Heat-1 1.

Section A - Calorimetry Basic Question, If mechanical work W produces the same

Calorimetry Mixing problems, temperature change as heat H, we write,
Calorimetry Energy problems,
W = JH
Power problems
Where J is called mechanical equivalent of heat. J is
CALORIMETRY expressed in joule/calories. The value of J gives how
1. HEAT many joules of mechanical work is needed to raise
the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C.
The energy that is being transferred between two
bodies or between adjacent parts of a body as a 1 calorie : The amount of heat needed to increase
result of temperature difference is called heat. Thus, the temperature of 1 gm of water from 14.5 to 15.5
heat is a form of energy. It is energy in transit °C at one atmospheric pressure is 1 calorie.
whenever temperature differences exist. Once it is 1 calorie = 4.186 Joule
transferred, it becomes the internal energy of
receiving body. If should be clearly understood that 1.2 Specific Heat
the word “heat” is meaningful only as long as the Specific heat of substances is equal to heat gain or
energy is being transferred. Thus, expressions like released by that substance to raise or fall its
“heat in a body” or “heat of body” are meaningless. temperature by 1°C for a unit mass of substance.
T1>T2 T2 When a body is heated, it gains heat. On the other
hand, heat is lost when the body is cooled. The gain
A Heat B
or loss of heat is directly proportional to :

When we say that a body is heated it means that its (a) the mass of the body Q  m
molcules begin to move with greater kinetic energy. (b) rise or fall of temperature of the body Q  T
S.I. unit of heat energy is joule (J). Another common Q  m Tor Q  m s T
unit of heat energy is calorie (cal).
or dQ  m s d T or Q = m  sdT
1.1 Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
where s is a constant and is known as the specific
In early days heat was not recongnised as a form of
energy. Heat was supposed to be something needed Q
heat of the body s = . S.I. unit of s is joule/
to raise the temperature of a body or to change its mT
phase. Calorie was defined as the unit of heat. A kg-kelvin and C.G.S unit is cal/gm °C
number of experimets were performed to show that
Specific heat of water : s = 4200 J/kg°C = 1000
the temperature may also be increased by doing
cal/kg°C = 1 Kcal/kg°C = 1 cal/gm°C
mechanical work on the system. These experiments
established that heat is equivalent to mechanical Specific heat of steam = half of specific heat of
energy and measured how much mechanical energy water = specific heat of ice
is equivalent to a calorie.
 Heat capacity = m s.
Heat required to increases the temperature of 1 kg Units of heat capacity in : CGS system is,
water by 20°C cal °C–1 ; SI unit is, JK–1
Sol. heat required = Q = ms
1.4 Relation between Specific heat and
= 1 × 20 = 20 Kcal.
Water equivalent :
 S = 1 cal/gm°C = 1 Kcal/kg°C
It is the amount of water which requires the same
Important Points : amount of heat for the same temperature rise as
that of the object
Q
(a) We know, s = , if the substance undergoes ms T = mw Sw T
mT
the change of state which occurs at constant ms
temperature (T = 0), the s = Q/0 = . Thus the  mw = s
w
specific heat of a substance when it melts or boils at
constant temprature is infinite. In calorie sw = 1
(b) If the temperature of the substance changes  mw = ms
mw is also represented by W
Q
without the transfer of heat (Q = 0) then s = so W = ms
mT
= 0. Thus when liquid in the thermos flask is shaken,
its temperature increases without the tranfer of heat 2. LAW OF MIXTURE :
and hence and the specific heat of liquid in the When two substances at different temperatures are
thermos flask is zero. mixed together, the exchange of heat continues to
(c) To raise the temperature of saturated water take place till their temperatues become equal. This
vapour, heat (Q) is withdrawn. Hence, specific heat tempeature is then called final temperature of mixtue.
of saturated water vapour is negative. (This is for Here, Heat taken by one substance = Heat given
your information only and not in the course) by another substance
(d) The slight variation of specific heat of water  m1s1(T1 – Tm) = m2s2(Tm – T2)
with temperature is shown in the graph at 1
atmosphere pressure. Its variation is less than m1, s1, T1 m2, s2, T2

1% over the interval form 0 to 100°C. (T1>T2)

Mixture Temperature = Tm
1.008
specific heat
(cal g–1C–1)

1.000 An iron block of mass 2 kg, fall from a height 10 m.

After colliding with the ground it loses 25 % energy
0 15 35 100 to surroundings. Then find the temperature rise of
Temp(°C)
the block (Take sp. heat of iron 470 J/kg°C)

1
Sol. mS = mgh
1.3 Heat capacity or Thermal capacity : 4
Heat capacity of a body is defined as the amount of
10  10
heat required to rasie the temperature of that body   =
4  470
by 1°C. If ‘m’ is the mass and ‘s’ the specific heat
of the body, then
 3. PHASE CHANGE :
The temperature of equal masses of three different Heat required for the change of phase or state,
liquids A, B, and C are 10°C 15°C and 20°C Q = mL, L = latent heat.
respectively. The temperatue when A and B are (a) Latent heat (L) : The heat supplied to a substance
mixed is 13°C and when B and C are mixed, it is which changes its state at constant temperature is
16°C. What will be the temperature when A and C called latent heat of the body.
are mixed?
(b) Latent heat of Fusion (Lf) : The heat supplied to a
Sol. when A and B are mixed substance which changes it from solid to liquid state
mS1 × (13 – 10) = m × S2 × (15 – 13) at its melting point and 1 atm. pressure is called
3S1 = 2S2 ...(1) latent heat of fusion.
when B and C are mixed (c) Latent heat of vaporisation (L v) : The heat
S2 × 1 = S 3 × 4 ...(2) supplied to a substance which changes it from liquid
to vapour state at its boiling point and 1 atm. pressure
13°C 16°C is called latent heat of vaporization.
If in question latent heat of water are not mentioned
A B C
m m m
and to solve the problem it require to assume that
S1 S2 S3 we should consider following values.
10°C 15°C 20°C
Latent heat of ice : L = 80 cal/gm = 80 Kcal/kg =
4200 × 80 J/kg
when C and A are mixed
Latent heat of steam : L = 540 cal/gm = 540 Kcal/
S1( – 10) = S3 × (20 – ) ...(3) kg = 4200 × 540 J/kg
by using equation (1), (2) and (3) The given figure, represents the change of state by
different lines
140
we get  = C
11 T

m
ea
St
If three different liquid of different masses specific water+Steam
Tb
heats and temperature are mixed with each other er l2
at
Tm ice+water w
and then what is the temperature mixtrue at thermal e l1
ic
equilibrium. Q
O Tm = Melting Temperature
m1, s1, T1  specification for liquid Tb = Boiling Temperature

>
m2, s2, T2  specification for liquid
l 2 > l1
m3, s3, T3  specification for liquid
Sol. Total heat lost or gain by all substance is equal to
zero
Q = 0
m1s1(T – T1) + m2s2(T – T2) + m3s3(T – T3) = 0

m1s1T1  m 2s2 T2  m 3s3T3

so T = m1s1  m 2s2  m3s3
Find amount of heat released if 100 g ice at – 10°C
is converted into 120°C, 100 g steam.
 Section B - Conduction problems, Slab
questions for conduction,
Variable K. problem

HEAT TRANSFER

4. INTRODUCTION
Heat is energy in transit which flows due to
temperature difference; from a body at higher
temperature to a body at lower temperature. This
transfer of heat from one body to the other takes
place through three routes.
(i) Conduction (ii) Convection (iii) Radiation

(a) CONDUCTION
(i) Requires Medium
(ii) Energy is transmitted from one particle to another
particle without displaced of particle
(iii) No transfer of particle
Qnet = 73.5 Kcal.
(b) CONVECTION
(i) Requires Medium
500 gm of water at 80°C is mixed with 100 gm
steam at 120°C. Find out the final mixture. (ii) Enegy is transfer through movement of the
Sol. 120°C steam 100°C steam particle of medium.

1 (c) RADIATION
Req. heat = 100 × ×20 = 1 kcal
2 (i) Does not requires any medium
80°C water 100°C water (ii) Enegy is transfer through Electromagnetic
Req. heat = 500 × 1 × 20 = 10 kcal waves.
100gm steam 100 gm water at 100°C
Vaccum
Req. heat = 100 × 540 = 54 kcal Radiation
Total heat = 55 kcal.
T1 T2
Remaining heat = 55 – 10 = 45 kcal
Conduction
Now we have 600 gm water at 100°C
250 Air
 4500 = m × 540  m  gm Convection +
3
Radiation
T1 T2
250
So at last we have gm steam Conduction
3

 250 
and  600 –  gm of water
 3  5. CONDUCTION
Figure shows a rod whose ends are in thermal contact
with a hot reseroir at temperature Ti and a cold
reservoir at temperature T2. The sides of the rod
are covered with insulating medium, so the transport
of heat is along the rod, not through the sides. The temperature, but k can be taken to be practically
molecules at the hot reservoir have greater vibrational constant throughout a substance if the temperature
energy. This energy is transferred by collisions to difference between its ends is not too great.
the atoms at the end face of the rod. These atoms in Let us apply Eq. (i) to a rod of length L and constant
turn transfer energy to their neighbours further along cross sectional area A in which a steady state has
the rod. Such transfer of heat through a substance been reached. In a steady state the temperature at
in which heat is transported without direct mass each point is constant in time. Hence.
transport is called conduction.
dT
T1 >T2 –  T1 – T2
T1 dt
T2
(Hot) Q (Cold) Therefore, the heat Q transferred in time t is

 T – T2 
Most metals use another, more effective mechanism Q  kA  1  t
 L 
to conduct heat. The free electrons, which move
throughout the metal can rapidly carry energy from Here, T = temperature difference (TD) and
the hotter to cooler regions, so metals are generally l
good donductors of heat. The presence of 'free' R =thermal resistance of the rod.
kA
electrons also causes most metals to be good
• Important Points in conduction
electrical conductors. A metal rod at 5°C feels colder
than a piece of wood at 5°C because heat can flow 1. Consider a section ab of a rod as shown in figure.
more easily from your hand into the metal. Suppose Q1 heat enters into the section at 'a' and Q2
leaves at 'b', then Q2 < Q1 . Part of the energy Q1 –
Heat transfer occurs only between regions that are
at different temperatures, and the rate of heat flow Q2 is utilized in raising the tempeature of section ab
and the remaining is lost to atmosphere thorugh ab.
dQ If heat is continuously supplied from the left end of
is . This rate is also called the heat current,
dt the rod, a stage comes when temperature of the
denoted by H. Experiments show that the heat section becomes constant. In that case, Q1 = Q2 if
current is proportional to the cross-section area A of rod is insulated from the surroundings (or loss
thorugh ab is zero). This is called the steady state
dT
the rod and to the temperature gradient , which condition. Thus, in steady state temperature of
dx
different sections of the rod becomes constant (but
is the rate of change of temperature with distance
not same).
along the bar. In general
Q1 Q2
dQ dT
H  –kA a b
dt dx
Hence, in the figure :
dQ Q Q
The negative sign is used to make a positive
dt
T1 T2 T3 T4
dT
quantity since is negative. The constant k, called Insulated rod in steady state
dt
the thermal conductivity is a measure of the ability T1 = constant, T2 = constant etc.
of a material to conduct heat. and T1 > T2 > T3 > T4
A substance with a large thermal conductivity k is a Now, a natural question arises, why the temperature
good heat conductor. The value of k depends on of whole rod not becomes equal when heat is being
the temperature, increasing slightly with increasing continuously supplied ? The answer is : there must
 be a temperature difference in the rod for the heat
flow, same as we require a potential difference across
a resistance for the current flow thorugh it. K = 2 W°/C m
In steady state, the temperature varies linearly withd A = 0.5 m2
istance along the rod if it is insluated.
T 100°C 0°C
T1

T4 10 m
Find out the heat current and temperature at any
distance x.
x
10 
Sol. R=  10 
2  0.5 KA
2. Comparing equation number (iii), i.e., heat current
100 kAT
dQ T  l  i  10 
H   where R   10 
dt R  kA 
and temperature at any distance x.
with the equation, of current flow through a
resistance, K = 2 W°/C m
A = 0.5 m2 T
dq V  l 
i   where R  
dt R  A
100°C 0°C
We find the following similarities in heat flow through
a rod and current flow through a resistance. x
10 m
Heat flow through a Current flow through a
conducting rod resistance kA(100 – T) KAT
q 
Heat current Electric current x 
dQ dq
H = i = (100 – T) (100 – 0)
dt dt  
x 
= rate of heat flow = rate of charge flow
100  – T  = 100 x
T TD V PD
H =  i = 
R R R R 100( – x)
T
I I 
R = R =
kA A
K = thermal  = thermal
conductivity conductivity
A C
From the above table it is evident that flow of heat
through rods in series and parallel is analogous to TH = 80°C 20°C = TL
5m
the flow of current through resistances in series and
parallel. This analogy is of great importance in solving 9m

complicated problems of heat conduction.

Find out the temperature at distance 5 m.
Sol. Heat current is same. so, adding eqn. 5.1 and eqn 5.2

TH – TL TH – TL = (R1 + R2) i or i=
TH – T 80 – 20 80 – T
  
 x 9 5 Thus these two slabs are equivalent to a single slab
of thermal resistance R1 + R2
T=? If more than two slabs are joined in series and are
A B C allowed to attain steady state, then equivalent thermal
resistance is given by
TH = 80°C 20°C = TL
5x R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ..... (5.3)
9m

140 The figure shows the cross-section of the outer wall

T= C
3 of a house built in a hill-resort to keep the house
insulated from the freezing temperature of outside.
5.1 SLABS IN PARALLEL AND SERIES The wall consists of teak wood of thickness L1 and
(a) Slabs in series (in steady state) brick of thickness (L2 = 5L1), sandwitching two layers
Consider a composite slab consisting of two materials of an unknown material with identical thermal
having different thickness L1 and L2 different cross- conductivities and thickness. The thermal conductivity
sectional areas A1 and A2 and different thermal of teak wood is K1 and that of brick is (K2 = 5K).
conductivities K1 and K2. The temperature at the
Heat condcution through the wall has reached a steady
outer surface of the states are maintained at TH and
TC, and all lateral surfaces are covered by an state with the temperature of three surfaces being
adiabatic coating. known. (T1 = 25°C, T2 = 20°C and T5 = –20°C.)
Find the interface temperature T4 and T3.
L2 L1

T1 T3 T4
Heat reservoir

T2 T5

Q
at Tc

K2 K1

Heat reservoir adiabatic coating

at temperatureHT

Let temperature at the junction be T, since steady L1 L L L2

state has been achieved thermal current through each
slab will be equal. Then thermal current through the
first slab. Sol. Let interface area be A. the thermal resistance of wood.

Q TH – T L1
i= t  R or TH – T = iR1 ..(5.1) R1 = K A
1 1

and that through the second slab, and that of brick wall

Q T – TC L2 5L1
i= t  R or T – TC = iR2 ..(5.2) R2 = K A = 5K A = R1
2
2 1
 Let thermal resistance of the each sand witch layer (b) Slabs in parallel :
= R. Then the above wall can be visualised as a
Consider two slabs held between the same heat
circuit
reservoirs, their thermal conductivities K1 and K2
iT R1 R R R1 iT and cross-sectional areas A1 and A2
25°C 20°C T3 T4 –20°C

thermal current through each wall is same. L

SLAB 1
25 – 20 20 – T3 T3 – T4 T4  20 K1 A1 Q1
Hence R1 = = = R1
R R

 25 – 20 = T4 + 20 SLAB 2
K2 A2 Q2
Heat reservoir adiabatic coating
 T4 = – 15°C Ans. at temperature TH
Heat reservoir
also, 20 – T3 = T3 – T4 at temperature T C

20  T4
 T3 = = 2.5°C Ans.
2 L L
then R1  , R2 
K1A1 K 2A2

thermal current through slab 1

In example 3, K1 = 0.125 W/m–°C, K2 = 5K1 =
0.625 W/m–°C and thermal conductivity of the TH  TC
unknown material is K = 0.25 W/m°C. L1 = 4cm, i1 
R1
L2 = 5L1 = 20 cm and L = 10 cm. If the house
consists of a single room of total wall area of 100 and that through slab 2
m2, then find the power of the electric heater being
used in the room. TH  TC
i2 
R2
(4  10 –2 m)
Sol. R1 = R2 = Net heat current from the hot to cold reservoir
(0.125w / m – C)(100m2 )

= 32 × 10–4 °C/w  1 1 
i  i1  i 2  (TH  TC )   
R
 1 R 2 
(10  10 –2 m)
R= = 40 × 10–4°C/w
(0.25W / m – C)(100m 2 )
TH  TC
the equivalent thermal resistance of the entire wall Comparing with i  R eq , we get,
= R1 + R2 + 2R = 144 × 10–4 ºC/W
 Net heat current, i.e. amount of heat flowing 1 1 1
 
TH  TC R eq R1 R 2
out of the house per second 
R
If more than two rods are joined in parallel, the
25º C  ( 20º C) 45  104 equivalent thermal resistance is given by
  watt
144  10 4 º C / w 144
1 1 1 1
    ...... .....(5.4)
Hence the heater must supply 3.12 kW to R eq R1 R 2 R 3
compensate for the outflow of heat. Ans.
 dx
Sol. dR 
Two thin concentric shells made from copper with kr 2
radius r1 and r2 (r2 > r1) have a material of thermal
conductivity K filled between them. The inner and r1 r r
 2 
outer spheres are maintained at temperatures TH and y y yx
TC respectively by keeping a heater of power P at
 r1 y  r1   r2 y
the centre of the two spheres. Find the value of P.
Sol. Heat flowing per second through each cross-section  r1  r
y  1
of the sphere = P = i (r1  r2 ) (r2  r1 )
Thermal resistance of the spherical shell of radius x
and thickness dx,
 r 
r2  1  x 
dx r2 (y  x) r  r
dR =  r   2 1 
K.4 x 2 y  r1  
  
 r2  r1 
r2
dx 1 1 1
 R=  4x .K  4K  r
r1
2
1
– 
r2 
R1 r R2
thermal current
x
dx K

Element is disc
of radius r
r1 r2
P dx
dx x dR 
kr 2

 
dx dx
  k.  r 2
 2 ...(i)
0 0  (r  r )x 
TH – TC 4 K(TH – TC ) r1r2 k.   r1  2 1 
i=P= = Ans.   
R (r2 – r1 )

5.2 Junction Law

Heat current is a Tensor quantity because, it doesn’t
follow the vector laws but the direction of heat current
matter.

R2
According to the Junction law the sum of all the
R1
T2 heat current directed towards a point is equal to the
A K B sum of all the heat currents directed away from the
points.
R2 – R1 << l

i2

Find out the equivalent thermal resistance between i1 i1  i 2  i 3

point A and B. i3
 Eq. (4) / eq. (5)
100ºC i1 R2 = i2 R4 ...(vi)

2R Eq. (iii)/(vi)
0ºC x
R R1 R 3
2R 
R2 R4
50ºC
Find out the temperature at point x.  R1 R 4  R 2 R 3
Sol. i1  i2  i3  0 Now,

(x  0) i  (x  100) i  (x  50) R1 R2
i1  , 2 2R ,
3
R 2R
T1 T2
100ºC
i2
i1 2R R3 R4
0ºC x
R
2R
i2
50ºC
4x = 150 T=?
 x = 37.5ºC 6R
3R

WHEAT STONE BRIDGE 100ºC 2R 0ºC

4R 2R
Find out the relation between R1, R2, R3 and R4, so
there is no that current in R.
T
i1 100  T T  0
R2 Sol. 
R1 6R 3R
i1
T1 T2
R'  T  100 / 3 º C
i2
R3 100 6R T 3R 0
R4
i2
T
100ºC 0ºC
Sol. T  T1  T2
100 4R 2R 0
T1  T  i1 R1 ...(i)

T1  T  i2 R 3 ...(ii)
R
Eq. (i)/(ii)

i1 R 1 R R
 i R 1 ...(iii) i2
2 3
i1
100ºC R OºC
T  T2  i1 R 2 ...(iv)
Find i2 / i1  ?
T  T2  i2 R 4 ...(v)
 1 1 (10m)(1kg)(4180J / kg – C)
Sol. i1 : i2 = : =3:1 =
R 3R 46(w / mC)  (10  10 –4 m 2 )

i2 R R R 418
= (0.69)  105 = 6.27 × 105 sec
100ºC 0ºC 46
i1 = 174.16 hours Ans.
R

3 1
i1 = × 100 = 75  i2 = × 100 = 25 On a cold winter day, the atmospheric temperature
4 4
is - (on Celsius scale) which is below 0ºC. A
cylindrical drum of height h made of a bad conductor
is completely filled with water at 0ºC and is kept
outside without any lid. Calculate the time taken for
A container of negligible heat capacity contains 1 kg
the whole mass of water to freeze. Thermal
of water. It is connected by a steel rod of length 10
conductivity of ice is K and its latent heat of fusion
m and area of cross-section 10 cm2 to a large steam
is L. Neglect expansion of water on freezing.
chamber which is maintaned at 100°C. If initial
Sol. Suppose, the ice starts forming at time t = 0 and a
temperature of water is 0°C, find the time after which
thickness x is formed at time t. The amount of heat
it becomes 50°C. (Neglect heat capacity of steel rod
flown from the water to the surrounding in the time
and assume no loss of heat to surroundings) (use
interval t to t + dt is
table 3.1, take specific heat of water = 4180 J/kg°C)
KA
Sol. Let temperature of water at time t be T, then thermal Q  dt
x
current at time t,

 100 – T  x
i=  
 R 
h dx
This increases the temperature of water from T to 0ºC

T + dT

dH dT The mass of the ice formed due to the loss of this

 i= = ms
dt dt amount of heat is

100 – T dT Q KA
 = ms dm   dt
R dt L xL

50 t
The thickness dx of ice formed in time dt is
dT dT
  
0
100 – T 0 Rms dm K L
dx   dt or, dt  x dx
A xL K
1 t
Thus, the time T taken for the whole mass of water
 – n   
2
  Rms
to freeze is given by

L T
L
h
Lh 2
or t = Rms n 2sec = ms n 2sec T
KA  d t  K  x dx
0 0
or,
2 K
.
 Section C - Radiation problem
Figure shows a large tank of water at a constant
RADIATION
temperature0 and a small vessel containing a mass
m of water at an initial temperature 1(< 0). A metal 6. RADIATION
rod of length L, area of cross-section A and thermal The process of the transfer of heat from one place
conductivity K connects the two vessels. Find the to another place without heating the intervening
time taken for the temperature of the water in the
medium is called radiation. The term radiation used
smaller vessel to become 2(1 < 2 < 0). Specific
here is another word for electromagnetic waves.
heat capacity of water is s and all other heat
These waves are formed due to the superposition
capacities are negligible.
of electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each
other and carry energy.
Propoerties of Radiation :

L (a) All objects emit radiations simply because their

temperature is above alsolute zero, and all objects
Sol. Suppose, the temperature of the water in the smaller absorb some of the radiation that falls on them from
vessel is  at time t, In the next time interval dt, a other objects.
heat Q is transferred to it where
(b) Maxwell on the basis of his electromagnetic
theory proved that all radiations are electromagnetic
KA
Q = ( 0 – )dt ...(i) waves and their sources are vibrations of charged
L
particles in atoms and molecules.
This heat increases the temperature of the water of
(c) More radiations are emitted at higher
mass m to  + d where
temperature of a body and lesser at lower
Q = ms d. ...(ii) temperature.
From (i) and (ii), (d) The wavelength corresponding to maximum
emission of radiations shifts from longer wavelength
KA to shorter wavelength as the temperature increases.
( 0 – )dt = ms d
L
Due to this the colour of a body appears to be
changing. Radiations from a body at NTP has
T 2
Lms d Lms d predominantly infrared waves.
or, dt = KA  –  or,, dt  KA  – 
 
0 0 1 0 (e) Thermal radiations travels with the speed of
light and move in a straight line.
where T is the time required for the temperature of (f) Radiations are electromagnetic waves and can
the water to become 2.
also travel through vacuum.

Lms 0 – 1 (g) Similar to light, thermal radiations can be

Thus, T = KA ln  –  reflected, refracted, diffracted and polarized.
0 2

(h) Radiation from a point source obeys inverse

1
square law (intensity  )
r2
6.1. PREVOST THEORY OF EXCHANGE 6.3 ABSORPTION, REFLECTION AND
According to this theory, all bodies radiate thermal EMISSION OF RADIATIONS
radiation at all temperatures. The amount of thermal Q = Qr + Qt + Qa
radiation radiated per unit time depends on the Qr Q t Qa
1  
nature of the emitting surface, its area and its Q Q Q
temperature. The rate is faster at higher where r = reflecting power, a = absorptive power
temperatures. Besides, a body also absorbs part of and t = transmission power.
the thermal radiation emitted by the surrounding
Q
bodies when this radiation falls on it. If a body (Incident) Qf (Reflected)
radiates more then what it absorbs, its temperature
falls. If a body radiates less than what it absorbs,
its temperature rises. And if the temperature of a
body is equal to temperature of its surroundings it
Qa
radiates at the same rate as it absorbs. Qt (Transmitted)
(Absorbed)
6.2 PE RFECTLY BLACK BODY AND
(i) r = 0, t = 0, a = 1, perfect black body
BLACK BODY RADIATION (FERY’S
BLACK BODY) (ii) r = 1, t = 0, a = 0, perfect reflector

A perfectly black body is one which absorbs all the (iii) r = 0, t = 1, a = 0, perfect transmitter
heat radiations of whatever wavelength, incident (a) Absorptive power :
on it. It neither reflects nor transmits any of the In particular absorptive power of a body can be
incident radiation and therefore appears black defined as the fraction of incident radiation that is
whatever be the colour of the incident radiation. absorbed by the body.
In actual practice, no natural object possesses
Energy absorbed
strictly the properties of a perfectly black body. But a = Energy incident
the lamp-black and platinum black are good
approximation of black body. They absorb about As all the raditions incident on a black body are
99% of the incident radiation. The most simple and absorbed, a = 1 for a black body.
commonly used black body was designed by Fery. (b) Emissive power :
It consists of an enclosure with a small opening Consider a small area A of a body emitting thermal
which is painted black from inside. The opeining radiation. Consider a small solid angle  about the
acts as a perfect black body. Any radiation that falls normal to the radiating surface. Let the energy
on the opening goes inside and has very little chance radiated by the area A of the surface in the solid
of escaping the enclosure before getting absorbed angle  in time t be U. We define emissive
through multiple reflections. The cone opposite to power of the body as
the opening ensures that no radiation is reflected U
back directly. E
( A)( )( t)

P A
Q 
 Thus, emissive power denotes the energy radiated d
 P2  aAT04
per unit area per unit time per unit solid angle along dt
the normal to the area. Here, 'a' is a pure number between 0 and 1
(c) Spectral Emissive power (E ) : indicating the relative ability of the surface to absorbs
Emissive power per unit wavelength range at radiation from its surroundings. Note that this 'a' is
wavelength  is known as spectral emissive power, different from the absorptive power 'a'. In thermal
E  If E is the total emissive power and E is spectral equilibrium, both the body and the surrounding have
emissive power, they are related as follows, the same temperture (say Tc) and,
 P1 = P2
dE

E = E d and  E
d or eATc4  aATc4
0

(d) Emissivity : or e = a
Thus, when T > T0, the net rate of heat transfer
Emissive power of a body from the body to the surroundings is,
at temperature T E
e=  dQ
Emissive power of a black body E0 Net heat loss =  eA(T 4 – T04 )
dt
at same temperature T

 dT  4 4
or ms    eA(T – T0 )
 dt 

 Rate of cooling

 dT  eA 4
Section D, E, F - Stefan's Law, –  (T – T04 )
 dt  mc
Newton's Law of cooling,
Wein's displacement law
dT
or  (T 4 – T04 )
7. STEFAN-BOLITZMANN'S LAW : dt

Consider a hot body at temperature T placed in an

environment at a lower temperature T0. The body 8. NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING
emits more radiation than it absorbs and cools down According to this law, if the temperature T of the
while the surroundings absorb radiation from the body is not very different from that of the

body and warm up. The body is losing energy by dT

surroundings T0, then rate of cooling – is
emitting radiations and this rate. dt
proportional to the temperature difference between
d d d them. To prove it let us assume that
 T4 , A, e
dt dt dt
T = T0 + t
d
  eAT 4 d
dt  Ae (T  T) 4 – T0 4 
dt
P1  eAT 4
and is receiving energy by absorbing radiations and d  4 T 
 AeT04 1  – 1  4 AT03 T
this absorption rate dt  T0 
 if the temperature difference is small. From this expression we see that  = i at t = 0 and
Thus, rate of colling  = 0 at t = , i.e., temperature of the body varies
exponentially with time from i to 0 (< i). The
dT d temperature versus time graph is a shown in figure.
–  T or –  
dt dt
as dT = d or T = D

8.1 Variation of temperature of a body

according to Nerton's law  d  i – 2  1  2 
–   and   av   
Suppose a body has a temperature i at time t = 0.  dt  t  2 
It is placed in an atmosphere whose temperature is
0. We are interested in finding the temperature of  d 
the body at time t, assuming Newton's law of cooling The equation  –   ( – 0 ) becomes
 dt 
to hold good or by assuming that the temperature
difference is small. As per this law, i – 2    2 
  i – 0 
t  2 
0  cons tan t
0  cons tan t
This form of the law helps in solving numerical
problems related to Newton's law of cooling.
i
 8.2 Limitations of Newton’s Law of
Cooling :
t=0 (a) The difference in temperature between the
body and surroundings must be small
rate of cooling  temperature difference
(b) The loss of heat from the body should be
 d   eA  3 radiation only.
or  –     (40 )(  – 0 )
 dt   mc  (c) The temperature of surroundings must remain
 d  constant during the cooling of the body.
or  –   ( – 0 )
 dt 

 4eA30 
Here   is a constant A body at temperature 40°C is kept in a surrounding
 mc 
of constant temperature 20°C. It is observed that
 t
d its temperature falls to 35°C in 10 minutes. Find
   –   –   dt
0
i 0 how much more time will it take for the body to
– t
   0  (i – 0 )e attain a temperature of 30°C.
Sol. f = ie–kt

for the interval in which temperature falls from 40
i to 35°C
(35 – 20) = (40 – 20) e–k.10

0 3
 e–10 k =
4

t
 4 (30C – 35C)
n  = – (32.5°C – 20°C)
3 t
 K=
10
 required time,
for the next interval
5
(30 – 20) = (35 – 20) e–kt t= × 35 min = 14 min Ans.
12.5
2
 e–10 k =
3 9. NATURE OF THERMAL
RADIATIONS :
3
 kt = n (WIEN’S DISPLACEMENT LAW)
2
From the energy distribution curve of black body
radiation, the following conclusions can be drawn :
 4
 n  t 3 (a) The higher the temperature of a body, the higher
  3   n
10 2 is the area under the curve i.e. more amount of
energy is emitted by the body at higher temperature.
(b) The energy emitted by the body at different
 3
 n  temperatures is not uniform. For both long and short
2
 t = 10  minute = 14.096 min Ans. wavelengths, the energy emitted is very small.
 4
 n 3 
 

Aliter : (by approximate method)

E 2000k
for the interval in which temperature falls from 40
to 35°C

40  35
<> = = 37.5°C 1500k
2 10
00k

d
from equation (14.4) = – k(<> – 0)  (in micron)
dt  m3
 m2  m1

(35C – 40C)
 = –K (37.5°C – 20°C)
10(min)
(c) For a given temperature, there is a paricular
1
 K= (min –1 ) wavelength (m) for which the energy emitted (E )
35
is maximum
for the interval in which temperature falls from 35°C
(d) With an increase in the temperature of the black
to 30°C
body, the maxima of the curves shift towards shorter
35  30 wavelengths.
<> = =32.5°C
2 From the study of energy distribution of black body
from equation (14.4) radiation discussed as above, it was established
experimentally that the wavelength ( m )
 Heat-1 1.17

corresponding to maximum intensity of emission The radiation emitted by the surface of the sun per
decreases inversely with increase in the temperature unit time is
of the black body. i.e.
3
 D
1 4    T4  D 2T 4
m  or m T = b 2
T
At distance R, this radiation falls on an area 4R2
This is called Wien’s displacement law.
in unit time. the radiation received at the earth's
Here b = 0.282 cm-K, is the Wien’s constant.
surface per unit time per unit area is, therefore,

2
D2 T 4 T 4  D 
The earth receives solar radiation at a rate of   
4 R 2 4 R
8.2J/cm2 - minute. Assuming that the sun radiates
like a blackbody, calculate the surface temperature 2
T 4  D 
of the sun. The angle subtended by the sun on the Thus,   = 8.2 J/cm2 - minute
4 R
earth is 0.53° and the Stefan constant
 = 5.67 × 10–8 W/m2 – K4.
1  W  4
Sol. Let the diameter of the sun be D and its distance or,   5.67  10 –8 2 –3 2
 T  (9.25  10 )
4  m – K4 
from
the earth be R. From the questions. 8.2 W
=
10 –4  60 m 2
D 
 0.53  = 9.25 × 10–3 ...(i)
R 180 or, T = 5794 K  5800 K.

D
earth
R
sun
Exercise - 1 Objective Problems | JEE Main

Section A - Calorimetry Basic Question, 4. A solid material is supplied with heat at a constant
Calorimetry Mixing problems, rate. The temperature of material is changing with
Calorimetry Energy problems, heat input as shown in the figure. What does slope
Power problems DE represent.

1. In a kitchen experiment, you empty a tray of ice y

cubes into a bowl of water. After an hour or so,
when the mixture has come to thermal equilibrium,

Temperature
E
you notice a little more water in the bowl than you
C D
started with and fewer ice cubes in the bowl than
you started with. One can say that – A B

O Heat Input x

(A) latent heat of liquid

(B) latent heat of vapour
(A) the temperature of the water is slightly higher
(C) heat capacity of vapour
than the remaining ice cubes
(D) inverse of heat capacity of vapour
(B) the temperature of the water is slightly lower
than the remaining ice cubes
(C) the temperature of the water is the same as the 5. The graph shown in the figure represent change in
temperature of the remaining ice cubes the temperature of 5 kg of a substance as it abosrbs
heat at a constant rate of 42 kJ min–1. The latent
(D) the temperature of the water or the ice cubes
heat of vapourization of the substance is :
depends on the exact mass of water and ice cubes
in the bowl.

2. When vapour condenses into liquid -

Temp (°C)

(A) It absorbs heat

(B) It liberates heat
(C) Its temperature increases
(D) Its temperature decreases
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
time(min)
3. The specific heat of a metal at low temperatures
varies according to S = aT3 where a is a constant (A) 630 kJ kg–1 (B) 126 kJ kg–1
and T is absolute temperature. The heat energy (C) 84 kJ kg–1 (D) 12.6 kJ kg–1
needed to raise unit mass of the metal from T = 1 K
to T = 2 K is 6. 10 gm of ice at 0°C is kept in a calorimeter of water
15a equivalent 10 gm. How much heat should be supplied
(A) 3a (B) to the apparatus to evaporate the water thus formed?
4
(Neglect loss of heat)
2a 12a (A) 6200 cal (B) 7200 cal
(C) (D)
3 5 (C) 13600 cal (D) 8200 cal
7. Heat is being supplied at a constant rate to a sphere of 12. Two rods A and B of different materials but same cross
ice which is melting at the rate of 0.1 gm/sec. It melts section are joined as in figure. The free end of A is
maintained at 100°C and the free end of B is maintained
completely in 100 sec. The rate of rise of temperature
at 0°C. If l2 = 2l1, K1 = 2K2 and rods are thermally
thereafter will be (Assume no loss of heat) insulated from sides to prevent heat losses then the
(A) 0.8 °C/sec (B) 5.4 °C/sec temperature  of the junction of the two rods is
(C) 3.6 °C/sec (D) will change with time l1 l2

8. A 2100 W continuous flow geyser (instant geyser) A B

has water inlet temperature = 10°C while the water 100°C K  K2 0°C
1

flows out at the rate of 20 g/sec. The outlet (A) 80°C (B) 60°C
temperature of water must be about (C) 40°C (D) 20°C
(A) 20°C (B) 30°C
13. The ends of a metal bar of constant cross-sectional
(C) 35°C (D) 40°C area are maintained at temperatures T1 and T2 which
are both higher than the temperature of the
9. A continuous flow water heater (geyser) has an surroundings. If the bar is unlagged, which one of
the following sketches best represents the variation
electrical power rating = 2 k W and efficienty of
of temperature with distance along the bar?
conversion of electrical power into heat = 80%. If
T1 T1
water is flowing through the device at the rate of
100 cc/sec, and the inlet temperature is 10 °C, the T2 T2
(A) (B)
oulet temperature will be
O Distance O Distance
(A) 12.2 °C (B) 13.8 °C
(C) 20 °C (D) 16.5 °C T1 T1

T2 T2
(C) (D)
10. Ice at 0°C is added to 200 g of water initially at
O Distance O Distance
70°C in a vacuum flask. When 50 g of ice has been
added and has all melted the temperature of the flask 14. The wall with a cavity consists of two layers of
and contents is 40°C. When a further 80 g of ice brick separated by a layer of air. All three layers
has been added and has all metled, the temperature have the same thickness and the thermal conductivity
of the whole is 10°C. Calculate the specific latent of the brick is much greater than that of air. The left
layer is at a higher temperature than the right layer
heat of fusion of ice. [Take Sw = 1 cal/gm °C]
and steady state condition exists. Which of the
(A) 3.8 × 105 J/kg (B) 1.2 × 105 J/kg following graphs predicts correctly the variation of
(C) 2.4 × 105 J/kg (D) 3.0 × 105 J/kg temperature T with distance d inside the cavity ?

T T
Section B - Conduction problems, Slab
questions for conduction,
(A) (B)
Variable K. problem
x x
O d O d
11. Four rods of same material with different radii r and
length l are used to connect two reservoirs of heat T T
at different temperatures. Which one will conduct
most heat ? (C) (D)
(A) r = 2cm, l =0.5m (B) r=2cm, l =2m O d
x
O d
x

(C) r=0.5cm, l =0.5m (D) r =1cm, l = 1 m

15. A rod of length L and uniform cross-sectional area
0°C
has varying thermal conductivity which changes
100°C
linearly from 2K at end A to K at the other end B. 100°C
0°C
The ends A and B of the rod are maintained at
constant temperature 100°C and 0°C, respectively.
(a)
At steady state, the graph of temperature : T = T(x) (b)

where x = distance from end A will be (A) 0.75 min (B) 0.5 min
T T (C) 1.5 min (D) 1 min
100°C 100°C

(A) (B) 19. A wall consists of alternating blocks with length ‘d’
x x
L L and coefficint of thermal conductivity k1 and k2.
The cross sectional area of the blocks are the same.
T T
The equivalent coefficient of thermal conductivity
100°C 100°C
of the wall between left and right is
(C) (D)
x x
(A) K1 + K2
L L

(K1  K 2 )
(B)
2 d
16. A wall has two layers A and B, each made of different k1
K 1K 2 k2
material. Both the layers have the same thickness. k1
(C) K  K
The thermal conductivity for A is twice that of B. 1 2 k2
k1
Under steady state, the temperature difference across k2
2 K1K 2
the whole wall is 36°C. Then the temperature (D) K  K
difference across the layer A is 1 2

(A) 6°C (B) 12°C

(C) 18°C (D) 24°C 20. A cylinder of radius R made of a material of thermal
conductivity k1 is surrounded by a cylindrical shell
of inner radius R and outer radius 2R made of a
17. Two metal cubes with 3 cm-edges of copper and
material of thermal conductivity k2. The two ends
aluminium are arranged as shown in figure. (KCU =
of the combined system are maintained at different
385 W/m-K, KAL = 209 W/m-K)
temperatures. There is no loss of heat from the
The total thermal current from one reservoir to the cylindrical surface and the system is in steady state.
other is : The effective thermal conductivity of the system is
(A) 1.43 × 103 W Al
20°C
k1k 2
(B) 2.53 × 103 W 100°C Cu (A) k1 + k2 (B) k  k
1 2
(C) 1.53 × 104 W
(D) 2.53 × 104 W 1 1
(C) (k1  3k 2 ) (D) (3k  k 2 )
4 4

18. Two identical square rods of metal are welded end

to end as shown in figure (a). Assume that 10 cal of Section C - Radiation problem
heat flows through the rods in 2 min. Now the rods
are welded as shown in figure. (b) The time it would 21. From a black body, radiation is not :
take for 10 cal to flow through the rods now, is : - (A) emitted (B) absorbed
(C) reflected (D) None of these
22. In accordance with Kirchhoff’s law. Which of the 28. Transfer of heat in friction is by –
following is incorrect :
(A) Convection (B) Conduction
(A) bad absorber is bad emitter
(B) bad absorber is good reflector (C) Radiation (D) None of the above
(C) bad reflector is good emitter
(D) bad emitter is good absorber
29. Which of the following surface will emit least heat
radiation –
23. The energy radiated by a body does not depends on
(A) area of body (A) White (bright) (B) White and rough
(B) nature of surface (C) Polished black (D) Black and rough
(C) mass of body
(D) temperature of body
30. Emissive power of any surface (e), Absorptive power
24. A polished metallic piece and a black painted (a), Reflecting power (r) and transmission power (t)
wooden piece are kept in open in bright sun for a are related as –
long time :
(A) a + e + t = 1 (B) a + r + t = 1
(A) the wooden piece will absorbs less heat than
the metallic piece (C) r + e + t = 1 (D) r + e + a = 1
(B) the wooden piece will have a lower temperature
than the metallic piece
Section D, E, F - Stefan's Law, Newton's Law
(C) if touched, the metallic piece will feel hotter
of cooling, Wein's displacement
than the wooden piece
law
(D) when the two pieces are removed from the
open to a cold room, the wooden piece will lose
31. A black metal foil is warmed by radiation from a
heat at a lower rate than the metallic piece
small sphere at temperature ‘T’ and at a distance
‘d’. It is found that the power received by the foil is
25. Nature of thermal radiations is similar to the nature
P. If both the temperature and distance are doubled,
of -
the power received by the foil will be :
(A) electro magnetic waves
(B) gravity waves (A) 16 P (B) 4P
(C)  rays (C) 2 P (D) P
(D) sound waves

26. Heat radiation exhibit the phenomenon of 32. Two bodies P and Q have thermal emissivities of p
polarization which means that the radiation is in the and Q respectively. Surface areas of these bodies
form of - are same and the total radiant power is also emitted
(A) Electromagnetic waves which are longitudinal. at the same rate. If temperature of P is P kelvin
(B) Electromagnetic waves which are transverse. then temperature of Q i.e. Q is
(C) Of ray of longitudinal photons.
(D) Of ray of transverse photon. 1/ 4 1/ 4
 Q   P 
(A)   P (B)   P
 P   Q 
27. Following is not a property of radiation –
(A) It travels with velocity of light
1/ 4 4
(B) Medium is necessary for propagation  Q  1  Q 
(C)    (D)   P
(C) Its nature is electromagnetic  P  P  P 
(D) It has quantum nature
33. The rate of emission of radiation of a black body at 37. The rate of cooling of a body by radiation depends
273ºC is E, then the rate of emission of radiation of on :
this body at 0ºC will be (A) area of body (B) mass of body

E E (C) specific heat of body (D) All of these

(A) (B)
16 4
38. Two metallic sphere A and B are made of same
E material and have got identical surface finish. The
(C) (D) 0
8 mass of sphere A is four times that of B. Both the
spheres are heated to the same temperature and
34. The power radiated by a black body is P and it placed in a room having lower temperature but
radiates maximum energy around the wavelength thermally insulated from each other.
0. If the temperature of the black body is now (A) The ratio of heat loss of A to that of B is 24/3
changed so that it radiates maximum energy around (B) The ratio of heat loss of A to that of B is 22/3
wavelength 3/40, the power radiated by it will (C) The ratio of the initial rate of cooling of A to
increase by a factor of that of B is 2–1/3
(A) 4/3 (B) 16/9 (D) The ratio of the initial rate of cooling of A to
(C) 64/27 (D) 256/81 that of B is 2–4/3

35. Spheres P and Q are uniformly constructed from 39. Star S1 emits maximum radiation of wavelength 420
the same material which is a good conductor of heat nm and the star S2 emits maximum radiation of
and the radius of Q is thrice the radius of P. The wavelength 560 nm, what is the ratio of the
rate of fall of temperature of P is x times that of Q temperature of S1 and S2 :
when both are at the same surface temperature. The (A) 4/3 (B) (4/3)1/4
value of x is :
(C) 3/4 (D) (3/4)1/2
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/3
(C) 3 (D) 4
40. The intensity of radiation emitted by the Sun has its
maximum value at a wavelength of 510 nm and that
36. A hollow and a solid sphere of same material and emitted by the North Star has the maximum value
identical outer surface are heated to the same at 350 nm. If these stars behave like black bodies
temperature : then the ratio of the surface temperature of the Sun
(A) in the beginning both will emit equal amount of and the North Star is
radiation per unit time. (A) 1.46 (B) 0.69
(B) in the beginning both will absorb unequal amount (C) 1.21 (D) 0.83
of radiation per unit time
(C) both spheres will have same rate of fall of
temperature (dT/dt)
(D) both spheres will have equal temperatures at
any moment.
Exercise - 2 (Level-I) Objective Problems | JEE Main

Section A - Calorimetry Basic Question, 5. If specific heat of a substance is infinite, it means-

Calorimetry Mixing problems, (A) Heat is given out (B) Heat is taken in
Calorimetry Energy problems, (C) No change in temperature takes place whether
Power problems heat is taken in or given out

1. A block of ice with mass m falls into a lake. After (D) All of the above
impact, a mass of ice m/5 melts. Both the block of
ice and the lake have a temperature of 0°C. If L Section B - Conduction problems, Slab
represents the heat of fusion, the minimum distance questions for conduction,
the ice fell before striking the surface is Variable K. problem

L 5L 6. A lake surface is exposed to an atmosphere where the

(A) (B) temperature is < 0°C. If the thickness of the ice layer
5g g
formed on the surface grows from 2 cm to 4 cm in 1
gL mL hour, The atmospheric temperature, Ta will be -
(C) 5m (D) 5g (Thermal conductivity of ice K = 4 × 10–3 cal/cm/s/
°C; density of ice = 0.9 gm/cc. Latent heat of fusion
of ice = 80 cal/gm. Neglect the change of density
2. The density of a material A is 1500 kg/m3 and that during the state change. Assume that the water below
of another mateial B is 2000 kg/m3. It is found that the ice has 0°c temperature every where) -
the heat capacity of 8 volumes of A is equal to heat (A) –20°C (B) 0°C
capacity of 12 volumes of B. The ratio of specific (C) –30°C (D) –15°C
heats of A and B will be
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 3 : 1 7. One end of a 2.35m long and 2.0cm radius aluminium
(C) 3 : 2 (D) 2 : 1 rod (K = 235 W.m–1K–1) is held at 20°C. The other
end of the rod is in contact with a block of ice at its
melting point. The rate in kg. s–1 at which ice melts is
3. Find the amount of heat supplied to decrease the
volume of an ice water mixture by 1 cm3 without (A) 48 × 10–6 (B) 24 × 10–6
any change in temperature. (ice= 0.9 water, Lice= 80 (C) 2.4 × 10–6 (D) 4.8 × 10–6
cal/gm) 10
(A) 360 cal (B) 500 cal [Take latent heat of fusion for ice as × 105 J.kg–1]
3
(C) 720 cal (D) none of these

8. Two sheets of thickness d and 2d and same area are

4. Some steam at 100°C is passed into 1.1 kg of water touching each other
contained in a calorimeter of water equivalent 0.02 on their face. Temperature TA,TB,TC shown are in
kg at 15°C so that the temperature of the calorimeter geometric progression with common ratio r = 2.
and its contents rises to 80°C. What is the mass of Then ratio of thermal conductivity of thinner and
steam condensing. (in kg) thicker sheet are T
T T A B C

(A) 0.130 (B) 0.065 (A) 1

(C) 0.260 (D) 0.135 (B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4 d 2d
9. A bucket full of hot water cools from 75ºC to 70ºC 15. We consider the radiation emitted by the human
in time T1, from 70ºC to 65ºC in time T2 and from body. Which of the following statements is true
65ºC to 60ºC in time T3, then – (A) The radiation is emitted only during the day
(A) T1 = T2 = T3 (B) T1 > T2 > T3 (B) The radiation is emitted during the summers
(C) T1 < T2 < T3 (D) T1 > T2 < T3 and absorbed during the winters
(C) The radiation emitted lies in the ultraviolet region
10. An object is cooled from 75ºC to 65ºC in 2 minutes in and hence is not visible
a room at 30ºC. The time taken to cool another object (D) The radiation emitted is in the infrared region
from 55ºC to 45ºC in the same room in minutes is -
(A) 4 (B) 5 16. Half part of ice block is covered with black cloth
(C) 6 (D) 7 and rest half is covered with white cloth and then it
is kept in sunlight. After some time clothes are
removed to see the melted ice. Which of the
Section C - Radiation problem
following statements is correct -
11. Two thermometers A and B are exposed in sum light. (A) Ice covered with white cloth will melt more
The valve of A is painted black, but that of B is not (B) Ice covered with black cloth will melt more
painted. The correct statement regarding this case is -
(C) Equal ice will melt under both clothes
(A) Temperature of A will rise faster than B but the
(D) It will depend on the temperature of
final temperature will be the same in both
surroundings of ice
(B) Both A and B show equal rise in beginning
(C) Temperautre of A will remain more than B
17. If p calorie heat energy falls on a body and q calorie
(D) Temperature of B will rise faster heat is absorbed then the absorption coefficient will
be –
12. Which of the following law states that “good (A) p/q (B) p – q
absorbers of heat are good emitters” - (C) q/p (D) q + p
(A) Stefan’s law (B) Kirchoff’s law
(C) Planck’s law (D) Wein’s law By Theory 18. If same amount of ice in placed in black and white
cloth then ice in black cloth will –
13. A hot body will radiate heat most rapidly if its surface is - (A) Melt more (B) Melt less
(A) White & polished (B) White & rough (C) Melt equal (D) Not melt at all
(C) Black & polised (D) Black & rough
Section D, E, F - Stefan's Law, Newton's Law
14. There is a black spot on a body. If the body is heated of cooling, Wein's displacement
and carried in dark room then it glows more. This law
can be explained on the basis of -
19. A black body emits radiations of maximum intensity
(A) Newton’s law of colling at a wavelength of 5000 Å, when the temperature
(B) Wein’s law of the body is 1227ºC. If the temperature of the
(C) Kirchoff’s law body is increased by 1000ºC, the maximum intensity
(D) Stefan’s law of emitted radiation would be observed at -
(A) 2754.8 Å (B) 3000 Å
(C) 3500 Å (D) 4000 Å
20. The radiant energy from the sun incident normally 22. Hot coffee is to be taken after 10 minutes it is put
at the surface of earth is 20 kcal/m2-min. What into a cup. To obtain much hotness at the time of
would have been the radiant energy incident drinking, when should the cream be put into coffee–
normally on the earth, if the sun had a temperature (A) Some time before drinking.
twice of the present one -
(B) Just after putting the coffee in cup.
(A) 160 kcal/m2-min (B) 40 kcal/m2-min
(C) Five minutes before drinking.
(C) 320 kcal/m2-min (D) 80 kcal/m2-min
(D) Any time between putting the coffee and
drining.
21. The spectral emissive power E  for a body at
temperature T1 is
23. When placed in air at 30ºC, the temperature of a
plotted against the wavelength and area under the body decreases from 60ºC to 50ºC in ten minutes.
curve is found to be A. At a different temperature After next ten minutes its temperature will be –
T2 the area is found to be 9A. Then 1/2 =
(A) Less than 40ºC (B) 40ºC
(A) 3
(C) More than 40ºC (D) Not definite
(B) 1/3
T2
(C) 1/ 3 T1 24. A solid sphere, a cube and a plate, all are made of
same material and all have same mass. These are
(D) 3 heated to a temperature 100ºC and then allowed to
cool at the temperature of room. Which of these
will cool down first –
(A) Cube
(B) Plate
(C) Sphere
(D) All will cool down simultaneously
Exercise - 2 (Level-II) Multiple Correct | JEE Advanced

Section A - Calorimetry Basic Question, 5. The temperature of a solid object is observed to be

Calorimetry Mixing problems, constant during a period. In this period–
Calorimetry Energy problems, (A) heat may have been supplied to the body
Power problems (B) heat may have been extracted from the body
1. Heat is supplied to a ice at a constant rate (C) no heat is supplied to the body
Temperature variation with time is as shown in figure. (D) no heat is extracted from the body
Then –
Section B - Conduction problems, Slab
T questions for conduction,
Variable K. problem
D 6. In steady state–
B (A) Temperature does not change with time
t (B) There is no absorption of heat
C
A
(C) There is no flow of heat
(D) All parts of the body are at same temp.
(A) During AB volume of substance increases
(B) During BC volume of substance decreases
7. Figure shows a horizontal cross section (top view)
(C) Specific heat ofsubstance in liquid phase is proportional
of a square room surrounded on four sides by thick
to reciprocal of slope of portion AB, of graph
walls. The walls are all made of the same material
(D) Latent heat of fusion of substance is independent
and all have the same face area. They have
of portion AB of graph
thickness of either L, 2L or 3L as shown, and they
are maintained at 5oC, and the conduction of energy
2. A solid is heated up and H vs  (H : Heat given,
outward through the walls is steady. H be heat
 : change in temperature) is plotted as shown in
figure. Material exist in only one phase in –  T 
current through walls.  x  be the temperature
 
F gradient across the wall, then
E
–5oC
H D
B L
C
2L

B Room
o
– 25 C A C – 15oC
5o C
A 
3L
D L
(A) AB (B) BC
(C) CD (D) EF 5oC

3. The heat capacity of a body depends on–

(A) the heat given  T   T   T   T 
(A)  x  =  x  =  x  >  x 
(B) the temperature raised  A  B  C  D
(C) the mass of the body
(D) the material of the body (B) HA = HB = HC > HD

 T   T   T   T 
4. If heat is supplied to a solid, its temperature– (C)  x  <  x  <  x  =  x 
(A) must increase (B) may increase  A  B  C  D
(C) may remain constant (D) may decrease
(D) HA = HB < HC > HD
8. Two metal cubes with 3 cm edges of copper 13. Two sphere of same radius and material, one solid and
and aluminium are arranged as shown. one hollow are heated to same temperature and kept in
Thermal conductivities of copper and aluminium are a chamber maintained at lower temperature at t = 0 -
401 W/mK and 237 W/mK. (A) Rate of heat loss of the two sphere will be same
at t = 0
(B) Rate of temperature loss of the two sphere will
Al be same at t = 0
100ºC 20ºC
Cu (C) Rate of heat loss of solid sphere will be more
than hollow sphere at t > 0
(A)Thermal resistance of aluminium is (D) Rate of temperature loss of the two sphere may
0.05 K/W be same at t > 0
(B) Equivalent thermal resistance is
0.05 K/W 14. Figure shows variation of intensity per unit
(C) Heat current is 1.6 × 103 W wavelength (Radiance) with wavelength for radiation
(D) Thermal resistance of copper is coming from two source A and B. Let TA and TB be
0.08 K/W temperature of source A and B respectively and dA
and dB be distance of source from detector, then–
9. When two bodies at different temperature are kept in B A

contact. Net heat flow takes place between them till- Rad iance
(A) Thermal equilibrium has reached
(B) Temperature of both the bodies become same 
(C) Internal energies of both the bodies become equal (A) TA < TB (B) TA > TB
(D) None of these (C) dA < dB
(D) Information insufficient to compare dA and dB
10. For transmission of heat from one place to the other,
medium is required in– 15. Intensity versus wavelength graph for the radiation
(A) conduction (B) convection coming from two black body A and B are given.
(C) radiation (D) all Which of the following option may be possible –
Body A Body B
Section C - Radiation problem
I I
11. The amount of heat energy radiated per second by IA IB
TA TB
a surface depends upon–
(A) area of the surface A B
 
(B) difference of temperature between the surface
and its surroundings (A) If TA > TB then A < B and IA < IB
(C) nature of the surface (B) If TA > TB then A < B and IA > IB
(D) none of the above (C) If TA > TB then A < B and IA = IB
12. Which of the following statements is correct ? (D) If TA = TB then A = B and IA = IB
(A) Rough surfaces are better radiators than smooth
16. A black body and a silver polished body of same heat
surface capacity and of same geometry are taken out from a
(B) Highly polished mirror like surfaces are very cool environment and kept in sunlight. They are
good radiators isolated from each other. Now choose the correct
(C) Black surfaces are better absorbers than white statement (s) : (Assume initial temperature to be same)
ones (A) At any time heat absorbed by black body is
(D) Black surfaces are better radiators than white equal to heat emitted by it.
ones. (B) Temperature of black body will increase faster
than the silver body.
Section D, E, F - Stefan's Law, Newton's (C) Final temperature both will be same after a long time.
Law of cooling, Wein's
(D) Temperature of black body will increase
displacement law continuously where as temperature of silver body
will become constant in steady state.
Exercise - 3 (Level-I) Subjective | JEE Advanced

Section A - Calorimetry Basic Question, Experiment Temperature Changes

Calorimetry Mixing problems, 1. TA = + 50 C° TB = – 50 C°
Calorimetry Energy problems,
2. TA = + 10 C° TC = – 20 C°
Power problems
3. TA = + 2 C° TD = – 40 C°
1. A copper cube of mass 200 g slides down on a rough
inclined plane of inclination 37° at a constant speed. Section B - Conduction problems, Slab
Assume that any loss in mechanical energy goes into questions for conduction,
the copper block as thermal energy. Find the increase Variable K. problem
in the temperature of the block as it slides down
7. A uniform slab of dimension 10cm × 10cm × 1cm is
through 60 cm. Specific heat capacity of copper =
kept between two heat reservoirs at temperatures
420 J/kg-K.
10°C and 90°C. The larger surface areas touch the
reservoirs. The thermal conductivity of the material
2. 10 gm ice at –10°C, 10 gm water at 20°C and 2g is 0.80 W/m–°C. Find the amount of heat flowing
steam at 100°C are mixed with each other then final through the slab per second.
equilibrium temperature.
8. One end of a steel rod (K = 42 J/m–s–°C) of
3. Materials A, B and C are solids that are at their length 1.0m is kept in ice at 0°C and the other end
melting temperatures. Material A requires 200 J to is kept in boiling water at 100°C. The area of cross-
melt 4 kg, material B requires 300 J to melt 5 kg, section of the rod is 0.04 cm2. Assuming no heat
and material C requires 300 J to melt 6 kg. Rank the loss to the atmosphere, find the mass of the ice
materials according to their heats of fusion, greatest melting per second. Latent heat of fusion of
first. ice = 3.36 × 105 J/kg.

9. A rod CD of thermal resistance 5.0 K/W is joined

4. In following equation calculate the value of H. 1 kg at the middle of an identical rod AB as shown in
steam at 200°C = H + 1 Kg water at 100°C figure. The ends A, B and D are maintained at
(Ssteam = Constant = .5 cal/gm°C) 100°C, 0°C and 25°C respectively. Find the heat
current in CD.
5. From what height should a piece of ice (0°C) fall so
A B
that it melts completely ? Only one quarter of the
100°C C 0°C
heat produced is absorbed by the ice. The latent
heat of ice is 3.4 × 105 J kg–1 and g is 10 N kg–1.

25°C D
6. In a thermally isolated container, material A of mass
m is placed against material B, also of mass m but
at higher temperature. When thermal equilibrium is
10. Three slabs of same surface area but different
reached, the temperature changes TA and TB of
conductivities k1, k2, k3 and different thickness t1,
A and B are recorded. Then the experiment is
t2, t3 are placed in close contact. After steady state
repeated, using A with other materials. All of the
his combination behaves as a single slab. Find is
same mass m. The results are given in the table.
effective thermal conductivity.
Rank the four materials according to their specific
heats, greatest first.
11. A thin walled metal tank of surface area 5m2 is 16. Cylindrical rod of heat capacity 120 J/K in a room
filled with water tank and contains an immersion temperature 27°C is heated internallyh by heater
heater dissipating 1 kW. The tank is covered with 4 of power 250 W. The steady state temperature
cm thick layer of insulation whose thermal attained by the rod is 37°C. Find the steady state
conductivity is 0.2 W/m/K. The outer face of the rate of emission of radiant heat. If the heater is
insulation is 25°C. Find the temperature of the tank switched off?
in the steady state.

Section D, E, F - Stefan's Law, Newton's Law

12. The figure shows the face and interface temperature of cooling, Wein's displacement
of a composite slab containing of four layers of two law
materials having identical thickness. Under steady
state condition, find the value of temperature . 17. A 100 W bulb has tungsten filament of total length
1.- m and radius 4 × 10–5 m. The emissivity of the
filament is 0.8 and  = 6.0 × 10–8 W/m2 – K4.
20°C 10°C  –5°C –10°C
Calculate the temperature of the filament when the
bulb is operating at correct wattage.
k 2k k 2k

18. A copper sphere is suspended in an evacuated

chamber maintained at 300K. The sphere is
k=thermal conductivity
maintained at a constant temperature of 500K by
heating it electrically. A total of 210 W of electric
power is needed to do it. When the surface of the
Section C - Radiation problem copper sphere is completely blackened, 700 W is
needed to maintain the same temperature of the
13. A solid copper cube and sphere, both of same mass sphere. Calculate the emissivity of copper.
& emissivity are heated to same initial temperature
and kept under identical conditions. What is the ratio
19. A pan filled with hot food cools from 50.1 °C to
of their initial rate of fall of temperature ?
49.9 °C in 5 sec. How long will it take to cool from
40.1 °C to 39.9°C if room temperature is 30°C ?
14. An electric heater of surface area 200 cm2 emits
radiant energy of 60 kJ at time interval of 1 min.
20. The maximum wavelength in the energy distribution
Determine its emissive power. If its emissivity be
spectrum of the sun is at 4753 Å and its temperature
0.45, what would be the radiant energy emitted by
is 6050K. What will be the temperature of the star
a black body in one hour, identical to the electrical
whose energy distribution shows a maximum at
heater in all respects?
9506 Å.

15. If a body takes 6 minutes to cool from 80°C

to 70°C, how long will it take to cool from
60°C to 50°C, if the surrounding
temperature is 25°C?
Exercise - 3 (Level-II) Subjective | JEE Advanced

Section A - Calorimetry Basic Question, Section B - Conduction problems, Slab

Calorimetry Mixing problems, questions for conduction,
Calorimetry Energy problems, Variable K. problem
Power problems
4. A composite body consists of two rectangular plates
1. A copper calorimeter of mass 100 gm contains 200 of the same dimensions but different thermal
gm of a mixture of ice and water. Steam at 100°C conductivities KA and KB . This body is used to
under normal pressure is passed into the calorimeter transfer heat between two objects maintained at
and the temperature of the mixture is allowed to rise different temperatures. The composite body can be
to 50°C. If the mass of the calorimeter and its placed such that flow of heat takes place either
contents is now 330 gm, what was the ratio of ice parallel to the interface or perpendicular to it.
and water in beginning? Neglect heat losses. Calculate the effective thermal conductivities K|| and
Given : Specific heat capacity of copper K  of the composite body for the parallel and

= 0.42 × 103 J kg–1 K–1, perpendicular orientations. Which orientation will

Specific heat capacity of water have more thermal conductivity ?

= 4.2 × 103 J kg–1K–1,

5. A highly conducting solid cylinder of radius a and
Specific heat of fusion of ice
length l is surrounded by a co-axial layer of a material
= 3.36 × 105 J kg–1 having thermal conductivity K and negligible heat
Latent heat of condensation of steam capacity. Temperature of surrounding space (out side
= 22.5 × 105 Jkg–1 the layer) is T0, which is higher than temperature of
the cylinder. If heat capacity per unit volume of
cylinder material is s and outer radius of the layer is
2. A solid substance of mass 10 gm at –10°C was
b, calculate time required to increase temperature
heated to –2°C (still in the solid state). The heat
of the cylinder from T1 to T2. Assume end faces to
required was 64 calories. Another 880 calories was
be thermally insulated.
required to raise the temperature of the substance
(now in the liquid state) to 1°C, while 900 calories
was required to raise the temperature from –2°C to 6. A vertical brick duct (tube) is filled with cast iron.
3°C. Calculate the specific heat capacities of the The lower end of the duct is maintained at a
substance in the solid and liquid state in calories per temperature T1 which is greater than the melting
kilogram per kelvin. Show that the latent heat of point Tm of cast iron and the upper end at a
fusion L is related to the melting point temperature temperature T2 which is less than the temperature
tm by L = 85400 + 200 tm. of the melting point of cast iron. It is given that the
conductivity of liquid cast iron is equal to k times
the conductivity of solid cast iron. Determine the
3. A steel drill making 180 rpm is used to drill a hole in a
fraction of the duct filled with molten metal.
block of steel. The mass of the steel block and the drill
is 180 gm. If the entire mechanical work is used up in
producing heat and the rate of raise in temperature of
Section C - Radiation problem
the block and the drill is 0.5 °C/s. Find 7. Three objects coloured black, gray and white can
(a) the rate of working of the drill in watts, and withstand hostile conditions upto 2800°C. These
(b) the torque required to drive the drill. Specific objects are thrown into a furnace where each of
heat of steel = 0.1 and J = 4.2 J/cal. Use : P =  them attains a temperature of 2000°C. Which object
will glow brightest-
8. A body is in thermal equillbrium with the 11. The shell of a space station is a blackened sphere
surrounding, then the ratio of Amount of radiations in which a temperature T = 500K is maintained due
emitted and absorbed by it will be equal to ? to operation of appliances of the station. Find the
temperature of the shell if the station is enveloped
by a thin spherical black screen of nearly the same
9. If a carved black utensil is heated to high temperature
radius as the radius of the shell.
and then brought in dark then which will shine more
amongs carved part or utensil?
Blackened
sphere envelop
Section D, E, F - Stefan's Law, Newton's
Law of cooling, Wein's space to
section
displacement law

10. A solid copper sphere cools at the rate of 2.8°C per

minute, when its temperature is 127°C. Find the
rate at which another solid copper sphere of twice
the radius lose its temperature at 327°C, if in both 12. In equilibrium, Mars emits as much radiation as it
the cases, the room temperature is maintained at absorbs. If mars orbits the sun with an orbital radius
27°C. that is 1.5 times the orbital radius of the earth about
the sun, what is the approximate atmospheric
temperature of mars? Assume the atmospheric
temperature of earth to be 253 K -
Exercise - 4 (Level-I) Previous Year | JEE Main

1. The figure shows a system of two concentric 4. A long metallic bar is carrying heat from one of its
spheres of radii r1 and r2 and kept at temperature ends to the other end under steady-state. The
T1 and T2, respectively. The radial rate of flow of variation of temperature  along the length x of the
heat in a substance between the two concentric bar from its hot end is best descirbed by which of
spheres, is proportional to
the following figure. [AIEEE 2009]
[AIEEE 2005]
r2  r1 
(A)
r1r2 
r1
T1 (A) (B)
 r2 
(B) ln   r2
 r1  T2

r1r2
(C) (D) r2  r1 
r2  r1 

2. Assuming the sun to be a spherical body of radius R

(C) (D)
at a temperature of T K, evaluate the total radiant
power, incident on earth, at a distance r from the
sun [AIEEE 2006]

4 r02R 2 σT 4 πr02 R 2 σT 4
(A) 2 (B) 5. 100g of water is heated from 30°C to 50°C. Ignoring
r r2
the slight expansion of the water, the change in its
r02 R 2 σT 4 R 2 σT 4 internal energy is (specific heat of water is 4148
(C) (D)
4 πr 2 r2 J/kg/K): [AIEEE 2011]
where r0 is the radius of the earth and  is Stefan’s (A) 8.4 kJ (B) 84 kJ
constant. (C) 2.1 kJ (D) 4.2 kJ

3. One end of a thermally insulated rod is kept at a

6. A liquid in a beaker has temperature  (t) at time t
temperature T1 and the other at T2. The rod is
and 0 is temperature of surrounding, then according
composed of two sections of length l1 and l2 and
thermal conductivities K1 and K2 respectively. The to Newton's law of cooling, the correct graph
temperature at the interface of the two sections is between loge (-0) and t is [AIEEE 2012]
[AIEEE 2007]
l1 l2
T1 T2
(A) (B)

K1 K2 t t

(A)  K 2l2T1  K1l1T2  /  K1l1  K 2l 2 

(B)  K 2l1T1  K1l 2T2  /  K 2 l1  K1l 2 

(C)  K1l 2T1  K 2l1T2  /  K1l2  K 2l1  (C) (D)

(D)  K1l1T1  K 2l 2T2  /  K1l1  K 2l 2  t t

7. If a piece of metal is heated to temperature  and 9. Consider a spherical shell of radius R at temperature
then allowed to cool in a room which is at T. The black body radiation inside it can be
temperature 0, the graph between the temperature considered as an ideal gas of photons with internal
T of the metal and time t will be closed to:
U
[AIEEE 2013] energy per unit volume u   T 4 and pressure
V

1 U
p . If the shell now undergoes an adiabatic
T T 3  V 

(A) (B) expansion the relation between T and R is :

0 0

[AIEEE 2015]
O O
1 1
(A) T  (B) T 
R R3

T T (C) T  eR (D) T  e3R

(C) (D) 0
10. A copper ball of mass 100 gm is at a temperature
O O T. It is dropped in a copper calorimeter of mass
100 gm, filled with 170 gm of water at room
temperature. Subsequently, the temperature of the
8. Three rods of Copper, Brass and Steel are welded
system is found to be 75°C. T is given by : (Given :
together to form a Y - shaped structure. Area of
cross - section of each rod = 4 cm2. End of copper room temperature = 30°C, specific heat of copper
rod is maintained at 100ºC where as ends of brass = 0.1 cal/gm°C) [AIEEE 2017]
and steel are kept at 0ºC. Lengths of the copper, (A) 825°C (B) 800°C
brass and steel rods are 46, 13 and 12 cms (C) 885°C (D) 1250°C
respectively. The rods are thermally insulated from
surroundings except at ends. Thermal conductivities
of copper, brass and steel are 0.92, 0.26 and 0.12
CGS units respectively. Rate of heat flow through
copper rod is : [AIEEE 2014]
(A) 4.8 cal/s (B) 6.0 cal/s
(C) 1.2 cal/s (D) 2.4 cal/s
Exercise - 4 (Level-II) Previous Year | JEE Advanced

1. Three graphs marked as 1,2,3 representing the 5. 1 calorie is the heat required to increased the
variation of maximum emissive power and temperature of 1 gm of water by 1°C from
wavelength of radiation of the sun, a welding arc
[JEE’ 2005 (Scr)]
and a tungsten filament. Which of the following
combination is correct [JEE’2005(Scr)] (A) 13.5° C to 14.5°C at 76 mm of Hg
(B) 14.5°C to 15.5°C at 760mm of Hg
E (C) 0°C to 1°C at 760mm of Hg
(D) 3°C to 4°C to 760mm of Hg
(3)
(2)
(1)
6. In a dark room with ambient temperature T0, a black
 body is kept at a temperature T. Keeping the
temperature of the black body constant (at T),
(A) 1-bulb, 2  welding arc, 3  sun
sunrays are allowed to fall on the black body through
(B) 2-bulb, 3  welding arc, 1  sun
a hole in the roof of the dark room Assuming that
(C) 3-bulb, 1  welding arc, 2  sun
there is no change in the ambient temperature of the
(D) 2-bulb, 1  welding arc, 3  sun
room, which of the following statement(s) is/are
correct? [JEE 2006]
2. In which of the following phenomenon heat
convection does not take place [JEE’ 2005 (Scr)] (A) The quantity of radiation absorbed by the black
(A) land and sea breeze body in unit time will increase.
(B) boiling of water (B) Since emissivity = absorptivity, hence the quantity
(C) heating of glass surface due to filament of of radiation emitted by black body in unit time will
the bulb
increase.
(D) air around the furance
(C) Black body radiates more energy in unit time in
the visible spectrum.
3. 2 litre water at 27°C is heated by a 1 kW heater in
an open container. On an average heat is lost to (D) The reflected energy in unit time by the black
surroundings at the rate 160 J/s. The time required body remains same.
for the temperature to reach 77°C is-
JEE’ 2005(Scr)]
(A) 8 min 20 sec (B) 10 min 7. In an insulated vessel, 0.05 kg steam at 373K and
(C) 7 min (D) 14 min 0.45 kg of ice at 253K are mixed. Then, find the
final temperature of the mixture. [JEE 2006]
4. A spherical body of area A, and emissivity e = 0.6 is Given,
kept inside a black body. What is the rate at which
Lfusion = 80 cal/g = 336 J/g,
energy is radiated per second at temperature T
Lvaporization = 540 cal/g = 2268 J/g,
[JEE’ 2005 (Scr)]
(A) 0.6 AT4 (B) 0.4 AT4 Sice = 2100 J/kg K=0.5 cal/gK and
(C) 0.8 AT4 (D) 1.0 AT4 Swater = 4200 J/kg K = 1 cal/gK
8. Column I gives some devices and Column II gives (A) heat flow through A and E slabs are same.
some processes on which the functioning of these
(B) heat flow through slab E is maximum.
devices depend. Match the devices in Column I
with the processes in Column II and indicate your (C) temperature difference across slab E is
answer by darkening appropriate bubbles in the 4×4 smallest.
matrix given in the ORS. [JEE 2007] (D) heat flow through c = heat flow through B +
Column I Column II heat flow through D.
(A) Bimetallic strip (P) Radiation from a hot
body
12. Three very large plates of same area are kept
(B) Steam engine (Q) Energy conversion
parallel and close to each other. They are considered
(C) Incandescent (R) Melting lamp
as ideal black surfaces and have very high thermal
(D) Electric fuse (S) Thermal exapansion of
conductivity. The first and third plates are maintained
solids
at temperatures 2T and 3T respectively. The
9. A metal rod AB of length 10x has its one end A in ice
temperature of the middle (i.e. second) plate under
at 0°C, and the other end B in water at 100°C. If a
point P on the rod is maintained at 400°C, then it is steady state condition is [JEE 2012]
found that equal amounts of water and ice evaporate 1 1
and melt per unit time. The latent heat of evaporation  65  4  97  4
(A)   T (B)   T
of water is 540 cal g–1 and latent heat of melting of  2   4 
ice is 80 cal g–1 . If the point P is at a distance of lx
from the ice end A, find the value of l. [Neglect any 1
 97  4 1
heat loss to the surrounding. [JEE 2009] (C)   T (D)  97 4 T
 2 

10. A piece of ice (heat capacity = 2100 J kg–1 °C–1 and 13. Two rectangular blocks, having identical dimensions,
latent heat = 3.36 × 105 J kg–1) of mass m grams is at – can be arranged either in configuration I or in
5°C at atmospheric pressure. It is given 420 J of heat configuration II as shown in the figure. One of the
so that the ice starts melting. Finally when the ice- blocks has thermal conductivity K and the other
water mixture is in equilibrium, it is found that 1 gm of
2K. The temperature difference between the ends
ice has melted. Assuming there is no other heat exchange
in the process, the value of m is : [JEE 2010] along the x-axis is the same in both the
configurations. it takes 9 s to transport a certain
amount of heat from the hot end to the cold end in
11. A composite block is made of slabs A,B,C,D and E
of different thermal conductivities (given in terms the configuration I. The time to transport the same
of a constant K) and sizes (given in terms of length amout of heat in the configuration II is
L) as shown in the figure. All slabs are of same [JEE 2013]
width. Heat 'Q' flows only from left to right through
the blocks. Then in steady state [JEE 2011]
Configuration I Configuration II
0 1L 5L 6L
heat A B 3K E

1L 2K
K 2K
K
2K C 4K 6K

3L
D 5K (A) 2.0 s (B) 3.0 s
(C) 4.5 s (D) 6.0 s
4L
14. The figure below shows the variation of specific heat Cooler
Hot
capacity (C) of a solid as a function of temperature
(T). The temperature is increased continuously from
0 to 500 K at a constant rate. lgnoring any volume
change, the following statement(s) is (are) correct Cold

to a reasonable approximation. [JEE 2013] (Specific heat of water is 4.2 kJ kg-1 and the density
of water is 1000 kg m-3) [JEE 2016]
(A) 1600 (B) 2067 (C) 2533 (D) 3933

C
18. A metal is heated in a furnace where a sensor is
kept above the metal surface to read the power
radiated (P) by the metal. The sensor has a scale
that displays log2(P/P 0) where P 0 is a constant.
100 200 300 400 500 When the metal surface is at a temperature of 487
(A) the rate at which heat is absorbed in the range ºC, the sensor shows a value 1. Assume that the
emissivity of the metallic surface ramins constant.
0-100 K varies linearly with temperature T.
What is the value displayed by the sensor when the
(B) heat absorbed in increasing the temperature temperature of the metal surface is raised to
from 0-100 K is less than the heat required for 2767ºC? [JEE 2016]
increasing the temperature from 400-500 K.
(C) there is no change in the rate of heat 19. A human body has a surface area of approximately
absorption in the range 400-500 K. 1 m2. The normal body temperature is 10 K above
(D) the rate of heat absorption increases in the range the surrounding room temperature T0. Take the
200-300 K. room temperature to be T0 = 300 K. For T0 = 300
K, the value of T04 = 460 Wm–2 (where  is the
Stefan-Boltzmann constant). Which of the following
15. Parallel rays of light of intensity I=912
options is/are correct? [JEE 2017]
Wm-2 are incident on a spherical black body kept in (A) If the surrounding temperature reduces by a small
surroundings of temperature 300 K. Take Stefan- amount t0 << T0, then to maintain the same body
Boltzmann constant  =5.7×10 -8Wm-2K-4 and temperature the same (living) human being needs-to
assume that the energy exchange with the radiate W = 4T03T0 more energy per unit time
surroundings is only through radiation. The final (B) Reducing the exposed surface area of the body
steady state temeprature of the black body is close (e.g. by curling up) allows humans to maintain the
to [JEE 2014] same body temperature while reducing the energy
(A) 330 K (B) 660 K lost by radiation
(C) 990 K (D) 1550 K (C) If the body temperature rises significantly then
the peak in the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation
16. Two spherical stars A and B emit blackbody emitted by the body would shift to longer
radiation. The radius of A is 400 times that of B wavelengths
(D) The amount of energy radiated by the body in
and A emits 104 times the power emitted from B.
1 second is close to 60 Joules
 A 
The ratio    of their wavelengths A and B at 20. Two conducting cylinders of equal length but
 B
which the peaks occur in their respective radiation different radii are connected in series between two
curves is [JEE 2015] heat baths kept at temperatures T1=300 K and
T2=100 K, as shown in the figure. The radius of the
bigger cylinder is twice that of the smaller one and
17. A water cooler of storage capacity 120 liters can the thermal conductivities of the materials of the
cool water at a constant rate of P watts. In a closed smaller and the larger cylinders are K1 and K2
circulation system (as shown schematically in the
respectively. If the temperature at the junction of
figure), the water from the cooler is used to cool an
the two cylinders in the steady state is 200 K, then
external device that generates constantly 3 kW of
K1/K2=__________. [JEE 2018]
heat (thermal load). The temperature of water fed
into the device cannot exceed 30° C and the entire Insulating material
stored 120 litres of water is initially cooled to 10
°C. The entire system is thermally insulated. The T1 K1 K2 T2
minimum value of P (in watts) for which the device
can be operated for 3 hours is L
L
Exercise - 1 Objective Problems | JEE Main

1. C 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. C
6. D 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. A
11. A 12. A 13. C 14. D 15. B
16. B 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. C
21. C 22. D 23. C 24. C 25. A
26. B 27. B 28. B 29. A 30. B
31. B 32. B 33. A 34. D 35. C
36. A 37. D 38. A 39. A 40. B

Exercise - 2 (Level-I) Objective Problems | JEE Main

1. A 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. C
6. C 7. C 8. A 9. C 10. A
11. A 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. D
16. B 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. C
21. D 22. B 23. C 24. B

Exercise - 2 (Level-II) Multiple Correct | JEE Advanced

1. B,D 2. A,C,D 3. C,D 4. B,C 5. A,B
6. A,B 7. A,B 8. A,C,D 9. A, B 10. A, B
11. A,B,C 12. A,C,D 13. A,C,D 14. A,C 15. A,B,C,D
16. B,C

Exercise - 3 (Level-I) Subjective | JEE Advanced

315
1. 8.6 × 10–3 °C 2.  =  C = 28.66°C 3. LB > LA = LC
11

4. H = 590 Kcal. 5. 136 km 6. S A = SB > SC > SD 7. 64 J

t1  t 2  t 3
8. 5 × 10–5 g/s 9. 4.0 W 10. 11. 65°C
t1 t 2 t
  3
k1 k 2 k 3

12. 5°C 13. ( 6 / )1/ 3 14. 8000 kJ 15. 10 min 16. 250W

17. 1700 K 18. 0.3 19. 10 sec 20. 3025 K

Exercise - 3 (Level-II) Subjective | JEE Advanced

1. 1 : 1.26 2. 800 cal kg–1 K–1, 1000 cal kg–1 K–1

K A  KB 2K AK B
3. (a) 37.8 J/s (Watts), (b) 2.005 N-m 4. K|| > K  , K|| = , K = K  K
2 A B

a2 s  b  T  T1  l1 k( T1  Tm )
5. loge   loge  0  6.  7. The black object
2K  a  T0  T2  l k( T1  Tm )  ( Tm  T2 )

8. 1:1 9. Only utensil 10. 9.72°C/min

11. T’’ = 4
2 × 500 = 600 K 12. 207 K

Exercise - 4 (Level-I) Previous Year | JEE Main

1. C 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. A
6. D 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. C

Exercise - 4 (Level-II) Previous Year | JEE Advanced

1. A 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. B

6. A,D 7. 273K

8. (A) S, Q ; (B) Q ; (C) P, Q ; (D) Q, R or (A) S, (B) Q, (C) P, (D) R

9. 9 10. 8g 11. A, B, C, D 12. C 13. A

14. A,B,C,D 15. A 16. 2 17. B 18. 9

19. A,B,D 20. 4