Chapter 2 Tension Members
Chapter 2 Tension Members
Tension
Members
References:
Textbook: Chapter 3, Page 41
AISC Specs: Chapter D, Page 16.1-28
by:
Aloysius C. Mapalo, MSCE
P
f =
A
! The stress in a tension member is uniform
throughout the cross-section except:
" near the point of application of load, and
" at the cross-section with holes for bolts or
other discontinuities, etc.
Gusset plate
b Section b-b
b
7/8 in. diameter hole
a a
Section a-a
8 x _ in. bar
" the reduced area of section b-b will be subjected to higher stresses;
however the higher stress is localized around section b-b only.
" • The unreduced area of the member is called its gross area = Ag
" • The reduced area of the member is called net area = An
3
Design/Allowable Strength
! Limiting States:
" Yielding (excessive deformation) - can occur
due to the yielding of the gross section.
" Rupture - can occur if the stress at the net
section reaches the ultimate stress Fu
" Slenderness (serviceability limiting state):
# L/r should preferably (but not required) not to
exceed 300
Commentaries on ASD
𝑃2 𝑃" ⁄Ω,
𝑓, = and 𝐹, = = 0.5𝐹(
𝐴) 𝐴)
Note:
! Nominal hole diameter
= bolt diameter + (1/16 to 1/8 in or 2 to 3 mm )
! +1/8” for bolts 1”-d and above
! +3mm for bolts 25mm-d and above
CE 331 Steel Design 7
b An = t (b – dh )
net width
dh
PL 13 X 127mm
16mm + 2mm
Sample Problem 2
! A double-angle shape is shown. The steel is A36, and
the holes are for 1⁄2-inch-diameter bolts. Assume that
Ae = 0.75An.
" Determine the design tensile strength for LRFD.
" Determine the allowable strength for ASD.
10
Ae = UAn
! U – shear lag factor:
𝑥̅
𝑈 =1−
𝐿
> – distance from the centroid of the connected
! 𝒙
area to the plane of the connection
! L – length of the connection
11
x
L 4 x 4 x 3/8
d b = 5/8 in.
Section a-a
a
Gusset plate
L 4 x 4 x 3/8
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13
14
15
16
𝑥̅
𝑈 =1−
𝐿
17
𝑥̅
𝑈 =1−
𝐿
18
19
! member connected by
transverse welds alone (not common):
Ae = area of the directly connected element
of the cross-section
20
1.
21
Sample Problem 3
! Determine the effective net area for the tension
members shown:
2. x
140 mm L 152x152x12.7
22
23
Sample Problem 4
! Compute the smallest net area for the plate shown. The
holes are for 25-mm-diameter bolts:
75mm
125mm
125mm
75mm
t = 19mm
5 @ 75mm
24
25
25
Sample Problem 5
! An angle with staggered fasteners in each leg is shown
below. A36 steel is used, and holes are for 7⁄8-inch-
diameter bolts.
" Determine the design strength for LRFD.
" Determine the allowable strength for ASD
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26
27
27
28
(b)
Shear failure
(c)
Tension failure
29
29
30
31
Block Shear
! Ubs = 1 when tension stress is uniform; 0.5 when tension
stress is non-uniform
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32
33
determine
An = Ag - 𝞢holes
reselect trial section;
ensure rmin and Ag
determine limiting P based on rupture
are met
Plim = ɸPn or Pn/Ω
NO Pu ≤ ɸPn YES
reselect trial section; check block shear
or Pa ≤ Pn/Ω
ensure rmin and Ag are met
?
34
D = 156 kN
L = 310 kN
35
36
37
Sample Problem 7
! A threaded rod is to be used as a bracing member that
must resist a service tensile load of 2 kips dead load and
6 kips live load. What size rod is required if A36 steel is
used?
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