International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 4 Issue 4, June 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Regenerative Braking and Controlling of

Hybrid Energy Storage System for an e-Vehicle
Mr. Niliket Deshmukh, Mr. Shreejit Thorat, Mr. Vishvanath Javanjal,
Ms. Nikita Chandurkar, Ms. Roshani Borakhade, Ms. Radhika Agnihotri
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Shri Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Engineering, Shegaon, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Mr. Niliket

Electrical vehicle with its high efficiency, noiseless operation and effective Deshmukh | Mr. Shreejit Thorat | Mr.
elimination of toxic exhaust gases have gained attention this decade. In earlier Vishvanath Javanjal | Ms. Nikita
times, when conventional vehicles were used a large amount of energy was Chandurkar | Ms. Roshani Borakhade | Ms.
wasted due to the friction between the wheels and brake pads. In regenerative Radhika Agnihotri "Regenerative Braking
braking instead of wasting the energy produced during braking, the excess and Controlling of Hybrid Energy Storage
energy is stored and reused with the help of ultra-capacitor based System for an e-
arrangement. Hence regenerative braking plays a vital role in electric vehicles. Vehicle" Published in
The motor is used as a generator to charge the vehicle's battery. However, the International Journal
regenerated energy is not fully returned to the battery. Regenerative braking of Trend in Scientific
refers to a system in which the kinetic energy of the vehicle is stored Research and
temporarily, as an accumulative energy, during deceleration, and is reused as Development (ijtsrd),
kinetic energy during acceleration it has an energy storage system comprise of ISSN: 2456-6470, IJTSRD31567
the ultra-capacitor module and a lead Acid battery connected through a PWM Volume-4 | Issue-4,
Controller to a PMDC motor. These kinds of brakes allow batteries to be used June 2020, pp.1463-1466, URL:
for longer periods of time without the need to be plugged into an external www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31567.pdf
charger. This allows efficient, high power transfer under regenerative braking
and acceleration. The ultra-capacitor voltage is a key control parameter that Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and
affects the efficiency of the overall system. International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development Journal. This
KEYWORDS: introduction, block diagram, construction, working, expt. model, is an Open Access article distributed
results, conclusion under the terms of
the Creative
Commons Attribution
License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by
/4.0)
INTRODUCTION:
Regenerative braking utilizes the kinetic energy generated power delivery capacities respectively. Due to today’s
by the motor during a brake process. Regenerative brake is requirement of maximum regenerative braking energy
an energy recovery mechanism which slows a vehicle by recapture, power batteries being a chemical energy
converting its kinetic energy into another form, which can be conversion process are not as dynamic enough for this
either used immediately or stored until needed. Thus, the purpose. In our project we are implementing battery-UC
generated electricity during the braking is fed back into the hybrid technique. Lead acid battery act as a primary source
supply system, whereas in battery electric vehicles, the for the system. Pulse width modulation controller is key
energy is stored in a battery. The presented RBS is composed element for variation of speed of motor. By adjusting the
of a ultra-capacitor module 500 fard,3v 6cells in series, Lead position, we can operate for motoring and braking mode. Use
acid battery pack 12 v,7.2 amp hour, PWM Controller 80 of pulse width modulator to control speed of motor has adv
watt and 2A IN5822 diode and 12v ,10 watt RS725 advantage in that power loss in switching transistor is small
Pemanent magnetr DC motor. Super capacitors on the other because the transistor is either fully on or fully off. An
hand remain the only viable alternative for a powerful yet electric machine is a key component of a hybrid energy
dynamic auxiliary source which is able to compliment the system. It performs electromechanical interconversion in the
already stable main energy source. In the above energy course of charge and discharge. When it operates in charge
management system battery is associated with high power mode, it works as a motor to accelerate the flywheel for
component like super capacitor. It is one of crucial task to converting electricity into mechanical energy. During the
improve both efficiency and performance of electric vehicle operation of discharge mode, it works as a generator to
regarding electric power density and energy capacity. decelerate the flywheel for converting mechanical energy
into electricity. Super capacitors also known as Electric
A. Block Diagram Double Layer Capacitors (EDLCs) or ultra capacitors, have a
Usually when two or more energy sources are involved in a high energy density when compared to conventional
hybrid energy storage system for an electric vehicle, these capacitors, typically thousands of times greater than a high
sources can be distinguished by their energy storage and capacitance electrolytic capacitor. In this project the ultra

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
capacitor act as auxiliary source in the system. Super CONSTANT SPEED:
capacitor captures the energy whatever it is wasted during In this mode of operation, to get the constant rated speed of
regenerative braking. motor, we gradually increase the speed of the motor by
increasing the terminal voltage of motor by PWM controller.
And hence, the rated speed of motor can be achieved and
motor rotates with constant speed. In this mode, the
terminal voltage of the motor is maintained constant at 12 v
however, the armature current must maintain its direction.

DEACCELEARTION AND BRAKING MODE:

In this mode of operation, as soon as the DPDT switch is
shifted to braking mode, the motor slows down and starts
acting as a genearator and back emf of motor, battery voltage
gets reduced. At the same time, the energy which get
produced during braking is get absorbed by the Super
capacitor, which is fed through the alternate unidirectional
circuit. And Hence, the Regenerative Braking takes place.
While during Braking, the energy absorbed by the Super
capacitor depends on the energy produced by motor during
braking, speed at which braking takes place, and moment of
inertia of motor. And therefore, the voltage of Super
capacitor increases above 12 volt and it gets charged. The
diode is used in braking circuit to avoid reverse current flow
while Motoring.
B. Construction Diagram and description
C. Principle and Methodology
Regenerative braking is an energy recovery mechanism that
slows down a moving vehicle or object by converting its
kinetic energy into a form that can be either used
immediately or stored until needed. In this mechanism, the
electric traction motor uses the vehicle's momentum to
recover energy that would otherwise be lost to the brake
discs as heat. This contrasts with conventional braking
systems, where the excess kinetic energy is converted to
unwanted and wasted heat due to friction in the brakes, or
with dynamic brakes, where the energy is recovered by
Figure Circuit diagram using electric motors as generators but is immediately
dissipated as heat in resistors. In addition to improving the
The most basic method of combining a super capacitor with overall efficiency of the vehicle, regeneration can
battery pack is a simple way of parallel configuration. In this significantly extend the life of the braking system as the
parallel topology Battery system, PMDC Motor, DPDT switch, mechanical parts will not wear out very quickly. Electric
DC ammeter, Digital Multimeters, Diodes and small flywheel motors, when used in reverse, function as generators and
is used. will then convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Vehicles propelled by electric motors use them as generators
Explaination in detail when using regenerative braking, braking by transferring
Modes of operation and control strategy of an Electrical mechanical energy from the wheels to an electrical load.
Drive. An Electrical Drive has different modes of operation,
which is given by D. Experimental Model and Observations

Starting and Acceleration mode; Here are some observations of our project which are

Constant speed considered before and after braking.

Deceleration or braking mode
Before braking:
STARTING AND ACCELERATION MODE:
During normal working condition, the DPDT switch is kept in
motoring mode. The speed of the dc motor is controlled by
armature voltage control method, which is directly
proportional to its terminal voltage. Controller will drive the
motor and control the power flow. During starting and
accelerating, motor will demand more current which will fed
through the hybrid source of energy. In this stage the
armature current flows through positive terminal of source
to negative terminal .Diode is used to avoid the reverse
current flow during breaking. Hence during normal driving
mode, the power will be delivered by both battery and super
capacitor.

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470

At initial condition: The super capacitor is in discharged After Braking:
mode. PWM controller is at minimum position. Switch is
kept in motoring mode. Motor is at rest.

At Running Condition: Now we gradually increase the
speed of motor by using PWM Controller up to rated
speed.

Following are the observations before braking:

Terminal Voltage (Vt) = 12.09 V
Motor Current (Ia) = 0.74 A
Capacitor Voltage (Vc) = 2.60 V

At Braking Condition: Switch is changed to braking mode. Due to regenerative braking, the wasted energy gets stored in the
super capacitor.
Following are the observations after braking;
Terminal Voltage (Vt) = decreases from 4 to 0
Motor Current (Ia) = decreases from 2.8 to 0
Capacitor Voltage (Vc) = 2.66

E. Numerical Equations
As per observations initially self discharge test of super capacitor was tested. The module of super capacitor was firstly charged
by the constant dc power supply and was tested under constant current rates, where the change in capacitance was found to be
decrease for increased charging rates. Further the testing of super capacitor module under the regenerative braking had been
done in main proposed system, in order to justify study analysis regarding super capacitor, we have studied technical terms in
detail. Moreover, energy consumed by the super capacitor module for a 20 min interval was calculated.

Power Supply Voltage Charging Discharging Watt hour efficiency Ampere hour efficiency
V0 V1 T sec I V0 V1 T sec I
12 21.65% 58.53%
3.7 10 20.5 1 10 3.7 20 0.7

Calculations for Ultra Capacitor- 500F, 3V (six cells are RESULT:

connected in series) 1X20.5X60As per observations initially self discharge test of
1. Ceq = 500/6 = 83.33F super capacitor was tested. Likewise, the charging current
2. Energy stored: E=1 CV2 and discharging current was monitored and effective value
2 was calculated. Moreover, energy consumed by the super
= (1/2)*500*9 capacitor module for a 20 min interval was calculated The
= 2250 = 2250/600 = 0.625-watt hr ampere-hour and watt-hour efficiency of super capacitor
was also calculated and found to be 58.53% and 21.65%. In
3. Minimum allowable energy: %d= (Vmin) X 100 the topology of the given hardware implemented system, it is
(Vmax) observed that motor stops running within a time, based on
=3.7 X 100 =37% super capacitor charging current .The operating
10 fundamentals of the proposed hybrid energy storage system
were explained in detail especially in two different operating
4. Ampere hour efficiency: modes .DPDT switch was used to change the operating
⋂ = dis current X time of dis modes and finally the braking current and braking time were
Charge current X time of charge noted. In this, motor initially powered by the battery to
operate drive system in driving mode. As soon as switching
= 0.6X20X60 = 58.53% takes place for braking mode which will further allow the
1X20.5X60 controller to operate motor for regenerative braking. From
this it is observed that super capacitor gives the better
5. Watt hour efficiency: performance for electric vehicle and its implementation in
⋂ = time of disXdis current X dis voltage regenerative braking will certainly be used to improve
energy recovery from the system. The control of vehicle
time of charge X charging current X charging voltage
speed during all modes of operation (motoring, constant
speed and braking) should be maintained for the proper EV
= 20X60X0.6 (3.7) = 21.6% operation. In this way, we can capture up to 8-25% of the
20.5X60X1 (10) energy otherwise wasted during braking.

= 0.6X20X60 = 58.53%

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
F. CONCLUSION: This acknowledgement would be incomplete without
In this paper, regenerative braking for hybrid energy storage expressing our special thanks to Prof. U. A. Jawadekar and
system for electric vehicle is mainly focused and hence the Dr. Mrs. A. U. Jawadekar for their support during the work.
given prototype is developed. Regenerative braking system Last but not least, we would like to thanks all the teaching,
were experimentally verified in the laboratory. Final reading non-teaching staff members of the Electrical Engineering
on dc motor had been taken on the given proposed system. Department, our family members and colleagues those who
Motor is tested on both motoring mode as well as braking helped us directly or indirectly for completing this task
mode. Finally, it is observed that energy produced during successfully.
braking operation in motor is get stored in super capacitor
successfully. Additionally, the stored energy is reused during REFERENCES
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