Name:_____________________________ ( ) Class:__________ Date:___________

WORKSHEET
Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding

6.1 The Stable Electronic Configuration of a Noble Gas

1. Noble gases
 Elements that belong to __________ of the Periodic Table.
 They are _________ (__), _________ (__), ________ (__), _________ (__), and
________ (__).
 They are __________ and _____________.
 They exist as ____________________ in nature.

2. The noble gases have ______ and _____________ outer shells.

 Helium has a __________ configuration.
 All other noble gases have an __________ configuration.

3. Atoms of most other elements are reactive because they do not _____________________
____________________.

4. Atoms of these elements ________, ________ or ________ outer electrons to attain the
______________________________ and form _____________ or _____________.

5. Atoms ________ or ________ electrons to form substances with ionic bonding.

6. Atoms ________ electrons to form substances with covalent bonding.

6.2 Forming Ions

1. An atom ________ or ________ electrons to form ions. Ions are __________ particles
because they do not have equal numbers of __________ and __________.

2. Atoms ________ electrons to form positively-charged ions called __________.

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 Example: Formation of a sodium ion

sodium atom ______

_____ outer electron(s)

2, 8, 1 __________

Charge on sodium ion = ___p + ___e

= (____) + (____)
= _____

Example: Formation of a calcium ion

calcium atom ______

____ outer electron(s)

2, 8, 8, 2
__________

Charge on calcium ion = ___p + ___e

= (____) + (____)
= _____

3. Common cations and their charges:

Metallic Electronic Formula of Electronic
element configuration of atom cation configuration of cation
sodium 2, 8, 1
potassium 2, 8, 8, 1
calcium 2, 8, 8, 2
magnesium 2, 8, 2
aluminium 2, 8, 3

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4. Atoms ____________________ to form negatively-charged ions called __________.

Example: Formation of a chloride anion

chloride atom _____

_______ electron(s)

2, 8, 7 __________

Charge on chloride ion = ___p + ___e

= (____) + (____)
= ___

Example: Formation of an oxide ion

oxygen atom _____

______ electron(s)

2, 6 Charge on oxide ion __________

= ___p + ___e
= (___) + (___)
= ____

5. Common anions and their charges:

Non-metallic Electronic Formula Electronic
element configuration of atom of anion configuration of anion
chlorine 2, 8, 7
fluorine 2, 7
oxygen 2, 6
sulfur 2, 8, 6

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6.3 Ionic Bonds: Transferring Electrons
1. Ionic bonds occur between metals and non-metals.

Examples of metals: Examples of non-metals:

2. In the formation of an ionic bond, the metal atom __________ outer electrons to the non-
metal atom. __________ ions (cations) and __________ ions (anions) are formed.

3. The oppositely charged ions are held together by strong ______________________________

called ionic bonds.

4. We can show the formation of an ionic bond by a ____________________ diagram, where

 __________ (__) represent the electrons of _____ atom;
 __________ (__) represent the electrons of ________atom.

Steps Involved in the Formation of an Ionic Compound

Example: Sodium chloride

(a) The sodium atom loses ______ valence electron to the chlorine atom.
Na → __________ Cl + e− → _______

Na atom Cl atom Na+ ion Cl– ion

(______) (_______) (_______) (_______)

(b) The electronic configuration of Na+ is the same as that of the noble gas _____.

(c) The electronic configuration of Cl− is the same as that of the noble gas _____.

(d) Formula of compound formed: _______

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NOW TRY THESE ON YOUR OWN!

Ionic Bonding between Sodium and Sulfur

Na atom S atom ________ ________

(2, 8, 1) (2, 8, 6) ________ ________

Name of compound: __________________

Formula of compound: _________

Ionic Bonding between Magnesium and Oxygen

________ ________ ________ ________

________ ________ ________ ________

Name of compound: __________________

Formula of compound: _______

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Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds

1. Give the names of the following ionic compounds:

Chemical Chemical
Name Name
formula formula
NaCl ZnSO4
CaO KNO3
CO2 Li2CO3
Mg(OH)2 Na3PO4

2. When writing the chemical formula of an ionic compound, the positive charges must
__________ the negative charges.

3. The formula of an ionic compound is constructed by _____________ the charges on the

positive and negative ions. All the positive charges ____________________ all the
negative charges in an ionic compound.
 For example, magnesium forms Mg2+ ions with a charge of ____. Chlorine forms Cl–
ions with a charge of ____. There must be ____ Cl– ions to balance out the _____
positive charges of Mg2+. Hence, the chemical formula of magnesium chloride is
__________.

4. The chemical formula of an ionic compound can be deduced using the following steps:

(a) Write down the ions with the charges, e.g. Xm+Yn–.
Xm+ Yn–
(b) Move the values m and n diagonally (without the charges).
The chemical formula is ________.
Xn Ym
5. Write the chemical formulae of the following ionic compounds:
Chemical Chemical
Name Name
formula formula
Lead(II) bromide Silver sulfate
Copper(II) oxide Calcium nitrate
Iron(III) hydroxide Lithium hydride
Sodium hydrogen
Ammonium carbonate
carbonate

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6.4 Structure and Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds

Structure of Ionic Compounds

1. Ionic compounds form ___________________________ also known as crystal lattices.

2. In sodium chloride, millions of sodium ions and chloride ions are held together by ionic
bonds in a _________________ and __________ manner.

3. Each sodium ion is surrounded by ____________ ions. Cl−

4. Each chloride ion is surrounded by ____________ ions.

Na+
5. The ratio of sodium ions to chloride ions is _____.

6. Hence, the formula of sodium chloride is _______.

Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds

1. Ionic compounds have very high ______________________________ because a large

amount of energy is required to overcome the strong forces of attraction between ions in
the crystal lattice.

2. Ionic compounds are usually soluble in _________ but insoluble in

__________________.

3. Ionic compounds conduct electricity in the _________ and _________ states because the
ions are ___________________________ in these states.

4. Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid state because the ions are
____________________________________.

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6.5 Covalent Bond: Sharing Electrons
1. Covalent bonding involves the ___________________________ with no transfer or
movement of electrons between two atoms. _____________ are formed, not ions.

2. This type of bonding occurs when _____________ atoms join together so as to achieve
the stable electronic configuration of a ______________.

Molecules of Elements

1. Hydrogen
(a) Each hydrogen atom has ________________ in its outer shell. This means that each
hydrogen atom needs _____ additional electron to achieve a stable _________
configuration.
(b) By sharing electrons, each hydrogen atom has __________________ in its outer shell.
Thus, each atom achieves the stable _________ configuration.

(c) This shared pair of electrons forms a ___________________________. The hydrogen

molecule has two atoms and is _________.

H × H


2. Chlorine
(a) Each chlorine atom has _________ outer electrons. This means it is _____ electron
short from the stable noble gas structure. It achieves stability by ______________
electron with another chlorine atom.
(b) This shared pair of electrons forms a _________ covalent bond and is the reason why
the chlorine molecule has two atoms and is _________.
(c) The chemical formula of chlorine gas is ____.
(d) Complete the ‘dot and cross’ diagram of the chlorine gas molecule below.

× 

Cl Cl

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3. Oxygen

(a) If two pairs of electrons are shared in order to achieve the noble gas structure, then a
___________ covalent bond results. This occurs between atoms in oxygen gas.

(b) The chemical formula of oxygen gas is ____.

(c) Complete the ‘dot and cross’ diagram of an oxygen gas molecule below.

O O

4. Nitrogen
(a) If three pairs of electrons are shared in order to achieve the noble gas structure, then a
_________ covalent bond results. This occurs between atoms in nitrogen gas.
(b) The chemical formula of nitrogen gas is ____.
(c) Draw the ‘dot and cross’ diagram of a nitrogen gas molecule below.

Molecules of Compounds
1. When atoms of different elements are joined together by covalent bonding, a
____________ compound or ____________ compound is formed.

2. Water
(a) Water is made up of two elements — ___________ and ___________.
(b) In a water molecule, an oxygen atom shares _____ of its outer electrons with _____
hydrogen atoms. ______ single O–H bonds are formed.
(c) The chemical formula of water is ______.

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 (d) Draw the ‘dot and cross’ diagram of a water molecule below.

3. Methane
(a) Methane is made up of two elements — _________ and ___________.
(b) A carbon atom shares its ______ outer electrons with ______ hydrogen atoms. ______
______________ bonds are formed.
(c) The chemical formula of methane is _____.
(d) Draw the ‘dot and cross’ diagram of a methane molecule below.

4. Carbon dioxide
(a) Carbon dioxide is made up of two elements — carbon and oxygen.
(b) A carbon atom shares its ______ outer electrons with ______ oxygen atoms. _______
_____________ bonds are formed.
(c) The chemical formula of carbon dioxide is _____.
(d) Draw the ‘dot and cross’ diagram of a carbon dioxide molecule below.

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6.6 Structure and Properties of Covalent Substances

1. Most covalent substances exist as __________________.

2. Atoms in the molecules are held by ________________________.

3. Molecules are held together by weak __________________ forces of attraction.

Melting and Boiling Points

1. __________________ is required to overcome the weak intermolecular forces between
the molecules.

2. Thus, covalent substances have _________ melting and boiling points.

3. Covalent substances are usually _________ or ____________ liquids at room temperature

and pressure.

Electrical Conductivity
1. Most covalent substances _________ conduct electricity in _________ state.

2. This is because covalent substances have no ___________________________ in their

solid, liquid or gaseous states.
3. However, there are some exceptions:
 Solid carbon in the form of ____________ contains __________________.
 __________________, __________________ and ____________ form ions when
dissolved in water.

Solubility
1. Covalent substances are usually _____________ in water.

2. However, some covalent substances are _________ in water, for example alcohol and
sugar.

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3. Covalent compounds are usually soluble in __________________ such as _________,
______________ and _________.

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