DESCRIBING INDIVIDUAL
PERFORMANCE
z-score
t-score
Stanine
Percentile Rank
Romeo T. Quintos, Jr.
[email protected]
STANDARDIZED NORMAL CURVE
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
PROPERTIES OF A NORMAL CURVE
.5 .5
PROPERTIES OF A NORMAL CURVE
1.It is bell-shaped.
2.The tails are asymptotic to the baseline.
3.The mean, median and mode, in a normal curve
coincide.
4.It is symmetrical about the mean.
5.The total area of the curve is 100% or 1.00.
6.The baseline of the curve is divided into 6 sigma
distances from –3σ to +3σ.
STANDARD SCORE
• The standard score is the position of a value x in
terms of standard deviations it is located from the
mean.It is used to help make a comparison of raw
scores from separate groups.
Z-SCORE
• is used to convert a raw score to standard score to
determine how the score lies from the mean in standard
deviation units.
𝑥−𝑥 𝑥−𝜇
z= z=
𝑠𝑑 𝜎
𝑥 = 𝑧 𝑠𝑑 + 𝑥
where: where:
z = raw score z = raw score
𝑥 = mean 𝜇 = pop.mean
sd = standard deviation 𝜎 = pop.standard deviation
• Ex.1. A test score of a student is 90. The mean of the test
scores is 50 and a standard deviation of 15. Assuming that
the distribution is normal, what will be the equivalent z-
score?
Given: 𝑥−𝑥
z=
𝑠𝑑
x = 90
𝑥 = 50 90 − 50
z=
15
sd = 15
Unknown: z=? z = 2.67
• Ex.2: Given the set of values. Compute the z-score in Max’s
performance, between the subjects Filipino and English
which subject did he perform better?
Filipino English
x = 92 x = 88
𝑥 = 95 𝑥 = 80
sd = 3 sd = 4
𝑥−𝑥
92 − 95 z= 88 − 80
𝑧𝐹𝑖𝑙 = 𝑠𝑑 𝑧𝐸𝑛𝑔 =
4
3
𝑧𝐹𝑖𝑙 = −1 𝑧𝐸𝑛𝑔 = 2
z-SCORE TO t-SCORE
• z-score can be translated into t-score to reduce decimals
and negative number.
t = 10z + 50
z-score –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
t-score 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
• Ex.: A student take an entrance examination where the
average score is 290 and the standard deviation is 35.
What is the performance of the student if his score is
340. Calculate the equivalent t-score.
Given: 340 − 290
z= t = 10z + 50
𝑥 = 290 35
sd = 35 50 t = 10(1.43) + 50
z=
35
x = 340 t = 64.3
z = 1.43
𝑥−𝑥 Above average
z=
𝑠𝑑
Note:
1) z-scores and t scores both represent standard deviations
from the mean, but while “0” on a z-score is 0 standard
deviations from the mean, a “50” on a t score represents
the same thing. That’s because t scores use a mean of 50
and z-scores use a mean of 0.
2) A t-score of over 50 is above average, below 50 is below
average. In general, a t-score of above 60 means that the
score is in the top one-sixth of the distribution; above 63,
the top one-tenth. A t-score below 40 indicates a lowest
one-sixth position; below 37, the bottom one-tenth.
STANDARD NINE
• A stanine (standard nine) score is a way on a nine-point
scale. It can be used to convert any test score to a single-
digit score. Like Z-score and T-score, stanines are way to
assign a number to a member of a group, relative to all
members in that group. However, while z-score and t-score
can be expressed with decimals like 1.2 or 2.5, stanines are
always positive whole numbers from 0-9.
STANDARD NINE
USES OF STANINE
It is often used to:
1) compare two or more distributions of data, particularly
test scores.
2) estimate or to compute probabilities of events involving
normal distributions,
3) facilitate using words rather than numbers in presenting
statistical data.
Ex: "Terry tested considerably above average."
his score was in the 7th stanine.
PERCENTILE RANK
• A percentile rank is typically defined as the proportion of
scores in a distribution that a specific score is greater
than or equal to.
• A percentile rank refers to the percentage of scores that
are equal to or less than a given score
• Ex. If a student received a score of 95 on a math test and
this score was greater than or equal to the scores of 88%
of the students taking the test, then the percentile rank
would be 88.
• The student would be in the 88th percentile.
𝒑
Percentile = 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒏
where:
p = Number of Cases Below “p”
n = Total Number of Cases
• Ex. The score of students in a math quiz are 40, 45, 49, 53,
61, 65, 71, 79, 85, 91. What is the percentile rank of the
student whose score is 71?
• Solution:
Given:
No. of scores below 71 = 6
Total no. of. scores = 10
𝑝
Percentile = 𝑥100
𝑛
6
Percentile = 𝑥100
10
Percentile = 60th
OTHER FORMULA
< 𝑐𝑓𝑏 + 0.5𝑓
𝑃𝑅 = 𝑥100
𝑛
where:
<cfb = cumulative frequency below given score
f = frequency of the given score
n = total number of cases
STEPS IN SOLVING PERCENTILE RANK
1. Arrange test scores (TS) from highest to lowest.
2. Make a frequency distribution of each scores and the
number of students obtaining each scores.
3. Find the cumulative frequency.
4. Find the percentile rank using the formula.
• Ex. The table below shows the summary of the scores of the
40 students in a 45 item multiple choice of test.
TS f TS f
45 1 30 3
43 2 29 4
42 2 28 1
41 1 27 1
40 1 25 2
39 2 24 1
37 3 22 2
36 2 21 2
34 1 19 1
33 2 18 2
32 2 16 1
15 1
• Ex. The table below shows the summary of the scores of the
40 students in a 45 item multiple choice of test.
TS f TS f
45 1 30 3
43 2 29 4
42 2 28 1
41 1 27 1 Test Scores are arrange from
40 1 25 2 highest to lowest and frequencies
39 2 24 1 are tallied.
37 3 22 2
36 2 21 2
34 1 19 1
33 2 18 2
32 2 16 1
15 1
• Ex. The table below shows the summary of the scores of the
40 students in a 45 item multiple choice of test.
TS f <cf TS f <cf
45 1 40 30 3 21
43 2 39 29 4 18
42 2 37 28 1 14
41 1 35 27 1 13 Construct the less than
40 1 34 25 2 12 cumulative frequency
39 2 33 24 1 10 column.
37 3 31 22 2 9
36 2 28 21 2 7
34 1 26 19 1 5
33 2 25 18 2 4
32 2 23 16 1 2
15 1 1
• The percentile rank of the score 45?
• solution: Score=45 <cf=39 f = 1 n = 40
< 𝑐𝑓𝑏 + 0.5𝑓
𝑃𝑅 = 𝑥100
𝑛
39 + 0.5(1)
𝑃𝑅 = 𝑥100
40
PR=0.9875 X 100
PR= 98.75 or 99th percentile
Analysis:
A raw score of 45 is equal to percentile rank of 99. This means
that 99% of the students who took examination had raw score
equal or lower than 45.
• The percentile rank of the score 43?
• solution: Score=43 <cf=37 f = 2 n = 40
< 𝑐𝑓𝑏 + 0.5𝑓
𝑃𝑅 = 𝑥100
𝑛
37 + 0.5(2)
𝑃𝑅 = 𝑥100
40
PR=0.95 X 100
PR= 95 or 95th percentile
Analysis:
A raw score of 43 is equal to percentile rank of 95. This means
that 95% of the students who took examination had raw score
equal or lower than 43.
C. Solve the following:
1.Benjamin scored 75 in a 100 item exam where the class average
score is 70 and standard deviation of 4 while Krizzia’s score is 84 with a
mean score 78 and standard deviation of 6 in her class. Which of the
two students has a better performance?
2. Calculate the z-score and t-score of a raw score of 138 with a mean
of 20 and a standard deviation of 12.
3. Each year students are tested and parents wish to understand the
scores. This year's math grades were normally distributed with a mean
of 65 and a standard deviation of 10. Use stanines to explain to the
parents how well their children did if the scores for 4 children were 98,
23, 66, and 80.
4. The following are scores of 30 students in English Proficiency Test.
45,55,57,57,58,59,60,62,64,65,67,67,69,72,75,75,78,82,84,86,88,89,90
,92,93,95,95,97,97,98.
Calculate the percentile rank of student who got a score of a) 87 b) 69
c) 93
