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What Are The Bases of Plastic Analysis of Beams and Frames?: 1. Material Behaviour

Plastic analysis is a method to calculate the actual failure load of a structure by considering the structure's behavior in its plastic range. It assumes an idealized elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain curve for structural materials like steel. The ultimate load capacity of the whole structure is used as the design criterion in plastic analysis and design. It provides a rapid and rational approach to analyze statically indeterminate frames by modeling the formation of plastic hinges at yield points. The basis of plastic analysis includes the ductile behavior and strain-hardening properties of materials, the moment-rotation response of cross-sections, and the modeling of plastic hinges at critical locations.

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39 views6 pages

What Are The Bases of Plastic Analysis of Beams and Frames?: 1. Material Behaviour

Plastic analysis is a method to calculate the actual failure load of a structure by considering the structure's behavior in its plastic range. It assumes an idealized elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain curve for structural materials like steel. The ultimate load capacity of the whole structure is used as the design criterion in plastic analysis and design. It provides a rapid and rational approach to analyze statically indeterminate frames by modeling the formation of plastic hinges at yield points. The basis of plastic analysis includes the ductile behavior and strain-hardening properties of materials, the moment-rotation response of cross-sections, and the modeling of plastic hinges at critical locations.

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Tapabrata2013
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© © All Rights Reserved
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PLASTIC ANALYSIS

Plastic analysis is the method through which the actual failure load of a structure is
calculated. This failure load can be significantly greater than the elastic load capacity.

In plastic analysis and design of a structure, the ultimate load of the structure as a
whole is regarded as the design criterion. The term plastic has occurred due to the fact
that the ultimate load is found from the strength of steel in the plastic range.

 This method is rapid and provides a rational approach for the analysis of the
structure. Plastic analysis and design have its main application in the analysis and
design of statically indeterminate frames.

Plastic analysis is based on the idealization of the stress-strain curve as elastic-


perfectly-plastic. It is further assumed that the width-thickness ratio of plate elements
is small so that local buckling does not occur- in other words, the sections are
classified as plastic.

What are the Bases of Plastic Analysis of Beams and


Frames?
1. Material Behaviour
The actual behaviour of ductile materials such as mild steel which is represented
through the stress-strain curve is shown in Fig.1. it is noted that the material can
sustain strains far in excess of the strain at which yield occurs before failure. This
property of the material is called its ductility.

However, an idealized stress-strain curve, which is shown in Fig. 1, is assumed and


used for plastic design. It can be seen that, once the yield has been reached it is taken
that an indefinite amount of strain can occur.
Due to the fact that so much post-yield strain is assumed, the actual material must be
capable of allowing such strains i.e. it should be adequately ductile for the idealized
stress-strain curve to be valid.

Fig. 1: Real and Idealized Stress- strain of Steel

2. Cross-Section Behaviour
2.1 Moment-Rotation Characteristics of General Cross Section

The moment-rotation characteristics of a general cross-section are described using an


arbitrary cross-section with a vertical plane of symmetry. As illustrated in Fig. 2, it is
assumed that the cross-section subjected to an increasing bending moment, and
variations of stress in this cross-section is presented below.

F
ig. 2: Distribution of Stress in the Cross- section of Steel

Elastic Behaviour
At stage 1, the applied moment causes stresses over the cross-section that are all less
than the yield stress of the material.
Yield Moment
In stage 2, the applied moment is adequately large for the material to reach its yield
point at the outermost fibres of the cross-section. All other stresses in the cross section
are less than the yield stress.

Elasto-Plastic Bending
In stage 3, the moment applied to the cross-section is increased beyond the yield
moment. The fibres at the yield stress developed inward to the center of the beam.
Since extra moment is being applied and no stress is bigger than the yield stress, extra
rotation of the section occurs and the moment-rotation curve losses its linearity.

Plastic Bending
In stage 4, the plastic moment capacity of the cross-section is reached because all
fibres in the cross-section are at yield stress. It can be seen that the full plastic moment
requires an infinite strain at the neutral axis which is practically impossible to achieve.

However, any attempt at increasing the moment at this point simply results in more
rotation, once the cross-section has sufficient ductility. Therefore in steel members,
the cross-section classification must be plastic and in concrete members, the section
must be under-reinforced.

Strain Hardening
Due to strain hardening of the material, a small amount of extra moment can be
sustained. Fig. 3 shows the moment-rotation curve of the cross-section of regular
elastic-plastic material, but it is simplified as shown in Fig. 4. With this idealized
moment-rotation curve, the cross-section linearly sustains moment up to the plastic
moment capacity of the section and then yields in rotation an indeterminate amount.
Fig. 3: Moment Rotation Curve

Fig. 4: Idealized Moment Rotation Curve used for Plastic Analysis and Design

This distribution of stresses can be used for other cross-section shapes to derive
equation for the calculation of elastic moment, elasto-plastic moment, and plastic
moment.

The shape factor of the cross-section shape shall be considered which the ratio of
plastic to elastic moment is and it is different for each shape. For example, the shape
factor for rectangular shape is 1.5, for circular shape is 1.698, for diamond is 2, and
ranges from 1.12 to 1.15 for steel I-beam.

3. Plastic Hinge
As the plastic moment capacity is reached, the section can rotate freely i.e. it behaves
like a hinge. This is termed a plastic hinge which is the basis for plastic analysis. At
the plastic hinge, stresses remain constant, but strains and rotations can increase.

Plastic hinge mechanism for different types of beams are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Plastic Hinge Mechanism for Different Types of Beams

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