TABLE OF CONTENTS

Unit 1: Gas Law

Overview
Module 1: Kinetic Molecular Theory
I. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….
II. Learning Competencies/Objectives………………………………………………….
III. Pre-Assessment………………………………………………………………………
IV. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities……………………………………..
Activity 1:
I. Summary/Synthesis/Feedback………………………………………………………
II. Summative Assessment……………………………………………………………..
III. References and Links……………………………………………………………….
Module 2: Pressure, Volume and Temperature Relationship
I. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….
II. Learning Competencies/Objectives………………………………………………….
III. Pre-Assessment………………………………………………………………………
IV. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities……………………………………..
Activity 1:
IV. Summary/Synthesis/Feedback………………………………………………………
V. Summative Assessment……………………………………………………………..
VI. References and Links……………………………………………………………….
Module 3: Ideal Gas Law
VII. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….
VIII. Learning Competencies/Objectives………………………………………………….
IX. Pre-Assessment………………………………………………………………………
X. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities……………………………………..
Activity 1:
XI. Summary/Synthesis/Feedback………………………………………………………
XII. Summative Assessment……………………………………………………………..
XIII. References and Links……………………………………………………………….
UNIT 1

Gas Law
 Unit 1: Gas Laws
Overview
In your Grade 9, you studied about Countless and Active Particles of Matter. You have
learned the Electronic Structure of Matter, Chemical Bonding and The Carbon Compounds.
In this quarter, the focus of the topic will mainly about the Gas Laws, learning and
applying Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Gay-Lussacs’ Law, Combined Gas Law and Ideal Gas
Law. The different formula on how to solve the different laws would be given during the
discussion of each law.
In the following topic, you will be able to use your science skills such as analyzing,
interpreting data and solving to answer the given questions.
What are the expected outcomes you will meet after the discussion? First, you should be
able to identify the different laws under the Kinetic Molecular Theory. Second, you must know
how to solve problems applying the different formula from the different laws. And lastly, you
should be able to state the volume, pressure and temperature relationship.
At the end of every lesson you are expected to apply what you have learned by applying
the formula after explaining every law.
 Unit 1:
Module 1:
Kinetic Molecular Theory
I. Introduction
The gas laws same as the ideal gas law came from experimental observations. The
relationships is described by the gas law but it doesn’t explain why they follow these
relationship. Kinetic Molecular Theory is a microscopic model that specifically explains the gas
laws. The five postulates is described in this theory.
(Note: The term “molecule” will be used to refer to the individual chemical species that
compose the gas, although some gases are composed of atomic species, for example, the noble
gases.)

1. Gases are composed of molecules that are in continuous motion, travelling in straight
lines and changing direction only when they collide with other molecules or with the walls of a
container.
2. The molecules composing the gas are negligibly small compared to the distances between
them.
3. The pressure exerted by a gas in a container results from collisions between the gas
molecules and the container walls.
4. Gas molecules exert no attractive or repulsive forces on each other or the container walls;
therefore, their collisions are elastic (do not involve a loss of energy).
5. The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is proportional to the kelvin temperature
of the gas.

Note: The Kinetic Molecular Theory describes in detail a molecular model which can be used to
describe the three phases of matter.

The Kinetic Molecular Theory and the 5 postulates explains and describe the behavior of
a gas. The assumptions of the Kinetic Molecular Theory is derived from the various gas laws that
led the chemists to believe that the assumptions of the theory represents the properties of gas
molecules accurately. There are 6 individual gas laws that would be explained by the Kinetic
Molecular Theory named Boyle’s, Charles’s, Amontons’s, Avogadro’s, Dalton’s, and Graham;s
Law. After that, the relationships between the molecular masses, speeds, and kinetic energies
with temperature.

We will first look at the individual gas laws (Boyle’s, Charles’s, Amontons’s,
Avogadro’s, and Dalton’s laws) conceptually to see how the KMT explains them. Then, we will
more carefully consider the relationships between molecular masses, speeds, and kinetic energies
with temperature, and explain Graham’s law.
 II. Learning Competencies/ Objectives

In this module, you should be able to:

1. Describe the different gas laws.

2. Familiarize the 5 postulates.
3. Explain the different relationship of molecular masses, speeds, and kinetic energies with
temperature based on the different laws.

III. Pre-Assessment

IV. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities

What is Kinetic Molecular Theory?

Kinetic comes from the Greek word kinesis which means motion. During the mid-
nineteenth century, Ludwig Boltzman, James Clark Maxwell, and their co-workers formulated
the kinetic molecular theory that explains the observed properties or behavior of gases.

Kinetic-Molecular Theory Explains the Behavior of Gases (Part 1)

The molecules of the gas rapidly move when the pressure of the gas exerted, depending on how
many molecules will hit the unit area of the wall per unit of time, we see how KMT explain the
behavior of the gas as follows:

 Amontons’s law. If the temperature is increased, the average speed and kinetic energy of
the gas molecules increase. If the volume is held constant, the increased speed of the gas
molecules results in more frequent and more forceful collisions with the walls of the container,
therefore increasing the pressure (Figure 1).
 Charles’s law. In Charles’ Law, the pressure is constant, so if the temperature increases
the gas volume will increases too and vice versa. This will show the distance traveled by the
molecules to reach the container walls, as well as the increased wall surface area. These
condition will result to a decrease frequency of molecule-wall collisions and the number of
collisions per unit area, this will balance the effect of increased collision forces because of the
high temperature of the greater kinetic energy.
 Boyle’s law. If the gas volume decreased, the container wall area will decrease too. And
the molecules-wall collision frequently increases because of the pressure exerted by the gas.
(Figure 1).
 Avogadro’s law. In this law, the pressure and the temperature are both constant, so the
frequency and force of molecule-wall collisions are constant too. Under such conditions, if the
number of gaseous molecules increase, the container volume will increase too in order to
produce a decrease number of collisions per unit area to compensate the increased frequency of
collisions. (Figure 1).
 Dalton’s Law. The molecules of one gas in a mixture affect the container wall with the
same frequency whether the other gases are present or not. The total pressure of a gas will equal
the sum of the pressure of the individual gases, this is because of the large distances between
them.

Figure 1. (a) When gas temperature increases, gas pressure increases due to increased force and
frequency of molecular collisions. (b) When volume decreases, gas pressure increases due to
increased frequency of molecular collisions. (c) When the amount of gas increases at a constant
pressure, volume increases to yield a constant number of collisions per unit wall area per unit
time.

The Kinetic-Molecular Theory Explains the Behavior of Gases (Part II)

According to Graham’s law, the molecules of a gas are in rapid motion and the molecules
themselves are small too. The average distance between the molecules of a gas is large compared
to the size of the molecules. As a consequence, gas molecules can move past each other easily
and diffuse at relatively fast rates.

The rate of effusion of a gas depends directly on the (average) speed of its molecules:

Using this relation, and the equation relating molecular speed to mass, Graham’s law may be
easily derived as shown here:
The ratio of the rates of effusion is thus derived to be inversely proportional to the ratio of the
square roots of their masses. This is the same relation observed experimentally and expressed as
Graham’s law.

Chapter Test:

Module 2:
Relating Pressure, Volume, and Temperature:
The Ideal Gas Law
By the end of this module, you will be able to:
 Identify the relationships of the various properties of gases.
 Understand the different laws that explained the relationships between pressure,
temperature and volume.
 Explain the relationship between the pressure, volume, temperature and number of moles
of a gas

During seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, numerous scientists established the

relationships between the physical properties of gases --- pressure, temperature and volume.
Though, their measurements were not precise in today’s standards, they were able to determine
the relationships between the paired variables (e.g., pressure and temperature, pressure and
volume) that hold for ideal gas. Eventually, these individual laws were combined into a single
equation—the ideal gas law—that relates gas quantities for gases.

Figure 1: In 1783, the first (a) hydrogen-filled balloon flight, (b) manned hot air balloon flight,
and (c) manned hydrogen-filled balloon flight occurred. When the hydrogen-filled balloon
depicted in (a) landed, the frightened villagers of Gonesse reportedly destroyed it with pitchforks
and knives. The launch of the latter was reportedly viewed by 400,000 people in Paris.
Pressure and Temperature: Amonton’s Law
Imagine filling a rigid container attached to a pressure gauge then sealing the container so that no
gas will escape. If the gas is cooled, the gas inside will get colder and the pressure will
decreased. Since the container is rigid and tightly sealed, both volume and number of moles of
gas remain constant. If we heat the sphere, the gas inside will get hotter and the pressure will
increase. (Figure 2)

Figure 2. The effect of temperature on gas pressure: When the hot plate is off, the pressure of the
gas in the sphere is relatively low. As the gas is heated, the pressure of the gas in the sphere
increases.

The relationship between temperature and pressure is observed in any sample of gas in a
constant volume. An example of experimental pressure-temperature data is shown for a sample
of air under these conditions in Figure 3. We find that temperature and pressure are related, and
if the temperature is on the Kelvin scale, then P and T are directly proportional. (Again,
when volume and moles of gas are held constant); if the temperature on the Kelvin scale
increases by a certain factor, the gas pressure increases by the same factor too.
Figure 3.  For a constant volume and amount of air, the pressure and temperature are directly
proportional, provided the temperature is in kelvin. (Measurements cannot be made at lower
temperatures because of the condensation of the gas.) When this line is extrapolated to lower
pressures, it reaches a pressure of 0 at –273 °C, which is 0 on the Kelvin scale and the lowest
possible temperature, called absolute zero.

Guillaume Amontons was the first to empirically establish the relationship between the pressure
and the temperature of a gas (~1700), and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac determined the relationship
more precisely (~1800). Because of this, the P–T relationship for gases is known as
either Amontons’ law or Gay-Lussac’s law. Under either name, it states that the pressure of a
given amount of gas is directly proportional to its temperature on the kelvin scale when the
volume is held constant. Mathematically, this can be written:

Where ∝ means “is proportional to,” and k is a proportionality constant that depends on the
identity, amount, and volume of the gas.

For a confined, constant volume of gas, the ratio   is therefore constant (i.e.,  ). If the gas is
initially in “Condition 1” (with P = P1 and T = T1), and then changes to “Condition 2”
(with P = P2 and T = T2), we have that   and  , which reduces to  . This
equation is useful for pressure-temperature calculations for a confined gas at constant volume.
Note that temperatures must be on the kelvin scale for any gas law calculations (0 on the kelvin
scale and the lowest possible temperature is called absolute zero). (Also note that there are at
least three ways we can describe how the pressure of a gas changes as its temperature changes:
We can use a table of values, a graph, or a mathematical equation.)

Example 1

Predicting Change in Pressure with Temperature

A can of hair spray is used until it is empty except for the propellant, isobutane gas.

(a) On the can is the warning “Store only at temperatures below 120 °F (48.8 °C). Do not
incinerate.” Why?
(b) The gas in the can is initially at 24 °C and 360 kPa, and the can has a volume of 350
mL. If the can is left in a car that reaches 50 °C on a hot day, what is the new pressure in
the can?
Solution
(a) The can contains an amount of isobutane gas at a constant volume, so if the
temperature is increased by heating, the pressure will increase proportionately. High
temperature could lead to high pressure, causing the can to burst. (Also, isobutane is
combustible, so incineration could cause the can to explode.)
(b) We are looking for a pressure change due to a temperature change at constant
volume, so we will use Amontons’s/Gay-Lussac’s law. Taking P1 and T1 as the initial
values, T2 as the temperature where the pressure is unknown and P2 as the unknown
pressure, and converting °C to K, we have:

Check Your Learning

A sample of nitrogen, N2, occupies 45.0 mL at 27 °C and 600 torr. What pressure will it
have if cooled to –73 °C while the volume remains constant?

Answer:

400 torr

Volume and Temperature: Charles’s Law

If we fill a balloon with air and seal it, the balloon contains a specific amount of air at
atmospheric pressure, let’s say 1 atm. If we put the balloon in a refrigerator, the gas inside gets
cold and the balloon shrinks (although both the amount of gas and its pressure remain constant).
If we make the balloon very cold, it will shrink a great deal, and it expands again when it warms
up.

Check this link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZgTTUuJZAFs to understand how

cooling and heating a gas causes its volume to decrease and increase.

These examples shows the effect of the temperature on the volume in a given amount of gas at
constant pressure: when the volume increases, the temperature will increases too and vice versa,
same when the temperature decreases, the volume will decreases too. Volume-temperature data
for a 1-mole sample of methane gas at 1 atm are listed and graphed in Figure 4.
Figure 4. The volume and temperature are linearly related for 1 mole of methane gas at a
constant pressure of 1 atm. If the temperature is in kelvin, volume and temperature are directly
proportional. The line stops at 111 K because methane liquefies at this temperature; when
extrapolated, it intersects the graph’s origin, representing a temperature of absolute zero.

The relationship between the volume and temperature in a given amount of gas at a constant
pressure is known as Charles’ Law. Charles’ law is in recognition of the French scientist and
hydrogen balloon flight pioneered by Jacques Alexandre César Charles, it states that the volume
of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to its temperature on the Kelvin scale.

Mathematically, this can be written as:

with k being a proportionality constant that depends on the amount and pressure of the gas.

For a confined, constant pressure gas sample,   is constant (i.e., the ratio = k), and as seen with
the P–T relationship, this leads to another form of Charles’s law:  .

Example 2

Predicting Change in Volume with Temperature

A sample of carbon dioxide, CO2, occupies 0.300 L at 10 °C and 750 torr. What volume
will the gas have at 30 °C and 750 torr?

Solution
Because we are looking for the volume change caused by a temperature change at
constant pressure, this is a job for Charles’s law. Taking V1 and T1 as the initial
values, T2 as the temperature at which the volume is unknown and V2 as the unknown
volume, and converting °C into K we have:
 Rearranging and solving gives: 
This answer supports our expectation from Charles’s law, namely, that raising the gas
temperature (from 283 K to 303 K) at a constant pressure will yield an increase in its
volume (from 0.300 L to 0.321 L).
Check Your Learning
A sample of oxygen, O2, occupies 32.2 mL at 30 °C and 452 torr. What volume will it
occupy at –70 °C and the same pressure?

Answer:

21.6 mL

Example 3

Measuring Temperature with a Volume Change

Temperature is sometimes measured with a gas thermometer by observing the change
in the volume of the gas as the temperature changes at constant pressure. The hydrogen
in a particular hydrogen gas thermometer has a volume of 150.0 cm 3 when immersed in
a mixture of ice and water (0.00 °C). When immersed in boiling liquid ammonia, the
volume of the hydrogen, at the same pressure, is 131.7 cm 3. Find the temperature of
boiling ammonia on the kelvin and Celsius scales.

Solution
A volume change caused by a temperature change at constant pressure means we should
use Charles’s law. Taking V1 and T1 as the initial values, T2 as the temperature at which
the volume is unknown and V2 as the unknown volume, and converting °C into K we
have:

Rearrangement gives 
Subtracting 273.15 from 239.8 K, we find that the temperature of the boiling ammonia
on the Celsius scale is –33.4 °C.
Check Your Learning
What is the volume of a sample of ethane at 467 K and 1.1 atm if it occupies 405 mL at
298 K and 1.1 atm?

Answer:

635 mL

Volume and Pressure: Boyle’s Law

 If we partially fill an airtight syringe with air, the syringe contains a specific amount of
air at constant temperature, say 25 °C. If we slowly push in the plunger while keeping
temperature constant, the gas in the syringe is compressed into a smaller volume and its pressure
increases; if we pull out the plunger, the volume increases and the pressure decreases.

This is an example of the effect of volume on the pressure in a given amount of a

confined gas. When the volume in the confined gas decreases, the pressure will increase and
increasing its volume will decrease its pressure. In fact, if the volume increases its pressure by a
certain factor, the pressure decreases by the same factor and vice versa. Volume-pressure data for
an air sample at room temperature are graphed in Figure 5.

Figure 5. When a
gas occupies a smaller volume, it exerts a higher pressure; when it occupies a larger volume, it
exerts a lower pressure (assuming the amount of gas and the temperature do not change).
Since P and V are inversely proportional, a graph of 1/P vs. V is linear.

Unlike the P–T and V–T relationships, pressure and volume are not directly proportional to each
other. Instead, P and V exhibit inverse proportionality: Increasing the pressure results in a
decrease of the volume of the gas. Mathematically this can be written:

with k being a constant. Graphically, this relationship is shown by the straight line that results
when plotting the inverse of the pressure ( ) versus the volume (V), or the inverse of volume ( )
versus the pressure (P). Graphs with curved lines are difficult to read accurately at low or high
values of the variables, and they are more difficult to use in fitting theoretical equations and
parameters to experimental data. For those reasons, scientists often try to find a way to
“linearize” their data. If we plot P versus V, we obtain a hyperbola (see Figure 6).

Figure 6. The relationship between pressure and volume is inversely proportional. (a) The graph
of P vs. V is a hyperbola, whereas (b) the graph of (1/P) vs. V is linear.

The relationship between the volume and pressure of a given amount of gas at constant
temperature was first published by the English natural philosopher Robert Boyle over 300 years
ago. It is summarized in the statement now known as Boyle’s law: The volume of a given
amount of gas held at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure under
which it is measured.

Breathing and Boyle’s Law

What are you doing to your 20 times per minute for your life, without a break, and
without even being aware of it? Of course, your answer will be breathing or respiration, which is
true. But how does it work? It seems like that gas law apply here. Your lungs will take a gas that
your body needs (oxygen) and get rid the waste gas (carbon dioxide). Lungs are made of spongy,
stretchy tissue that expands and contracts while you breathe. When you inhale, your diaphragm
and intercostal muscles or the muscles between your ribs contracts, expanding your chest cavity
and making your lung volume, larger. The increase in volume leads to a decrease in pressure
(Boyle’s law). This causes the air to flow into the lungs (from high pressure to low pressure).
When you exhale, the process reverses: Your diaphragm and rib muscles relax, your chest cavity
contracts, and your lung volume decreases, causing the pressure to increase (Boyle’s law again),
and air flows out of the lungs (from high pressure to low pressure). You then breathe in and out
again, and again, repeating this Boyle’s law cycle for the rest of your life (Figure 7).

Figure 7.  Breathing occurs because expanding and contracting lung volume creates small
pressure differences between your lungs and your surroundings, causing air to be drawn into and
forced out of your lungs.

Example 4

Volume of a Gas Sample

The sample of gas in Figure 5 has a volume of 15.0 mL at a pressure of 13.0 psi. Determine the
pressure of the gas at a volume of 7.5 mL, using:

(a) the P–V graph in Figure 5

(b) the   vs. V graph in Figure 5

(c) the Boyle’s law equation
Comment on the likely accuracy of each method.
Solution
(a) Estimating from the P–V graph gives a value for P somewhere around 27 psi.
(b) Estimating from the   versus V graph give a value of about 26 psi.
(c) From Boyle’s law, we know that the product of pressure and volume (PV) for a given sample
of gas at a constant temperature is always equal to the same value. Therefore we
have P1V1 = k and P2V2 = k which means that P1V1 = P2V2.
Using P1 and V1 as the known values 13.0 psi and 15.0 mL, P2 as the pressure at which the
volume is unknown, and V2 as the unknown volume, we have:

Solving:

It was more difficult to estimate well from the P–V graph, so (a) is likely more inaccurate than
(b) or (c). The calculation will be as accurate as the equation and measurements allow.
Check Your Learning
The sample of gas in Figure 5 has a volume of 30.0 mL at a pressure of 6.5 psi. Determine the
volume of the gas at a pressure of 11.0 psi, using:
(a) the P–V graph in Figure 5
(b) the   vs. V graph in Figure 5
(c) the Boyle’s law equation
Comment on the likely accuracy of each method.

Answer:

(a) about 17–18 mL; (b) ~18 mL; (c) 17.7 mL; it was more difficult to estimate well from
the P–V graph, so (a) is likely more inaccurate than (b); the calculation will be as accurate as the
equation and measurements allow.

Moles of Gas and Volume: Avogadro’s Law

The Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro advanced a hypothesis in 1811 to account for the
behavior of gases, stating that equal volumes of all gases, measured under the same conditions of
temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules. Over time, this relationship
was supported by many experimental observations as expressed by Avogadro’s law: For a
confined gas, the volume (V) and number of moles (n) are directly proportional if the pressure
and temperature both remain constant.

In equation form, this is written as:

 Mathematical relationships can also be determined for the other variable pairs, such
as P versus n, and n versus T.

Visit this interactive PhET simulation (https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/gas-properties)  to

investigate the relationships between pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas. Use the
simulation to examine the effect of changing one parameter on another while holding the other
parameters constant (as described in the preceding sections on the various gas laws).

The Ideal Gas Law

To this point, four separate laws have been discussed that relate pressure, volume, temperature,
and the number of moles of the gas:

 Boyle’s law: PV = constant at constant T and n

 Amontons’s law:   = constant at constant V and n
 Charles’s law:   = constant at constant P and n
 Avogadro’s law:   = constant at constant P and T

Ideal gas law is the combination of four laws, this explains the relationship between the pressure,
volume, temperature and number of moles of a gas: