1|Page POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

POWER
SYSTEMS
LABORATORY
REPORT
Submitted by:
RAJESH ROY
17-13-018
6th Semester
EE Dept
NIT SILCHAR
2|Page POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

CONTENTS
1. (a) Solution of Economic Load Dispatch problem neglecting both
transmission losses and generating limits. ------------------------ (3)

(b) Solution of Economic Load Dispatch problem considering

generating limits and neglecting transmission losses. ------------ (8)

2. Solution of Economic Load Dispatch problem considering both

transmission losses and generating limits. ---------------------- (15)
3|Page POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO.1 (a)

TITLE: Solution of Economic Load Dispatch problem neglecting both
transmission losses and generating limits.

OBJECTIVE: To solve economic load dispatch problem neglecting transmission

losses and generating limits using MATLAB.

APPARATUS /SYSTEM SPECIFICATION: <Give System specification>

THEORY: Economic Load Distribution in power system is conventionally done

using Economic Load Dispatch Solution. The Economic Load Dispatch problem is
more important for thermal generating units. The Economic Load Distribution is
done by measuring the incremental cost of each generator. To solve Economic
Load Dispatch problem by neglecting transmission losses, the load distribution
among the generators become optimum when they are loaded with equal
incremental cost.
Let there are ‘n’ number of generators present in the system. Each generator is
having a different cost function defined as,
F n=α n+ β n Pn + γ n P 2n[For all n= 1,2,3……,n]
The Economic Dispatch problem is defined as,
N
Min F t=∑ Fn
n =1
N

Subject to, P D=∑ Pn

n =1

Where F t=Total Fuel cost of all the generating units of the system.
F n= Fuel cost of the ‘nth’ generating units.
P D= Total demand of the System load.
Pn=Real power generating of the ‘nth’ generating unit.
Therefore the condition for optimum operating is,
(IC)1= (IC)2=…………………………….=(IC)n=Incremental Fuel Cost

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Read the generating limits, Real power demand i.e. PD cost coefficients of
all the generating units present in the power system.
Step 2: The value of the incremental fuel cost (λ) & the change in the value of the
incremental fuel cost i.e. Δλ is assumed in the range of 0.01.
Step 3: Read the Convergence criterion i.e Ɛ
Step 4: Calculate the real power generation of the generators for the system.
4|Page POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

Step 5: Check inequalities and take corrective actions.

N N
Step 6: Calculate ∑ Pn=PD and ∑ Pn - PD = ΔP.
n =1 n =1

Step 7: Check ΔP<Ɛ (Convergence Criterion) and if satisfies then ‘stop else’, then
change the value of λ i.e. increase or decrease the incremental fuel cost by Δλ.
Step 8: Go to Step 4.

SYSTEM INFORMATION:

Generator Data:
PD = 800 MW
Generator No α Β γ
1 510 7.2 0.00142
2 310 7.8 0.00194
5
3 18 7.9 0.00482
7

FLOWCHART: START
START

ASSUME A SUITABLE VALUE OF λ AND Δλ

SET n=1

SOLVE THE EQUATION FOR 𝑃n = (𝜆 – 𝑓n)/ 𝐹nn

No SET n = n+1

CHECK IF ALL THE BUSES HAVE BEEN

ACCOUNTEDFOR

Yes
CALCULATE ΔP = |∑Pn – PD|
PRINT
GENERATION AND
ITS COST
5|Page POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

IS ΔP> Ɛ Yes

No
END
ADJUST THE VALUE OF λ AND
CODE: EVALUATE λ = λ + Δλ

clc;
clear all;
close all;
Pd=800;
alpha=[510 310 18];
beta=[7.2 7.85 7.97];
gamma=[0.00142 0.00194 0.00482];
lambda=12;
deltaP=1;
iteration=0;
while(abs(deltaP)>0.001)
iteration=iteration+1
for i=1:3
P(i)=(lambda-beta(i))/(2*gamma(i))
end
Pg=sum(P)
deltaP=(Pd-Pg);
j=0;
for i=1:3
j=j+(1/(2*gamma(i)));
end
deltaLambda=deltaP/j;
lambda=lambda+(deltaLambda/2)
for i=1:3
FC(i)=alpha(i)+(beta(i)*P(i))+(gamma(i)*P(i)*P(i));
end
TFC(iteration)=sum(FC);
end
fprintf('The Generated Power are: ');
display(P);
fprintf('The value of Lambda is: ');
display(lambda);
fprintf('The number of Iterations is: ');
display(iteration);
fprintf('The Total Cost is: ');
display(TFC);
plot(TFC);
title('ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH NEGLECTING BOTH TRANSMISSION LOSSES
AND GENERATING LIMITS');
 6|Page POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

xlabel('ITERATIONS');
ylabel('TOTAL FUEL COST');
grid on

RESULTS:

The Generated Power are: P = 516.8362; 210.7770; 72.3874

The value of Lambda is: lambda =8.6678
The number of Iterations is: iteration = 23
The Total Cost is: TFC = 7281.50205579292

The values of Lambda, P1, P2, P3 and total fuel cost throughout the iterations are:

ITERATION LAMBDA P1(MW) P2(MW) P3(MW) TOTAL

COST(Rs/Hr)
1 10.3339069551451 1690.14084507042 1069.58762886598 418.049792531120 31853.2365075941
2 9.50086043271768 1103.48836448772 640.182204934309 245.218563811734 18576.9668667812
3 9.08433717150396 810.162124196365 425.479492968474 158.802949452041 12681.6320148688
4 8.87607554089710 663.499004050689 318.128136985556 115.595142272195 9919.66458103614
5 8.77194472559367 590.167443977851 264.452458994097 93.9912386822716 8585.10586215070
6 8.71987931794195 553.501663941432 237.614619998368 83.1892868873100 7929.43275221570
7 8.69384661411610 535.168773923223 224.195700500503 77.7883109898291 7604.49775962512
8 8.68083026220317 526.002328914118 217.486240751571 75.0878230410888 7442.75565392407
9 8.67432208624670 521.419106409565 214.131510877105 73.7375790667185 7362.06594872210
10 8.67106799826847 519.127495157289 212.454145939872 73.0624570795335 7321.76643303326
11 8.66944095427935 517.981689531151 211.615463471255 72.7248960859409 7301.62800941687
12 8.66862743228480 517.408786718082 211.196122236947 72.5561155891446 7291.56163116569
13 8.66822067128752 517.122335311548 210.986451619793 72.4717253407465 7286.52915042934
14 8.66801729078888 516.979109608280 210.881616311216 72.4295302165473 7284.01308715849
15 8.66791560053956 516.907496756647 210.829198656927 72.4084326544478 7282.75509979739
16 8.66786475541490 516.871690330830 210.802989829783 72.3978838733980 7282.12611718542
17 8.66783933285257 516.853787117921 210.789885416211 72.3926094828731 7281.81162864658
18 8.66782662157140 516.844835511467 210.783333209425 72.3899722876108 7281.65438506895
19 8.66782026593082 516.840359708240 210.780057106032 72.3886536899795 7281.57576345308
20 8.66781708811053 516.838121806627 210.778419054335 72.3879943911639 7281.53645268838
21 8.66781549920038 516.837002855820 210.777600028487 72.3876647417561 7281.51679731684
22 8.66781470474531 516.836443380417 210.777190515563 72.3874999170522 7281.50696963377
23 8.66781430751778 516.836163642715 210.776985759101 72.3874175047003 7281.50205579292
7|Page POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

GRAPH:

DISCUSSIONS:

The iterative method is used for solving economic load dispatch problems. In this
case, we considered no generating limits or transmission losses. The iteration
terminated after 23 counts for the initial assumption. The lambda after the iteration
came out to be Rs. 8.6678/MWh. The power generation for unit 1 is 516.8362
MW, for unit 2 is 210.7770 MW and for unit 3 is 72.3874 MW. The minimum fuel
cost came out to be Rs. 7281.50 per hour.
8|Page POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO.1 (b)

TITLE: Solution of Economic Load Dispatch problem considering generating
limits and neglecting transmission losses.

OBJECTIVE: To solve the economic load dispatch problem considering

generating limits and neglecting transmission losses using MATLAB.

APPARATUS /SYSTEM SPECIFICATION: <Give System specification>

THEORY: Economic Load Distribution in power system is conventionally done

using Economic Load Dispatch Solution. The Economic Load Dispatch problem is
more important for thermal generating units. The Economic Load Distribution is
done by measuring the incremental cost of each generator. To solve Economic
Load Dispatch problem by neglecting transmission losses, the load distribution
among the generators become optimum when they are loaded with equal
incremental cost.
Let there are ‘n’ number of generators present in the system. Each generator
is having a different cost function defined as,
F n=α n+ β n Pn + γ n P 2n [For all n= 1, 2, 3……, n]
The Economic Dispatch problem is defined as,
N

Min F t=∑ Fn
n =1
N

Subject to, P D=∑ Pn

n =1
Pn min ≤ Pn ≤ Pn max
Where F t=Total Fuel cost of all the generating units of the system.
F n= Fuel cost of the ‘nth’ generating units.
P D= Total demand of the System load.
Pn= Real power generating of the ‘nth’ generating unit.
Pn max =Maximum Real power generating limit of the ‘nth’ unit.
Pn min= Minimum Real power generating limit of the ‘nth’ unit.
Therefore the condition for optimum operating is,
(IC)1= (IC)2=…………………………….=(IC)n=Incremental Fuel Cost

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Read the generating limits, Real power demand i.ePD, cost coefficients of
all the generating units present in the power system.
9|Page POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

Step 2: The value of the incremental fuel cost (λ) & the change in the value of the
incremental fuel cost i.e. Δλ is assumed in the range of 0.01.
Step 3: Read the Convergence criterion i.e Ɛ.
Step 4: Calculate the real power generation of the generators of the system.
Step 5: Check inequalities and take corrective actions.
N N

Step 6: Calculate ∑ Pn=PD and ∑ Pn - PD = ΔP.

n =1 n =1

Step 7: Check if ΔP<Ɛ(Convergence Criterion) and if satisfies then ‘stop else’

change the value of λ i.e increase or decrease the incremental fuel cost by Δλ.
Step 8: Go to Step 4.

SYSTEM INFORMATION:

Generator Data:
PD = 800 MW
Generator No Pmax(MW) Pmin(MW) α β γ
1 500 150 510 7.2 0.00142
2 400 100 310 7.8 0.00194
5
3 200 50 18 7.9 0.00482
7
10 | P a g e POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

START
FLOWCHART:

Read 𝐹nn, 𝑓n, Pd,Ɛ

ASSUME A SUITABLE VALUE OF λ AND Δλ

SET n=1

SOLVE THE EQUATION FOR 𝑃n = (𝜆 – 𝑓n)/ 𝐹nn

No Yes
CHECK IF 𝑃n > 𝑃n, max SET 𝑃n=𝑃n, max

No
CHECK IF 𝑃n < 𝑃n, min Yes SET 𝑃n=𝑃n, min

No
SET n = n+1

CHECK IF ALL THE BUSES HAVE BEEN

No ACCOUNTEDFOR

Yes

CALCULATE ΔP = |∑Pn – PD|

Yes PRINT
IS ΔP> Ɛ
GENERATION AND
ITS COST
No
ADJUST THE VALUE
OF λ AND EVALUATE No Is ∑Pn > PD END
λ = λ + Δλ

ADJUST THE VALUE

Yes
OF λ AND EVALUATE
λ = λ - Δλ
11 | P a g e POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

CODE:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
Pd=800;
alpha=[510 310 18];
beta=[7.2 7.85 7.97];
gamma=[0.00142 0.00194 0.00482];
Pmax=[500 400 200];
Pmin=[150 100 50];
lambda=10;
deltaP=1;
iteration=0;
while abs(deltaP)>0.01
iteration=iteration+1;
for i=1:3
P(i)=(lambda-beta(i))/(2*gamma(i))
if(P(i)>Pmax(i))
P(i)=Pmax(i);
end
if(P(i)<Pmin(i))
P(i)=Pmin(i);
end
end
Pg=sum(P);
deltaP=Pd-Pg;
k=0;
for j=1:3
k=k+1/(2*gamma(j));
end
deltaLambda=deltaP/k;
lambda=lambda+(deltaLambda/2)
for i=1:3
FC(i)=alpha(i)+beta(i)*P(i)+gamma(i)*P(i)*P(i);
end
TFC(iteration)=sum(FC);
end
fprintf('The Generated Power are: ');
display(P);
fprintf('The value of Lambda is: ');
display(lambda);
fprintf('The number of Iterations is: ');
display(iteration);
fprintf('The Total Cost is: ');
display(TFC);
plot(TFC);
title('ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH CONSIDERING GENERATING LIMITS AND NEGLECTING
BOTH TRANSMISSION LOSSES ');
xlabel('ITERATIONS');
ylabel('TOTAL FUEL COST');
grid on
 12 | P a g e POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

RESULTS:

The Generated Power are: P = 500.0000; 222.7875; 77.2215

The value of Lambda is: lambda = 8.7144
The number of Iterations is: iteration = 39
The Total Cost is: TFC = 7282.37021190592

The values of Lambda, P1, P2, P3 and total fuel cost throughout the iterations are:

ITERATION LAMBDA P1(MW P2(MW) P3(MW) TOTAL

) COST(Rs/Hr)
1 9.78979204221636 500 400 200 10030.2000000000
2 9.58744928976523 500 400 188.775108113730 9919.70333142338
3 9.39981402582209 500 400 167.785196033738 9716.34003546784
4 9.22621198897060 500 399.436604593321 148.320957035486 9526.25729208949
5 9.09657936299364 500 354.693811590361 130.312446988651 8941.85359055567
6 8.99977970544091 500 321.283340977743 116.865079148718 8512.57039197061
7 8.92749717909610 500 296.334975629101 106.823620896360 8195.97618615816
8 8.87352215741855 500 277.705458529922 99.3254335161928 7961.77688987886
9 8.83321776972746 500 263.794370468697 93.7263648774425 7788.12655154152
10 8.80312155824546 500 253.406641682335 89.5454117974544 7659.14462109712
11 8.78064802626895 500 245.649886145737 86.4233981582427 7563.21378876949
12 8.76386652405890 500 239.857738729110 84.0921189075672 7491.79355739221
13 8.75133539113684 500 235.532609293530 82.3512991762342 7438.58149068199
14 8.74197810652996 500 232.302935860009 81.0513891220785 7398.91320599279
15 8.73499080731617 500 229.891264569576 80.0807164450162 7369.32900430262
16 8.72977323059877 500 228.090414256746 79.3558928751217 7347.25844233517
17 8.72587714629366 500 226.745677989375 78.8146504770513 7330.78935614893
18 8.72296785070786 500 225.741532549913 78.4104923541144 7318.49792884405
19 8.72079541291063 500 224.991714099963 78.1086982062091 7309.32321623561
20 8.71917320373882 500 224.431807451193 77.8833415882396 7302.47424297331
21 8.71796186291218 500 224.013712303819 77.7150626285079 7297.36106996053
22 8.71705732691042 500 223.701511059839 77.5894048664084 7293.54356664596
23 8.71638188911415 500 223.468383224335 77.4955733309564 7290.69329519250
24 8.71587752420691 500 223.294301318081 77.4255071695180 7288.56512494359
25 8.71550090335290 500 223.164310362605 77.3731871583930 7286.97607891175
26 8.71521967191582 500 223.067243132190 77.3341186050725 7285.78956172984
27 8.71500966994605 500 222.994760803047 77.3049452194838 7284.90359555066
28 8.71485285665460 500 222.940636584034 77.2831607827854 7284.24204291161
29 8.71473576057020 500 222.900220787267 77.2668938438379 7283.74805676605
30 8.71464832223602 500 222.870041384071 77.2547469471158 7283.37919176842
31 8.71458303002472 500 222.847505730932 77.2456765804996 7283.10375503959
32 8.71453427483176 500 222.830677841424 77.2389035295357 7282.89808191378
33 8.71449786820999 500 222.818112070041 77.2338459369046 7282.74450207443
13 | P a g e POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

34 8.71447068254980 500 222.808728920101 77.2300693163891 7282.62982104330

35 8.71445038239328 500 222.801722306649 77.2272492271574 7282.54418639728
36 8.71443522380042 500 222.796490307546 77.2251434017925 7282.48024121556
37 8.71442390453115 500 222.792583453715 77.2235709336530 7282.43249197765
38 8.71441545217296 500 222.789666116277 77.2223967355969 7282.39683657978
39 8.71440914060308 500 222.787487673444 77.2215199349547 7282.37021190592

GRAPH:

DISCUSSIONS:

The iterative method is used for solving economic load dispatch problems. In this
case, we considered generating limits but no transmission losses. The iteration
terminated after 39 counts for the initial assumption. The lambda after the iteration
came out to be Rs. 8.7144/MWh. The power generation for unit 1 is 500 MW, for
unit 2 is 222.7875 MW and for unit 3 is 77.2215 MW. The minimum fuel cost
came out to be Rs. 7282.37 per hour.
14 | P a g e POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO.2
TITLE: Solution of Economic Load Dispatch problem considering both
transmission losses and generating limits.

OBJECTIVE: To solve the economic load dispatch problem considering both

transmission losses and generating limits using MATLAB.

APPARATUS /SYSTEM SPECIFICATION: <Give System specification>

THEORY: Economic Load Distribution in power system is conventionally done

using Economic Load Dispatch Solution. The Economic Load Dispatch problem is
more important for thermal generating units. The Economic Load Distribution is
done by measuring the incremental cost of each generator. Economic Load
Dispatch for a practical power system attains economy when the products of
incremental cost and penalty factor of each generator are equal.
Let there are ‘n’ number of generators present in the system.Each generator is
having a different cost function defined as,
F n=α n+ β n Pn + γ n P 2n [For all n= 1, 2, 3……,n]
The Economic Dispatch problem is defined as,
N

Min F t=∑ Fn
n =1
N

Subject to, P D+PL=∑ Pn

n =1
Pn min ≤ Pn ≤ Pn max
Where F t=Total Fuel cost of all the generating units of the system.
F n= Fuel cost of the ‘nth’ generating units.
P D= Total demand of the System load.
Pn= Real power generating of the ‘nth’ generating unit.
Pn max =Maximum Real power generating limit of the ‘nth’ unit.
Pn min= Minimum Real power generating limit of the ‘nth’ unit.
PL= Real Power Loss due to transmission.
Therefore the condition for optimum operating is,
(IC*Penalty Factor)1= (IC* Penalty Factor)2= … =(IC* Penalty
Factor)n=Incremental Fuel Cost.
15 | P a g e POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Read the generating limits, Cost coefficients of all generating units and
Real power demand i.e PD and system loss coefficient of all the generating units
present in the power system.
Step 2: The value of the incremental fuel cost (λ) & the change in the value of the
incremental fuel cost i.eΔλ is assumed in the range of 0.01.
Step 3: Read the Convergence criterion i.e Ɛ.
Step 4: Calculate the real power generation of the generators of the system.
Step 5: Calculate the real power loss (PL).
Step 6: Check inequalities and take corrective actions.
N N
Step 7: Calculate ∑ Pn=PD-PL and ∑ Pn - PD- PL = ΔP.
n =1 n =1

Step 8: Check if ΔP<Ɛ(Convergence Criterion) and if satisfies then ‘stop else’

change the value of λ i.e increase or decrease the incremental fuel cost by Δλ.
Step 9: Go to Step 4.

SYSTEM INFORMATION:

Generator Data:
PD = 800 MW
Generator No Pmax(MW) Pmin(MW) α β γ
1 600 150 510 7.2 0.00142
2 400 100 310 7.8 0.00194
5
3 200 50 18 7.9 0.00482
7

Loss Coefficient Data:-

0.0218 0.0093 0.0028

[
B= 0.0093 0.0228 0.0017
0.0028 0.0031 0.0015 ]
B0=[ 0.0003 0.0031 0.0015 ]

B00 = 0.00030523
16 | P a g e POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

START
FLOWCHART:

Read 𝐹nn, 𝑓n, Pd,Ɛ

ASSUME A SUITABLE VALUE OF λ AND Δλ

DETERMINE 𝑃n CORRESPONDING TO λ

SET K=0

SET n=1

Solve for 𝑃n
𝑃n =
fn
1− −2 Σ m ≠n B mn Pm
λ
Fnn
+2B
CHECKλ IF 𝑃n >nn 𝑃n, max
Yes
SET 𝑃n=𝑃n, max

No
CHECK IF 𝑃n < 𝑃n, min Yes SET 𝑃n=𝑃n, min
No
n = n+1

CHECK IF ALL THE BUSES HAVE BEEN

No ACCOUNTEDFOR

No Yes
IS | 𝑃ik - 𝑃ik-1 | < Ɛ
17 | P a g e POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

K=K+1

CALCULATE 𝑃L=∑n∑m 𝑃n Bmn 𝑃m

2 AND ΔP = | 𝑃G - 𝑃L - 𝑃D |
1
2 1
Yes PRINT
IS Δ𝑃> Ɛ GENERATION AND
ITS COST
No
Δ𝑃𝑃= ∑ 𝑃G - 𝑃L - 𝑃D
END
ADJUST THE
VALUE OF λ AND No
EVALUATE λ = λ Is Δ𝑃𝑃>0
+ Δλ
Yes
ADJUST THE VALUE
OF λ AND EVALUATE
λ = λ - Δλ

CODE:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
alpha=[510 310 18];
beta=[7.2 7.85 7.97];
gamma=[0.00142 0.00194 0.00482];
Pmax=[500 400 200];
Pmin=[150 100 50];
B = [0.0218 0.0093 0.0028;
0.0093 0.0228 0.0017;
0.0028 0.0031 0.0015] * 0.01;
B0 = [0.0003 0.0031 0.0015];
B00 = 0.00030523;
lambda=14;
Pd=800;
P = [516.8359 210.7768 72.3873];
deltaP=1;
iteration=0;
while abs(deltaP)>0.00001
iteration=iteration+1;
for i = 1:3
BijPj = 0;
18 | P a g e POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

for j = 1:3
if j ~= i
BijPj = BijPj + B(i,j).*P(j);
end
end
P(i) = (lambda - 2.*lambda.*BijPj - lambda.*B0(i) - beta(i)) /
(2.*(gamma(i) + lambda.*B(i, i)))
end
for i = 1:3
if (P(i)>Pmax(i))
P(i) = Pmax(i);
end
if (P(i)<Pmin(i))
P(i) = Pmin(i);
end
end
for i = 1:3
FC(i) = alpha(i) + beta(i)*P(i) + gamma(i)*P(i)*P(i);
end
P_Tran = transpose(P);
Pl = P*B*P_Tran + B0*P_Tran + B00;
Pg = sum(P);
deltaP = abs(Pg - Pd - Pl);
j = 0;
for i = 1:3
j = j + (gamma(i) + B(i,i)*beta(i)) / (2*(gamma(i) +
lambda*B(i,i))^2);
end
deltaLambda = deltaP/j;
if(Pg>Pd + Pl)
lambda = lambda - deltaLambda
end
if(Pg<Pd + Pl)
lambda = lambda + deltaLambda
end
for i=1:3
FC(i)=alpha(i)+beta(i)*P(i)+gamma(i)*P(i)*P(i);
end
TFC(iteration) = sum(FC);
end
fprintf('The value of Lambda is: ');
disp(lambda);
fprintf('The Generated Power are: ');
disp(P);
fprintf('The number of Iterations is: ');
disp(iteration);
fprintf('The Power Lost is: ');
disp(Pl);
fprintf('The Total Generated power is: ');
disp(Pg);
fprintf('The Total costs is: ')
disp(TFC);
plot(TFC);
title('ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH CONSIDERING BOTH GENERATING LIMITS AND
TRANSMISSION LOSSES ');
xlabel('ITERATIONS');
ylabel('TOTAL FUEL COST');
19 | P a g e POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

grid on

RESULTS:

The value of Lambda is: 11.1522

The Generated Power are: 427.2084; 257.1718; 200.0000
The number of Iterations is: 40
The Power Lost is: 84.3802
The Total Generated power is: 884.3802
The Total costs is: 8106.96550663856

The values of Lambda, P1, P2, P3 and total fuel cost throughout the iterations are:

ITERATION LAMBDA P1(MW) P2(MW) P3(MW TOTAL

) COST(Rs/Hr)
1 13.341651519732 500 400 200 10030.2000000000
9
2 12.725095558868 500 394.18344757268 200 9975.57840870576
5 8
3 12.223320689408 500 360.92000428616 200 9665.73273766462
9 6
4 11.828253329173 497.24622185602 330.21541645021 200 9359.80612905773
4 3 0
5 11.580455959858 470.88664764789 304.64453913771 200 8901.55420164011
2 2 4
6 11.423095981093 455.19726594553 287.67823745830 200 8615.27695168390
7 7 9
7 11.323392473694 445.05019354201 276.64538527395 200 8430.55998431414
7 6 5
8 11.260321410497 438.53888285147 269.54947589524 200 8312.28698653887
8 6 1
9 11.220463713045 434.38646377277 265.01768070611 200 8236.96808448619
1 0 0
10 11.195291621319 431.74884552395 262.13642393829 200 8189.16872808108
1 6 2
11 11.179400541054 430.07763928515 260.30977731708 200 8158.90026597053
7 6 2
12 11.169371056818 429.02044130173 259.15381957754 200 8139.75954878507
4 2 3
13 11.163042056288 428.35233565546 258.42313040345 200 8127.66619549715
8 0 6
14 11.159048605032 427.93038897513 257.96159025414 200 8120.02967057408
2 4 8
15 11.156528989048 427.66401273527 257.67019125893 200 8115.20915341576
6 7 0
20 | P a g e POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

16 11.154939333205 427.49589124582 257.48626596569 200 8112.16689507844

5 8 3
17 11.153936425401 427.38979953608 257.37019706470 200 8110.24717305318
1 1 5
18 11.153303704671 427.32285798107 257.29695839621 200 8109.03589841937
6 9 5
19 11.152904533842 427.28062201199 257.25074865300 200 8108.27167044128
6 8 7
20 11.152652706545 427.25397480686 257.22159407058 200 8107.78951383187
8 2 4
21 11.152493835376 427.23716317588 257.20320043510 200 8107.48532464118
5 3 4
22 11.152393608015 427.22655694491 257.19159609559 200 8107.29341649388
4 8 4
23 11.152330377486 427.21986568459 257.18427513120 200 8107.17234573863
3 8 7
24 11.152290487222 427.21564432834 257.17965650284 200 8107.09596520373
9 2 7
25 11.152265321655 427.21298118624 257.17674272955 200 8107.04777878743
9 8 4
26 11.152249445463 427.21130108454 257.17490451056 200 8107.01737934572
2 6 9
27 11.152239429657 427.21024115717 257.17374483115 200 8106.99820122773
3 0 7
28 11.152233110991 427.20957248044 257.17301322365 200 8106.98610232500
7 1 8
29 11.152229124739 427.20915063240 257.17255167442 200 8106.97846949228
4 5 2
30 11.152226609935 427.20888450127 257.17226049698 200 8106.97365417007
1 3 1
31 11.152225023422 427.20871660725 257.17207680200 200 8106.97061633028
3 7 1
32 11.152224022540 427.20861068805 257.17196091445 200 8106.96869985015
2 7 2
33 11.152223391114 427.20854386688 257.17188780454 200 8106.96749080162
4 2 9
34 11.152222992767 427.20850171145 257.17184168175 200 8106.96672805002
4 3 5
35 11.152222741462 427.20847511688 257.17181258430 200 8106.96624685347
4 8 0
36 11.152222582921 427.20845833919 257.17179422761 200 8106.96594328136
9 4 0
37 11.152222482903 427.20844775466 257.17178264693 200 8106.96575176705
5 3 9
38 11.152222419805 427.20844107720 257.17177534104 200 8106.96563094656
0 8 9
39 11.152222379998 427.20843686460 257.17177073198 200 8106.96555472463
1 7 8
40 11.152222354885 427.20843420700 257.17176782427 200 8106.96550663856
1 6 4
21 | P a g e POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

GRAPH:

DISCUSSIONS:

The iterative method is used for solving economic load dispatch problems. In this
case, we considered both generating limits and transmission losses. The iteration
terminated after 40 counts for the initial assumption. The lambda after the iteration
came out to be Rs. 11.1522/MWh. The power generation for unit 1 is 427.2084
MW, for unit 2 is 257.1718 MW and for unit 3 is 200 MW. The power lost in
transmission is 84.3802 MW. The minimum fuel cost came out to be Rs. 8106.96
per hour.