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: - -: What The Data Mining?: عوضوملا

Data mining is the process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods from machine learning, statistics, and database systems. It involves preprocessing data, applying data mining algorithms to extract patterns, and interpreting the results. Common data mining tasks include classification, regression, clustering, association rule learning, and anomaly detection. The goal is to extract useful information from data to aid in decision making.

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60 views

: - -: What The Data Mining?: عوضوملا

Data mining is the process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods from machine learning, statistics, and database systems. It involves preprocessing data, applying data mining algorithms to extract patterns, and interpreting the results. Common data mining tasks include classification, regression, clustering, association rule learning, and anomaly detection. The goal is to extract useful information from data to aid in decision making.

Uploaded by

QUSI E. ABD
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© © All Rights Reserved
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‫كلية المعارف الجامعة‬

‫قسم هندسة تقنيات الحاسوب‬

‫االسم ‪ :‬عبدهللا ذاكر حميد عبد‬

‫المرحلة و الفرع ‪ :‬الرابعة _ فرع االلكترونيك _ مسائي‬

‫الموضوع ‪What The Data Mining? :‬‬

‫أستاذ المادة‪ :‬أ‪ .‬أيمن جليل‬

‫‪Data mining‬‬
Data mining is a process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods
at the intersection of machine learning, statistics, and database systems.[1] Data mining
is an interdisciplinary subfield of computer science and statistics with an overall goal
to extract information (with intelligent methods) from a data set and transform the
information into a comprehensible structure for further use. [1][2][3][4] Data mining is the
analysis step of the "knowledge discovery in databases" process, or KDD. [5] Aside
from the raw analysis step, it also involves database and data
management aspects, data pre-processing, model and inference considerations,
interestingness metrics, complexity considerations, post-processing of discovered
structures, visualization, and online updating.[1]

The term "data mining" is a misnomer, because the goal is the extraction of patterns
and knowledge from large amounts of data, not the extraction (mining) of data itself.
[6]
 It also is a buzzword[7] and is frequently applied to any form of large-scale data
or information processing (collection, extraction, warehousing, analysis, and
statistics) as well as any application of computer decision support system,
including artificial intelligence (e.g., machine learning) and business intelligence. The
book Data mining: Practical machine learning tools and techniques with
Java[8] (which covers mostly machine learning material) was originally to be named
just Practical machine learning, and the term data mining was only added for
marketing reasons.[9] Often the more general terms (large scale) data
analysis and analytics – or, when referring to actual methods, artificial
intelligence and machine learning – are more appropriate.

The actual data mining task is the semi-automatic or automatic analysis of large
quantities of data to extract previously unknown, interesting patterns such as groups
of data records (cluster analysis), unusual records (anomaly detection), and
dependencies (association rule mining, sequential pattern mining). This usually
involves using database techniques such as spatial indices. These patterns can then be
seen as a kind of summary of the input data, and may be used in further analysis or,
for example, in machine learning and predictive analytics. For example, the data
mining step might identify multiple groups in the data, which can then be used to
obtain more accurate prediction results by a decision support system. Neither the data
collection, data preparation, nor result interpretation and reporting is part of the data
mining step, but do belong to the overall KDD process as additional steps.
The difference between data analysis and data mining is that data analysis is used to
test models and hypotheses on the dataset, e.g., analyzing the effectiveness of a
marketing campaign, regardless of the amount of data; in contrast, data mining uses
machine learning and statistical models to uncover clandestine or hidden patterns in a
large volume of data.[10]

The related terms data dredging, data fishing, and data snooping refer to the use of


data mining methods to sample parts of a larger population data set that are (or may
be) too small for reliable statistical inferences to be made about the validity of any
patterns discovered. These methods can, however, be used in creating new hypotheses
to test against the larger data populations.

Etymology

Background The manual extraction of patterns from data has occurred for centuries.


Early methods of identifying patterns in data include Bayes' theorem (1700s)
and regression analysis (1800s). The proliferation, ubiquity and increasing power of
computer technology have dramatically increased data collection, storage, and
manipulation ability. As data sets have grown in size and complexity, direct "hands-
on" data analysis has increasingly been augmented with indirect, automated data
processing, aided by other discoveries in computer science, specially in the field of
machine learning, such as neural networks, cluster analysis, genetic
algorithms (1950s), decision trees and decision rules (1960s), and support vector
machines (1990s). Data mining is the process of applying these methods with the
intention of uncovering hidden patterns[16] in large data sets. It bridges the gap
from applied statistics and artificial intelligence (which usually provide the
mathematical background) to database management by exploiting the way data is
stored and indexed in databases to execute the actual learning and discovery
algorithms more efficiently, allowing such methods to be applied to ever-larger data
sets.

Process

The knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) process is commonly defined with the


stages:

1. Selection
2. Pre-processing
3. Transformation
4. Data mining
5. Interpretation/evaluation.[5]

It exists, however, in many variations on this theme, such as the Cross-industry


standard process for data mining (CRISP-DM) which defines six phases:

1. Business understanding
2. Data understanding
3. Data preparation
4. Modeling
5. Evaluation
6. Deployment

or a simplified process such as (1) Pre-processing, (2) Data Mining, and (3) Results
Validation.

Polls conducted in 2002, 2004, 2007 and 2014 show that the CRISP-DM
methodology is the leading methodology used by data miners.[17] The only other data
mining standard named in these polls was SEMMA. However, 3–4 times as many
people reported using CRISP-DM. Several teams of researchers have published
reviews of data mining process models,[18] and Azevedo and Santos conducted a
comparison of CRISP-DM and SEMMA in 2008.[19]

Pre-processing[edit]

Before data mining algorithms can be used, a target data set must be assembled. As
data mining can only uncover patterns actually present in the data, the target data set
must be large enough to contain these patterns while remaining concise enough to be
mined within an acceptable time limit. A common source for data is a data
mart or data warehouse. Pre-processing is essential to analyze the multivariate data
sets before data mining. The target set is then cleaned. Data cleaning removes the
observations containing noise and those with missing data.

Data mining[edit]

Data mining involves six common classes of tasks:[5]


 Anomaly detection (outlier/change/deviation detection) – The identification of
unusual data records, that might be interesting or data errors that require further
investigation.
 Association rule learning (dependency modeling) – Searches for relationships
between variables. For example, a supermarket might gather data on customer
purchasing habits. Using association rule learning, the supermarket can determine
which products are frequently bought together and use this information for
marketing purposes. This is sometimes referred to as market basket analysis.
 Clustering – is the task of discovering groups and structures in the data that
are in some way or another "similar", without using known structures in the data.
 Classification – is the task of generalizing known structure to apply to new
data. For example, an e-mail program might attempt to classify an e-mail as
"legitimate" or as "spam".
 Regression – attempts to find a function that models the data with the least
error that is, for estimating the relationships among data or datasets.
 Summarization – providing a more compact representation of the data set,
including visualization and report generation.

Results validation

Data mining can unintentionally be misused, and can then produce results that appear
to be significant; but which do not actually predict future behavior and cannot
be reproduced on a new sample of data and bear little use. Often this results from
investigating too many hypotheses and not performing proper statistical hypothesis
testing. A simple version of this problem in machine learning is known as overfitting,
but the same problem can arise at different phases of the process and thus a train/test
split—when applicable at all—may not be sufficient to prevent this from happening.
[20]

References[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Data Mining Curriculum". ACM SIGKDD. 2006-04-30.


Retrieved 2014-01-27.
2. ^ Clifton, Christopher (2010). "Encyclopædia Britannica: Definition
of Data Mining". Retrieved 2010-12-09.
3. ^ Hastie, Trevor; Tibshirani, Robert; Friedman, Jerome (2009). "The
Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction".
Archived from the original on 2009-11-10. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
4. ^ Han, Kamber, Pei, Jaiwei, Micheline, Jian (June 9, 2011). Data
Mining: Concepts and Techniques (3rd ed.). Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-
0-12-381479-1.
5. ^ Jump up to:a b c
     Fayyad, Usama; Piatetsky-Shapiro, Gregory; Smyth,
Padhraic (1996). "From Data Mining to Knowledge Discovery in
Databases"  (PDF). Retrieved 17 December 2008.
6. ^ Han, Jiawei; Kamber, Micheline (2001). Data mining: concepts and
techniques. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-55860-489-6. Thus, data
mining should have been more appropriately named "knowledge mining from
data," which is unfortunately somewhat long
7. ^ OKAIRP 2005 Fall Conference, Arizona State
University Archived 2014-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
8. ^ Witten, Ian H.; Frank, Eibe; Hall, Mark A. (30 January 2011). Data
Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques (3 ed.).
Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-374856-0.
9. ^ Bouckaert, Remco R.; Frank, Eibe; Hall, Mark A.; Holmes,
Geoffrey; Pfahringer, Bernhard; Reutemann, Peter; Witten, Ian H. (2010).
"WEKA Experiences with a Java open-source project". Journal of Machine
Learning Research. 11: 2533–2541. the original title, "Practical machine
learning", was changed ... The term "data mining" was [added] primarily for
marketing reasons.
10. ^ Olson, D. L. (2007). Data mining in business services. Service
Business, 1(3), 181-193. doi:10.1007/s11628-006-0014-7

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