Information & Communication

Technology-
For UGC NET

By: Sandeep Singh SS 1

 ABOUT ME
• History Honors from Delhi
University
• Masters in Mass
Communication from IP
University
• Currently teaching for NET
and Mass Communication
entrances in various
institutes in Delhi
• University and National
level footballer
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Get 10% off from this Promo Code - Sandeep.Singh.
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Get 10% off from this Promo Code - Sandeep.Singh.

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 What is a Computer?
• Computer: A computer is a truly amazing machine
that performs a specified sequence of operations as
per the set of instructions (known as programs)
given on a set of data (input) to generate desired
information (output )

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 What is a Computer?
• A complete computer system consists of four
parts:
• Hardware: Hardware represents the physical
and tangible components of the
• Software: Software is a set of electronic
instructions consisting of complex codes
(Programs) that make the computer perform
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 What is a Computer?
• User: The computer operators are known as
• Data: Consists of raw facts, which the
computer stores and reads in the form of

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 Functionalities of a computer
• Any digital computer carries out five functions
in gross terms:
• Takes data as input.
• Stores the data/instructions in its memory
and use them when required.

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 Functionalities of a computer
• Processes the data and converts it into useful
information.
• Generates the output
• Controls all the above four steps.

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 Functionalities of a computer
The following features characterize this electronic machine:

•Speed •Flexibility

•Accuracy •Low cost

•Storage and Retrieval

•Repeated Processing Capabilities
•Reliability

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 Applications of Computer
Following list are various applications of computers in today’s arena:

•Business •Health Care

•Banking •Engineering Design

•Insurance •Military

•Education •Communication

•Marketing •Government

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 Following are the main five generations of computers:

S. No. Generation & Description

1 First Generation (1946-1959) – Vacuum tube based

2 Second Generation (1959-1965) – Transistor based

3 Third Generation (1965-1971) – Integrated Circuit based

4 Fourth Generation (1971-1980) – VLSI microprocessor based

5 Fifth Generation (1980-onwards) – ULSI microprocessor based

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 Computer hardware
 CPU (Central Processing Unit): CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. It
performs all types of data processing operations, stores data, intermediate results
and instructions (program).It controls the operation of all parts of

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 Computer hardware
 CPU (Central Processing Unit): CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. It
performs all types of data processing operations, stores data, intermediate results
and instructions (program).It controls the operation of all parts of

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 Computer hardware
 CPU itself has following three components:
• ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): When the control unit encounters an instruction that
involves mathematical calculation or decision/logic, it passes the control to the
second component, i.e., the arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The ALU includes a group
of registers – memory locations built directly into the CPU – that are used to hold
data that are being processed by the current
• Registers: The register is the smallest high-speed storage area in the CPU. All data
must be represented in a register before it can be
• Control Unit: This unit controls the operations of all parts of computer but does not
carry out any actual data processing operations

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 Computer hardware
 Primary memory consists of mainly two types of memories:
1. Random Access Memory (RAM):
• RAM is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program and program
result. It is read/write memory which stores data until the machine is working. As
soon as the machine is switched off, data is erased.
• RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer or if
there is a power failure. Hence a backup uninterruptible power system (UPS) is
often used with computers. RAM is small, both in terms of its physical size and in
the amount of data it can hold.

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 Computer hardware
• Read Only Memory (ROM): The memory from which we can only read but can not
write on it . This type of memory is non-volatile. The information is stored
permanently in such memories during manufacture. A ROM, stores such
instructions that are required to start a computer. This operation is referred to as
bootstrap.
• There are mainly three types of ROM available:
• MROM (Masked ROM): The very first ROMs were hard-wired devices that
contained a pre-programmed set of data or instructions. These kinds of ROMs are
known as masked ROMs

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 Computer hardware
• EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory): The
EPROM can be erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for a duration
of up to 40 minutes. Usually, an EPROM eraser achieves this
• EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only
Memory): The EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically. It can
be erased and reprogrammed about ten thousand times. Both
erasing and programming take about 4 to 10 ms (milli second)

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 Memory
• A memory is just like a human brain
• It is used to store data and instructions
• Computer memory is the storage space in a computer
where data is to be processed and instructions required for
processing are stored
• The memory is divided into a large number of small parts
called cells
• Each location or cell has a unique address which varies
from zero to memory size minusSS
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 Memory
Memory is primarily of three types –
• Cache Memory: It is a very high-speed semiconductor memory which
can speed up CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and main
memory.
• Primary Memory/Main Memory: Primary memory holds only those
data and instructions on which computer is currently working. It has
limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off.
• Secondary Memory: This type of memory is also known as external
memory or non-volatile. It is slower than main memory. These are
used for storing data/Information permanently
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 Memory
• Secondary Storage (External Storage Devices): Floppy diskettes, hard
disk, tapes and optical disks come under the category of external
storage devices or ancillary storage devices. These devices are very
sensitive to environmental conditions (humidity and temperature) as
well as to external magnetic fields and need to be stored
• Floppy Disk: Floppy disks are primarily used on PCs. Information on a
floppy disk is recorded in the magnetized states of particles of iron
oxides evenly placed upon

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 Memory
• Hard Disk: It is a non-removable enclosed magnetic disk included in
most PCs. It contains a stack of metal platters, each coated with iron
oxide, that spin on a spindle and the entire unit is encased in a sealed
chamber.
• Magnetic Tape: This is plastic tape, usually made of Mylar that is
coated with iron oxide, thereby enabling the introduction (writing);
retention (memory) and reading of magnetically recorded
information.

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 Peripherals
Peripherals: Peripheral devices are devices connected to the computer externally. If a
peripheral device is disconnected, the computer will still be able to work; only
functions performed by this peripheral device will not be available
• Keyboard- The most common and very popular input device which helps in inputting data to the
computer.
• Mouse- Mouse is the most popular pointing device and cursor-control device having a small palm size
box with a round ball at its base which senses the movement of mouse and sends corresponding signals
to CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.
• Joy Stick- To move cursor position on a monitor screen. It is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing
(CAD) and playing computer games.
• Light pen- It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen.
• Track Ball- Mostly used in notebook or laptop computer, instead of a mouse. This is a ball which is half
inserted and by moving fingers on ball, pointer can be moved
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 Peripherals

• Scanner- A scanner allows you to scan printed material and convert it

into a file format that may be used within the PC.
• Digitizer- It converts analog information into digital form.
• Microphone-Microphone is an input device to input sound that is
then stored in digital form.
• Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)- MICR input device is
generally used in banks because of a large number of checks to be
processed every day.
• Optical Character Reader (OCR)- OCR scans text optically character
by character, converts them into a machine-readable code and stores
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 Peripherals
• Bar Code Reader- A device used for reading bar coded data (data in
form of light and dark lines). Barcoded data is generally used in
labeling goods, numbering the books
• Optical Mark Reader(OMR)- A special type of optical scanner used to
recognize the type of mark made by pen or pencil

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 Output Devices
• Output devices translate the computer’s output into the form
understandable by
• Monitors: Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU),
are the main output device of a computer. It forms images from tiny
dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The
sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels
• There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.
• Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT): The CRT display is made up of small picture
elements called pixels. The smaller the pixels, the better the image
clarity, or resolution
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 Output Devices
• Input - Input data is prepared in some convenient form for
processing. The form will depend on the processing machine. For
example, when electronic computers are used, the input data could
be recorded on any one of several types of input medium, such as
magnetic disks, tapes and so on.
• Processing – In this step input data is changed to produce data in a
more useful form. For example, paychecks may be calculated from
the time cards, or a summary of sales for the month may be
calculated from the sales orders.
• Output – The result of the proceeding processing step are collected.
The particular form of the output data depends on the use of the
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data. For example, output data may be pay-checks for employees
 Computer Language Related Terms
• HTML- Hyper Text Markup Language
• AJAX Asynchronous Java script and XML
• ORACLE Oak Ridge Automatic Computer and Logical Engine
• RDBMS Relational Database Management System
• SQL Structured Query Language
• XML Extensible Markup Language
• PERL Practical Extraction and Report Language
• PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
• ASP Active Server Pages
• API Application Programming Interfaces
• XHTML Extensible Hypertext Markup Language

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 Computer Language Related Terms
•
CSS Cascading Style Sheets
• ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
• XSL Extensible Style Sheet Language
• J2EE Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition
• JSP Java Server Page
• VBS Visual Basic Scripting Language
• JS Java Script

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 Computer Language Related Terms
•
WINDOWS – Wide Interactive Network Development for Office Work Solution
Computer AMD Advance Micro Device
• ASPI Advance SCSI Programming Interface
• ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
• EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
• FPS Frame Per Second
• USB Universal Serial Bus
• VIRUS Vital Information Resource Under Seized
• RAM Random Access Memory
• ROM Read Only Memory

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 Computer Language Related Terms
• WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
• CPU Central Processing Unit
• PROM Programmable Read Only Memory
• HDD Hard Disk Drive
• FDD Floppy Disk Drive
• KBD Key Board
• I/O Input Output
• SMPS Switch Mode Power Supply
• POST Power ON Self-Test
• BIOS Basic Input Output System
• VDU Visible Display Unit LED Light Emitting Diode
• LCD Liquid Crystal Display
• VGA Video/Visual Graphic Adapter
• LAN Local Area Network
• WAN Wide Area Network
• MAN Metropolitan Area Network SS 31
 Classification Of Computers
Analog Computer –
• a computer that operates with numbers represented by directly measurable quantities (as
voltages or rotations) – compare digital computer and hybrid computer.
• Analog computer is used to process analog data.
• Analog data is of continuous nature and which is not separate. Such type of data includes
temperature, pressure, speed, weight, voltage, depth etc.
Digital computer –
• Digital computer is the most commonly used computer and used to process information
with quantities using digits, usually using the binary number system. Ex – MacBook.
• A digital computer as its name implies works with digits to represent numerals, letters or
other special symbols. A digital computer is used to process digital data.
• It is a discrete data and having only two possible values (0,1) Digital computer provide
accurate result but they are slower than analog computer. Analog computer has lack of
memory whereas digital computers store information
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 Classification Of Computers
Classification on size-
• Supercomputer – Super computer is the fastest computer.
Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized
application that require immense amounts of calculations.
• Mainframe computer – A mainframe computer is a very large
computer capable of handling and processing very large amounts of
data quickly. They are used by large institutions, such as government
agencies and large corporations.
• Mini Computer – A computer with processing and storage capabilities
smaller than those of a mainframe but larger than those of a micro
computer.
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 Classification Of Computers
Classification on size-
• Micro computer - A micro computer is a complete computer on a smaller scale and is
generally a synonym for the more common term, personal computer or PC, a computer
designed for an Individual.
• Personal computer - A personal computer (PC) is a small, relatively inexpensive computer
designed for an individual user. Every PC is based on microprocessor technology , which
allows PC makers to set the entire central processing unit (CPU) on a single chip.
• Hybrid Computer – A computer that combines the characteristics of a digital computer and
an analog computer by its capacity to accept input and provide output in either digital or
analog from and to process information digitally
• A hybrid computer and analog computer are combines the best features of both types of
computers. For example a petrol pump contains a processor that converts fuel flow
measurement into quantity and price Hybrid computer is used in hospitals to measure the
heartbeat of the patient. Hybrid Computers are also used in processes of scientific
applications or controlling industrial process.
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 Application Software
• Application software is a type of computer
program that performs a specific personal,
educational, and business function.
• Each program is designed to help the user
with a particular process, which may be
related to productivity, creativity, and
communication.
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 Application Software
 Functions of Application Software
• Application software programs are created to facilitate a
variety of functions, including but not limited to:
• Managing information
• Manipulating data
• Constructing visuals
• Coordinating resources
• Calculating figures
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 Application Software
 Examples of Application Software
 The most common application software programs are used
by millions every day and include: Microsoft suite of
products (Office, Excel, Word, PowerPoint, Outlook, etc.).
Internet browsers like Firefox, Safari, and Chrome.
 Mobile pieces of software such as Pandora (for music
appreciation), Skype (for real-time online communication),
and Slack (for team collaboration).

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 Application Software
 Business Application Software
Business application software is a subset of the application
software.
Idea is to: Facilitate certain business functions Improve
accuracy, efficiency, and effectiveness of operations.
Business application software programs achieve measurable
objectives such as saving work time and enhancing
productivity

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 Application Software
 Business Application Software
Business application software is a subset of the application
software.
Idea is to: Facilitate certain business functions Improve
accuracy, efficiency, and effectiveness of operations.
Business application software programs achieve measurable
objectives such as saving work time and enhancing
productivity

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 Application Software
• Enterprise Resource Planning Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a type of
business software used by organizations– typically a suite of integrated
applications-that an organization can use to collect, store , manage and interpret
data from many business activities. Customer Relationship Management
• Customer relationship management (CRM) is a type of business software used by
companies - usually via a group of integrated applications - to analyze customer
data, and to help develop customer relationships, drive business growth and
improve customer loyalty.
• Project Management Software Project management (PM) software is a type of
business software designed to plan and execute projects, and to manage the
resources associated with those projects

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 Application Software
• Business Process Management Software Business process management (BPM)
software is a type of business software designed to facilitate the rapid
development and automation of strategic processes. It often uses web-based
modeling, rule creation, and a simple interface to enable the user to perform
business functions more quickly. BPM software is helpful in managing and
analyzing complex data, content, and processes across the enterprise. Spreadsheet
• A spreadsheet is a computer-based document that displays data in a grid format
and allows the user to enter and manipulate data, and to perform accounting
functions.
• Database is a collection of information that a user builds in order to later access,
review, and update particular pieces of information in a rapid and coherent
manner. Resource Management Software Resource management is business
software that facilitates the management of multiple projects and resources and
ensures that everything is allocated effectively in real time
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 Application Software
• Resource Management Software Resource management is business
software that facilitates the management of multiple projects and
resources and ensures that everything is allocated effectively in real
time.
• Productivity Software Productivity software is business software that
helps users do their jobs more efficiently and complete work-related
tasks in a timely manner. Categories of productivity software include:
• document creation
• database management
• Accounting Collaboration
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 Application Software
• Scheduling Software Scheduling software is business software that
helps an organization allocate resources, assign shifts, and
understand exactly who is working and what individuals are paid for
that work.
• Time Management Software Time management software is business
software that tracks how an individual’s digital systems are used,
including how long the user spends working in certain applications.
• Educational Software Educational software is a type of software that
facilitates the teaching and learning of new content, concepts, or
processes

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 Application Software
Application software on premise:
• On premise application, software is implemented at
an organization’s physical location, leveraging the
hardware, IT infrastructure, and support of that
organization.
• The company’s IT department typically maintains
and solves problems related to the software.

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 Application Software
 Hosted Application software:
• Hosted application is software as a service solution that is
owned, delivered, and managed remotely via the cloud by
a provider separate from the purchasing organization.
• Many organizations license these programs at the same
time, and organizations typically pay per user or via a
subscription. One advantage of on premise software is that
it can be customized to the individual company’s needs
more easily
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 Binary Data
 Binary Data Representation
• Computers store all data as patterns of 0's and 1's.
Information systems using 0's and 1's are collectively
known as binary information systems.
• Each 0 or 1 in a binary value is called a bit, which is short
for binary digit.
• A collection of 8 bits is called a byte. A byte is a very
common unit of storage for electronic memory. It is usually
the smallest chunk of data that programs process, although
many languages support processing
SS individual bits as well.
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 Binary Data
• Processing data smaller than a byte is generally not as easy
as processing whole bytes. A collection of 4 bits is called a
nybble.
• A word is the maximum amount of data a CPU can process
at once, and is usually 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes (8 to 64 bits).
• Numeric data is stored using several different binary
number formats, all of which use a finite number of binary
digits (bits), and therefore are subject to overflow and
round-off
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 Binary Data
•

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1. In computer terminology which of following
describe device drivers
a) Hardware that allows interaction between peripheral
device and the operating system.
b) Software that allow the user to control the operating
system
c) Software that allows interaction between peripheral
device and the operating system.
d) Software that allow the user to control the operating
system
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1. In computer terminology which of following
describe device drivers
a) Hardware that allows interaction between peripheral
device and the operating system.
b) Software that allow the user to control the operating
system
c) Software that allows interaction between peripheral
device and the operating system.
d) Software that allow the user to control the operating
system
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2. Which of the following is not true about RAM?
a) RAM is a temporary storage area
b) RAM is the same as hard disk storage
c) RAM is volatile
d) Information stored in RAM is gone when you turn the
computer off

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2. Which of the following is not true about RAM?
a) RAM is a temporary storage area
b) RAM is the same as hard disk storage
c) RAM is volatile
d) Information stored in RAM is gone when you turn the
computer off

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3. Most World Wide Web pages contain commands in the language
_______________
a) NIH
b) URL
c) HTML
d) IRC

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3. Most World Wide Web pages contain commands in the language
_______________
a) NIH
b) URL
c) HTML
d) IRC

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4. Which one of the following would not be considered as a form of
secondary storage?
a) Floppy Disk
b) Optical Disk
c) RAM
d) Flash Drive

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4. Which one of the following would not be considered as a form of
secondary storage?
a) Floppy Disk
b) Optical Disk
c) RAM
d) Flash Drive

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5. What does the acronym WAN stand for?
a) Widest Area Network
b) Wild Area Network
c) Wide Area Networking
d) Wide Area Network

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5. What does the acronym WAN stand for?
a) Widest Area Network
b) Wild Area Network
c) Wide Area Networking
d) Wide Area Network

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6. FTP is an acronym for–
a) File Transaction Protocol
b) File Truncation Protocol
c) File Translation Protocol
d) File Transfer Protocol

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6. FTP is an acronym for–
a) File Transaction Protocol
b) File Truncation Protocol
c) File Translation Protocol
d) File Transfer Protocol

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7. With regard to computer memory, which of the following statement(s) is/are
TRUE ?
P : Read Only Memory (ROM) is ‘volatile’ memory.
Q : Random Access Memory (RAM) is ‘volatile’ memory.
R : Secondary Memory is ‘volatile’ memory.
(1) P only
(2) Q only
(3) P and Q only
(4) P and R only

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7. With regard to computer memory, which of the following statement(s) is/are
TRUE ?
P : Read Only Memory (ROM) is ‘volatile’ memory.
Q : Random Access Memory (RAM) is ‘volatile’ memory.
R : Secondary Memory is ‘volatile’ memory.
(1) P only
(2) Q only
(3) P and Q only
(4) P and R only

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8. Which of the following domains is used for – profit
businesses?
(1) .net
(2) .edu
(3) .com
(4) .org

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8. Which of the following domains is used for – profit
businesses?
(1) .net
(2) .edu
(3) .com
(4) .org

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9. The data storage hierarchy consists of:
(1) Bits, bytes, fields, records, files and databases
(2) Bits, bytes, records, fields, files and databases
(3) Bits, bytes, fields, files, records and databases
(4) Bytes, bits, fields, records, files and databases

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9. The data storage hierarchy consists of:
(1) Bits, bytes, fields, records, files and databases
(2) Bits, bytes, records, fields, files and databases
(3) Bits, bytes, fields, files, records and databases
(4) Bytes, bits, fields, records, files and databases

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10. What is the full form of USB as used in computer-related
activities?
(1) Universal Security Block
(2) Universal Serial Bus
(3) United Serial Bus
(4) Ultra Security Block

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10. What is the full form of USB as used in computer-related
activities?
(1) Universal Security Block
(2) Universal Serial Bus
(3) United Serial Bus
(4) Ultra Security Block

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11. What is the name of a web page address?
(1) Directory
(2) Protocol
(3) URL
(4) Domain

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11. What is the name of a web page address?
(1) Directory
(2) Protocol
(3) URL
(4) Domain

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12. Which of the following correctly lists computer memory
types from highest to lowest speed ?
(1) Secondary Storage; Main Memory (RAM); Cache Memory;
CPU Registers
(2) CPU Registers; Cache Memory; Secondary Storage; Main
Memory (RAM)
(3) CPU Registers; Cache Memory; Main Memory (RAM);
Secondary Storage
(4) Cache Memory; CPU Registers; Main Memory (RAM);
Secondary Storage
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12. Which of the following correctly lists computer memory
types from highest to lowest speed ?
(1) Secondary Storage; Main Memory (RAM); Cache Memory;
CPU Registers
(2) CPU Registers; Cache Memory; Secondary Storage; Main
Memory (RAM)
(3) CPU Registers; Cache Memory; Main Memory (RAM);
Secondary Storage
(4) Cache Memory; CPU Registers; Main Memory (RAM);
Secondary Storage
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13. An
unsolicited e-mail message sent to
many recipients at once is a
(1) Worm (2) Virus (3) Threat (4) Spam

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13. An
unsolicited e-mail message sent to
many recipients at once is a
(1) Worm (2) Virus (3) Threat (4) Spam

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14. ________ is a type of memory circuitry that holds the
computer’s start-up routine.
(1) RIM (Read Initial Memory)
(2) RAM (Random Access Memory)
(3) ROM (Read Only Memory)
(4) Cache Memory

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14. ________ is a type of memory circuitry that holds the
computer’s start-up routine.
(1) RIM (Read Initial Memory)
(2) RAM (Random Access Memory)
(3) ROM (Read Only Memory)
(4) Cache Memory

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15. CSS stands for
(A) Cascading Style Sheets
(B) Collecting Style Sheets
(C) Comparative Style Sheets
(D) Comprehensive Style Sheets

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15. CSS stands for
(A) Cascading Style Sheets
(B) Collecting Style Sheets
(C) Comparative Style Sheets
(D) Comprehensive Style Sheets

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16. MOOC stands for
(A) Media Online Open Course
(B) Massachusetts Open Online Course
(C) Massive Open Online Course
(D) Myrind Open Online Course

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16. MOOC stands for
(A) Media Online Open Course
(B) Massachusetts Open Online Course
(C) Massive Open Online Course
(D) Myrind Open Online Course

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17. Which one of the following is not a/an image/graphic file
format ?
(A) PNG (B) GIF
(C) BMP (D)GUI

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17. Which one of the following is not a/an image/graphic file
format ?
(A) PNG (B) GIF
(C) BMP (D)GUI

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18. The acronym FTP stands for
(A) File Transfer Protocol
(B) Fast Transfer Protocol
(C) File Tracking Protocol
(D) File Transfer Procedure

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18. The acronym FTP stands for
(A) File Transfer Protocol
(B) Fast Transfer Protocol
(C) File Tracking Protocol
(D) File Transfer Procedure

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Thank You

SS By: Sandeep Singh

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