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Chapter 2 Tension Members

This document summarizes key concepts about tension members from a steel design textbook and AISC specifications. It discusses actual tensile stresses in members, nominal strength for LRFD and ASD, gross and net area calculations accounting for bolt holes, and effective net area using a shear lag factor. Sample problems demonstrate calculating design strength for a plate with bolts and a double angle shape. The document provides equations, diagrams, and commentary to explain tension member design concepts.

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Muayad Alzbedi
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
137 views22 pages

Chapter 2 Tension Members

This document summarizes key concepts about tension members from a steel design textbook and AISC specifications. It discusses actual tensile stresses in members, nominal strength for LRFD and ASD, gross and net area calculations accounting for bolt holes, and effective net area using a shear lag factor. Sample problems demonstrate calculating design strength for a plate with bolts and a double angle shape. The document provides equations, diagrams, and commentary to explain tension member design concepts.

Uploaded by

Muayad Alzbedi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Chapter Two

Tension
Members
References:
Textbook: Chapter 3, Page 41
AISC Specs: Chapter D, Page 16.1-28

by:
Aloysius C. Mapalo, MSCE

Actual Tensile Stresses

P
f =
A
! The stress in a tension member is uniform
throughout the cross-section except:
" near the point of application of load, and
" at the cross-section with holes for bolts or
other discontinuities, etc.

CE 331 Steel Design 2

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 1


Actual Tensile Stresses

Gusset plate

b Section b-b
b
7/8 in. diameter hole

a a
Section a-a
8 x _ in. bar

" the reduced area of section b-b will be subjected to higher stresses;
however the higher stress is localized around section b-b only.
" • The unreduced area of the member is called its gross area = Ag
" • The reduced area of the member is called net area = An
3

Design/Allowable Strength

! Limiting States:
" Yielding (excessive deformation) - can occur
due to the yielding of the gross section.
" Rupture - can occur if the stress at the net
section reaches the ultimate stress Fu
" Slenderness (serviceability limiting state):
# L/r should preferably (but not required) not to
exceed 300

CE 331 Steel Design 4

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 2


Design/Allowable Strength
! Nominal Strength:
" Yielding: 𝑃" = 𝐹% 𝐴'
" Rupture:
𝑃" = 𝐹( 𝐴)

! For LRFD: ! For ASD:


𝑃"
𝑃( ≤ 𝜙, 𝑃" 𝑃2 ≤
Ω,
𝜙, = 0.90 for yielding Ω, = 1.67 for yielding
𝜙, = 0.75 for rupture Ω, = 2.00 for rupture

CE 331 Steel Design 5

Commentaries on ASD

! Using allowable stress: 𝑓, = 𝐹,

" for yielding:


𝑃2 𝑃" ⁄Ω,
𝑓, = and 𝐹, = = 0.6𝐹%
𝐴' 𝐴'

" for rupture:

𝑃2 𝑃" ⁄Ω,
𝑓, = and 𝐹, = = 0.5𝐹(
𝐴) 𝐴)

CE 331 Steel Design 6

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 3


Gross and Net Area

! Ag – determined by the summing of the


products of the thickness and gross width
! An – the sum of the products of the thickness
and the net width of each element.

Note:
! Nominal hole diameter
= bolt diameter + (1/16 to 1/8 in or 2 to 3 mm )
! +1/8” for bolts 1”-d and above
! +3mm for bolts 25mm-d and above
CE 331 Steel Design 7

Gross and Net Area

! An – the sum of the products of the thickness


and the net width of each element.

b An = t (b – dh )
net width
dh

CE 331 Steel Design 8

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 4


Sample Problem 1
! A 13 × 127mm plate of A36 steel is used as a tension
member. It is connected to a gusset plate with four 16-
mm-diameter bolts as shown. Assume that the effective
net area Ae equals the actual net area An:
a) What is the design strength for LRFD?
b) What is the allowable strength for ASD?
13mm

PL 13 X 127mm

16mm + 2mm

CE 331 Steel Design 9

Sample Problem 2
! A double-angle shape is shown. The steel is A36, and
the holes are for 1⁄2-inch-diameter bolts. Assume that
Ae = 0.75An.
" Determine the design tensile strength for LRFD.
" Determine the allowable strength for ASD.

10

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 5


Effective Net Area

Ae = UAn
! U – shear lag factor:
𝑥̅
𝑈 =1−
𝐿
> – distance from the centroid of the connected
! 𝒙
area to the plane of the connection
! L – length of the connection

CE 331 Steel Design 11

11

Effective Net Area


! Bolted members: 𝑥̅
𝑈 =1−
𝐿
a

x
L 4 x 4 x 3/8
d b = 5/8 in.

Section a-a
a
Gusset plate
L 4 x 4 x 3/8

CE 331 Steel Design 12

12

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 6


Effective Net Area
! Bolted members: 𝑥̅
𝑈 =1−
𝐿

CE 331 Steel Design 13

13

Effective Net Area


! Other U values recommended by AISC:
For angle shapes U
single and double angles with four or more fasteners per
line in direction of loading 0.80
single and double angles with three fasteners per line in
direction of loading 0.60

CE 331 Steel Design 14

14

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 7


Effective Net Area
! Other U values recommended by AISC:
For W, M, S, or HP shapes and for Tee shapes cut
U
from them
if the connection is through the with width-to-depth ratio
flanges with at least three of at least 2/3
0.90
fasteners per line in the with width-to-depth ratio
direction of applied load less than 2/3
0.85
if the connection is through the web with 4 or more
fasteners in the direction of loading
0.70

CE 331 Steel Design 15

15

Effective Net Area


! Alternative U values for W, M, S, HP, or Tees Cut from
These Shapes:

CE 331 Steel Design 16

16

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 8


Effective Net Area
! Welded sections (angles): 𝐴) = 𝑈 𝐴'

𝑥̅
𝑈 =1−
𝐿

CE 331 Steel Design 17

17

Effective Net Area


! Welded sections (angles): 𝐴) = 𝑈 𝐴'

𝑥̅
𝑈 =1−
𝐿

CE 331 Steel Design 18

18

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 9


Effective Net Area
! Welded bar/plates:
U = 1.0 for L ≥ 2w 𝐴) = 𝑈 𝐴'
U = 0.87 for 1.5 w ≤ L < 2 w
U = 0.75 for w ≤ L < 1.5 w

CE 331 Steel Design 19

19

Effective Net Area

! member connected by
transverse welds alone (not common):
Ae = area of the directly connected element
of the cross-section

CE 331 Steel Design 20

20

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 10


Sample Problem 3
! Determine the effective net area for the tension
members shown:

1.

CE 331 Steel Design 21

21

Sample Problem 3
! Determine the effective net area for the tension
members shown:

2. x

140 mm L 152x152x12.7

CE 331 Steel Design 22

22

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 11


Staggered Holes

! Staggering of holes increase the net area


! Net width shall be computed as follows:
s2
Wn = W gross - å Holes + å
4g
" s = longitudinal center to center s1
spacing (pitch) of any two consecutive
holes
" g = transverse center to center
g1
spacing (gage) between fasteners g2
gage lines
s2
CE 331 Steel Design 23

23

Sample Problem 4
! Compute the smallest net area for the plate shown. The
holes are for 25-mm-diameter bolts:

75mm

125mm

125mm

75mm

t = 19mm
5 @ 75mm

CE 331 Steel Design 24

24

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 12


Sample Problem 5
! An angle with staggered fasteners in each leg is shown
below. A36 steel is used, and holes are for 7⁄8-inch-
diameter bolts.
" Determine the design strength for LRFD.
" Determine the allowable strength for ASD

25

25

Sample Problem 5
! An angle with staggered fasteners in each leg is shown
below. A36 steel is used, and holes are for 7⁄8-inch-
diameter bolts.
" Determine the design strength for LRFD.
" Determine the allowable strength for ASD

26

26

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 13


Block Shear
! Block Shear – “tear-out” of material at the connected end.

27

27

CE 331 Steel Design 28

28

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 14


Block Shear
! Block Shear – “tear-out” of material at the connected end.
(a)

(b)

Shear failure
(c)

Tension failure
29

29

CE 331 Steel Design 30

30

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 15


Block Shear
! Limiting State
LRFD ASD
𝑃"E
𝑃( ≤ 𝜙𝑃" ; 𝑃2 ≤ Ω
𝑃" = 0.6 𝐹( 𝐴"@ + 𝑈BC 𝐹( 𝐴", ≤ 0.6 𝐹% 𝐴'@ + 𝑈BC 𝐹( 𝐴",
! ɸ = 0.75 (LRFD)
! Ω = 2.0 (ASD)
! Agv = gross area subject to shear
! Ant = net area subject to tension
! Anv = net area subject to shear
! Ubs = 1 when tension stress is uniform; 0.5 when tension
stress is non-uniform
31

31

Block Shear
! Ubs = 1 when tension stress is uniform; 0.5 when tension
stress is non-uniform

32

32

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 16


Sample Problem 6
! Compute the block shear strength of the tension
member shown. The holes are for 7⁄8”-diameter bolts,
and A36 steel is used: Use LRFD and ASD

CE 331 Steel Design 33

33

Design of Tension Members


determine Pu or Pa, L, determine required area based on
START Fu & Fy ; determine required r
rmin = L/300 yielding in gross area, Ag
assume shape type (using on Pu or Pa)

assume reduction coefficient U based select trial section


on shape and connection details

determine
An = Ag - 𝞢holes
reselect trial section;
ensure rmin and Ag
determine limiting P based on rupture
are met
Plim = ɸPn or Pn/Ω

NO Pu ≤ ɸPn YES
reselect trial section; check block shear
or Pa ≤ Pn/Ω
ensure rmin and Ag are met
?

finalize section and YES ok NO


END connections to use; detail ?
34

34

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 17


Sample Problem 6
! Select an unequal-leg angle tension member 6 meters
long to resist a service dead load of 156 kN and a
service live load of 310 kN. Use A36 steel. The
connection is shown.

D = 156 kN
L = 310 kN

19-mm dia bolts


! note: 2-row bolts can only be used for legs 127mm or above
35

35

Tension Rods and Cables

CE 331 Steel Design 36

36

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 18


Tension Rods and Cables
! The ratio of stress area to nominal area varies but has a
lower bound of approximately 0.75
! Therefore:
𝑃" = 𝐴C 𝐹( = 0.75𝐴B 𝐹(

! For LRFD: ! For ASD:


𝑃"
𝑃( ≤ 𝜙, 𝑃" 𝑃2 ≤
Ω,
𝜙, = 0.75 Ω, = 2.00

CE 331 Steel Design 37

37

Sample Problem 7
! A threaded rod is to be used as a bracing member that
must resist a service tensile load of 2 kips dead load and
6 kips live load. What size rod is required if A36 steel is
used?

CE 331 Steel Design 38

38

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 19


Pin Connected Members
! Member is said to be pin-connected, when a hole is
made in both the member and the parts to which it is
connected and a pin is placed through the holes.

CE 331 Steel Design 39

39

Pin Connected Members

CE 331 Steel Design 40

40

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 20


Pin Connected Members
! Limiting States:
" Tension (yield) on Gross Section 𝑃" = 𝐹% 𝐴'
𝜙, = 0.90 Ω, = 1.67

" Tension (rupture) on Net Area 𝑃" = 𝐹( (2𝑡𝑏) )


𝜙, = 0.75 Ω, = 2.00
" Tension (shear fracture) on Effective Area
𝜙CK = 0.75 ΩCK = 2.00 𝑃" = 0.6𝐹( 𝐴CK
" Bearing
𝜙B = 0.75 ΩB = 2.00 𝑃" = 1.8𝐹% 𝐴MB
41

41

Pin Connected Members

! t = thickness of connected part


! be = 2t+0.63 ≤ b
! b = distance from edge of pin hole to edge of member,
perpendicular to direction of force
! Asf = 2t(a + d/2)
! a = distance from edge of pin hole to edge of member,
parallel to direction of force
! d = pin diameter
! Apb = projected bearing area = dt

42

42

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 21


Pin Connected Members

43

43

Prepared by: ALEC MAPALO 22

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