PAD 102 - INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Task :
(TUTORIAL QUESTION)
Prepared By :
ROSEMARY ER 2018634932
FEEZY JOSEPH 2019998947
RICHELL NUR SYAFIQA BINTI GEOGRE 2019922671
Prepared To :
Farhana Binti Yaakub
1. DEFINE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND EXPLAIN ANY TWO (2)
SIGNIFICANCE TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION. (10 MARKS)
Public administration is the implementation of government policy and also an
academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil
servants for working in the public service. As a "field of inquiry with a diverse
scope" whose fundamental goal is to "advance management and policies so that
government can function. Some of the various definitions which have been
offered for the term are: "the management of public programs" the translation
of politics into the reality that citizens see every day" and "the study of
government decision making, the analysis of the policies themselves, the various
inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce alternative
policies.
Public administration is "centrally concerned with the organization of
government policies and programs as well as the behavior of officials (usually
non-elected) formally responsible for their conduct". Many unelected public
servants can be considered to be public administrators, including heads of city,
county, regional, state and federal departments such as municipal budget
directors, human resources (HR) administrators, city managers, census managers,
state mental health directors, and cabinet secretaries. Public administrators
are public servants working in public departments and agencies, at all levels of
government.
In the United States, civil servants and academics such as Woodrow
Wilson promoted civil service reform in the 1880s, moving public administration
into academia. However, "until the mid-20th century and the dissemination of the
German sociologist Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy" there was not "much
interest in a theory of public administration". The field is multidisciplinary in
character; one of the various proposals for public administration's sub-fields sets
out six pillars, including human resources, organizational theory, policy
analysis, statistics, budgeting, and ethics.
The first significance of public administration is the importance of public
administration as a knowledge based field because in the study of public
administrations one learns about government, its principles, bureaucracy, local
government and state government, political parties etc.
The second significance of public administration is the importance of public
administration to society is immense. A good and proper administration of state
affairs (PA) will ensure society many valuable development program and project,
in corruptible or morally upright administrations, good leadership and so on.
2. EXPLAIN ANY FOUR (4) CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATIONS. (25 MARKS)
The first of characteristics of public administration is structure. A set of laws or
legally founded rules that create the structure of the administrative apparatus of
the state.
The second of characteristics of public administration is power. Public
administration has given certain authority to draw and implement policy to
achieve the desired goal.
The third of characteristics of public administrations is activities. Public
administrations carry out activities that related to the government.
The fourth of characteristics of public administrations is personnel.
Publicadministrations are carried out by public servants who work in public
departments and agencies at all level of government and perform a wide range of
tasks.
3. DISCUSS ANY FOUR (4) DIFFERENCES OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
ADMINISTRATION. (10 MARKS)
The systematic and well-planned management of the affairs of the state to
achieve the purpose established by the government is known as public
administrations. The term private administrations refers to the operation,
management and organization of the affairs of the business enterprise.
Public administrations is a political process. On the other hand, the private
administration is a business activity.
Public administrations take place in governmental setup, whereas private
administration operates in the structure other than governmental setup.
Public administrations follow a bureaucratic approach while the private
administrations has a egalitarian approach.
4. EXPLAIN ANY TWO (2) ADVANTAGES AND TWO (2)
DISADVANTAGES OF WEBERIAN BUREAUCRACY IN THE
PUBLIC SECTOR. (10 MARKS)
The first of advantages of Weberian Bureaucracy in the Public sector is central
authority in bureaucracy makes it effective in organizing. Advocates for
bureaucracy have positive view on having hierarchy in an organization. They say
that since there is a chain of command, there will be specific roles and tasks for
people involved in the departments. This way of the management will be able to
monitor the performance at the people in lower ranks and also with strict
regulations and policies that need to be observed, there is a big possibility that
duties will be carried out in systematic and timely manner. Following these set
of rules before decision making ensures choices and steps are ideal and well
selected.
The second of advantages of Weberian Bureaucracy in the public sector is sets
no room for favoritism. Proponents of bureaucracy look at these formalized rules
to bring about efficiency and predictability in results. In this set up, officials are
to follow instructions and procedures step by step in handling tasks and
situations. This way, outcomes will be within the specified range.
Moreover, the first of disadvantages of bureaucracy in the public sector is
can hamper achievement of results in time. Critics are arguing that with the
certain steps needed to carry out tasks and the need to follow a chain of
command to proceed, lots of time can be lost especially if decisions and results
are needed immediately. If a government is run by bureaucracy and there is a
chain of command, a certain decision like military defense can results to
unfavorable outcomes since an action cannot be carried out without different
personalities or officials in the hierarchy have approved such. This makes the
process slow according to proponents.
The second of disadvantages of bureaucracy in the public sector it results to
passive and rule based human beings.
Lastly, another disadvantages being pointed out by some people who do not like a
bureaucratic structure say that the strict rules and regulations imposed in
bureaucratic seem to remove the freedom of an individual to act and discern on
his or her own because of certain restrictions. This according to some is not
beneficial.
5. DISCUSS ANY TWO (2) FEATURES OF NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT.
(10 MARKS)
The first of features of new public management is performance improvement. It
emphasizes on output and providing monetary incentives for increased
performance. It demands quick corrective measures and rewards both
organizational and individual performance. This can be done by performance
contracting. Both UK and New Zealand are moving from a tenure system of
fixed-term contracts. In financial management, public agencies are changing from
cash to accrual accounting, thus making them more cost-conscious and
resources-saving.
The second of features of new public management is flexibility. Greater
flexibility in working conditions such as contractual appointment, work place
bargaining is being permitted to make use at more expertise, employee
creativity and allowing exploration of more cost effective delivery systems.
6. EXPLAIN ANY TWO (2) CRISTISM TOWARDS THE NEW PUBLIC
MANAGEMENT. (10 MARKS)
The first cristism of NPM involves a paradox of centralisations through
decentralisation. To illustrate the point, Kaboolin (1998), Khademian (1998), and
Maor (1999) pointed out that giving public managers more authority to manage
program may results in concentrating decisions making in them. Thus, NPM may
lead to centralised decision making by public managers, rather than encouraging
decentralization in public organizations as its claims.
The second cristism while the NPM principle of decentralization has diffused
from rich countries into developing countries, governments in developing
countries often retain centralized decision making. Leading public managers still
have authority to make all decisions within their organization. This centralized
decision making can generate its own pressure for arbitrary action and corruption
(World Bank, 1997). A supporting view is provided by Polidano and Hulme
(2001) who claims that public management in developing countries is afflicated
by corruption and nepotism and that such practices may hinder NPM
implementation. NPM may not be useful for public sectors in developing
countries that have been greatly affected by corruption (Bale And Dale, 1998).
7. EXPLAIN ANY FOUR (4) FUNCTIONS OF YANG DI PERTUAN
AGONG. (25 MARKS)
Yang Di-Pertuan Agong shall not exercise his functions as ruler of his state
except those of Head of the religion of Islam. That is because Yang Di-Pertuan
Agong is a sign and symbol of Islam religion.
Yang Di-Pertuan Agong shall not hold any appointment carrying any
remuneration.
Yang Di-Pertuan Agong shall not receive any emoluments of any kind
whatever payable or accruing to him as the Ruler of his state under the provisions
of the constitution of that state or of any state law.
Yang Di-Pertuan Agong shall not without the consent of the conference of
Ruler, be absent from the Federation for more than fifteen days, except on a state
visit to another country.
8. IDENTIFY ANY FOUR (4) ADMINISTRATIVE MACHINERY AT THE
STATE LEVEL. (10 MARKS)
Sultan/Yang Di pertuan/Yamtuan Besar/Yang Di-Pertuan Negeri. As head of
religion, customs in their own states.
State Executive Council. Deciding the direction of the state.
State Legislative Assembly. Listen, debats and draws up the acts of the state for
application in the states named enactments.
9. EXPLAIN THE FOUR (4) OPERATIONAL AGENCIES IN MALAYSIA.
(10 MARKS)
The Ministry Of Health. Allocate resources to all health care delivery agencies
under the ministry. Provide framework for the development and management of
the human resources for health provide a framework for the effective and
efficient procurement, distribution, management and we of health sector goods,
work and services.
Ministry Of Human Resources. The human resources department handles a range
of different functions within an organisation. The department is responsible for
hiring and firing employess, training workers, maintaining interoffice
relationships and interpreting employment laws.
Ministry Of Education. The responsibilities of ministry of education shall include
the following to draw up strategies, policies and plan for educational reform and
development and to draft relevent rules and regulations and superwise their
implementation.
Ministry Of Defence. The responsibilities of national defence rests with the
cabinet, which is discharged through the ministry of defence, which provides the
policy framework and wherewithal to the armed forces to discharge their
responsibilities in the context of the defence of the country.
10. DISCUSS ANY TWO (2) MAIN FUNCTIONS OF LOCAL GOVERMENT
IN MALAYSIA. (10 MARKS)
Social. Usually local authorities have traditional functions which means provide
the cleanlines activities such as housing garbage collection, industrial, sewerage,
sanitation and others. Beside that, local authorities also provide in term of social
on education facilities, health consciousness such as control all types of
“obnoxious trade”, pets and pests in their areas. Protect the handicap by buliding
the shelter, welfare house for old folks, build housing area and create culctural
activities also the responsibility by local authorities.
Public Services. Focus on bus stand, car park, town hall, gymnasium and
badminton courts, turn into playing fields or alternatively to provide community
halls or sports centers in exchange for planning permission and council service.
These building become the assets of the council whereupon fees and charges can
be collected for the facilities in the buildings.
11. IDENTIFY ANY FOUR (4) FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC SERVICE
COMMISSION (PSC). (10 MARKS)
It shall be the duty of the union and the state public services commissions to
conduct examinations for appointments to the services of the union and the
services of the state respectively.
Is shall also be the duty of the union public services commission if requested by
any two or more states so to do, do assist those states in framing and operating
schemes of joint recruitment for any services for which candidates possessing
special qualitifications are required.
The union public service commission or the state pubclic service commission as
the case may be shall be consulted.
The suitability of candidates for appointment to civil services and posts for
promotions and transfers from one services to another and appointment by
transfer or deputation. The concerned departments make recommendations for
promotions and request the SPSC to ratify them.
12. EXPLAIN ANY FOUR (4) PURPOSE OF PUBLIC FINANCIAL
ADMINISTRATION. (10 MARKS)
Finance is the life-blood of every agency. Personnel and materials which are
needed for the effective functioning of any agency can be obtained only if money
is provided. In other words, it makes funds available for the activities and
programmes of the government and ensures the lawful and efficient use of these
funds.
The efficiency of operation systems and maintenance systems depends on the the
effectiveness of the financial systems as every activity may have financial
implications.
It helps in improving the social economic life of the people. It transforms
financial resources into public purpose and thus improves the welfare and well
being of the ordinary people.
It helps in raising revenue from domestic as well as foreign sources to implement
the government’s various development projects and provide public services.
13. DISCUSS FOUR (4) INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM OR STRATEGIES
THAT BEEN ESTABLISHED TO ENSURE ACCOUNTABILITY OF THE
PUBLIC SECTOR. (10 MARKS)
The methodology sharing is a legislative auditors have collective experience and
expertise in a similar setting and, through such forums as the Canadian Council
of Legislative Auditors share with each other their respective experiences
including audit methodologies. Most auditors are also involved with various
professional organizations to keep abreast of the latest developments in public
sector audit and management practices.
Meanwhile, the stakeholder consultations are legislative auditors consult
regularly with outside parties, such as legislators, governments and the public,
to ensure the relevancy of the audit work performed and of the manner that
work is communicated to stake-holders. These consultations assist auditors in
identifying those matters that are of public interest and should be subject to audit.
The work is usually carried out on an informal basis, although auditors often
consult on a more formal basis through such means as stakeholder surveys.
Some auditors use external advisors, drawn from the private and the public
sector to provide them with advice relating to sensitive audit issues or the office
audit approach are the some external advisory committees.
Moreover, the external review of operations are some auditors undergo periodic
external reviews of their office operations for such matters as the efficiency of
their attest audits or the adequacy of their quality management systems operations
for such matters as the efficiency of their attest audits or the adequacy of their
quality management systems.
