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Stage 3: Student Name Abdullah Hussein Nassir

The document is a report on Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) written by Abdullah Hussein Nassir and supervised by Yousef Amen from the Northern Technical University's Computer Engineering department. The report aims to study the main features of IPv6, differences between IPv4 and IPv6, IPv6 packets, network security of IPv6, types of IPv6 addresses, and conclusions about IPv6. Key points covered include IPv6's 128-bit addressing allowing for a large number of addresses, security features built into IPv6, and the need for IPv6 to eventually replace IPv4 due to address exhaustion issues with IPv4.

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132 views

Stage 3: Student Name Abdullah Hussein Nassir

The document is a report on Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) written by Abdullah Hussein Nassir and supervised by Yousef Amen from the Northern Technical University's Computer Engineering department. The report aims to study the main features of IPv6, differences between IPv4 and IPv6, IPv6 packets, network security of IPv6, types of IPv6 addresses, and conclusions about IPv6. Key points covered include IPv6's 128-bit addressing allowing for a large number of addresses, security features built into IPv6, and the need for IPv6 to eventually replace IPv4 due to address exhaustion issues with IPv4.

Uploaded by

الزهور لخدمات الانترنيت
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ministry Of Higher Education

Northern Technical University

Technical College /Mosul

Department Computer Engineering techniques

Evening Study

Report Of :-

Student Name
Abdullah Hussein Nassir

Supervised By
Yousef Amen

Stage 3rd
2020----------------------------------------------------1441
Introduction

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of the


Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that provides an
identification and location system for computers on networks and routes
traffic across the Internet. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address
exhaustion. IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4. In December 1998, IPv6 became
a Draft Standard for the IETF, who subsequently ratified it as an Internet
Standard on 14 July 2017.

Devices on the Internet are assigned a unique IP address for


identification and location definition. With the rapid growth of the Internet
after commercialization in the 1990s, it became evident that far more
addresses would be needed to connect devices than the IPv4 address space
had available. By 1998, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) had
formalized the successor protocol. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address, theoretically
allowing 2128, or approximately 3.4×1038 addresses. The actual number is
slightly smaller, as multiple ranges are reserved for special use or completely
excluded from use. The two protocols are not designed to be interoperable,
and thus direct communication between them is impossible, complicating the
move to IPv6. However, several transition mechanisms have been devised to
rectify this.

IPv6 provides other technical benefits in addition to a larger addressing


space. In particular, it permits hierarchical address allocation methods that
facilitate route aggregation across the Internet, and thus limit the expansion of
routing tables. The use of multicast addressing is expanded and simplified,
and provides additional optimization for the delivery of services. Device
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mobility, security, and configuration aspects have been considered in the
design of the protocol.

IPv6 addresses are represented as eight groups, separated by colons,


of four hexadecimal digits. The full representation may be simplified by
several methods of notation; for example,

2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 becomes
2001:db8::8a2e:370:7334.

Objectives:

We will study in this report these main articles:

 Main features of IPV6.


 Differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
 IPV6 Packets.
 The Network Security Of IPV6.
 Types of IPv6 Address.
 Conclusion of IPV6.

Main Features Of IPV6

Glossary of terms used for IPv6 addresses.

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IPv6 is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-
switched internetworking and provides end-to-end datagram transmission
across multiple IP networks, closely adhering to the design principles
developed in the previous version of the protocol, Internet Protocol Version
4 (IPv4).

In addition to offering more addresses, IPv6 also implements features


not present in IPv4. It simplifies aspects of address configuration, network
renumbering, and router announcements when changing network connectivity
providers. It simplifies processing of packets in routers by placing the
responsibility for packet fragmentation into the end points. The
IPv6 subnet size is standardized by fixing the size of the host identifier portion
of an address to 64 bits.

The addressing architecture of IPv6 is defined in RFC 4291 and allows


three different types of transmission: unicast, anycast and multicast.[5]:210

IPv4 vs IPv6

The common type of IP address (is known as IPv4, for “version 4”).
Here’s an example of what an IP address might look like:

25.59.209.224

An IPv4 address consists of four numbers, each of which contains one


to three digits, with a single dot (.) separating each number or set of digits.
Each of the four numbers can range from 0 to 255. This group of separated
numbers creates the addresses that let you and everyone around the globe to
send and retrieve data over our Internet connections. The IPv4 uses a 32-bit
address scheme allowing to store 2^32 addresses which is more than 4 billion

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addresses. To date, it is considered the primary Internet Protocol and carries
94% of Internet traffic.

Initially, it was assumed it would never run out of addresses but the
present situation paves a new way to IPv6, let’s see why?

An IPv6 address consists of eight groups of four hexadecimal digits.


Here’s an example IPv6 address:

3001:0da8:75a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

This new IP address version is being deployed to fulfill the need for
more Internet addresses. It was aimed to resolve issues which are associated
with IPv4. With 128-bit address space, it allows 340 undecillion unique
address space. IPv6 also called IPng (Internet Protocol next generation).

IPv6 support a theoretical maximum of 340, 282, 366, 920, 938, 463,
463, 374, 607, 431, 768, 211, 456. To keep it straightforward, we will never
run out of IP addresses again.

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IPv6 packets

IPv6 packet header

An IPv6 packet has two parts: a header and payload.

The header consists of a fixed portion with minimal functionality


required for all packets and may be followed by optional extensions to
implement special features.

The fixed header occupies the first 40 octets (320 bits) of the IPv6
packet. It contains the source and destination addresses, traffic classification
options, a hop counter, and the type of the optional extension or payload which
follows the header. This Next Header field tells the receiver how to interpret
the data which follows the header. If the packet contains options, this field
contains the option type of the next option. The "Next Header" field of the last
option points to the upper-layer protocol that is carried in the packet's payload.

Extension headers carry options that are used for special treatment of a packet
in the network, e.g., for routing, fragmentation, and for security using
the IPsec framework.

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Without special options, a payload must be less than 64kB. With a
Jumbo Payload option (in a Hop-By-Hop Options extension header), the
payload must be less than 4 GB.

Unlike with IPv4, routers never fragment a packet. Hosts are expected
to use Path MTU Discovery to make their packets small enough to reach the
destination without needing to be fragmented. See IPv6 packet fragmentation.

The Network Security Of IPV6


IPv6 was built from the ground up to be capable of end-to-end
encryption. While this technology was retrofitted into IPv4, it remains an
optional extra and isn’t universally used. The encryption and integrity-
checking used in current VPNs is a standard component in IPv6, available for
all connections and supported by all compatible devices and systems.
Widespread adoption of IPv6, when properly implemented, could therefore
make man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks significantly more difficult.

Types of IPv6 Address


Now that we know about what is IPv6 address let’s take a look at its different
types.
 Unicast addresses
It identifies a unique node on a network and usually refers to a single
sender or a single receiver.
 Multicast addresses
It represents a group of IP devices and can only be used as the
destination of a datagram.
 Anycast addresses
It is assigned to a set of interfaces that typically belong to different
nodes.
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CONCLUSION

1. Advantages of IPv6

 Reliability

 Faster Speeds: IPv6 supports multicast rather than broadcast in


IPv4.This feature allows bandwidth-intensive packet flows (like
multimedia streams) to be sent to multiple destinations all at once.

 Stringer Security: IPSecurity, which provides confidentiality, and


data integrity, is embedded into IPv6.

 Routing efficiency

 Most importantly it’s the final solution for growing nodes in Global-
network.

2. Disadvantages of IPv6

 Conversion: Due to widespread present usage of IPv4 it will take a


long period to completely shift to IPv6.

 Communication: IPv4 and IPv6 machines cannot communicate


directly with each other. They need an intermediate technology to make
that possible.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6
[2] Deering; R. Hinden (July 2017), Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6)
Specification, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
[3] Bradner, S.; Mankin, A. (January 1995). The Recommendation for the
IP Next Generation Protocol.
[4] Silvia Hagen (2014). IPv6 Essentials: Integrating IPv6 Into Your IPv4
Network. O'Reilly Media.

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