Dental Histology 3.

Cap and bud stage tooth development

Development of Face and Oral Cavity 4. Hertwigs epithelial root sheath
1. Describe the development of face? 5. Bell stage of tooth development
Mention the congenital defects of oro- 6. Development of root
facial region 7. Apposition
2. Development of maxillary prominence 8. Cap stage of tooth development
3. Development of palate 9. Fate of dental lamina
4. Primary development 10. Stratum granulosum
5. Neural crest cells 11. Dental lamina
6. Development of tongue 12. Dental lamina and vestibular lamina
7. Bucco pharyngeal membrane
8. Hypobranchial eminence Enamel
Short essay
9. Tubeculum impar
1. Describe the physical and chemical
10. Meckel’s cartilage
properties of enamel
2. Describe the structure of enamel
Development and growth of teeth
3. Which are the hypocalcified areas of
1. Describe the stages of tooth
enamel
development and give note on life cycle
4. Freeway space
of ameloblast
5. Describe in detail about enamel organ
2. Enumerate the stages of tooth
6. Explain the life cycle of ameloblast
development and give note on life cycle
7. Amelogenesis
of ameloblast
8. Explain in detail about mineralization of
3. Describe the development of tooth in
enamel
detail
9. Clinical consideration of enamel
4. Describe the cap stage and bell stage of
10. Functions of reduced enamel epithelium
teeth in detail
11. Derivatives of neural crest cells
5. Draw a neat labelled diagram of tooth
12. Derivatives of dental papilla and dental
germ in bell stage and explain the role
sac
of each structure in detail Short answers
6. 1. Enamel rods
Short answers
2. Gnarled enamel
1. Dental formula for human dentition
3. Formative phase of ameloblast
2. Structures derived from dental papilla
4. Enamel lamellae 8. Write a note on primary,secondary and
5. Perikymata teritiary dentin
6. Dentinoenamel junction 9. What is osteodentin
7. Enamel tuft 10. Tomes granular layer
8. Enamel spindles 11. Denticles
9. Age changes of enamel 12. Describe the hypocalcified structures of
10. Nasmyths membrane dentin
11. Chemical composition of enamel 13. Note on histology of dentinal tubules
12. Hunter schreger bands 14. Write in detail the microscopic structures
13. Neonatal line of dentin
14. Pellicle 15. What are the age changes in dentin
15. Tomes process 16. Explain the structure of dentin
16. Enamel knot Short answers

17. Enamel cord 1. Dentinal tubules

18. Surface structure of enamel 2. Types of dentin

19. Incremental lines of enamel 3. Pre-dentin

20. Enamel cuticle 4. Circumpulpal dentin

21. Ameloblast 5. Secondary dentin

22. Enamel hypoplasia 6. Teritiary dentin

23. Enamel rods 7. Neonatal line

24. Enamel niche 8. Interglobular dentin

9. Tomes granular layer
10. Sclerotic dentin
Dentin
11. Dead tracts
1. What are the different types of dentin
12. Odontoblasts
2. Chemical composition of dentin
13. Incremental/structural lines in dentin
3. What are the physical and chemical
14. Intertubular dentin
properties of dentin
15. Hydrodynamic theory
4. Note on curvature of dentinal tubules
16. Tonofilaments
5. Explain about the incremental lines in
17. Reparative dentin
dentin
18. Curvatures in dentin
6. What are the types of theories of
19. Contour lines of owen
dentinal sensitivity?
20. Incremental lines of von-ebner
7. Explain dentinogenesis
 5. Acellular cementum
Pulp 6. Hypercementosis
1. Define pulp ?describe its functions 7. Cementocytes
2. Describe the microscopic structures of 8. Difference between cellular and
pulp acellular cementum
3. Histology of pulp 9. Intermediate cementum
Short answers
4. Describe briefly about pulp
1. Cellular cementum
5. What are the age changes in pulp
2. Cementicles
6. What are the different zones of pulp?
3. Types of cementum
7. What are the pulpal calcifications
4. Functions of cementum
8. What are cementicles
5. Cementoblasts
9. Clinical considerations of pulp
6. Intermediate cementum
10. Vonkorffs fibers
7. Acellular cementum
11. Apical foramen
Short answers 8. Age changes in cementum
1. Cellular elements of pulp 9. Incremental lines of salter
2. Undifferentiated mesenchmal cell 10. Functional repair vs anatomic repair
3. Defence cells of pulp 11. cementoid
4. Decalcifying agents 12. Histology of primary cementum
5. Accessory cannals 13. Cementoenamel junction
6. What are pulp stones 14. Cementocytes
7. Zones of pulp 15. Hypercemtosis
8. Plexus of rashkow

Periodontal ligament
Cementum 1. Describe In detail histology and
1. Describe the macroscopic and functions of pdl
microscopic appearance of cementum 2. Principal fibres of periodontal ligament
2. Cementogenesis 3. Cell rests of malassez
3. Types of cementoenamel junction 4. Which are the resorptive cells of PDL
4. Cellular cementum
5. Describe in detail structure of 4. apoptosis
periodontal ligament 5. Sharpeys fibers
6. pdl 6. Theories of calcification
Short answer 7. Alveolar bone proper
1. Periodontium 8. Regulation of serum calcium level
2. Fibronectin 9. Composition of bone
3. Sharpey fiber 10. Factors affecting calcium
4. Alveolar crest group of fibers 11. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
5. Oblique and apical group of PDL 12. Histology and functions of alveolar bone
6. Transeptal fibers 13. What are the types of bone
7. Bundle fibers of PDL 14. Howships lacunae
8. Age changes in PDL 15. Osteon
9. Birbeck granules 16. Cribriform plate
10. Principal fibers Short answers
11. Protective function of pdl 1. Osteoclasts
12. Odontoclasts 2. Lamina dura
13. Periodontal ligament traction 3. Alveolar bone proper
14. Intermediate plexus 4. Volkmans canal
15. Cell rests of malassez 5. Haversian system
16. Oxytalin fibers 6. Exocytosis
17. Fibroblasts 7. Osteoblasts
18. Periodontal ligament 8. Alveolar bone
19. Cells of PDL 9. Bundle bone
20. Mast cell 10. Spongy bone
11. Reversal line

Oral Mucous Membrane

Bone 1. Classify oral mucous membrane and
1. Define bone? Describe the structure of describe in detail about masticatory
alveolar bone mucosa?
2. Write about the age changes in alveolar 2. Describe the lining mucosa
bone 3. Write about the specialised mucosa of
3. Lamina limitans the oral cavity
4. Classify oral mucous membrane 14. Gingiva
?enumerate the histological differences 15. Vermillion zone of lip
between hard and softpalate? 16. Difference between masticatory and
5. Write the development structure and lining mucosa
different stages of dentogingival 17. Non-keratinocytes
junction? 18. Keratinocytes
6. Write briefly about epithelial attachment 19. Col
7. Age changes in oral mucosa 20. Melanocytes
8. Basement membrane 21. Circumvallate papillae
9. Lining mucosa 22. Dentogingival junction
10. Structure on dorsum of tongue 23. Changes in oral mucosa
11. Odland bodies 24. Langerhans cells
12. Classify oral mucous and describe 25. Junctional epithelium
keratinized mucosa? 26. Lamina propria
13. Define oral mucosa? Write in detail the 27. Taste buds
microscopic and macroscopic features 28. Keratohyalin granules
of gingiva? 29. Filiform papillae
14. Histology of orthokeratinised epithelium 30. Mucogingival groove
Short answers 31. Epithelial attachment
1. Circumvallate papillae 32. Reduced enamel epithelium
2. Macrophages 33. Clinical and microscopic features of
3. Free gingival groove palatal mucosa
4. Membranaperformatica 34. Stratum granulosum
5. Hemidesmosomes 35. Stratum basale
6. Gingival group of fibers 36. Uvula
7. Fungiform papillae 37. Rugae
8. Write briefly about the development of 38. Incisive papillae
three stages of dentogingival junction
9. Inner enamel epithelium
Salivary glands
10. Keratinized mucosa
1. Classify salivary glands and write about
11. Nonkeratinized mucosa
functions of saliva?
12. Specialized mucosa
13. Lining mucosa
2. Classify the salivary glands and 19. Stensons duct
enumerate the differences between the 20. Striated duct
serous and mucous acini
3. Write briefly about sublingual gland Tooth eruption
4. Functions of striated duct 1. Describe tooth eruption or describe in
5. Anti-microbial properties of saliva detail about pre-eruptive, eruption and
6. Histology of sub mandibular salivary post eruption tooth movements
gland 2. Mechanism of tooth eruption
7. Explain in detail about the composition 3. Root growth theory of eruption
of saliva 4. Describe briefly the theories of eruption
8. Describe briefly about ductal system of of teeth ?add a note on clinical
salivary glands? consideration related to tooth eruption
9. Classify salivary glands describe the 5. Theory of calcification of hard tissue
parotid gland briefly? Short answers
Short answers 1. Eruption dates of deciduous and
1. Composition of saliva permanent teeth
2. Ductal system of major salivary glands 2. Sequence of eruption of deciduous
3. Serous cell 3. Sequence of maxillary teeth eruption
4. Intercalated duct 4. Seeding theory
5. Von-ebner glands 5. booster mechanism
6. Salivary enzymes 6. Matrix negative vesicle theory
7. Whartons duct 7. Theories of calcification
8. Intercalated duct 8. Active and passive eruption of teeth
9. Ptyalin 9. Theories of eruption
10. Glands of bladin and nuhn 10. PDL traction theory
11. Serous demilunes 11. Succadeneous teeth
12. Basket cell 12. Super numerary teeth
13. Buffering of saliva
14. Striated ducts Shedding Of Deciduous Teeth
15. Histology of mucous salivary glands 1. Write briefly about shedding of
16. Histology of minor salivary gland deciduous teeth
17. Serous and mucous cell Short answers
18. Myoepithelial cell • Osteoclasts
• osteoblasts 4. Maxillary sinus
• Odontoclasts 5. Lining of maxillary sinus
• Shedding of deciduous teeth 6. Function of maxillary antrum
• Clinical consideration of shedding
• Gubercunacular cord aur canal Histo chemistry of oral tissue
1. Describe the stages of tissue processing
Temopromandibular joint and write about fixation
1. Enumerate the ligaments of TMJ and 2. Fixation procedures and fixation
their functions 3. Alkaline phosphatise/Robinsons alkaline
2. Write briefly about TMJ phosphatase
3. Articular capsule 4. Fixation of tissues
4. Articular disc 5. Frequently studied important enzymes
5. Lateral pterygoid 6. Acid phosphatase
6. Medial pterygoid 7. Preparation of ground section of tooth
7. Anterior belly of digastric 8. Microtome
8. Functions of TMJ Short answers

9. Masseter 1. Stages in soft tissue processing

10. Mastication 2. Decalcification

Short answers 3. Xylene
1. Histology of TMJ 4. Toulidin blue
2. Genial tubercle 5. Hematoxylin and eosin
3. Exocytosis 6. Ground substance
4. Movement of tmj
5. Bony components of tmj Miscellaneous
6. Mandibular symphasis 1. Leeway space
2. Deglutition
Maxillary sinus 3. Stages of deglutition
1. Explain in detail about maxillary sinus 4. Oral phase of deglutition
2. Boundaries of maxillary sinus 5. Infantile swallowing
Short answers 6. Mechanism of deglutition
1. Goblet cells 7. Overjet and over bite
2. Functions of maxillary sinus 8. Centric occlusion
3. Anomalies of maxillary sinus 9. Factors affecting calcium metabolism
 Bio chemistry
15. Composition and functions of two
CARBOHYDRATES homopolysaccharides
Long Essay_
16. Name the components of starch
1. Name the mucopolysaccharides and their
17. Explain digestions and absorption of diff
what is their significance
dietary carbohydrate
Short Essays
18. How does starch differ from glycogen?
1. What are homopolysaccharides example
19. Name three
composition and function
glycosaminoglycan’s(mucopolysaccharides)
2. Describe the Structure and biomedical
and mention their significance
importance of disaccharides
20. List four examples of mucopolysacchrides
3. What are Polysaccharides
4. Classify carbohydrates LIPIDS
Long Essay
5. Mutarotation
1. What are compound lipids?Give examples
Short Answers along with theirfunctions
1. Name any two disaccharides and their Short Essays
composition 1. Classify lipids with suitable examples
2. Hetropoly saccharides example composition 2. Describe in detail about Essential fatty acids
and function and its function
3. Name disaccharides and their sources 3. Explain essential fatty acids Give examples
4. Why sucrose is a nonreducing sugar? and write their functions What is their
5. What are epimers. dietary importance?
6. Sphingomyelins. 4. Explain phospholipids Mention their
7. Why sucrose is called an invert sugar? functions Phospholipids structures and
8. Name the mucopolysaccharides Mention functions
the importance of hyaluronic acid 5. Add a note on cholesterol which is regarded
9. What is milk sugar as Good cholesterol
Short Answers
10. Lactose
1. Essential fatty acids(unsaturated fatty acids)
11. What is cane sugar? Mention its
2. What are essential fatty acids?Give
composition
examples
12. What are anomers?Describe with examples
3. Name four functions of lipids
13. What is mutarotation?
4. In which form fats are stored in body?
14. What are polysaccharides?Where are they
Where is it stored?
stored in the body?
 Short Answers
5. What are lecithins?Mention the
1. Classify amino acids based on nutritional
physiological importance of it List two
importance and givetwo examples for each
functions of phospholipids and give two
2. Name the sulphur containing amino acids
examples of phospholipids
3. Name essential amino acids
6. Why vegetable fats can be preserved for
4. Dietary sources of essential amino acids
longer period than animal fats?
5. Primary structure of protein
7. Compounds derived from cholesterol
6. Which are the general tests for protein
8. Good cholesterol
7. Describe in detail about Denaturation of
9. Normal serum cholesterol level value
proteins
10. Clinical manifestations of
8. Define creatine clearance test?
hypercholesterolemia
9. What are zwitterions?
11. Function of cholesterol
10. Name three conjugated proteins and their
12. Describe in detail about the Structure of
significance
cholesterol
11. Name any four conjugated proteins
13. Write biological importance of cholesterol
12. Kwashirkor and marasmus
PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS
13. Name some biologically active peptides
Short Essays
1. What are semiessential amino acids .give NUCLEIC ACID
1.Nucleotides and their function’s
example
Transfer RNA
2. Classify amino acids with example Short Answers
3. Name essential amino acids and discuss 1. What are nucleosides and nucleotides?
their functions Give examples of each one
4. Enzyme of lipid digestion 2. Describe in detail about Pyrimidine bases
5. Primary and secondary structure of proteins 3. Describe DNA structure
6. Describe in detail about Denaturation of 4. Three differences between DNA and RNA
proteins 5. Name different types of RNA and their
7. Classify proteins based on functions with functions
two examples for each. Add a note on 6. Watson and crick model of DNA structure .
isoelectric pH of proteins 7. Types of Rna .
8. Classify proteins based on their structure 8. Transfer rna
9. Digestion and absorption of dietary protein 9. T rna
10. What are conjugated proteins? Give three 10. Structure and functions of mRNA
ENZYMES
examples Short Essays
1. Classification of enzymes with one example 16. What is SGOT.What is normal range and
for each class clinical imp
2. Name four factors which affect an enzyme 17. SGPT same
catalyzed reaction Discuss any one in detail 18. Describe about Isoenzymes
3. Describe the competitive inhibition of 19. Explain isoenzymes Name them(any
enzymes with examplesand its clinical three)and give their clinical importance
significance 20. Enzyme changes in liver disease
Short Answers
4. Discuss enzyme specificity Describe
1. Describe the term Km and Vmax
mechanism-of enzyme action in detail
2. Enzymes lose their biological activity on
5. Describe enzyme inhibition in detail
boiling Explain
6. Different types of enzyme inhibition and
3. What are proenzymes?Give two examples
their significance
Mention their significance
7. Competitive inhibition and non-competitive
4. Metallic enzymes
inhibition
5. What is the Significance of alkaline
8. Explain competitive inhibition? How
phosphatase and acid phosphatase
competitive inhibitors are used as
6. Discuss the clinical importance of alkaline
pharmacological agents? Give two
phosphatase
examples
7. Discuss the clinical importance of acid
9. Features and examples for competitive and
phosphatase with its normal ranges
feedback inhibition Clinically important
8. What are isoenzymes?Explain with
enzymes and its significance
examples
10. Discuss about the clinical importance of
9. LDH isoenzyme
enzymes with their normal values and
10. Name two clinically important
clinical significance
transaminases or amino transferases
11. Name five clinically important enzymes in
11. CPK(creatinine phosphokinase)
plasma
12. Alkaline phosphatase
12. Indicate their normal values and clinical
13. Significance of estimation of alkaline
significance
phosphatase in blood
13. Clinically important transaminases
VITAMINS
14. Enzyme specific type and explain Long Essays
mechanism of enzyme action 1. Describe the formation of active form of
15. Enzyme changes in liver disease vitamin D Describe its
biochemical(metabolic)functions,sources,
 daily requirement and deficiency 4. What are the Functions of vitamin A
manifestations of vitamin D 5. describe the features of vitamin A deficiency
Short Essays
6. which all are the active forms of vitamin D?
1. Vitamin A deficiency
7. what are the Deficiency manifestations of
2. Write the sources,requirement,functions and
vitamin D
deficiencymanifestations of vitamin D
8. Enumerate the two biochemical functions of
3. Mechanism of action of vitamin D
vitamin C Write a short note on scurvy
4. Vitamin D deficiency
9. Write two reactions in which niacin in used
5. Vitamin K
as a coenzyme What are the features of
6. What role does the vitamin K takes part in
niacin deficiency?
coagulation of blood?
10. Coenzyme functions of pyridoxine~
7. Give a note on Ascorbic acid
11. Pellagra
8. Diff types and features of beriberi
12. What are the diseases caused by deficiency
9. Coenzyme of riboflavin and niacin
of a Niacin b Vitamin B (Cobalamin)
10. Disease caused by dificiency of vitb12and
13. Functions of cyanocobalamin
niacin
14. Pernicious anaemia
11. Write the sources,daily requirement and
15. Ascorbic acid deficiency
functions of vitamin K
16. describe the role of thiamine
12. Describe the functions of vitamin A
17. what are the Coenzymes of riboflavin and
13. Provitamins
niacin
14. Visual cycle(rhodopsin cycle)
18. Coenzymes of niacin and pyridoxine
15. Describe the role of vitamin A in visual cycle
19. Coenzyme forms and deficiency of niacin
16. Ascorbic acid-functions
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
17. Functions and deficiency of ascorbic
Short Essays
acid(vitamin C)
1. Describe the digestion and absorption of
18. Write in detail about Thiamine and its
dietary protein
deficiency manifestation
2. Digestion and absorption of triacylglycerols
19. Biological functions of pyridoxine Short Answers
Short Answers
1. Pancreatic hormones
1. What are fat soluble vitamins?
2. Name the vitamins necessary for PLASMA PROTEINS
neurological functions Short Essays
3. Name hemopoietic vitamins 1. What are Plasma proteins and its functions
2. What are the Functions of albumin
3. Explain separation of plasma protein by 2. Explain the steps of glycolysis in an actively
electrophoresis exercising muscle Add a note on energetics
4. Diff type immunoglobulin and it’s functions 3. Describe the anaerobic glycolysis in muscle
5. Write in brief about immunoglobulin and compare the energetics
Short Answers
4. Write the reactions of the citric acid cycle
1. Mention four functions of plasma proteins
how is pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA?
2. What is ceruloplasmin?
5. Outline the steps of TCA(citric acid)cycle
HEMOGLOBIN AND PORPHYRINS and compute the energetics
Short Essay
6. Describe the pathway by which glycogen is
1. Write briefly on the structure and function of
synthesized and broken down in the body
haemoglobin
Add a note on the regulation ofthese
2. Name one abnormal Hb
Short Answer pathways

1. What is jaundice? What are the different 7. Describe glycogen synthesis in liver and its

types? hormonal regulation Describe

glycogenolysis,role of hormones in
BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION
Short Essays glycogenolysis and functional significance of

• Respiratory chain glycogen

• Oxidative phosphorylation 8. Describe glycogenesis and factor

Short Answers influencing blood sugar level
1. Vander bergh test 9. Functional significance of glycogen
2. Oxidative deamination 10. How Glyco gen synthesized in the body
3. Electron transport chain 11. Von geks disease
4. What is meant by substrate level 12. Glycogen storage disease
phosphorylation and give one example 13. How many ATP molecules are produced in
5. Describe about oxidative phosphorylation aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis
and give one example 14. Key enzyme of gluconeogenesis
6. Name the various ATP sites in the 15. Cori cycle
respiratory chain 16. Describe the breakdown of glycogen in the

METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES body (glycogenolysis)

Long Essays 17. Explain gluconeogenesis and describe its
1. Explain glycolysis Describe the steps of pathway
glycolysis and its energetics Mention its
significance
18. Describe the hexose monophosphate 1. Describe beta-oxidation of fatty acid
shunt(pentose phosphate)pathway What is 2. Name the ketone bodies How are they
the significance of this pathway? formed? Mention two causes of ketosis
3. Ketone bodies
Short Essays
4. Briefly give the pathway of ketogenesis How
1. How is glycogen synthesized in the body?
is the presence ofketone bodies in urine
2. Describe glycogenolysis and glycogenesis
detected?
3. Give an account of glycogen storage
5. Compounds of biochemical importance
diseases
derived from the
4. Significance of hexose monophosphate
6. cholesterol
shunt
Short Answers 7. Cholesterol degradation
1. Significance of glycolysis 8. Lipoproteins and its functions
2. How many ATP molecules are produced in 9. Name the plasma lipoproteins Describe the
a Aerobic glycolysis
b Anaerobic glycolysis functions of LDL

• Explain gluconeogenesis?Name few 10. and HDL in cholesterol transport

gluconeogenic substances Name the key 11. Write the normal plasma cholesterol level

enzymes of gluconeogenesis and add a note on

Atherosclerosis
• What is galactosemia?
Short Answers
• What is the defect in galactosemia?
1. Name ketone bodies and two conditions in
• What is the significance of HMP shunt
which they are
pathway?
2. excreted
3. Name the ketone bodies Mention the tests
used for detection of ketone bodies
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
4. What is ketosis? List two causes of ketosis
Long Essays
5. Compounds derived from cholesterol
1. (Describe the beta-oxidation of fatty
6. What is the normal serum cholesterol
acids(palmitic acid)and its energetics
value?Write clinical
2. Give an account of beta-oxidation of fatty
7. manifestation of hypercholesterolemia?
acids and give the energetics on oxidation
8. Bile salts
of one molecule of palmitic acid
9. Bile acids
3. Explain lipoproteins Classify lipoproteins
10. Functions of bile salts
and describe their functions
Short Essays 11. Bile pigment-formation
12. Classify lipoproteins and describe the 5. Where is urea synthesized?What is meant
function of any two by uremia?
13. lipoproteins 6. Hyperammonemia type I
14. What are the various fractions of plasma 7. Name the inborn errors of metabolism in
lipoproteins? phenylalanine pathwayand mention the
15. IDL enzyme which is missing in each case
16. Fatty liver 8. Describe phenylketonuria
17. What is fatty liver and give example for 9. What is alkaptonuria?
lipotropic substances 10. What is albinism?
11. Tryptophan is necessary in our diet
METABOLISM OF AMINO ACIDS
Long assays Otherwise it will lead to
1. Describe urea cycle Discuss clinical 12. deficiency manifestation Describe
significance of blood urea level 13. Active methionine
2. Describe urea cycle and mention inborn 14. Sulphur containing amino acids
errors associated in the cycle 15. Whats is S-adenosyl methionine ?how is it
3. Describe urea cycle Name two conditions formed and what is its importance?
Short Answer
that change blood and urine urea levels
1. Describe the protein sparing action of
Short Essays
carbohydrates
1. Synthesis of urea in the human body
2. Describe the urea cycle
3. How is creatin-P synthesized? MINERAL METABOLISM
4. Substances formed from tyrosine
Long Essays
5. What is phenylketonuria and albinism?
1. Write about dietary sources,factors
Short Answers influencing absorption,biochemical functions
1. Transamination and daily requirement of calcium
2. Give the enzyme and cofactors necessary 2. Discuss the functions of calcium in human
for transamination reaction body Describe the homeostasis of blood
3. Give one example each for transamination calcium
and deamination ofamino acids 3. What is the normal serum calcium
4. Write the reactions by which ammonia is level?Add a note on its regulation
Short Essays
formed
1. Describe calcium metabolism with
regulation
2. What is the normal serum calcium
level?Describe the hormonal regulation of WATER,ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE
serum calcium level BALANCE
Short Essays
3. Functions of calcium
1. What is the normal pH of the
4. Regulation of serum calcium
blood?Describe the various mechanisms by
5. Calcium and phosphorus in the body
which it is regulated
6. Absorption and functions of iron
2. Describe the role of kidney in acid-base
balance
Short Answers
3. Describe creatinine clearance test
7. Name two trace elements and their
Metabolic acidosis
biological role Short Answers
8. What is the normal serum calcium level? 1. Buffer systems in the blood
List two functions of calcium 2. Describe acidosis
9. Four functions of calcium 3. Metabolic acidosis
NUTRITION
10. Hormones involved in calcium homeostasis
11. Name the hormones which regulate serum Short Essays
calcium level 1. Write the nutritional importance of dietary
12. Potassium balance fiber Describe brieflyabout balanced diet
13. Sources and absorption of iron 2. Balanced diet
14. Transferrin 3. Explain basal metabolic rate(BMR) List any
15. Importance of iodine four factors affecting BMR
16. What are the functions of iodine and fluorine
in humans?
Short Answers
17. Describe the functions and deficiency of
1. What is calorie?Mention the calorific value
fluorine
of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
18. Write a brief note on importance of fluorine
2. What is balanced diet?
in nutrition
3. Explain BMR(basal metabolic rate)
19. Fluorosis
4. Explain SDA and its importance
20. Dental fluorosis
5. Discuss the nutritional importance of dietary
21. What is the importance of fluoride in
fiber
dentistry?
22. Role of fluoride in prevention of dental Insulin, Glucose Homeostasis, and Diabetes
Mellitus
caries Long Essay
 miscellaneous
1. Describe the regulation of blood glucose
short essay
Add a note on disorders of blood glucose
1. Pathological constituents of urine How will
regulation
you detect
2. What is normal fasting blood glucose
2. (biochemical test)blood in the urine?
Short Answers
Short Essays
1. Significance of blood urea estimation
1. Regulation of blood glucose
2. Name three antioxidants
2. GTT
3. Lactosuria
3. Oral glucose tolerance test
4. Hydrolysis of starch in the laboratory
4. Describe glucose tolerance test with
5. What will be the findings in FTM in a case of
reference to normal and
duodenal ulcer? What are abnormal
5. mild glucose tolerance test curves
Short Answers constituents of urine?How will you
1. What are the hormones which increases the detectblood in the urine?
blood sugar level? What is 6. What is the normal serum level of
glycosuria?Mention the normal renal UreaGlucoseCholesteroI
threshold for glucose 7. Give the normal values of the following a
Blood ureaSerum cholesterolSerum
calciumSerum alkaline phosphatase
8. Write the normal range of
Blood urea
Blood sugar
Serum Calcium
 Physiology Question Bank 4. Significance of ESR and normal values
General Physiology for male and female
1. Components of cell 5. Function of lymphocytes
2. Types of active transport with example 6. Define homeostasis explain with
3. What is meant by active transport and example
passive transport across the cell 7. Give the normal concentration of
membrane? Give one example for fibrinogen in blood and role played by it
each? 8. Composition origin circulation function
4. Example of +ve and-ve feed back of lymph
mechanism 9. List two features of RBC in iron
deficiency anemia
Blood and Body Fluids
10. What meant by aplastic anemia
1. Which are the sites of erythropoiesis in
11. List effects of anemia
an infant and adult? Which are the
12. Hemophilia
different stages of erythropoiesis? List
13. Define Landsteiner law
the various changes occurring at
14. Mention the antigen present in ABO
different stages of erythropoiesis?
and Rh blood group
2. Discuss in detail physiology of clotting?
15. Agranulocytes
3. Write a note on mechanism of
16. Cross matching and their types
coagulation of blood? Add a note on
17. Lysosome
anti-coagulants?
18. Classify white blood corpuscles and
4. Define blood coagulation? Describe the
state their functions briefly
intrinsic mechanism of blood
19. classify wbc
coagulation
20. Classify and name the different
5. Mention the clotting factors in proper
leukocytes? Give two physiological
order? Explain the intrinsic mechanism
variation in their number?
of blood clotting? Add a note on
21. Classify leukocytes and describe their
haemophilia?
function
Short essays
1. Define erythrocyte sedimentation rate? 22. Give the normal percent of lymphocytes
in differential leukocyte count? Explain
Write its significance?
2. Factors for erythropoiesis the role of lymphocytes in immunity?

3. Normal platelets counts and function

23. What is the normal percentage of 39. Describe the measurement of blood
neutrophils in differential count? Discuss volume
its function 40. Composition, circulation and functions of
24. Name the three chief plasma lymph
proteins?give function of each? 41. Mention the various blood groups
25. Name the plasma proteins and describe systems and the basis of the
their functions? classification
26. Mention the sites of red blood 42. Blood groups
corpuscles (RBC) formation in infants 43. Describe the ABO blood groups what is
and adults? Explain the role of hypoxia Rh factor?
on RBC formation? 44. ABO blood group system
27. What is erythropoiesis? Describe the 45. In a tabular column indicate the
stages and regulation of erythropoiesis? agglutinogen and agglutinin in each of
28. Write briefly on the factors required the blood groups of ABO and Rh system
(regulating)for erythropoiesis? of blood
29. Explain the fate of haemoglobin after Short Answers

haemolysis? 1. Four functions of plasma proteins

30. What are the function of lymphocytes 2. State the various stages in the

31. What is normal platelet development of red blood corpuscles

(thrombocyte)count ?explain their 3. What are the structural and functional

function differences between adult and fetal

32. Explain the physiology of clotting haemoglobin?

33. Intrinsic pathway of clotting 4. Mention the different types of

34. Discuss the agglutinogens and haemoglobin and its functional

agglutinins present in the OAB and Rh difference

blood group systems 5. Fate of haemoglobin

35. Rh incompatibility 6. Classify anemia,Give examples

36. Give a brief account of erythroblastosis 7. Mention any four types of anaemia

fetalis 8. List the effects of anaemia

37. Name the blood groups What are effects 9. What is meant by aplastic anaemia?

of mismatched blood transfusion? 10. Lymphocytes

38. Blood transfusion and complications 11. Functions of platelets

12. Name the clotting factors
13. Anticoagulants 9. Define Sterling’s law of muscle
14. Mention two tests done in persons with contraction
haemorrhagic disorder 10. Mention the neurotransmitter that is
secreted at the
SECTION : MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
Short Essays 11. Neuromuscular junction and what is
1. Compare refractory period in skeletal Myasthenia gravis
and cardiac muscle 12. Myasthenia gravis
2. Describe the mechanism of muscle SECTION :DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
contraction Long Essays
3. Describe excitation contraction coupling 1. Describe the components and functions
4. Describe the neuromuscular of saliva Add a note on the regulation of
junction(NMJ)with help of a salivary secretion
5. Diagram and explain mechanism of 2. Draw a labelled diagram of
transmission of nerve parasympathetic nerve supply to the
6. Impulse across NMJ salivary gland Describe regulation of
7. Explain action potential and draw a neat salivary secretion in detail
labelled diagram aswell 3. Discuss the composition,function and
8. Describe in deatil about the ionic basic regulation of gastric juice
of action potential short essay
Short Answers 1. What are the functions of bile juice
1. Name the types of muscle fibers Write 2. Phases of gastric juice secretion
briefly on sarcomere 3. Give the composition and function of
2. Sarcomere pancreatic juce
3. What is isometric and isotonic 4. List imp ingredients of bile juice and give
contraction? their function
4. Events of NMJ 5. Describe entero hepatic circulation of
5. Properties of skeletal muscle bile salt
6. Draw a neat labelled structure of 6. Functions of liver
sarcomere 7. Functions of large intestine
7. Draw a neat labelled diagram of NMJ 8. Movement of stomach
8. Difference between skeletal and smooth 9. composition of pancreatic juice
muscle 10. Factors influencing gastric emptying
11. Defecation reflex with diagrams
12. Explain digestion and absorption of 8. Name the bile salts and describe their
fats functions
13. What are the secretory product s of the 9. Describe the functions of liver
oxyntic cells of the gastric glands 10. What are the functions of the large
14. Name the gastro intestinal hormones intestine?
acting on pancreas 11. Describe the second stage of deglutition
15. What is the action of chole cystokinin 12. Give an account of the factors
and the stimulus for its secretion influencing gastric emptying
16. Draw and label gastric gland Explain 13. Describe the small intestinal movements
how HCl formation occurs 14. Defecation reflex with diagram
17. Describe the different phases of gastric 15. Digestion and absorption of
secretion and their regulation carbohydrates
18. Describe the composition,functions and 16. Describe the process of digestion of fat
regulation of secretion of pancreatic Short Answers

juice 1. Functions of saliva

Short Essays 2. Mention the enzymes of pancreatic juice
1. Give the composition and function of 3. normal regulation of serum calcium
saliva 4. insulin secretion
2. Describe the regulation of salivary 5. peptic ulcer
secretion 6. Name any four gastrointestinal
3. Describe the composition,functions and hormones
mechanism of secretionof gastric juice 7. Secretin
4. Give the daily secretory rate of,gastric 8. Name two gastrointestinal hormones
juice Name four important components acting on pancreas
in it giving their functions 9. Mention the proteolytic enzymes present
5. Phases of gastric juice secretion in the pancreatic juice List the
6. Describe the mechanism of secretion of endocrine and exocrine functions of
HCl by the gastric mucosa pancreas
7. List the stimulants of HCl secretion Give 10. Bile salts
their mode of action Give the 11. Bile pigments
composition and functions of pancreatic 12. Functions of bile
juice 13. Action of insulin on carbohydrate and
lipid metabolism
14. Functions of liver 11. Hormones acting on renal tubules
15. What is meant by deglutition? Name the 12. Pathological constituent of urine
three stages involved Gastric 13. Cystometrogram
emptying time 14. Two types of sweat gland
16. Movements of small intestine 15. Function of skin
17. Peristalsis 16. Enumerate the heat gain mechanism
occurring in the body when the body is
SECTION :RENAL PHYSIOLOGY AND
EXCRETION exposed to cold environment
Long Essays 17. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
1. ,Draw and label the parts of nephron 18. What is juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Explain the formation of urine, Draw a neat labelled
2. What is the normal body temperature 19. Diagram of it and label its part what are
and how it is regulated? its functions?
Short Essays
20. Explain the formation of urine
1. Compare and contrast cortical and
21. What is GFR?Describe the factors
juxtamedullary nephrons
influencing it
2. Draw a neat diagram of structural and
22. Mechanism of urine concentration
functional unit of the
23. Glucose reabsorption in the kidneys in
3. Counter current mechanism operating in
health and diabetes mellitus
the kidney to produce hypertonic and
24. Describe nerve supply to urinary bladder
hypotonic urine
Add a note on micturation reflex
4. Draw labelled. Diagram electron
25. Renal tubular function
microscopic diagram of glomerular
26. Proximal convoluted tubule
membrane
27. Composition of urine
5. Derive the value for effective filtration
28. Explain micturition reflex
pressure in the glomerulus
29. What are the physiological changes that
6. Mention non excretory functions of
occur when the body is exposed to low
kidney
temperature
7. Functions of loop of henle in nephron Short Answers
8. Counter current multiplier 1. State the normal and abnormal
9. Normal value of urine excreted per day constituents of urine
and role of ADH on the same 2. Enumerate the pathological constituents
10. Function of distal convoluted tubule of urine
3. Creatinine clearance 1. What are the actions and regulation of
4. Draw a labelled diagram of structure secretion of growth hormone
and functional unit of kidney 2. Name the hormones of anterior pituitary
5. Juxtamedullary nephrons Describe the functions of growth
6. Name any two hormones acting on renal hormone, List two features of Gigantism
tubules 3. Name the hormones of thyroid gland
7. Role of rennin in the regulation of blood State their functions,
pressure 4. Mechanism of release and the clinical
8. Give the volume of urine excreted per condition resulting from hyposecretion in
day Mention the three infants and children
9. Mechanisms involved in urine formation 5. Describe the physiology of regulation of
10. What is GFR?What is its normal value? blood glucose level Add a note on the
11. Enumerate the factors affecting hormones involved in the process?
glomerular filtration rate 6. Name the hormones released by the
12. Enumerate the heat gain mechanism adrenal cortex Discuss the actions of
occurring in the body cortisol How is its secretion regulated?
13. When the body is exposed to cold 7. Mention the hormones of the hormones
environment of the adrenal cortex with its
classification Describe the actions of
SECTION ENDOCRINOLOGY
Long Essays glucocorticoids
1. Name the hormones of anterior pituitary 8. How is the secretion of zona
gland glomerulosa regulated?
Short Essays
2. Name the affecting serum calcium level
1. Mention the hormones secreted by the
Describe the mechanism by which they
anterior pituitary gland and the
regulate serum calcium level Add a note
regulation of any one of them
on tetany
2. What are the functions of growth
3. Name the hypoglycaemic hormone of
hormone?
the body? Discuss its action, regulation
3. Hormones involved in calcium
of its secretion and features of
homeostasis
deficiency of this hormone
4. Action of insulin
Short Essay 5. Endocrine and exocrine function of
pancreas
6. Action of insulin on carbohydrate 23. Describe the formation and functions of
metabolism oxytocin
7. Hyperglycaemic hormones 24. List the features of acromegaly and
8. Hormones produced by adrenal cortex thyrotoxicosis
9. Function s of cortical hormones 25. Enumerate the actions of thyroxin
10. Name the posterior pituitary hormones 26. Explain the regulation of secretions of
and their actions thyroid hormones
11. Name the posterior pituitary hormones 27. Myxoedema
Explain actions of anyone of them 28. Explain about Thyrotoxicosis
12. With reference to antidiuretic hormone, 29. Explain the role of parathormone in
give its site of action, functions and regulation of blood calcium level
stimuli for its release 30. Give the actions of insulin and
13. Function and regulation of growth adrenaline on blood sugar
hormone level Name the hormones of adrenal
14. Note on acromegaly cortex Mention their functions in brief
15. Physiological action of thyroxin and 31. Explain the actions of glucocorticoids
briefly indicate effect of its deficiency in 32. Osteoporosis
the adult 33. Hypertension
16. Hormones affecting serum calcium level 34. What is clonus and tetanus
mechanism by which they regulate Short Answers

serum calcium level 1. Hormones produced by the posterior

17. How is serum calcium level regulated in pituitary gland and one action of any

the body one of them

18. Source of ADH 2. Antidiuretic hormone

19. Mode of action of hormones 3. Diabetes insipidus

20. Difference between cretinism and 4. Milk ejection reflex

dwarfism 5. Acromegaly

21. Mention the hormones secreted by the 6. Mention the clinical features of

posterior pituitary gland What is meant acromegaly

neuroendocrine reflex? 7. Mention the clinical features of dwarfism

22. What is the source of antidiuretic 8. Name the hormones of thyroid gland

hormone(ADH)?Explain the role of ADH 9. Differences between cretinism and

in the regulation of body water dwarfism

10. Actions of parathormone 14. List endometrial changes occurring
11. Vitamin D during proliferative phase of menstrual
12. Tetany cycle
13. Name the hormones regulating blood 15. Physiologic phases of pregnancy test
calcium level 16. Describe the actions of estrogen
14. Name any four hormones that act on 17. Describe menstrual cycle
bone 18. Describe the formation and functions of
15. Mention any four actions of insulin corpus luteum
16. Hormones produced by the adrenal 19. Name pregnancy test Explain the
cortex immunological test of pregnancy Oral
17. Name four functions of cortical contraceptives
hormones Short Answers

18. Mention the clinical features of 1. What are the advantages of condom as

Cushing’s syndrome a contraceptive device? Sertoli cells

19. What are the actions of adrenaline 2. Spermatogenesis

3. Function of ovaries
SECTION : REPRODUCTIVE 4. Name the functions of estrogen
SYSTEM
Short Essays 5. Ovarian hormones and their important
1. Functions of testes actions
2. Give five functions of Sertoli cells 6. Corpus luteum
3. Actions of testosterone 7. Ovulation
4. Tests for ovulation 8. Name the hormones in a normal
5. Contraception in females menstrual cycle
6. Sertoli cells 9. Mention three functions of placenta
7. Tubectomy and vasectomy 10. Human chorionic gonadotrophin
8. Menopause 11. Immunological test for pregnancy
9. Factors essential for spermatogenesis 12. Tests for pregnancy
10. Normal range of sperm count 13. List any four methods of contraception
11. What is sterility in females
12. Function of estrogen 14. List two contraceptive methods in male
13. Ovarian hormones and their imp actions Explain any one
15. Discuss the composition and mode of
action of the female
16. Contraceptive pill 6. Describe the conduction tissues of the
17. Explain mechanism of action of oral heart How is cardiac impulse
contraceptive pills transmitted?
18. What are the permanent family planning 7. State the events in cardiac cycle with
methods in males and females? duration
8. What are heart sounds? How are they
produced? Mention their clinical
significance
SECTION : CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM 9. Describe the normal
Long Essays electrocardiogram(ECG)
1. Describe the origin and conduction of 10. Draw and explain the waves of ECG
the cardiac impulse 11. Draw a well labelled normal ECG and
2. Define cardiac cycle? Explain the mention the importance of PR interval
mechanical changes during 12. Define cardiac output Explain any one
3. Cardiac cycle with the help of a diagram method of measuring it How is
4. Define blood pressure What is the cardiac output measured using Fick’s
normal blood pressure? principle?
5. Give normal values for systolic, diastolic 13. Regulation of cardiac output
and pulse pressures 14. Enumerate any three factors influencing
6. What are the factors that influence it? venous return to the heart Explain any
Explain short-term and Long-term one of them
mechanism of its regulation 15. Define blood pressure(BP) What is
7. A Define blood pressure Describe the normal systolic and diastolic blood
factors regulating blood pressure pressure?
Short Essays
16. Name the baroreceptors Where are they
1. Properties of cardiac muscle
situated?
2. List the properties of cardiac muscle
17. Describe their mechanism of action
Explain any one of them Explain origin
18. Explain
and spread of cardiac impulse
baroreceptor(Sinoaortic)mechanism
3. Explain pacemaker
19. Explain baroreceptor mechanism of
4. Compare refractory period in skeletal
regulation of blood pressure Pressure
and cardiac muscle
20. Factors affecting venous return
5. Explain with the help of diagram
21. Changes in ventricles during cardiac 14. Axon reflex
cycle
SECTION :RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
22. How is Cardiac output measured using Long Essay
ficks principle Mention the various respiratory centres
and its locations
23. Role of vagus on heart
1. Give an account of the nervous control
24. Define and explain vagal tone
of respiration
25. Where is apex beat located Short Essays
26. Imp of recording ECG 1. Describe the mechanism of inspiration
27. Name the waves of ECG indicating 2. What is intrapleural pressure? Give its
which are positive waves normal value What is its role in
28. Factors that alter heart rate respiration?
29. Mareys law 3. Write a note on different lung volumes
30. Junctional tissues of the heart and capacities with the help of a
Short Answers
diagram
1. Name the specialized conducting
4. Vital capacity and physiological
tissues of the heart
variations
2. Define cardiac cycle What is its normal
5. Define and discuss vital capacity and
duration?
apnea
3. Intraventricular pressure curve
6. Vital capacity and timed vital capacity
4. What is the cause for the first and
7. What is timed vital capacity? Mention
second heart sound?
the values and its variations
5. Draw a neat diagram of ECG and label it
8. What are the two types of dead space?
What is the
How it is determined? Oxygen
6. Importance of recording ECG
dissociation curve ?
7. Draw a labelled diagram of ECG
9. Draw a normal oxygen-haemoglobin
8. P-R interval
dissociation curve
9. Define blood pressure Give the normal
10. Explain Bohr’s effect ?
values
11. How CO is transported in the body?
10. Define pulse pressure and mean arterial
12. Lung compliance
pressure
13. Respiratory membrane
11. Sinoaortic chemoreceptors
14. Neural regulation of respiration
12. H Baroreceptor reflex
15. Respiratory centre’s
13. korotkoff sounds
16. Name the respiratory centre’s Briefly 9. Define vital capacity and give its normal
describe their functions Chemical value
regulation of respiration 10. What is timed vital capacity? How is it
17. Chemoreceptors expressed?
18. What are chemoreceptors? Where are 11. What is the normal respiratory rate?
they situated? How much is dead space volume?
19. How are they stimulated? 12. Mention the partial pressures of oxygen
20. Maximum voluntary ventilation and carbon dioxide in arterial and
21. Eupnea is voluntary or involuntary how venous blood
is it brought about 13. Give the contents of oxygen in blood
22. Give an account of respiratory 14. Chloride shift
chemoreceptors 15. What is Bohr’s effect?
23. Mention the different types of hypoxia 16. In what form carbon dioxide can be
and explain with suitable examples transported
1. Define Anatomical dead space give 17. What is Haldane effect?
normal value 18. List the types of hypoxia
2. Effect of increasing anatomical dead 19. Cyanosis
space on alveolar ventilation and 20. Effect of voluntary hyperventilation
pulmonary ventilation
SECTION : NERVOUS SYSTEM
3. Shape of oxygen dissociation curve and Long Essay
significance and cause for such shape 1. Describe the origin,course,termination
4. Artificial respiration and functions ofpyramidal tract
5. Describe the physiological changes in Short Essays
artificial respiration 1. Describe action potential in a nerve fiber
Short Answers 2. Draw a diagram of action potential
1. Name the muscles of inspiration recorded from a nerve fibre and explain
2. Surfactant its ionic basis
3. What is surfactant? What is its function? 3. What is saltatory conduction? Describe
4. Explain the role of surfactant the classification of nerve fibers
5. Name the lung volumes and capacities according to the rate of nerve
6. Define tidal volume and give its value conduction
7. Define Inspiratory reserve volume 4. Describe the properties of sensory
8. Define Vital capacity receptors
5. Name the types of synapse Explain any 22. Enumerate the functions of the
three properties of the synapse hypothalamus
6. Draw and label a simple reflex 23. Draw a diagram showing Brodman’s
arc Name four reflexes cerebral cortical areas Mention their
7. Give the origin and termination of respective functions
spinocerebellar tracts .Add a note On 24. What is a conditioned reflex? Explain
its functions with example
8. Mention the names of ascending tracts 25. Explain the formation, circulation, and
What are the sensations carried by functions of CSF
them? And where they will terminate? 26. What are the two divisions of the
9. Name the ascending tracts of the spinal autonomic nervous system?Enumerate
cord Trace the pain pathway their actions on the heart
10. Pain pathway from face 27. Structure of neuron with a diagram
11. Name the descending tracts of the 28. Babinski sign
spinal cord Trace the course of the 29. Name the ascending tract & what is the
corticospinal tract sensation carried by them Where will
12. Differences between the upper motor they terminate
neuron and lower motor neuron lesion 30. Name the tract for the sensation of fine
13. Name the clinical differences between touch and its course and termination
the upper motor lesion and lower motor 31. The descending tract of spinal cord
neuron lesion 32. Trace course. Of corticospinal tract
14. Describe the pain pathway what is 33. Explain theories of referred pain
referred pain? 34. Draw diagram showing brodmans
15. Describe the frontal lobe and its cerebral cortical areas and mention their
function? function
16. List errors of refraction of the eye 35. division of the ANS and their action on
17. Types of neuron the heart
18. Functions of the tympanic membrane 36. Define all or none law in a neuron
19. Rinne’s test 37. Properties of sensory receptors
20. Referred pain 38. Draw a diagram of synapse and labeled
21. Mention the functions of the it
hypothalamus and explain any 39. Types of nerve fibers
two functions 40. Name any four mechano receptor
41. Properties of reflex 11. Name three ascending tracts and
42. Function of cerebellum specify what sensation is carried by
43. Features of cerebellar lesion each of them
44. The disease of basal ganglia 12. Name the ascending tracts of spinal
45. Csf cord
46. Lumbar puncture 13. Name the ascending tracts conducting
47. Pathway for smell sensation crude touch and finetouch
48. Visual receptor and their function s 1. Draw a diagram of pathway for pain
49. What is the visual and auditory area sensation from the face
50. What is myopia how it is correct ed 2. Pathway for pain
51. Signs of UMN and LMN lesions 3. Referred pain
52. Name types of neuralgia 4. Define referred pain and give two
53. Name the primary color vision examples
54. hypermetropia 5. What is premotor area and Broca’s
55. Difference between UMN and LMN area?
lesions 6. State four functions of thalamus
56. Compare the effects of sympathetic 7. Mention the functions of hypothalamus
stimulation on the heart with 8. Functions of cerebellum
parasympathetic stimulation 9. Parkinson’s disease
Short Answers 10. Lumbar puncture
1. Stretch reflex
2. Define:(a)Paraplegia,(b)Hemiplegia
SECTION : SPECIAL SENSES
3. Types of nerve fibres Short Essays
4. Conduction of impulse in myelinated 1. Describe the visual pathway with the
nerve fibers help of a neat diagram
5. Saltatory conduction 2. Draw a diagram of visual pathway and
6. Name any four mechanorecptors describe the effects of lesions at
7. Explain any two properties of synapse different levels
8. Reflex action 3. What is meant by accommodation
9. Draw and label the components of a reflex? What are the changes that takes
reflex arc place in the eyes during accommodation
10. Properties of reflexes reflex
4. List the changes in the eye during
accommodation to near vision Give a
diagram of visual pathway
5. Name errors of refraction and explain
the corrections with the help of diagram
1. What are the contents and functions of
middle ear?
2. Explain the tympanic reflex
3. Types and tests for deafness
4. Draw and label the parts of a taste
bud ,Trace the pathway for taste with
the help of a diagram
5. Trace the pathway for smell sensation
Short Answers
1. Functions of aqueous humor
2. Cerebrospinal Fluid
3. Mention the receptors for vision and its
function
4. Draw the visual pathway
5. Color vision
6. Mention the four refractive errors of eye
and how it is corrected
7. Organ of Corti
8. Auditory pathway
9. Mention the functions of middle ear
10. Describe the taste pathway
11. Draw the diagram of taste pathway
12. What are the primary taste sensations?
13. Draw the diagram of olfactory pathway