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Compressible and Incompressible Fluid

The document discusses various physical properties of fluids including viscosity, kinematic viscosity, vapor pressure, capillarity, and absolute and gauge pressure. Viscosity measures a fluid's resistance to flow and is generally higher for liquids than gases. Vapor pressure is the pressure at which a liquid will boil and increases with temperature. Capillarity describes how liquids rise or fall in narrow tubes depending on their adhesion and cohesion properties. Absolute pressure is referenced to a vacuum while gauge pressure measures differences relative to atmospheric pressure, allowing for both positive and negative readings.

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Avinash Garikapati
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83 views3 pages

Compressible and Incompressible Fluid

The document discusses various physical properties of fluids including viscosity, kinematic viscosity, vapor pressure, capillarity, and absolute and gauge pressure. Viscosity measures a fluid's resistance to flow and is generally higher for liquids than gases. Vapor pressure is the pressure at which a liquid will boil and increases with temperature. Capillarity describes how liquids rise or fall in narrow tubes depending on their adhesion and cohesion properties. Absolute pressure is referenced to a vacuum while gauge pressure measures differences relative to atmospheric pressure, allowing for both positive and negative readings.

Uploaded by

Avinash Garikapati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Compressible & incompressible fluids

Physical properties:
Viscosity:

The viscosity () of a fluid measures its resistance to flow under an applied shear stress.
Representative units for viscosity are kg/(m.sec), g/(cm.sec) (also known as poise designated by
P). The centipoise (cP), one hundredth of a poise, is also a convenient unit, since the viscosity of
water at room temperature is approximately 1 centipoise.

The kinematic viscosity () is the ratio of the viscosity to the density:  = /

and will be found to be important in cases in which significant viscous and gravitational forces
exist.

Viscosity of liquids:

Viscosity of liquids in general, decreases with increasing temperature.

The viscosities () of liquids generally vary approximately with absolute temperature T
according to:

ln  = a - b ln T

Viscosity of gases:

Viscosity of gases increases with increase in temperature.

The viscosity () of many gases is approximated by the formula:

n
 = o(T/To)

in which T is the absolute temperature, o is the viscosity at an absolute reference temperature


To, and n is an empirical exponent that best fits the experimental data.

The viscosity of an ideal gas is independent of pressure, but the viscosities of real gases and
liquids usually increase with pressure.

Viscosity of liquids are generally two orders of magnitude greater than gases at atmospheric
o -2
pressure. Few example, at 25 C, water = 1 centipoise and air = 1 x 10 centipoise.
Vapor pressure:

The pressure at which a liquid will boil is called its vapor pressure. This pressure is a function of
temperature (vapor pressure increases with temperature). In this context we usually think about the
o
temperature at which boiling occurs. For example, water boils at 100 C at sea-level atmospheric
pressure (1 atm abs). However, in terms of vapor pressure, we can say that by increasing the
o
temperature of water at sea level to 100 C, we increase the vapor pressure to the point at which it is
equal to the atmospheric pressure (1 atm abs), so that boiling occurs. It is easy to visualize that boiling
o
can also occur in water at temperatures much below 100 C if the pressure in the water is reduced to its
o
vapor pressure. For example, the vapor pressure of water at 10 C is 0.01 atm. Therefore, if the pressure
within water at that temperature is reduced to that value, the water boils. Such boiling often occurs in
flowing liquids, such as on the suction side of a pump. When such boiling does occur in the flowing
liquids, vapor bubbles start growing in local regions of very low pressure and then collapse in regions of
high downstream pressure. This phenomenon is called as cavitation.

Capillarity:

Rise or fall of a liquid in a capillary tube is caused by surface tension and depends on the relative
magnitude of cohesion of the liquid and the adhesion of the liquid to the walls of the containing
vessel.

Liquids rise in tubes if they wet (adhesion > cohesion) and fall in tubes that do not wet (cohesion
> adhesion).

Absolute and gauge pressure, vacuum:

In a region such as outer space, which is virtually void of gases, the pressure is essentially zero.
Such a condition can be approached very nearly in a laboratory when a vacuum pump is used to
evacuate a bottle. The pressure in a vacuum is called absolute zero, and all pressures refernced
with respect to these zero pressures are termed absolute pressures.

Many pressure-measuring devices measure not absolute pressure but only difference in pressure.
For example, a Bourdon-tube gage indicates only the difference between the pressure in the fluid
to which it is tapped and the pressure in the atmosphere. In this case, then, the reference pressure
is actually the atmospheric pressure. This type of pressure reading is called gage pressure. For
example, if a pressure of 50 kPa is measured with a gage referenced to the atmosphere and the
atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa, then the pressure can be expressed as either

p = 50 kPa gage or p = 150 kPa absolute.

Whenever atmospheric pressure is used as a reference, the possibility exists that the pressure thus
measured can be either positive or negative. Negative gage pressure are also termed as vacuum
pressures. Hence, if a gage tapped into a tank indicates a vacuum pressure of 31 kPa, this can
also be stated as 70 kPa absolute, or -31 kPa gage, assuming that the atmospheric pressure is 101
kPa absolute.

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