FULLY WORKED SOLUTIONS

CHAPTER

12 NUMERICAL METHODS

Focus on STPM 12
1 Equation of the asymptotes are
x = 1, x = 2 and y = 0. 4 d2y
When x = , 2 =
3 dx
3x - 2
y=1+
x2 - 3x + 2 2
  
(8 + 4) -  + - 
9
64
3
- 
1
3 <0
 
dy 3(x2 - 3x + 2) - (3x - 2)(2x - 3) 2 3

dx
=
(x2 - 3x + 2)2 -  
9
4
  = - 3x2 + 4x
(x - 3x + 2)2
2
Hence, the turning point , -8 is a
3 1 2
maximum point.
dy y
= 0,
dx
-3x2 + 4x = 0,
x(-3x + 4) = 0
1 y=1
4
∴ x = 0, x =
3 x
0 1 2
x = 0, y = 0 ⇒ (0, 0)
4 4
x = , y = -8 ⇒ , -8
3 3 1 2  43 , −8
∴ The turning points of the curve is
4
(0, 0) and , -8 .
3 1 2 2 roots when k > 1, 0 < k < 1 and k < -8.

(6x + 4)(x2 - 3x + 2) 2 y = x3 - 12x2 + 45x - 34
d2y + (-6x2 - 8x) (2x - 3) dy
2 = = 3x2 - 24x + 45
dx (x2 - 3x + 2)3 dx
dy
d2y (4)(2) + (0)(-3) = 0 ⇒ x2 - 8x + 15 = 0
When x = 0, = >0 dx
dx2 (2)3      (x - 3)(x - 5)  = 0
Hence, the turning point (0, 0) is a x = 3, x = 5
minimum point dy
2
= 6x - 24
dx2

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  When x = 3, y = 20, 4 x3 + 3x - 10 = 0
d2y  x3 = 10 - 3x
2 = -6 (< 0)
dx Sketch on the same axes, graphs of
⇒ (3, 20) maximum point.
y = x3 and y = 10 - 3x.
  When x = 5, y = 16
d2y y
2  = 6 (> 0)
dx y = x3
⇒ (5, 16) minimum point. 10

(3, 20) x
0 10/3

y = 10 − 3x
(5, 16)

x
0 1
Line y = 10 - 3x intersects y = x3 only once.
The equation x3 + 3x - 10 = 0 has one and
only one real root.
•  1 root when k < 16 and k > 20. f (x) = x3 + 3x - 10
•  3 roots when 16  k  20. f′(x) = 3x2 + 3
3 (a) sin x + cos x ≡ r sin (x + a)  x0 = 1.6,
1
≡ r cos a sin x + r sin a cos x  x1 = (10 - 3(1.6))3
   r cos a = 1  …
  r sin a = 1   …   = 1.73248
 x2 = 1.68717
r  = 12 + 12
  = 2  x3 = 1.70293
p  x4 = 1.69748
    a = tan-1 (1) =
4  x5 = 1.69937
p  x6 = 1.69872
sin x + cos x ≡ 2 sin x +
41 2  ∴ a = 1.699 (3 d.p.)
5p
(b) (sin x + cos x)minimum = - 2 when x =
4
p 5 y
(sin x + cos x)maximum = 2 when x =
4 y = x3

(c) y

y=x−3
2
√2 y = sin x + cos x x
1 −3 −2 0 3
1
y=
x
x −3
0 π π 3π 2π
−1 2 2
−√2
−2

3 roots

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 s y = x - 3 intersects y = x3 at a point
A y

between -3 and -2, the equation

x3 = x - 3 has a root in the interval [-3, -2]. y = x4
1
xn + 1 = (x − 3) 3
x0 = −2
x1 = −1.7100
x2 = −1.6763 O
x

x3 = −1.6722 y = x − x2
∴ x = −1.67 (2 d.p.)
(a)  F (x) = x 4 + x 2
2 F ′(x) = 4 x 3 + 2x
6 (a) xn + 1 =
xn + 4 F ′(1) = 6 (>1)
x0 = 0 This form is not suitable.
x
x1 = 0.5 (b) F (x) = 3
x +x
x2 = 0.44444 1
  = 2
x +1
x3 = 0.45000 2x
F ′(x) = -  2
x4 = 0.44944 (x + 1)2

x5 = 0.44949 F ′(1) = - 2 = - 1

4 2
∴ x = 0.449 (3 d.p.) As |F ′(1)| < | this form is suitable.
1
(c) F (x) = (x - x2) 4
2
(b) f (x) = F ′(x) = 1 (x - x2)- 4 (1 - 2x)
3
x+4 4
F ′(1) is not defined.
2 ∴ Form (b) is suitable.
f ′(x) =
(x + 4)2 1
xn + 1 = 2 ,
xn + 1
f ′(−4) is not defined.
   x0 = 0.7
2  x1 = 0.671
(c) xn + 1 = -4
xn  x2 = 0.689
x0 = - 4  x3 = 0.678
 x4 = 0.685
x1 = - 4.5   \ x = 0.7 (1 d.p.)
x2 = - 4.44444 8 f(x) = x 2 - 2x - 4
x3 = - 4.45000 = (x - 1)2 - 12 - 4
x4 = - 4.44944 = (x - 1)2 - 5
Axis of symmetry: x = 1
x5 = - 4.44949
Minimum point (1, -5)
∴ x = - 4.449 (3 d.p.)
f (x) intersects x-axis twice ⇒ f (x) = 0
7 The curve y = x 4 intersects y = x - x 2 has two real roots.
twice ⇒ equation has two roots.

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 The possible rearranged forms are 105 + 50(10) - 100 000
x1 = 10 -
y 5(10)4 + 50
= 9.99001
x2 = 9.99998
x3 = 9.9900
∴ x = 9.990 (3 d.p.)

x
10 Asymptotes: x = 2, y = -2
O
y
x=2
−4 3 − 2x
y=
(1, −5) x−2
y=1
1
1 y = 1 − e−2x
(a) xn+1 = (xn2 - 4)
2 2
x
0
(b) xn+1 = 2xn + 4
y = −2
2xn + 4 −2
(c) xn+1 =
xn
Form (b) is suitable.
xn+1 = 2xn + 4 Equation has 2 real roots.
x0 = 3 f(x) = (3x - 5)e2x - x + 2
x1 = 3.1623 f′(x) = (6x - 7)e2x - 1
x2 = 3.2132 x0 = 1.7
x3 = 3.2290 [(3(1.7) - 5)e2(1.7) - (1.7) + 2]
x1 = 1.7 -
[(6(1.7) - 7)e2(1.7) - 1]
x4 = 3.2339
∴ x = 3.23 (3 s.f.) x2 = 1.6653
9 y = x + 50x
5 x3 = 1.6626
dy x4 = 1.6626
= 5x4 + 50
dx ∴ x = 1.66

= 5(x4 + 10)
dy 11 y
> 0 such that x can be any real number.
dx
f(x) = x5 + 50x -100 000 has no turning π
point.
∴ It intersects with x-axis only once ⇒ y = π sin x
x
f(x) has only one real root. 0 α π π 3π b 2π
2 2
f (9) = -40501
−π
 f (10) = 500
y=π−x
As f(9) and f(10) have opposite signs, the
root lies in [9, 10]. 3 real roots
(a) β = 2π - a
f ′(x) = 5x4 + 50
(b) f(x) = π sin x - π + x
x0 = 10

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 ′(x) = π cos x + 1
f  (c)
π
x0 = y
4
x=2
π π y = 3|x|
- π -
π sin
π 4 4
x1 = - π
4 π cos + 1
4
y=1
1
= 0.827228 y = |f(x )|
x2 = 0.827858 x
0 2
x3 = 0.827859
∴ x = 0.828 (3 d.p.)
4 real roots.
12 Equation of asymptotes: x = 2, y = 1
13 y
(a) y x=2
y = 3x y = ex
20

y=1 1 y = 20 sin x
x
0 π 2π
x
O

−20

∴ 3x = f (x) has 1 root. 2 roots.

Let f(x) = 20 sin x - ex
1
(b) Let f(x) = 1 - 3x - f(2) = 10.80
(x - 2)2
f(3) = -17.26
2
f′(x) = -3 + s f(2) and f(3) have opposite sign, the larger
A
(x - 2)3
x0 = 0.2 root lies between x = 2 and x = 3.
f ′(x) = 20 cos x - ex
1
1 - 3(0.2) - x0 = 2
(0.2 - 2)2
x1 = 0.2 - 20 sin 2 - e2
2 x1 = 2 -
-3 +
(0.2 - 2)3 20 cos 2 - e2

= 0.22733 = 2.6872
x2 = 0.22726 x2 = 2.5062
\ x = 0.227 (3 s.f.) x3 = 2.4925
x4 = 2.4924
\ x = 2.49 (3 s.f.)

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 14 The equation of the asymptotes of From the graph, y = ln (x - 1) intersects
x = ±10, y = 0. with y = -2x only once so ln (x - 1) +
y
2x = 0 has only one real root and this root
y=
x+1 lies between x = 1 and x = 2.
100 − x 2
Let f (x) = ln (x - 1) + 2x
f (1) = ln 0 + 2(1) which is not defined.
1
x
f ′(x) = +x
−10 0 10
x-1
x0 = 2
ln (2 - 1) + 2(2)
y = −x 3 x1 = 2 -
1
+2
3 roots 2-1
Let f(x) = x5 - 100x3 - x - 1 2
=
3
f′(x) = 5x4 - 300x2 - 1
x0 = 10 f  123 = ln 123 -1 + 2123 which is also
105 - 100(10)3 - 10 - 1
x1 = 10 - not defined.
5(104) - 300(10)2 - 1
= 10.0005500 ∴ Neither x = 1 nor x = 2 is a suitable

x2 = 10.0005499 initial value of x.
\ x = 10.00055
1 Given f (x) = x - 1 - e-2x,
xn+1 = [xn + 100x + 1] 3 5
n    f ′(x) = 1 + 2e-2x
x0 = 10 1 x0 = 1
x1 = [10 + 100(10)3+ 1]5 1 - 1 - e-2
x1 = 1 -
= 10.0002200 1 + 2e-2
x2 = 10.0003520 = 1.10651
x3 = 10.0004312 x2 = 1.10886
x4 = 10.0004787 x3 = 1.10886
x5 = 10.0005072
∴ x = 1.109 (3 d.p.)
x6 = 10.0005243
x7 = 10.0005346
x8 = 10.0005407 16 y

x9 = 10.0005444
\ x = 10.00054 y = f(x)

y
15 (xn, f(xn))

a
y = ln (x − 1) x
O xn + 1 xn

x dy
O 1 2 = f ′(x)
dx
f ′(xn) - 0
y = −2x ′(xn) =
f 
(xn) - xn+1

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 f ′(a) Since y = 2 - 2x2 intersects y = x3 only
f ′(a) =
a - xn+1 once, the equation x3 + 2x2 = 2 has
f (a) exactly one real root.
a - xn+1 =
(a) x3 + 2x2 = 2
f ′(a)
x2(x + 2) = 2
f (a)
xn+1 = a - 2
f ′(a) x2 =
x+2
Let f (x) = x3 - N
2
f ′(x) = 3x2 x= [Shown]
x+2
xn3 - N
xn+1 = xn - 2
3xn2 x0 = 1, x1 =
1+2
3xn3 - (xn3 - N)
= = 0.8165
3xn2 x2 = 0.8427
2xn3 + N x3 = 0.8388
= [Shown] ∴ x = 0.84 (2 s.f.)
3xn2
Let x0 = 1 (b) Let f (x) = x3 + 2x2 - 2,
2(1)3 + 4 f ′(x) = 3x2 + 4x
x1 =
3(1)2 13 + 2(1)2 - 2
= 2 x0 = 1, x2 = 1 -
3(1)2 + 4(1)
x2 = 1.666667
= 0.85714
x3 = 1.591111 x3 = 0.83954
x4 = 1.587410
x4 = 0.83929
x5 = 1.587401
x5 = 0.83929
\ x = 1.5874
∴ x = 0.839 [3 s.f.]
17 x3 + 2x2 = 2
1
x3 = 2 - 2x2 18 y = x2 +
x
Sketch graphs of y = x3 and dy 1
y = 2 - 2x2 on the same axes. = 2x - 2
dx x
y d2y 2
2 = 2 + 3
y = x3 dx x
2
dy
= 0 ⇒ 2x3 - 1 = 0
dx

x 1
−1 0 x= 3 = 0.794
2
2

2
y=  +3
1
2
1
1
= 1.890

y = 2 − 2x
3
2

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 d2y 2 -0.4 + 4e-0.4 - 2
2 = 2 + x1 = -0.4 -
dx 1 1 + 4e-0.4
2
= -0.47641
= 6 (>0)
x2 = -0.47860
⇒ (0.794, 1.890) minimum point.
x3 = -0.47860
1 1 \ x = -0.479

Let f (x) = x2 + -
x x2
f (0.5) = -1.75 20 y

f (1) = 1 y = ex

f (0.5) and f (1) have opposite sign,

2
therefore 0.5 < p < 1. y=
2
1+x
1 2 x
f ′(x) = 2x - + −1 0
x2 x3
1 1
-0.52 +
0.5 0.52
x0 = 0.5, x1 = 0.5 -

1 2
2(0.5) - +
0.5 0.53
2

= 0.63462
2
x2 = 0.71093 y=
intersects y = e x only once,
1+x
x3 = 0.72421
therefore (1 + x)e x = 2 has only one real
x4 = 0.72449
root.
\ x = 0.724, y = 1.905 ⇒ (0.724, 1.905)

n=0
 f(x) = (1 + x)e x - 2,
19 y
y = e–x f ′(x) = (2 + x)e x
x0 = n = 0
(1 + 0)e0 - 2
x1 = 0 -
(2 + 0)e0
2
  = 0.5
1
x   x2 = 0.38522
0 2
  x3 = 0.37490
  x4 = 0.37482
y=
4   \ x = 0.375
2−x
ln x
21 y =
4 x
From the graph, y = e-x and y =
2-x
intersects at a point between x = -1 and 1
x = 0, the equation x + 4ex = 2 has a root dy x x - ln x
=
12
in the interval [-1, 0] dx x2
f(x) = x + 4ex - 2 1 - ln x
=
f′(x) = 1 + 4ex x2
x0 = -0.4

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 1 2 x3 = 1.47372
d2y - x (x ) - 2x (1 - ln x) x4 = 1.47372
    2 =
dx x4 \ x = 1.474
- x - 2x + 2x ln x p
= 1 π
x4 22 ∫0
2
(1 + sin x) dx ≈ 1 
2 6
2 ln x - 3
= [1 + 2 + 2(1.70711 + 1.93060)]
x3
dy ≈ π (10.27542)
= 0 ⇒ 1 - ln x = 0, 12
dx
1 ≈ 2.69 (3 s.f.)
x = e, y =
e 1
1 1-0
d2y 1
2 = - 3 < 0 ⇒ e,
dx e 1 21
e
maximum point. ∫
23 0 4 - x2 dx ≈
2 5 1 
[2 + 1.73205 + 2(1.98997 + 1.95959 +
y 1.90788 + 1.83303)]

e , 1e 
1
≈ 10 (19.11299)
1 y=
ln x
x
≈ 1.91 (2 d.p)
2.5
1 2.5 - 0
∫ 1
1 
x
O 1 2 24 dx =
1
1 1 + ln x 2 3
y= (2 − x)
2
[1 + 0.52184 + 2(1.22297 + 0.66189)]

2.5 (5.29156)
=
ln x 1 6
y=
intersects y = (2 - x) only once
x 2 = 2.20
between x = 1 and e.
25 Let 3x = y
\ 2 ln x = x(2 - x) has only one real root

    ln 3x = ln y
and it lies between 1 and e.  x ln 3 = ln y
(a) xn+1 = 2xn - 2 ln xn  y = ex ln 3
x0 = 1  ∴3x = ex ln 3
x1 = 1.4142
∫ ∫e
2 2
x2 = 1.4613 (a) 3x dx = x ln 3
dx
0 0
x3 = 1.4710 e x ln 3 2
=3
ln 3 4
x4 = 1.4731
0
\ x = 1.47 2

3ln3 34
x
(b) f(x) = 2 ln x - 2x + x2 =
2 0
f′(x) = - 2 + 2x
x 1
= (32 - 30)
x0 = 1 ln 3
2 ln 1 - 2(1) + 12
x1 = 1 - 1
2
- 2 + 2(1) = (9 - 1)
ln 3
1
= 1.5 8
=
x2 = 1.47389 ln 3

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 1 3-0 -31 1-0
1 2 1 2
2 1
(b) ∫ 0
3x dx ≈
2 5
  27 ∫
0
(x2 + 1) 2 dx ≈
2 3

( )
[1 + 0.3536 + 2(0.8538 + 0.5760)]
  30 + 33 + 2 1 1
3

 3 2
+ 3 + 3 2

≈ 1 (4.2132)
6
≈
1
4 1
1 + 9 + 2( 3 + 3
≈ 0.70 (2 s.f.)
+ 3 3) 2 x = tan θ
1 dx = sec2 θ dθ
≈ (16 + 8 3) -3 -3
4
(x2 + 1) 2 = (tan2 θ + 1) 2

≈4+2 3 -3
= (sec2 θ) 2

8 1
≈ 4 + 2 3, =
ln 3 sec3 θ
8
ln 3 ≈ 1 -3
4+2 3 (x2 + 1) 2 dx = (sec2 θ dθ)
cos3 θ
4
≈ = cos θ dθ
2+ 3
p
4 2- 3 x = 0, θ = 0; x = 1, θ =

≈ × 4
2+ 3 2- 3 1 -3
p

∫ ∫
4
(x + 1) dx = 2 2
cos θ dθ
4(2 - 3) 0 0
≈
4-3 p
= [sin θ ]04
≈ 4(2 - 3)
p
1 = sin -0
26 ∫ 0
1
1+ x
dx ≈
1 1-0
2 4 1
[1 + 0.70711 +  =
1
4
2 [Shown]
2
2(0.81650 + 0.76537 + 0.73205)]
1
2 - 0.70
≈ 1 (6.33495) Percentage error = 2 × 100%
8 1
≈ 0.792 (3 d.p.) 2
2
y = 1% (1 s.f.)
1

1
Volume = p (x2 + 1)-3 dx
∫0
1-0
1
√2
1
≈ ×p×
2 3 1
[1 + 0.125 + 2
2(0.729 + 0.332)]
x
0 1 ≈ p (3.247)
6
Over-estimate. Area of each trapezium is ≈ 1.7 (2 s.f.)
greater than area of each strip under the
curve.

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 28 u = ex, du = ex dx y
du
⇒ dx = ln 5
u
1 ex
dx = x dx
1+e -x
e +1 ln 2

=
u
u+1 u
du
1 2
x
0
du 1 2 3 4 5 6
=
1+u Area of each trapezium is smaller than
x = -1, u = e-1; x = 1, u = e the area of each strip.
1 e
Percentage error =

-1 1∫+
1
e-x
dx =
e-1 1
du
+u ∫ 5 ln 5 - 2 ln 2 - 3 - 3.636 × 100%

e
= [ln (1 + u)]e-1 5 ln 5 - 2 ln 2 - 3
= 0.7% (1 s.f.)
= ln (1 + e) - ln (1 + e-1)
n+1 1
= ln (1 + e) - ln
e+1
1 2

∫2
ln x dx = (1)[ln 2 + ln (n + 1) +
2
e 2 (ln 3 + ln 4 + … + ln n)]
= ln (1 + e) - ln (e + 1) + ln e 1
= [ln 2 + ln (n + 1) + (ln 3
=1 2
+ ln 4 + … + ln n)
1
1 1+1
1 23
1
∫ 1
-1 1 + e
-x
dx =
2 3
1
+
1
1 + e 1 + e-1
= [ln 2 + ln (n + 1) + (ln 2  
2
+ ln 3 + … + ln n) - ln 2

1 1+e 1+e 24
1 1 1
+2 +
2 4
= [ln (n + 1) - ln 2] + ln n!
3 3
2
1 n+1
=
1 1
3+
e
3 1+e 1+e
+1 4 = ln n! + ln
2 2
[Shown]

=1 5

∫1
1
2 x 2
3 4
5
30  x+ dx = + ln x
∴ The estimate is exact.
2 x 2 2

5 2
= + ln 5 - (2 + ln 2)
2
5 5
5
21 5
29
∫
2
ln x dx = [x ln x] 2 -
∫2
dx =
2
+ ln
2
5
= [x ln x - x] 2 y

= 5 ln 5 - 5 - (2 ln 2 - 2)
y=x+ 1
= 5 ln 5 - 2 ln 2 - 3 x y=x

5 1
2 ∫
ln x dx ≈  (1)[0.69315 + 1.60944 +
2
2(1.09861 + 1.38629)]
≈ 3.636
x
O 2 5

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 x0 - sin 2 x0
x1 = x0 -
1 - 2 cos 2 x0
1 5 - 2 5 26 1 - sin 2
∫1
1
2 1 23 10 17
1 24
5
2   x + x dx = 2 3 + +2 + =1-
2 5 3 4 1 - 2 cos 2
= 11.433 (3 d.p.) = 0.9505
For 2  x  5, the graph is concave x2 = 0.9478
upwards. x3 = 0.9477
31 The straight line y = x intersects curve   ∴ x = 0.95
y = sin 2 x at one point only.
The equation has exactly one root only. 32  Let f (x ) = x 3 - 5 x + 1
Iterative method: f (0) = 1
Given that x0 = 1 and xn +1 = sin 2 xn . f (1) = -3
So, Since f(0) and f(1) have opposite signs,
x1 = sin 2 x0 therefore there is a root between the
= sin 2 interval 0 and 1.
= 0.9093 1
For iteration xn +1 = ( xn3 + 1), let
x2 = 0.9695 5
1
x3 = 0.9567 F(x ) = ( x 3 + 1).
5
x4 = 0.9514 The first derivatives for the function,
x5 = 0.9454
           3 2
∴ x = 0.95 F’(x ) = x
5
y F’(0.5) = 0.075 < 1

y=x
∴ The iteration converges to the root.

For iteration xn +1 = 3 5 xn - 1, let
F(x ) = 3 5 x - 1 .
y= sin2 x
The first derivatives for the
function,
2
5 5 -
3 -
2

π/2
x F ’(Fx’)(= ( 5 x - 1)
x )3= (5 x - 1) 3
O
3
F ’ (0.5 ) =)1=.272
F ’ (0.5 1.272> 1> 1
Newton-Raphson’s method:
Let f( x) = x - sin 2 x, then ∴ The iteration does not converges to the
root.
   f ’( x) = 1 - 2 cos 2 x. 1
Given that x0 = 1 and xn +1 = ( xn3 + 1).
Given that x0 = 1, then 5

x0 - sin 2 x0
x1 = x0 -
1 - 2 cos 2 x0
1 - sin 2
=1-
1 - 2 cos 2
= 0.9505
x2 = 0.9478
12
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 y
1
x1 = (13 + 1) k
5 y=
x
= 0.4 y = ln x + 1

x2 = 0.21280
x3 = 0.20193
x4 = 0.20165
x5 = 0.20164 O
x

∴ x = 0.202
k 34 Let f ( x ) = 3 x 3 - 7 x + 600 ,
33 The curve y = intersects the
x
f(–6) = 3( -6)3 - 7( -6) + 600 = -6
y = ln x + 1 at only one point.
f(–5) = 3( -5)3 - 7( -5) + 600 = 260
Therefore, f( x ) = 0 has exactly one real root.
As f(–6) and f(–5) have opposite signs,
Given
equation 3 x 3 - 7 x + 600 = 0 has a root in
k 1 k the interval [–6, –5] .
f( x ) = ln x - + 1 ⇒ f ’ ( x ) = + 2 .
x x x
f ’( x ) = 9 x 2 - 7
Since x > 0, k is positive ⇒ f ’( x ) > 0.
3 xn3 - 7 xn + 600
Use xn +1 = xn -
As such, f is an increasing function for 9 xn2 - 7
x > 0. xo = – 6
k
3 ( -6 ) - 7( -6) + 600
3
f(1) = ln1 -
+1< 0 ⇒ k >1
1 x1 = -6 - = -5.9810726
k 9( -6) 2 - 7
Cf(2) = ln 2 - + 1 > 0 ⇒ k > 2(ln 2 + 1)
2 3 ( -5.9810726 ) - 7( -5.9810726) + 600
3

x2 = -6 -
∴1 < k < 2 (ln 2 + 1) 9( -5.9810726) 2 - 7
Given that x0 = 1.5 and = -0.5
59810112
x1 = x2 = -5.981 (when rounded to three
2 decimal places)
ln xn - +1
xn The root is – 5.981
xn +1 = xn - .
1 2
+
xn xn2 35 Let f( x ) = e x - 3 x.
When x x= =1,1f,(f1()1=) =– –0.0282
.282
..
2
ln1.5 - +1 When xx==22, ,ff((22))==11.389
.389. .
= 1.5 - 1.5
1 2 Since f(1) and f(2) have opposite signs,
+ 2 therefore there a root in the interval 1
1.5 1.5n
and 2.
= 1.45363
Given that x0 = 2 and
x2 = 1.45473
x3 = 1.45473 e xn - 3 x n
xn +1 = xn - .
\ x3 = 1.45473 e xn - 3

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 e 2 - 3( 2) xn3 - 12 xn + 1
x1 = 2 - x0 = 3.5 and xn +1 = xn - .
e2 - 3 3 xn2 - 12
= 1.68352
(3.5)3 - 12(3.5) + 1
x2 = 1.54348 x1 = 3.5 -
3(3.5) - 12
x3 = 1.51349
= 3.4242
x4 = 1.51214
x2 = 3.4217
x5 = 1.51213
∴ x = 3.42

∴ x = 1.512 y

36 Based on the graph, the line y = 12 x - 1 y = x3

intersects the curve y = x 3 at three
different points, two positive points, two y = 12x – 1

positive roots and a negative root.

Let a and b be the positive roots.
The x-coordinates of these positive roots
lie on the interval 0 < a < 1 and 3 b < 4 x
respectively. O

1
1
Also, let F( x ) = (12 x - 1) 3 .
3
The first derivatives for the function, 37
( x 2 )2 = 8 x
2
-
F′( x ) = 4(12 x - 1) 3 x 4 - 8x = 0
F′( 2) = 0.495 < 1I x( x 3 - 8) = 0

x = 0, x = 2 ⇒ (0, 0),( 2, 4).
∴ The iteration xn +1 = 3 12 xn - 1 will

x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
converge to b provided x0 > a.
a.
1 8x - x 2 0 1.75 1.82843 1.21410 0
From x = 12 x - 1 ⇒ x = ( x 3 + 1).
3

12
1 1 1
Thus, the iteration xn +1 = ( xn3 + 1). Αrea ≈ × [0 + 0 + 2(1.75 + 1.82843 + 1.21410)]
12 2 2
1 ≈ 2.396
Let F(x ) = ( x 3 + 1). 2
12
Αrea ≈ ∫ ( 8 x - x 2 ) d x
The first derivatives for the function,
0
1
F’(x ) = x 2  4 2 32 x 3 
2

4 = x - 
F’(0.5) = 0.0625 < 1.  3 3 0
3
1 4 2 23
∴ The iteration xn +1 = ( xn3 + 1) will
= ( 2) 2 -
12 3 3
converge to a.
8
From f ( x) = x 3 - 12 x + 1 , the first =
3
derivative, f’( x) = 3x 2 - 12.
Given that

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 Percentage error in estimation
∫e
2+ x
dx
8 2+ x
- 2.396 e
= ∫ 2+ x dx
=3 × 100% 2+ x
8
( ) - ∫ e2 + x dx
2+ x
3 =  x + 2 2e 2+ x

  = 10.15%
y
y = x2
= x + 2 2e ( 2+ x
- 2e )+ c
2+ x

= 2e 2+ x
( 2 + x.
2

Area = ∫ x dy
-2
2
1
4 -∫2
x 2+ x
O = e dx

1
y2 = 8x = [e 2 ( 2 - 1) - e 0 (0 - 1)]
2
1
= (e 2 + 1)
38
x x + 1 = 2x ⇒

( x +1 - 2 = 0) 2

x = 0, 3
Y –2 –1.5 –1
The coordinates at which the curve and 1 2+ y 0.25 0.50703 0.67951
e
the line intersects are (0, 0) and (3, 6). 4
X 0 0.5 1 Y – 0.5 0 0.5
2x - x + 1 0 1.75 1.82843 1 2+ y 0.85082 1.02831 1.21512
e
4
X 1.5 2
Y 1 1.5 2
2x - x + 1 1.21410 0
1 2+ y 1.41306 1.62342 1.84716

e
 0.44105 + 0.62011   4
1  
Area ≈ × 0.6 0 + 0 + 2  +0.58802 + 0.37462 
2  
  +0   Area
≈ 0.607   0.50703 + 0.67951  
  +0.85082 + 1.02831 
39 0.5 
Let u = 2 + x.
≈ 0.25 + 1.84726 + 2  
du 1 dx 2 2   +1.2151 + 1.41306  
So, = ⇒ = du 
dx 2 2 + x 2+ x u  +1.62342  
 
2+ x
e
∫ 2+ x
dx ≈ 4.183

eu 2
=∫
u u 
du

= ∫ 2e duu

= 2e u + c
2+ x
= 2e +c

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 40 42 To find x-coordinates of point
Y 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1 of intersection, solve equations

2x 0 0.4706 0.8 0.96 1 y = x 3 + 3 x 2 - 6 x - 8 and y = 7x + 7.

1 + x2 x 3 + 3x 2 - 6 x - 8 = 7 x + 7
1
2x 1 1  0.4706  x 3 + 3 x 2 - 13 x - 15 = 0
∫0 1 + x 2 dx ≈ 2 × 4 0 + 1 + 2  +0.8 + 0.96  (x + 5)(x – 3)(9x + 1) = 0
≈ 0.683 x = –5, x = –1 , x = 3.
1
2x
( )
1
∫ 1+ x dx = ln 1 + x 2  -1
2 0 ∫  x 3 + 3 x 2 - 6 x - 8 - (7 x + 7) dx
0 Area -5

= ln 2 = + 3 (7 x + 7) - ( x 3 + 3x 2 - 6 x - 8) dx
∫  -1 
∴ ln 2 = 0.683
-1
= ∫  x 3 + 3 x 2 - 13 x - 15 dx
-5
41 To find x-coordinate of intersection 3
+ ∫ 13 x + 15 - x 3 - 3 x 2  dx
-1
point, solve y = x x 3 + 1 and y = 3x.
x –5 –4 –3
x x 3 + 1 = 3x
x x 3 + 1 - 3x = 0 x 3 + 3 x 2 - 13 x - 15 0 21 24

x ( )
x3 + 1 - 3 = 0
x –1 0 1

13 x + 15 - x 3 - 3 x 2 0 15 24
x=0 or x +1 = 3
3

x 3 + 1 = 9, x 3 = 8, x = 2 x –2 –1

Area =
∫0
2
( 3 x - x x 3 + 1 dx ) x 3 + 3 x 2 - 13 x - 15
x
15
2
0
3
2-0 1
h= = 13 x + 15 - x 3 - 3 x 2 21 0
4 2
x 0 0.5 1 1  0 + 0 + 2 ( 21 + 24 + 15) 
Area 2 × 1
≈ 
+ 0 + 0 + 2 (15 + 24 + 21) 
0 0.96967 1.58579
3x - x x 3 + 1
≈ 91 unit 2
x 1.5 2
1.36252 0 43 Let f(x) = x 4 + 16 x 3 + 24 x - 5
3x - x x + 1 3
f(0) = –5 , f( 1) = 3(1) + 16 + 24 –5 = 38
Area As f(0) and f(1) have opposite signs,
1 1
≈ × 0 + 0 + 2 (0.96967 + 1.58579 + 1.36252) equation 3 x 4 + 16 x 3 + 24 x - 5 = 0 has at
2 2 least a real root in the interval [0, 1].
≈ 1.95899
To determine the iteration to solve the
≈ 1.96 unit 2 equation, rearrange equation

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 3 x 4 + 16 x 3 + 24 x - 5 , xo = 0.5

24 x = 5 - 3 x - 16 x ,
4 3
1 
5 - (0.5) - 16 (0.5) 
4 3
x1 =
1 24  
x= (5 - 3 x 4 - 16 x 3 )
24 = 0.122 396
So the iteration is 1 
5 - (0.122396 ) - 16 (0.122396 ) 
4 3
x2 =
 
xn +1 =
1
24
(
5 - 3 xn4 - 16 xn3 . ) 24
= 0.207 102
Rearrange equation 3 x 4 + 16 x 3 + 24 x - 5 , 1 
5 - (0.207102) - 16 (0.207102) 
4 3
x3 =
24  
3 x 4 + 24 x = 5 - 16 x 3 = 0.202 335
5 - 16 x 3 1 
5 - (0.202335) - 16 (0.202335) 
4 3
x= x4 =
 
(
3 x3 + 8 ) 24
= 0.202 741
5 - 16 xn3
xn +1 = 1 
5 - (0.202741) - 16 (0.202741) 
( )
4 3
3 xn 3 + 8 x5 =
24  
= 0.202 707
Let F(x) =
1
24
(
5 - 3 x 4 - 16 x 3 , ) As x4 = x5 = 0.203 when rounded to
three significant figures, the root is 0.203.
F’ ( x ) =
1
24
(
-12 x 3 - 48 x 2 )
44 Sketch graphs of
F (0.5) = -0.5625
’
y = e - x + 1 and 2 y = x + 2 on the same
diagram
As F’(0.5) < 1 , so the iteration is
y
likely to give a convergent sequence of
2y = x + 2
approximation to the root.
2
5 - 16 x 3
Let F(x) = ,
( )
y = e–x + 1
3 x3 + 8 1
x

F’ ( x ) =
( )
-48 x 2 3 x 3 + 8  - 9 x 2 5 - 16 x 3 ( ) –2 O

( )
2
9 x3 + 8
Since graph of y = e - x + 1 intersect 2y =
2
399 x x + 2 only once in the first quadrant, the
=-
( x 3 + 8) 2 equation xe x -1 = 0 has only one real
positive root.
F’(0.5) = -1.981, as F, (0.5) > 1, so the
Let f ( x ) = xe x - 1, f ’( x ) = (1 + x )e x
iteration is not likely to give a convergent
sequence of approximation to the root. Use xn+1 = xn - f ( x ) ,
So the suitable iteration is f ’( x )
xn +1 =
1
24
(
5 - 3 xn4 - 16 xn3 . ) xo = 1
e1 - 1
x1 = 1 - = 0.867 879
(1 + 1)e 2

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 (1 + 0.867879)e 0.867879 = 1.661 514
x2 = 0.867879 -
(0.867879)e 0.867879 - 1 As x2 = x3 = 1.662 when rounded to
= 0. 852 784 three decimal places, the root is 1.662.
(1 + 0.852784)e 0.852784 3
x3 = 0.852784 - 46 For y = - 1 , the equation of
(0.852784)e 0.852784 - 1 x +1
= 0.852 606 asymptotes are y = –1 and x = –1
y
As x2 = x3 = 0. 853 when rounded to
three significant figures, the root is 0.853. 3

45 Sketch graphs of y = 3 – 1.5 x and 2

y = ln x on the same diagram. x
–1 O 2
y
3 y= 3 –1
y= –1 –1 x+1
x+1

y= 3 –1
y = ln x
2 x+1

3
The curves y = - 1 and
x x +1
O 1 3
y = 3 – 1.5x
y = - x 3 + 3 intersect twice. Equation

x 4 + x 3 - 4 x - 1 = 0 has two real roots.

Graph y = 3 – 1.5 x intersect y = ln
Let f ( x ) = x 4 + x 3 - 4 x - 1 = 0
x only once in the interval [1, 2], the
equation ln x = 3 - 1.5 x has only one f ’( x ) = 4 x 3 + 3 x 2 - 4
positive real root. xn 4 + xn 3 - 4 xn - 1
Let f(x) = ln x + 1.5x –3 xn +1 = xn -
4 xn3 + 3 xn2 - 4
1
f ’( x ) = + 1.5 xo = -0.5
x
ln xn + 1.5 xn - 3 ( -0.5) 4 + ( -0.5)3 - 4( -0.5) - 1
xn +1 = xn - x1 = ( -0.5) -
1 4( -0.5)3 + 3( -0.5) 2 - 4
+ 1.5
xn x2 = ( -0.25)
xo = 1.5, ( -0.25) 4 + ( -0.25)3 - 4( -0.25) - 1
ln1.5 + 1.5(1.5) - 3 -
x1 = 1.5 - 4( -0.25)3 + 3( -0.25) 2 - 4
1
+ 1.5 = –0.253 0242
1.5
= 1.659 016 x3 = ( -0.2530242)
ln1.659016 + 1.5(1.659016) - 3 ( -0.2530242) 4 + ( -0.2530242)3
x2 = 1.659016 -
1 -4( -0.2530242) -11
+ 1.5 -
1.659016 4( -0.2530242)3 + 3( -0.2530242) 2 - 4
= 1.661 513 = –0.253 0251
ln1.661513 + 1.5(1.661513) - 3
x3 = 1.661513 - As x2 = x3 = –0.2530 when rounded to
1
+ 1.5 four decimal places, so the root is –0.2530
1.661513

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