 

1.1: 1 mi   5280 ft mi   12 in. ft    2.54 cm in .  1 km 105 cm  1.61 km

Although rounded to three figures, this conversion is exact because the given conversion
from inches to centimeters defines the inch.

3
 1000 cm 3   1in 
1.2: 0.473 L        28.9 in 3 .
 1 L   2.54 cm 

1.3: The time required for light to travel any distance in a vacuum is the distance
divided by the speed of light;
103 m
 3.33  10 6 s  3.33  103 ns.
3.00  10 m s
8

3
g  1 kg   100 cm  kg
1.4: 11 .3 3
      1.13  10 4 3 .
cm  1000 g   1 m  m

1.5: 327 in    2.54 cm in   1 L 1000 cm   5.36 L.

3 3 3

 1000 L   1 gal   128 oz.   1 bottle 

1.6: 1 m 3   
3  
      .
 1 m   3 . 788 L   1 gal   16 oz. 
 2111 .9 bottles  2112 bottles

The daily consumption must then be

bottles  1 yr  bottles
2.11  10 3     5.78 .
yr  365.24 da  da

1.7: 1450 mi hr   1.61 km

mi   2330 km hr .
2330 km hr  10 m km   1 hr 3600 s   648 m s.
3

furlongs  1 mile   1 fortnight   1 day  mi

1.8: 180,000           67 .
fortnight  8 furlongs   14 day   24 h  h

km  1 mi   3.788 L  mi
1.9: 15.0       35.3 .
L  1.609 km   1 gal  gal
  mi   1h   5280 ft  ft
1.10: a)  60       88
 hr   3600 s   1 mi  s

 ft   30.48 cm   1 m  m
b)  32 2       9.8 2
 s   1 ft   100 cm  s

3
 g   100 cm   1 kg  kg
c) 1.0      10 3 3
 cm 3   1 m   1000 g  m

1.11: The density is mass per unit volume, so the volume is mass divided by density.
 
V  60 103 g 19.5 g cm 3  3077 cm 3 
4
Use the formula for the volume of a sphere, V  r 3 ,
3
to calculate r : r   3V 4   9.0 cm
1/ 3

1.12: (3.16  10 7 s  π  10 7 s) (3.16  10 7 s)  100  0.58%

10 m
1.13: a)  1.1 10 3 %.
890  10 m
3

b) Since the distance was given as 890 km, the total distance should be 890,000
meters.
To report the total distance as 890,010 meters, the distance should be given as
890.01 km.

1.14: a) 12 mm    5.98 mm   72 mm 2 (two significant figures).

b) 512 mm = 0.50 (also two significant figures).
.98 mm

c) 36 mm (to the nearest millimeter).

d) 6 mm.
e) 2.0.
1.15: a) If a meter stick can measure to the nearest millimeter, the error will be about
0.13%. b) If the chemical balance can measure to the nearest milligram, the error will be
about 8.3  10 3%. c) If a handheld stopwatch (as opposed to electric timing devices) can
measure to the nearest tenth of a second, the error will be about 2.8  10 2 %.

1.16: The area is 9.69  0.07 cm2, where the extreme values in the piece’s length and
width are used to find the uncertainty in the area. The fractional uncertainty in the
cm 2
area is 09..07
69 cm 2
= 0.72%, and the fractional uncertainties in the length and width are
0.01 cm
5.10 cm = 0.20% and 0.01 cm
1.9 cm = 0.53%.

1.17: a) The average volume is

π
 8.50 cm  2  0.050 cm   2.8 cm 3
4
(two significant figures) and the uncertainty in the volume, found from the extreme
values of the diameter and thickness, is about 0.3 cm3 , and so the volume of a
cookie is 2.8  0.3 cm3 . (This method does not use the usual form for progation of errors,
which is not addressed in the text. The fractional uncertainty in the thickness is so much
greater than the fractional uncertainty in the diameter that the fractional uncertainty in the
volume is 10% , reflected in the above answer.)

b) 8.50
.05  170  20.

1.18: (Number of cars  miles/car.day)/mi/gal = gallons/day

(2  108 cars  10000 mi/yr/car  1 yr/365 days)/(20 mi/gal) = 2.75  108 gal/day

1.19: Ten thousand; if it were to contain ten million, each sheet would be on the order
of a millionth of an inch thick.

1.20: If it takes about four kernels to fill 1 cm3, a 2-L bottle will hold about 8000
kernels.
1.21: Assuming the two-volume edition, there are approximately a thousand pages, and
each page has between 500 and a thousand words (counting captions and the smaller
print, such as the end-of-chapter exercise and problems), so an estimate for the number of
words is about 106 .

1.22: Assuming about 10 breaths per minutes, 24 60 minutes per day, 365 days per
year, and a lifespan of fourscore (80) years, the total volume of air breathed in a lifetime
is about 2 10 5 m 3 . This is the volume of a room 100 m  100 m  20 m , which is kind of
tight for a major-league baseball game, but it’s the same order of magnitude as the
volume of the Astrodome.

1.23: This will vary from person to person, but should be of the order of 1 105 .

1.24: With a pulse rate of a bit more than one beat per second, a heart will beat 10 5
times per day. With 365 days in a year and the above lifespan of 80 years, the number of
beats in a lifetime is about 3 10 9 . With 1 L (50 cm3) per beat, and about 1 gallon per
20 4
liter, this comes to about 4  10 7 gallons.

1.25: The shape of the pile is not given, but gold coins stacked in a pile might well be in
the shape of a pyramid, say with a height of 2 m and a base 3 m  3 m . The volume of
such a pile is 6 m 3 , and the calculations of Example 1-4 indicate that the value of this
volume is $6  108.

1.26: The surface area of the earth is about 4R 2  5  1014 m 2 , where R is the radius of
the earth, about 6 10 6 m , so the surface area of all the oceans is about 41014 m 2 . An
average depth of about 10 km gives a volume of 4  1018 m 3  4  10 24 cm 3 . Characterizing
the size of a “drop” is a personal matter, but 25 drops cm3 is reasonable, giving a total of
10 26 drops of water in the oceans.

1.27: This will of course depend on the size of the school and who is considered a
"student''. A school of thousand students, each of whom averages ten pizzas a year
(perhaps an underestimate) will total 104 pizzas, as will a school of 250 students
averaging 40 pizzas a year each.
1.28: The moon is about 4 108 m  4  1011 mm away. Depending on age, dollar
bills can be stacked with about 2-3 per millimeter, so the number of bills in a stack
to the moon would be about 1012. The value of these bills would be $1 trillion (1
terabuck).

1.29:  Area of USA  Area bill   number of bills .

9,372,571 km 2
 
 106 m 2 km 2 15.6 cm  6.7 cm  1 m 2 104 cm 2  9  1014 bills
9  1014 bills 2.5 108 inhabitant s  $3.6 million inhabitant .

1.30:

1.31:

7.8 km, 38  north of east

1.32:

a) 11.1 m @ 77.6 o
b) 28.5 m @ 202 o
c) 11.1 m @ 258o
d) 28.5 m @ 22 o

1.33:

144 m, 41 south of west.

1.34:


1.35: A; Ax  12.0 m  sin 37.0   7.2 m, Ay  12.0 m  cos 37.0   9.6 m.

B; B x  15.0 m  cos 40.0   11 .5 m, B y  15.0 m  sin 40.0   9.6 m.

C ; C x   6.0 m  cos 60.0   3.0 m, C y   6.0 m  sin 60.0   5.2 m.

Ay  1.00 m
1.36: (a) tan θ    0.500
AX 2.00 m

θ  tan 1   0.500   360   26.6   333

Ay 1.00 m
(b) tan θ    0.500
Ax 2.00 m
θ  tan 1  0.500  26.6 
Ay 1.00 m
(c ) tan θ    0.500
Ax  2.00 m
θ  tan 1   0.500   180   26.6   153
Ay  1.00 m
(d) tan θ    0.500
Ax  2.00 m
θ  tan 1  0.500  180   26.6   207 
1.37: Take the +x-direction to be forward and the +y-direction to be upward. Then the
second force has components F2 x  F2 cos 32.4  433 N and F2 y  F2 sin 32.4  275 N.
The first force has components F1x  725 N and F1 y  0.
Fx  F1x  F2 x  1158 N and Fy  F1 y  F2 y  275 N

The resultant force is 1190 N in the direction 13.4 above the forward direction.

1.38: (The figure is given with the solution to Exercise 1.31).

The net northward displacement is (2.6 km) + (3.1 km) sin 45 o = 4.8 km, and the
net eastward displacement is (4.0 km) + (3.1 km) cos 45o = 6.2 km. The
magnitude of the resultant displacement is (4.8 km) 2  (6.2 km) 2 = 7.8 km, and
the direction is arctan  64..28  = 38o north of east.
 
1.39: Using components as a check for any graphical method, the components of B are

Bx  14.4 m and By  10.8 m, A has one component, Ax  12 m .
a) The x - and y - components of the sum are 2.4 m and 10.8 m, for a magnitude
 10.8 
of  2.4 m   10.8 m   11 .1 m, , and an angle of 
2 2
  77.6 .


 2.4 
b) The magnitude and direction of A + B are the same as B + A.
c) The x- and y-components of the vector difference are – 26.4 m and
 10.8 m, for a magnitude of 28.5 m and a direction arctan  10 .8
26.4
  202. Note that
180 must be added to arctan  10.8
26.4
  arctan  1026..84   22 in order to give an angle in the
third quadrant.
 
d) B  A  14.4 miˆ  10.8 mˆj  12.0 miˆ  26.4 miˆ  10.8 mˆj.
 10.8 
Magnitude   26.4 m  2  10.8 m  2  28.5 m at and angle of arctan    22.2 .


 26.4 

1.40: Using Equations (1.8) and (1.9), the magnitude and direction of each of the given
vectors is:

a) (8.6 cm) 2  (5.20 cm) 2 = 10.0 cm, arctan  58.20.60  = 148.8o (which is
180 – 31.2o).
o

b) (9.7 m) 2  (2.45 m) 2 = 10.0 m, arctan  29.45.7  = 14o + 180o = 194o.

c) (7.75 km) 2  (2.70 km) 2 = 8.21 km, arctan  7.275.7  = 340.8o (which is
360 – 19.2o).
o
1.41:

The total northward displacement is 3.25 km  1.50 km  1.75 km, , and the total
westward displacement is 4.75 km . The magnitude of the net displacement is
1.75 km  2   4.75 km  2  5.06 km. The south and west displacements are the same, so
The direction of the net displacement is 69.80 West of North.

1.42: a) The x- and y-components of the sum are 1.30 cm + 4.10 cm = 5.40 cm,
2.25 cm + (–3.75 cm) = –1.50 cm.

b) Using Equations (1-8) and (1-9),

(5.4 0 cm) 2 (1.50 cm) 2 = 5.60 cm, arctan  15..5040  = 344.5o ccw.

c) Similarly, 4.10 cm – (1.30 cm) = 2.80 cm, –3.75 cm – (2.25 cm) = –6.00 cm.

d) ( 2.80 cm) 2  (6.0 cm) 2 = 6.62 cm, arctan  26.80.00  = 295o (which is 360o – 65o).
  
1.43: a) The magnitude of A  B is
   2.80 cm  cos 60.0  1.90 cm  cos 60.0  2 
   2.48 cm
    2.80 cm  sin 60.0  1.90 cm  sin 60.0  2 
 
and the angle is
  2.80 cm  sin 60.0  1.90 cm  sin 60.0 
arctan    18
 
  2.80 cm  cos 60.0  1.90 cm  cos 60.0 


 
b) The magnitude of A  B is
   2.80 cm  cos 60.0  1.90 cm  cos 60.0  2 
   4.10 cm
    2.80 cm  sin 60.0  1.90 cm  sin 60.0  2 
 
and the angle is
  2.80 cm  sin 60.0  1.90 cm  sin 60.0 
arctan    84
 
  2.80 cm  cos 60.0 
  1 . 90 cm  cos 60 . 0 
 
 
 
c) B  A   A  B ; the magnitude is 4.10 cm and the angle is 84   180   264 .


1.44: A = (–12.0 m) iˆ . More precisely,

   
  
A  12.0 m  cos 180  i  12.0 m  sin 180  j .

   

B  18.0 m  cos 37  iˆ  18.0 m  sin 37  ˆj  14.4 m  iˆ  10.8 m  ˆj


1.45: A  12.0 m  sin 37.0 iˆ  12.0 m  cos 37.0 ˆj   7.2 m  iˆ   9.6 m  ˆj

B  15.0 m  cos 40.0 iˆ  15.0 m  sin 40.0 ˆj  11 .5 m  iˆ   9.6 m  ˆj

C   6.0 m  cos 60.0 iˆ   6.0 m  sin 60.0 ˆj   3.0 m  iˆ   5.2 m  ˆj
 
1.46: a) A   3.60 m  cos 70.0 iˆ   3.60 m  sin 70.0 ˆj  1.23 m  iˆ   3.38 m  ˆj

B   2.40 m  cos 30.0 iˆ   2.40 m  sin 30.0 ˆj    2.08 m  iˆ    1.20 m  ˆj
b)
  
C   3.00 A   4.00  B
  3.001.23 m  iˆ   3.00 3.38 m  ˆj   4.00  2.08 m  iˆ   4.00   1.20 m  ˆj
 12.01 m  iˆ  14.94  ˆj

(Note that in adding components, the fourth figure becomes significant.)

c) From Equations (1.8) and (1.9),
 14.94 m 
C  12.01 m   14.94 m   19.17 m, arctan 
2 2
  51.2


 12.01 m 

1.47: a) A  4.00 2   3.00 2  5.00, B   5.00 2   2.00 2  5.39

 
b) A  B   4.00  3.00 iˆ   5.00    2.00   ˆj    1.00  iˆ   5.00 ˆj

c) 1.00 2   5.00 2  5.10, arctan  5.00   101.3

 - 1.00 

d)
1.48: a) iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  12  12  12  3  1 so it is not a unit vector


b) A Ax2  Ay2  Az2


If any component is greater than + 1 or less than –1, A  1 , so it cannot be a unit

vector. A can have negative components since the minus sign goes away when the
component is squared.

c)

A 1

a 2  3.0   a 2  4.0   1
2 2

a 2 25  1

1
a  0.20
5.0

 
1.49: a) Let A  Ax iˆ  Ay ˆj , B  Bx iˆ  By ˆj.
A  B   Ax  Bx  iˆ   Ay  By  ˆj
 

B  A   Bx  Ax  iˆ   By  Ay  ˆj
 

   
Scalar addition is commutative, so A  B  B  A
 
A  B  Ax Bx  Ay By
 
B  A  Bx Ax  By Ay
   
Scalar multiplication is commutative, so A  B  B  A

A  B   Ay Bz  Az B y  iˆ   Az Bx  Ax Bz  ˆj   Ax B y  Ay Bx  kˆ
 
b)
B  A   B y Az  Bz Ay  iˆ   Bz Ax  Bx Az  ˆj   Bx Ay  B y Ax  kˆ
 

Comparison of each component in each vector product shows that one is the
negative of the other.
1.50: Method 1:  Pr oduct of magnitudes  cos θ 
AB cos θ  12 m  15 m  cos 93  9.4 m 2
BC cos θ  15 m  6 m  cos 80   15.6 m 2
AC cos θ  12 m  6 m  cos 187   71.5 m 2

Method 2: (Sum of products of components)

A  B   7.22 (11.49)  (9.58)( 9.64)  9.4 m 2
B  C  (11.49)( 3.0)  (9.64)( 5.20)  15.6 m 2
A  C  (7.22)(3.0)  (9.58)( 5.20)  71.5 m 2

1.51: a) From Eq.(1.21),

 
A  B   4.00 5.00   3.00  2.00  14.00.

b) A  B  AB cos θ , so θ  arccos  14.00   5.00  5.39   arccos .5195  58.7 .

1.52: For all of these pairs of vectors, the angle is found from combining Equations
(1.18) and (1.21), to give the angle  as
 
 A  B  A B  Ay B y 
  arccos    arccos x x
 .
 AB   AB 

In the intermediate calculations given here, the significant figures in the dot
products and in the magnitudes of the vectors are suppressed.
 
a) A  B   22, A  40, B  13, and so

  22 
  arccos    165 .

 40 13 

   60 
b) A  B  60, A  34, B  136,   arccos   28 .
 34 136 
 
c) A  B  0,   90.
1.53: Use of the right-hand rule to find cross products gives (a) out of the page and b)
into the page.

1.54: a) From Eq. (1.22), the magnitude of the cross product is

12.0 m 18.0 m  sin 180  37   130 m 2

The right-hand rule gives the direction as being into the page, or the – z-direction. Using
Eq. (1.27), the only non-vanishing component of the cross product is

 
C z  Ax By    12 m  18.0 m  sin 37  130 m 2

b) The same method used in part (a) can be used, but the relation given in Eq.
(1.23) gives the result directly: same magnitude (130 m2), but the opposite
direction (+z-direction).

1.55: In Eq. (1.27), the only non-vanishing component of the cross product is

C z  Ax By  Ay Bx   4.00  2.00   3.00 5.00  23.00,

 
so A  B   23.00 kˆ , and the magnitude of the vector product is 23.00.
  
1.56: a) From the right-hand rule, the direction of A  B is into the page (the –
z-direction). The magnitude of the vector product is, from Eq. (1.22),

AB sin    2.80 cm 1.90 cm  sin 120   4.61 cm 2 .

Or, using Eq. (1.27) and noting that the only non-vanishing component is

C z  Ax B y  Ay B x
  2.80 cm  cos 60.0    1.90 cm  sin 60 
  2.80 cm  sin 60.0  1.90 cm  cos 60.0 
 4.61 cm 2

gives the same result.

b) Rather than repeat the calculations, Eq. (1-23) may be used to see that
 
B  A has magnitude 4.61 cm2 and is in the +z-direction (out of the page).

1.57: a) The area of one acre is 1

8
mi  801 mi  1
640
mi 2 , so there are 640 acres to a square
mile.

2
 2

b) 1 acre    1 mi    5280 ft   43,560 ft 2
 640 acre   1 mi 

(all of the above conversions are exact).

c)  
 7.477 gal 
(1 acre-foot)  43,560 ft 3   3   3.26  10 gal,
5

 1 ft 
which is rounded to three significant figures.

1.58: a)  
($4,950,000 102 acres)  (1acre 43560 ft 2 )  10.77 ft 2 m 2  $12 m 2 .
b) ($12 m 2 )  (2.54 cm in) 2  (1 m 100 cm) 2  $.008 in 2 .
c) $.008 in 2  (1in  7 8 in )  $.007 for postage stamp sized parcel.
1.59: a) To three significant figures, the time for one cycle is

1
 7.04 10 10 s.
1.420 10 Hz
9

 9 cycles   3600 s  12 cycles

b) 1.420  10    5.11 10
 s   1h  h

c) Using the conversion from years to seconds given in Appendix F,

 3.156 10 7 s 

1.42 10 Hz  
9
 1y
 
  4.600 10 9 y  2.06 10 26.
 

  
d) 4.600  10 9 y  4.60  10 4 1.00  10 5 y , so the clock would be off by 4.60  10 4 s.

1.60: Assume a 70-kg person, and the human body is mostly water. Use Appendix D to
find the mass of one H2O molecule: 18.015 u  1.661  10–27 kg/u = 2.992  10–26
kg/molecule. (70 kg/2.992  10–26 kg/molecule) = 2.34  1027 molecules. (Assuming
carbon to be the most common atom gives 3  1027 molecules.

1.61: a) Estimate the volume as that of a sphere of diameter 10 cm:

4
V  r 3  5.2  10 4 m 3
3
Mass is density times volume, and the density of water is 1000 kg m3 , so
  
m   0.98 1000 kg m 3 5.2  10 4 m3  0.5 kg

b) Approximate as a sphere of radius r  0.25 μm (probably an over estimate)

4
V  r 3  6.5  10 20 m 3
3
  
m   0.98 1000 kg m3 6.5  1020 m 3  6  1017 kg  6  10-14 g

c) Estimate the volume as that of a cylinder of length 1 cm and

radius 3 mm:
V  r 2 l  2.8  10 7 m 3
  
m   0.98 1000 kg m 3 2.8  10 7 m 3  3  10 4 kg  0.3 g
 M M
1.62: a) ρ , so V 
V ρ
0.200 kg
x3   2.54  10 5 m 3
7.86  10 kg/m
3 3

x  2.94  10  2 m  2.94 cm

4 3
R  2.54  10 5 m 3
b) 3
R  1.82  10 2 m  1.82 cm

1.63: Assume each person sees the dentist twice a year for checkups, for 2 hours. Assume
2 more hours for restorative work. Assuming most dentists work less than 2000 hours per
year, this gives 2000 hours 4 hours per patient  500 patients per dentist. Assuming only
half of the people who should go to a dentist do, there should be about 1 dentist per 1000
inhabitants. Note: A dental assistant in an office with more than one treatment room
could increase the number of patients seen in a single dental office.

 6.0  10 23 atoms 
1.64: a) (6.0  10 kg )  
24 mole 
 3 kg 
 2.6  1050 atoms.
 14  10 mole 

b) The number of neutrons is the mass of the neutron star divided by the
mass of a neutron:

(2) (2.0  10 30 kg )
 2.4  10 57 neutrons.
(1.7  10  27 kg neutron )
c) The average mass of a particle is essentially 23 the mass of either the proton or
the neutron, 1.7  10 27 kg. The total number of particles is the total mass divided by this
average, and the total mass is the volume times the average density. Denoting the density
by  (the notation introduced in Chapter 14).

4
 R 3
M (2) (1.5  1011 m) 3 (1018 kg m 3 )
 3   27
 1.2  10 79.
mave 2 (1.7  10 kg )
mp
3

Note the conversion from g/cm3 to kg/m3.

 
1.65: Let D be the fourth force.
       

A  B  C  D  0, so D   A  B  C 
Ax   A cos 30.0   86.6 N, A y   A cos 30.0   50.00 N
B x   B sin 30.0   40.00 N, B y   B cos 30.0   69.28 N
C x  C cos 53.0   24.07 N, C y  C sin 53.0   31.90 N
Then D x  22.53 N, D y  87.34 N
D  D x2  D y2  90.2 N;

tan α  Dy / Dx  87.34 / 22.53

α  75.54
φ  180   α  256  , counterclo ckwise from  x - axis

1.66:

R x  Ax  B x  (170 km) sin 68   (230 km) cos 48   311 .5 km

R y  Ay  B y  (170 km) cos 68   (230 km) sin 48   107.2 km

R  R x2  R y2   311 .5 km  2    107.2 km  2  330 km

Ry 107.2 km
tanθ R    0.344
Rx 311.5 km

θ R  19  south of east
1.67: a)

   
b) Algebraically, A  C  B, and so the components of A are
Ax  C x  Bx   6.40 cm  cos 22.0    6.40 cm  cos 63.0   3.03 cm
Ay  C y  B y   6.40 cm  sin 22.0    6.40 cm  sin 63.0   8.10 cm.

 8.10 cm 
c) A  3.03 cm  2   8.10 cm  2  8.65 cm, arctan    69.5


 3.03 cm 
1.68:a) Rx  Ax  Bx  C x
    
 12.0 m  cos 90  37  15.00 m  cos  40   6.0 m  cos 180  60 
 15.7 m, and
Ry  Ay  By  C y
    
 12.0 m  sin 90  37  15.00 m  sin  40   6.0 m  sin 180  60 
 5.3 m.

The magnitude of the resultant is R  Rx2  Ry2  16.6 m , and the direction from
the positive x-axis is arctan  15
5.3
.7
  18.6 . Keeping extra significant figures in the
intermediate calculations gives an angle of  18.49, which when considered as a
positive counterclockwise angle from the positive x-axis and rounded to the
nearest degree is 342 .

S x  3.00 m  7.22 m  11 .49 m  21.71 m;

b)
S y  5.20 m    9.64 m   9.58 m  5.14 m;
 (5.14) 
θ  arctan    13.3
 (21.71) 
S  (21.71 m) 2  ( 5.14 m) 2  22.3 m
1.69:

Take the east direction to be the x - direction and the north direction to be the
y - direction. The x- and y-components of the resultant displacement of the
first three displacements are then

  180 m    210 m  sin 45   280 m  sin 30   108 m,

  210 m  cos 45   280 m  cos 30   94.0 m,

keeping an extra significant figure. The magnitude and direction of this net displacement
are
108 m  2   94.0 m  2  144 m, arctan  94 m   40.9.
 108 m 
The fourth displacement must then be 144 m in a direction 40.9 south of west.
1.70:

The third leg must have taken the sailor east a distance

 5.80 km    3.50 km  cos 45   2.00 km   1.33 km

and a distance north

 3.5 km  sin 45   2.47 km 

The magnitude of the displacement is

(1.33 km) 2  (2.47 km) 2  2.81 km

and the direction is arctan  12..33

47
 = 62 north of east, which is 90  62  28 east
of north. A more precise answer will require retaining extra significant figures in
the intermediate calculations.

1.71: a)

b) The net east displacement is

  2.80 km  sin 45    7.40 km  cos 30    3.30 km  cos 22   1.37 km, and the net north
displacement is   2.80 km  cos 45    7.40 km  sin 30    3.30 km  sin 22.0   0.48 km,
and so the distance traveled is 1.37 km  2   0.48 km 2  1.45 km.
1.72: The eastward displacement of Manhattan from Lincoln is

147 km  sin 85  106 km  sin 167  166 km  sin 235  34.3 km
and the northward displacement is

147 km  cos 85  106 km  cos 167  166 km  cos 235  185.7 km
(A negative northward displacement is a southward displacement, as indicated in
Fig. (1.33). Extra figures have been kept in the intermediate calculations.)

a) (34.3 km) 2  (185.7 km) 2  189 km

b) The direction from Lincoln to Manhattan, relative to the north, is

 34.3 km 
arctan    169.5
  185.7 km 

and so the direction to fly in order to return to Lincoln is 169.5  180  349.5 .
1.73: a) Angle of first line is θ  tan 1  200  20
21010
  42. Angle of
second line is 42  30  72. Therefore
X  10  250 cos 72  87
Y  20  250 sin 72  258

for a final point of (87,258).

b) The computer screen now looks something like this:

The length of the bottom line is  210  87  2   200  258 2  136 and its direction is
tan 1  258 200
210 87
  25 below straight left.
1.74: a)

b) To use the method of components, let the east direction be the x-direction
and the north direction be the y-direction. Then, the explorer’s net x-
displacement is, in units of his step size,

 40 cos 45   80 cos 60  11 .7

and the y-displacement is

 40 sin 45   80 sin 60  50  47.6.

The magnitude and direction of the displacement are

 47.6 
(11 .7) 2  (47.6) 2  49, arctan    104 .


  11 .7 
(More precision in the angle is not warranted, as the given measurements are to
the nearest degree.) To return to the hut, the explorer must take 49 steps in a
direction 104  90  14 east of south.
 
1.75: Let +x be east and +y be north. Let A be the displacement 285 km at 40.0  north

of west and let B be the unknown displacement.
   
A  B  R, where R  115 km, east
  
B  R A
B x  R x  Ax , B y  R y  Ay
Ax   A cos 40.0   218.3 km, Ay   A sin 40.0   183.2 km
R x  115 km, R y  0
Then B x  333.3 km, B y  183.2 km.
B  B x2  B y2  380 km.

tanα  B y Bx  183.2 km   333.3 km 

α  28.8  , south of east

1.76:

(a) ωpar  ω sin 

(b) ωperp  ω cos
(c) ωpar  ω sin 
ωpar 550 N
ω   960 N
sin  sin 35.0 0
1.77:


B is the force the biceps exerts.

E is the force the elbow exerts.
  
E  B  R, where R  132.5 N and is upward.
E x  Rx  Bx , E y  R y  B y
B x   B sin 43  158.2 N, B y   B cos 43  169.7 N
R x  0, R y  132.5 N
Then E x  158.2 N, E y  37.2 N
E  E x2  E y2  160 N;

tanα  E y E x  37.2 158.2

α  13 , below horizontal
1.78: (a) Take the beginning of the journey as the origin, with north being the y-
direction, east the x-direction, and the z-axis vertical. The first displacement is then
 30kˆ , the second is  15 ĵ , the third is 200iˆ (0.2 km  200 m) , and the fourth is 100 ĵ .
Adding the four:

 30kˆ  15 ˆj  200iˆ  100 ˆj  200iˆ  85 ˆj  30kˆ

(b) The total distance traveled is the sum of the distances of the individual segments: 30
+ 15 + 200 + 100 = 345 m. The magnitude of the total displacement is:

D  D x2  D y2  D z2  200 2  85 2    30   219 m
2


1.79: Let the displacement from your camp to the store be A.

A  240 m, 32  south of east

 
B is 32  south of west and C is 62  south of west
Let  x be east and  y be north
  
A BC  0
Ax  B x  C x  0, so A cos 32   B cos 48   C cos 62   0
Ay  B y  C y  0, so  A sin 32   B sin 48   C sin 62   0
A is known so we have two equations in the two unknowns B and C. Solving gives
B = 255 m and C = 70 m.

1.80: Take your tent's position as the origin. The displacement vector for Joe's tent is
   
21 cos 23 iˆ  21 sin 23 ˆj  19.33iˆ  8.205 ˆj. The displacement vector for Karl's tent is
   
32 cos 37 iˆ  32 sin 37 ˆj  25.56iˆ  19.26 ˆj . The difference between the two
displacements is:

19.33  25.56 iˆ    8.205  19.25 ˆj  6.23iˆ  27.46 ˆj .

The magnitude of this vector is the distance between the two tents:

D   6.23 2    27.46 2  28.2 m

 1.81: a) With Az  B z  0, Eq. (1.22) becomes
Ax Bx  Ay B y   A cos θ A  B cos θ B    A sin θ A  B sin θ B 
 AB cos θ Acos θ B  sin θ Asin θ B 
 AB cos θ A  θ B 
 AB cos 

where the expression for the cosine of the difference between two angles has been used
(see Appendix B).

b) With Az  Bz  0, C  C z kˆ and C  C z . From Eq. (1.27),
C  Ax Bx  Ay Bx
  A cos θ A  B cos θ B    A sin θ A  B cos θ A 
 AB cos θ A sin θ B  sin θ A cos θ B
 AB sin  θ B  θ A 
 AB sin 

1.82: a) The angle between the vectors is 210  70  140 , and so Eq. (1.18) gives
 
A  B   3.60 m  2.40 m  cos 140  6.62 m 2 Or, Eq. (1.21) gives
 
A  B  Ax Bx  Ay By
  3.60 m  cos 70  2.4 m  cos 210   3.6 m  sin 70  2.4 m  sin 210
 6.62 m 2

b) From Eq. (1.22), the magnitude of the cross product is

 3.60 m  2.40 m  sin 140  5.55 m 2 ,

and the direction, from the right-hand rule, is out of the page (the
 
+z-direction). From Eq. (1-30), with the z-components of A and B
vanishing, the z-component of the cross product is

Ax By  Ay Bx   3.60 m  cos 70  2.40 m  sin 210

  3.60 m  sin 70  2.40 m  cos 210
 5.55 m 2
1.83: a) Parallelog ram area  2  area of triangle ABC
Triangle area  1 2  base  height   1 2  B A sin θ 
Parellogra m area  BA sin θ
b) 90 

1.84: With the +x-axis to the right, +y-axis toward the top of the page, and +z-axis out
 
   
   
of the page, A  B x  87.8 cm 2 , A  B y  68.9 cm 2 , A  B z  0.  

1.85: a) A  2.00 2   3.00 2   4.00 2  5.39.

B  3.00 2  1.00 2   3.00 2  4.36.

A  B   Ax  Bx  iˆ   Ay  By  ˆj   Az  Bz  kˆ
 
b)
   5.00 iˆ   2.00 ˆj   7.00 kˆ

c)  5.00 2   2.00 2   7.00 2  8.83,

 
and this will be the magnitude of B  A as well.

1.86: The direction vectors each have magnitude 3 , and their dot product is (1) (1) +
(1) (–1) + (1) (–1) = –1, so from Eq. (1-18) the angle between the bonds is arccos
 
= 31 3 = arccos   13   109 .
1.87: The best way to show these results is to use the result of part (a) of Problem 1-65,
a restatement of the law of cosines. We know that

C 2  A2  B 2  2 AB cos ,
 
where  is the angle between A and B .
 
a) If C 2  A 2  B 2 , cos   0, and the angle between A and B is 90  (the vectors are
perpendicular).
 
b) If C 2  A 2  B 2 , cos  0, and the angle between A and B is greater than 90  .
 
c) If C 2  A 2  B 2 , cos  0, and the angle between A and B is less than 90  .
 1.88: a) This is a statement of the law of cosines, and there are many ways to
derive it. The most straightforward way, using vector algebra, is to assume the linearity
of the dot product (a point used, but not explicitly mentioned in the text) to show that
 
the square of the magnitude of the sum A  B is

 A  B   A  B  A  A  A  B  B A  B  B

A A BB  2 AB
 
 A2  B 2  2 A  B
 A 2  B 2  2 AB cos 

Using components, if the vectors make angles A and B with the x-axis, the components
of the vector sum are A cos A + B cos B and A sin A + B sin B, and the square of the
magnitude is

 A cos θ A  B cos θB  2   A sin θ A  B sin θB  2

  
 A 2 cos 2θ A  sin 2 θ A  B 2 cos 2θ B  sin 2 θ B 
 2 AB cosθ A cos θ B  sin θ A sin θ B 
 A 2  B 2  2 AB cos θ A   B 
 A 2  B 2  2 AB cos 

where  = A – B is the angle between the vectors.

   
b) A geometric consideration shows that the vectors A, B and the sum A  B
 
must be the sides of an equilateral triangle. The angle between A, and B is
120o, since one vector must shift to add head-to-tail. Using the result of part
(a), with A  B, the condition is that A2  A2  A 2  2 A 2 cos  , which solves
for 1 = 2 + 2 cos , cos  =  12 , and  = 120o.
c) Either method of derivation will have the angle  replaced by 180o – , so
the cosine will change sign, and the result is A 2  B 2  2 AB cos  .
d) Similar to what is done in part (b), when the vector difference has the same
magnitude, the angle between the vectors is 60o. Algebraically,  is obtained
from 1 = 2 – 2 cos , so cos  = 12 and  = 60o.
1.89: Take the length of a side of the cube to be L, and denote the vectors from a to b, a
  
to c and a to d as B, C , and D . In terms of unit vectors,

B  Lk̂ ,

 
C  L ˆj  kˆ ,


D  L iˆ  ˆj  kˆ . 

Using Eq. (1.18),

 
BD  L2 
arccos    arccos    54.7 ,
 BD 
 

  L L 3  
C D  2 L2 
arccos    arccos    35.3.
 CD 
 
 L 2 L  
3 

1.90: From Eq. (1.27), the cross product is

  6.00  ˆ 11 .00 ˆ 
(13.00) iˆ  (6.00) ˆj  (11 .00) kˆ  13  (1.00 ) iˆ   j k .
  13.00  13.00 

The magnitude of the vector in square brackets is 1.93, and so a unit vector in this
 
direction (which is necessarily perpendicular to both A and B ) is

  (1.00) iˆ  (6.00 13.00) ˆj  (11 .00 13) kˆ 

 .
 1.93 

The negative of this vector,

 (1.00) iˆ  (6.00 13.00) ˆj  (11 .00 13) kˆ 

 ,
 1 . 93 
 
is also a unit vector perpendicular to A and B .
    
1.91: A and C are perpendicular, so A  C  0. AxC x  Ay C y  0, , which gives
5.0C x  6.5C y  0.
 
B  C  15.0, so  3.5C x  7.0C y  15.0
We have two equations in two unknowns C x and C y . Solving gives
C x  8.0 and C y  6.1.

 
1.92: A  B  AB sin θ
 
A B   5.00 2   2.00 2
sin θ    0.5984
AB  3.00 3.00
θ  sin 1  0.5984   36.8

1.93: a) Using Equations (1.21) and (1.27), and recognizing that the vectors
  
A, B, and C do not have the same meanings as they do in those equations,

 A  B  C   A B 
 Az B y  iˆ   Az B x  Ax B z  ˆj   Ax B y  Ay B x  kˆ  C
  
y z

 Ay B z C x  Az B y C x  Az B x C y  Ax B z C y  Ax B y C z  Ay B x C z .
A similar calculation shows that
  
 
A  B  C  Ax By C z  Ax Bz C y  Ay Bz C x  Ay BxC z  Az BxC y  Az By C x
and a comparison of the expressions shows that they are the same.

b) Although the above expression could be used, the form given allows for ready
 
compuation of A  B the magnitude is AB sin    20.00  sin 37.0  and the direction
is, from the right-hand rule, in the +z-direction, and so

 A  B  C   20.00 sin 37.0  6.00  72.2.


1.94: a) The maximum and minimum areas are

(L + l) (W + w) = LW + lW + Lw, (L – l) (W – w) = LW – lW – Lw,

where the common terms wl have been omitted. The area and its
uncertainty are then WL  (lW + Lw), so the uncertainty in the area is
a = lW + Lw.

b) The fractional uncertainty in the area is

a lW  Wl l w
  
A WL L W,
the sum of the fractional uncertainties in the length and width.

c) The similar calculation to find the uncertainty v in the volume will involve
neglecting the terms lwH, lWh and Lwh as well as lwh; the uncertainty in the volume is v
= lWH + LwH + LWh, and the fractional uncertainty in the volume is

v lWH  LwH  LWh l w h

    ,
V LW H L W H

the sum of the fractional uncertainties in the length, width and height.

1.95: The receiver's position is

  1.0  9.0  6.0  12.0 iˆ    5.0  11 .0  4.0  18.0 ˆj  16.0 iˆ   28.0 ˆj.
The vector from the quarterback to the receiver is the receiver's position minus the
quarterback's position, or 16.0  iˆ   35.0  ˆj , a vector with magnitude
 38.5, given as being in yards. The angle is arctan  16
16.0 2   35.0 2 .0
35.0
  24.6 to the
right of downfield.
1.96: a)

b) i) In AU, (0.3182) 2  (0.9329) 2 = 0.9857.

ii) In AU, (1.3087) 2  (.4423) 2  ( .0414) 2 = 1.3820
iii) In AU,

(0.3182  (1.3087)) 2  (0.9329  (.4423)) 2  (0.0414) 2 = 1.695.

c) The angle between the directions from the Earth to the Sun and to
Mars is obtained from the dot product. Combining Equations (1-18)
and (1.21),

 (0.3182)(1.3087  0.3182)  (0.9329)( 0.4423  0.9329)  (0) 

  arccos    54.6.
 (0.9857)(1.695) 

d) Mars could not have been visible at midnight, because the Sun-Mars angle is less
than 90o.
1.97: a)

The law of cosines (see Problem 1.88) gives the distance as

138 ly  2   77 ly  2  2138 ly  77 ly  cos154.4   76.2 ly,

where the supplement of 25.6 has been used for the angle between the direction
vectors.
b) Although the law of cosines could be used again, it's far more convenient to use the
law of sines (Appendix B), and the angle is given by

 sin 25.6  
arcsin  138 ly   51.5  , 180   51.5   129  ,
 76.2 ly 
where the appropriate angle in the second quadrant is used.


1.98: Define S  Aiˆ  Bˆj  Ckˆ

 
r  S  ( xiˆ  yˆj  zkˆ )  ( Aiˆ  Bˆj  Ckˆ )
 Ax  By  Cz

  
If the points satisfy Ax + By + Cz = 0, then r  S  0 and all points r are

perpendicular to S .