Reinforced Concrete Design Fifth Edition

CHAPTER
RECTANGULAR R/C
CONCRETE BEAMS:
TENSION STEEL ONLY
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering •Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Part I – Concrete Design and Analysis

By

2c
FALL 2002 Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf

ENCE 355 - Introduction to Structural Design

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 1

Strength Requirements
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q The basic criterion for strength design

may be expressed as
Strength furnished ≥ Strength required (1)

Q All members and all sections of

members must be proportioned to meet
this criterion.
Q Eq. 1 can be thought of as a supply and
a demand.

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CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 2

Strength Requirements
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q The supply is considered as the

strength furnished, while the demand as
the strength required.
Q The required strength may be
expressed in the forms of design loads
or their related moments, shears, and
forces.
Q Design loads may be defined as service
loads multiplied by their appropriate
factors.

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 3

Strength Requirements
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q Eq. 1 can be expressed in a more

compact general form as
m
φRn ≥ ∑γ i Lni (2)
i =1
Where
φ = strength reduction factor
γi = load factor for the ith load component out of n components
Rn = nominal or design strength (stress, moment, force, etc.)
Lni = nominal (or design) value for the ith load component out
of m components

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CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 4

Strength Requirements
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q Eq. 2 is the basis for Load and

Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for
Structural Members.
Q This equation uses different partial
safety factors for the strength and the
load effects.
Q The load factors are usually amplifying
factors (>1), while the strength factors
are called reduction factors (<1).

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 5

Strength Requirements
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q Strength Factor
– The strength reduction factor φ provide for
the possibility that small adverse variation
in material strength, workmanship, and
dimensions may combine to result in
undercapacity.
Q Load Factors
– The load factors γ’s attempt to assess the
possibility that prescribed service loads
may be exceeded. Obviously, a live load is
more apt to be exceeded than a dead load,
which is largely fixed by the weight.

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CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 6

Strength Requirements
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q ACI Code Provisions

– In assigning strength reduction factors, the
degree of ductility and the importance of
the member as well as the degree of
accuracy with which the strength of the
member can be established are
considered.
– The ACI Code provides for these variables
by using the following φ factors as provided
in Table 1.

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 7

Strength Requirements
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Table 1. Strength Reduction Factors

Type of Loading φ
Bending 0.90
Shear and Torsion 0.85
Compression members (spirally reinforced) 0.75
Compression Members (tied) 0.70
Bearing on Concrete 0.70

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CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 8

Strength Requirements
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q ACI Code Provisions

– When word design is used throughout the
ACI Code, it indicates that the load factors
are included.
– The subscript u is used to indicate design
loads, moments, shears, and forces.
– For example, the design load wu = 1.4wDL + 1.7 wLL
and the required or design moment
strength for dead and live loads is
M u = 1.4M DL + 1.7 M LL
where 1.4 and 1.7 are the load factors.

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 9

Strength Requirements
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q ACI Requirements for Dead and Live

Loads
– For dead and live loads, the ACI Code
specifies design loads, design shears, and
design moments be obtained from service
loads by the using the relation

U = 1.4D +1.7L (3)

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CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 10

Strength Requirements
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q ACI Requirements for Strength

– The ACI Code stipulates that the strength
(moment, shear, force) furnished shall
meet the following requirements

φRn ≥ 1.4D +1.7L (4)

Where
φ = strength reduction factor as provided in Table 1
Rn = nominal or design strength (stress, moment, force, etc.)

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 11
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Q The analysis of a reinforced concrete
beam implies that we know precisely
what comprises the section of the
beam.
Q The following data are known:
1. Tension bar size or number (or As).
2. Beam width (b).
3. Effective depth (d) or total depth (h).
4. Compressive strength of concrete ( f c′ ).
5. Yield strength of steel (fy).

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CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 12
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Q Variables that need to be found or
answered include the following:
1. Find the strength φ Mn.
2. Check the adequacy of a given beam, or
3. Find an allowable load that the beam can
carry.

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 13
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Q Example 1
Determine if the simply supported beam
shown in Fig. 1 is adequate as governed
by the ACI Code. The prescribed loads are
as follows:
wD = 0.80 kip/ft (excludes beam weight)
wL = 0.80 kip/ft
Assume that the compressive strength of
concrete is 4,000 psi, while the yield
strength of steel is 60,000 psi.

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CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 14
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Q Example 1 (cont’d)

12 kips 12 in.

wD + wL
20 in.
17.5 in.
4-#9
bars

10 ft 10 ft

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 15
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Q Example 1 (cont’d)
Area for No. 9 bar = 1.00 in 2 (see Table 2 or Table A - 2 Text)
Therefore, As = 4(1.00) = 4.00 in 2
Next we need to find the maximum and minimum
Reinforcement for this beam as specified by the ACI .
ρ max = 0.75 ρ b
Asmax = 0.75 Asb
ACI Code

0.85 f c′β1  87,000  0.85(4 )(0.85)  87 

ρb = =   = 0.02851
fy  f + 87,000  60  60 + 87 
 y 
Therefore, ρ max = 0.75 ρ b = 0.75(0.02851) = 0.0214

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CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 16
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Table 2. ASTM Standard - English Reinforcing Bars
Diameter Area Weight
Bar Designation
in in2 lb/ft
#3 [#10] 0.375 0.11 0.376
#4 [#13] 0.500 0.20 0.668
#5 [#16] 0.625 0.31 1.043
#6 [#19] 0.750 0.44 1.502
#7 [#22] 0.875 0.60 2.044
#8 [#25] 1.000 0.79 2.670
#9 [#29] 1.128 1.00 3.400
#10 [#32] 1.270 1.27 4.303
#11 [#36] 1.410 1.56 5.313
#14 [#43] 1.693 2.25 7.650
#18 [#57] 2.257 4.00 13.60
Note: Metric designations are in brackets

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 17
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Q Example 1 (cont’d) 12 in.

3 f c′ 200
As , min = bw d ≥ bw d ACI
fy fy 20 in.
17.5 in.
4-#9
3 4,000
As , min = (12)(17.5) ≥ 200 (12)(17.5) bars
60,000 60,000
As , min = 0.664 ≥ 0.700
Therefore, take As , min = 0.70 in 2

Calculate the steel ratio ρfor this beam:

As 4
ρ= = = 0.0191
bd 12(17.5)

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 CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 18
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Q Example 1 (cont’d) 12 in.

Since ρ= 0.0191 < ρmax = 0.0214, failure

by yielding is assured. 20 in.
17.5 in.
Also, As = 4.00 in > 0.70 in OK
2 2
4-#9
bars

Note that ρmax = 0.75 ρb = 0.0214 can be obtained directly

from from Table 3 (Table A-5 Text).
Also note that As,min can be obtained from Table 3 (Table
A-5 Text) as follows
As,min = 0.0033 b d = 0.0033 (12)(17.5) = 0.693 ≈.70 in2

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 19
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment Table A-5 Textbook
 3 f c′ 200  Recommended Design Values
f c′ (psi )  ≥  ρmax = 0.75 ρb
 f y f y  ρb k (ksi)
Fy = 40,000 psi
3,000 0.0050 0.0278 0.0135 0.4828
4,000 0.0050 0.0372 0.0180 0.6438
5,000 0.0053 0.0436 0.0225 0.8047
Table 3 6,000 0.0058 0.0490
Fy = 50,000 psi
0.0270 0.9657

Design Constants 3,000 0.0040 0.0206 0.0108 0.4828

4,000 0.0040 0.0275 0.0144 0.6438
5,000 0.0042 0.0324 0.0180 0.8047
6,000 0.0046 0.0364 0.0216 0.9657
Fy = 60,000 psi
3,000 0.0033 0.0161 0.0090 0.4828
4,000 0.0033 0.0214 0.0120 0.6438
5,000 0.0035 0.0252 0.0150 0.8047
Values used in 6,000 0.0039 0.0283 0.0180 0.9657
Fy = 75,000 psi
the example. 3,000 0.0027 0.0116 0.0072 0.4828
4,000 0.0027 0.0155 0.0096 0.6438
5,000 0.0028 0.0182 0.0120 0.8047
6,000 0.0031 0.0206 0.0144 0.9657

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 CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 20
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Q Example 1 (cont’d) 12 in.
N C = NT
0.85 f c′ba = As f y 20 in.
4(60 )
17.5 in.
As f y 4-#9
a= = = 5.88 in.
0.85(4 )(12 )
bars
0.85 f c′b
a 5.88
Z =d− = 17.5 − = 14.6 in.
2 2
Therefore, M n = As f y Z = 0.85 f c′baZ
3,504
M n = 4(60)(14.6) = 3,504 in - kips = ft - kips
12
Hence, M n = 292 ft - kips (based on Steel)

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 21
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment 12 kips
Q Example 1 (cont’d) wD + wL
– Service Loads:
The beam weight is to be calculated:
Beam weight = Volume × 0.150 kip/ft 10 ft 10 ft

 20 12  kip 
Weight =  ft × ft ×1ft   0.15  = 0.25 kip /ft
 12 12  ft 
Total uniform dead load, wD = 0.25 + 0.80 =1.05 kips/ft
Total uniform dead load, wL = 0.80 = kips/ft

Using Eq. 3 U = 1.4D +1.7L ACI Code

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 CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 22
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Q Example 1 (cont’d) ACI Code
wu = 1.4wD + 1.7 wL φRn ≥ 1.4D +1.7L
= 1.4(1.05) + 1.7(0.80) = 2.83 kips/ft
Pu = 1.7 PL = 1.7(12) = 20.4 kips
wu L2 Pu L 2.83(20) 12(20)
2
Mu = + = + = 243.5 ft - kips
8 4 8 4
Check ACI Code Requirement:
φRn ≥ (1.4M D +1.7M L = Mu )
[0.9Mn = 0.9(292) = 262.8 ft - kips] > [Mu = 243.5 ft - kips] OK
Therefore the beam is adequate

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 23
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Q Example 1 (cont’d) Pu = 12 (1.7) = 20.4 kips

wu = 2.83 kips/ft
– Alternative way for finding Mu
wu = 1.4wD + 1.7 wL
= 1.4(1.05) + 1.7(0.80) = 2.83 kips/ft
10 ft 10 ft
38.5 k 38.5 k

The factored maximum moment 38.5 k 10.2 k

can be obtained from the
Shear V
moment diagram directly: 10.2 k 38.5 k
243.5 ft-k
M u = 243.5 ft - kips
Moment M

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CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 24
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Introduction to Slabs

Q Slabs are considered specialized type

of bending members.
Q They are used both in structural steel
and reinforced concrete construction.
Q Types of Slabs:
– One-way Slab
– Two-way Slab
• Flat Slab

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 25

Introduction to Slabs
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q Typical Structure (1)

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CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 26

Introduction to Slabs
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q Typical Structure (2)

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 27

Introduction to Slabs
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q Floor-Column Systems

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CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 28

Introduction to Slabs
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q Floor-Column Systems

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 29

Introduction to Slabs
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q One-Way Slab
– A one-way slab can be defined as a
structural reinforced concrete slab
supported on two opposite sides so that
the bending occurs in one direction only,
that is, perpendicular to the supported
edges.

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CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 30

Introduction to Slabs
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q One-Way Slab

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 31

Introduction to Slabs
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q Two-Way Slab
– A two-way slab can be defined as a
structural reinforced concrete slab
supported along four edges so that the
bending occurs in two directions
perpendicular to each other.
– However, If the ratio of the lengths of the
two perpendicular sides is in excess of 2,
the slab may be assumed to act as a one-
way slab with bending primarily occurring
in the short direction.

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CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 32

Introduction to Slabs
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

Q Flat Slab
– A specific type of two-
way slab is categorized
as a flat slab. A flat
slab may be defined as
a concrete slab
reinforced in two or
more directions,
generally without
beams or girders to
transfer the loads to the
supporting members.

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 33
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

One-Way Slab: Analysis for

Moment
Q In this course, we are concerned
primarily with one-way slab that is
assumed to be a rectangular beam with
width b = 12 in. as shown in Fig. 1.
Q When loaded with uniformly distributed
load, the slabs deflects so that it has
curvature, and therefore bending
moment, in only one direction (Fig. 1).

17
CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 34
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

One-Way Slab: Analysis for

Moment
Q One-Way Slab Design
Figure 1
12′′

Analyze this strip

as a beam

The procedure for finding φMn for one-way slab is almost identical to
that of a beam.

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 35
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

One-Way Slab: Analysis for

Moment
Q ACI Code Requirements for Slabs
– Minimum Steel Area, As,min:
• For grade 40 or 50 steel:
As = 0.0020bh (5a)
• For grade 60 steel:
As = 0.0018bh (5b)
– Concrete protection:
• Concrete protection for reinforcement in slabs
must be not less than 0.75 in.
• For surfaces exposed to weather and ground,
min. protection is 2 in (#6 to #18) and 1.5 in (#5)

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CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 36
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

One-Way Slab: Analysis for

Moment
Q Example 2
– The one-way slab shown spans 12 ft from
center of the support to the center of
support. Calculate φMn and determine the
service live load (psf) that the slab may
carry. Use f c′ = 3,000 psi and fy = 40,000
psi. Section A-A
A
8′′

A ″
3
12 ft clear #8 @ 6” o.c
4

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 37
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

One-Way Slab: Analysis for

Moment
Q Example 2 (cont’d)
– Analyze a 12-in wide strip of slab:
– For f c′ = 3,000 psi and fy = 40,000 psi
ρ max = 0.0278 from Table 3 (Table A - 5 Text)
b = 12 in.
As , min = 0.0020(12)(8) = 0.19 in 2

As = 2(0.79) = 1.58 in 2 > 0.19 in 2 OK 8

d = 8 − 0.75 − 0.5 = 6.75 in. 3″ #8 @ 6” o.c

clear
A 1.58
ρ= s = = 0.0195 < 0.0278 OK
bd 12(6.75)
As f y 1.58(40 )
a= = = 2.07 in.
0.85 f c′b 0.85(3)(12 )

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 CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 38
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

One-Way Slab: Analysis for

Moment
Table 2. ASTM Standard - English Reinforcing Bars
Diameter Area Weight
Bar Designation
in in2 lb/ft
#3 [#10] 0.375 0.11 0.376
#4 [#13] 0.500 0.20 0.668
#5 [#16] 0.625 0.31 1.043
#6 [#19] 0.750 0.44 1.502
#7 [#22] 0.875 0.60 2.044
#8 [#25] 1.000 0.79 2.670
#9 [#29] 1.128 1.00 3.400
#10 [#32] 1.270 1.27 4.303
#11 [#36] 1.410 1.56 5.313
#14 [#43] 1.693 2.25 7.650
#18 [#57] 2.257 4.00 13.60
Note: Metric designations are in brackets

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 39
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

One-Way Slab: Analysis for

Moment Table A-5 Textbook
 3 f c′ 200  Recommended Design Values
f c′ (psi )  ≥  ρmax = 0.75 ρb
 f y f y  ρb k (ksi)
Fy = 40,000 psi
3,000 0.0050 0.0278 0.0135 0.4828
4,000 0.0050 0.0372 0.0180 0.6438
5,000 0.0053 0.0436 0.0225 0.8047
Table 3 6,000 0.0058 0.0490
Fy = 50,000 psi
0.0270 0.9657

Design Constants 3,000 0.0040 0.0206 0.0108 0.4828

4,000 0.0040 0.0275 0.0144 0.6438
5,000 0.0042 0.0324 0.0180 0.8047
6,000 0.0046 0.0364 0.0216 0.9657
Fy = 60,000 psi
3,000 0.0033 0.0161 0.0090 0.4828
4,000 0.0033 0.0214 0.0120 0.6438
5,000 0.0035 0.0252 0.0150 0.8047
Values used in 6,000 0.0039 0.0283 0.0180 0.9657
Fy = 75,000 psi
the example. 3,000 0.0027 0.0116 0.0072 0.4828
4,000 0.0027 0.0155 0.0096 0.6438
5,000 0.0028 0.0182 0.0120 0.8047
6,000 0.0031 0.0206 0.0144 0.9657

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CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 40
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

One-Way Slab: Analysis for

Moment
Q Example 2 (cont’d)
a 2.07
Z =d− = 6.75 − = 5.72 in.
2 2
1.58(40)(5.72 )
M n = As f y Z = = 30.13 ft - kips
12
Therefore,
φM n = 0.9(30.13) = 27.1 ft - kips

wu L2
M u = φM n = 27.1 =
8
27.1(8) 27.1(8)
wu = = = 1.51 k/ft
L2 (12)2

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY Slide No. 41
ENCE 355 ©Assakkaf

One-Way Slab: Analysis for

Moment ACI Code
Q Example 2 (cont’d)
φRn ≥ 1.4D +1.7L
wu = 1.4 wD + 1.7 wL
8(12)
wD = weight of slab = (0.150) = 0.10 k/ft
144
1.51 = 1.4(0.10) + 1.7 wL
1.7 wL = 1.51 − 1.4(0.10 )
Hence,
1.51 − 1.4(0.1)
wL = = 0.806 k/ft = 806 psf
1.7

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