. If data is verified, then client redirect to the payment page [29].

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 Figure 5.7: Shopping Page.

5.3 Conclusions
User manual or GUI is a program interface that takes advantage of the computer's graphics
capabilities to make the program easier to use. Well-designed graphical user interfaces can free
the user from learning complex command languages. On the other hand, many users find that
they work more effectively with a command-driven interface, especially if they already know
the command language. But it helps a lot for those user who have not more knowledge about
the program or system. They can get idea from graphical user interface and can operate the
system easily. It shows the directionto the user and admin From which page togo to which
one.for. User can know the system facilities from here [29].

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 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

6.1 Summary
It was a great opportunity for us to work in ‘E-commerce’ Project and design a system of it but
there were surely some limitations while implementing this system. To reduce those limitations
we have some future plans also. This project is designed to meet requirements of a ‘E-
commerce System’. E-Commerce is not just about conducting business transactions via the
Internet. Its impact will be far-reaching, and more prominent then we know currently. This is
because the revolution in information technology is happening simultaneously with other
developments, especially the globalization of the business. The new age of global e-commerce
is creating entirely new economy and that will tremendously change our lives, will reshape the
competition in various industries, and alter the economy globally. As companies are gaining
high profits, more and more other companies are developing their websites to increase their
profits. Since more businesses are being held online resulting in high economy development
and emergence of a more innovative and advanced technology [30]. In general, today’s
businesses must always strive to create the next best thing that consumers will want because
consumers continue to desire their products, services etc. to continuously be better, faster, and
cheaper. In this world of new technology, businesses need to accommodate to the new types
of consumer needs and trends because it will prove to be vital to their business’ success and
survival. E-commerce is continuously progressing and is becoming more and more important
to businesses as technology continues to advance and is something that should be taken
advantage of and implemented.
From the inception of the Internet and e-commerce, the possibilities have become endless for
both businesses and consumers. Creating more opportunities for profit and advancements for
businesses, while creating more options for consumers. However, just like anything else, e-
commerce has its disadvantages including consumer uncertainties, but nothing that cannot be
resolved or avoided by good decision-making and business practices [31]. There are several
factors and variables that need to be considered and decided upon when starting an e-commerce
business. Some of these include: types of e-commerce, marketing strategies, and countless

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more. If the correct methods and practices are followed, a business will prosper in an e-
commerce setting with much success and profitability.

6.2 Further Enhancement

Nothing is perfect in this world. So, we are also no exception. Although, we have tried our best
to present the information effectively, yet, there can be further enhancement in the Application.
We have taken care of all the critical aspects, which need to take care of during the development
of the Project. Like the things this project also has some limitations and can further be enhances
by someone, because there are certain drawbacks that do not permit the system to be 100%
accurate. The application is yet to be released and a lot of enhancements are already thought of
which are proposed to be implemented in the final version of the web-application. The system
is highly flexible one and is well efficient to make easy interactions with the client. The key
focus is given on data security, as the project is online and will be transferred in network. The
speed and accuracy will be maintained in a proper way. This will be a user-friendly one and
can successfully overcome strict and severe validation checks. The system will be a flexible
one and changes whenever can be made easy. Using the facility and flexibility in .NET and
SQL, the software can be developed in a neat and simple manner there by reducing the
operator’s work. Since the project is developed in PHP as a front-end and SQL Server as a
back-end it can be modified easily and used for a long period. Following are some of the
enhancement proposed to be implemented in final version [32].
a) Maps are provided to facilitate the users.
b) Feedback of products to know user demand.
c) Give access of website on mobile and PDAs.
d) Add payment getaway.
e) Comment section for every product.

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