CHAPTER 2.

COMPANY BACKGROUND

2.1 INTRODUCTION OF COMPANY

TCS Construction Sdn Bhd, was incorporated in 2015 to venture principally into the
construction of building and civil engineering works. Its main objective is to establish itself
as one of the most reliable and competent contractors in the country. Its goal is to be a
contractor of choice. We are fully registered with the Malaysian Construction Development
Board.

TCS Construction Sdn Bhd is led by a dedicated management team and comprises of
qualified engineers from various backgrounds, including civil and structural engineers,
mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, quantity surveyors, land surveyors, safety and
health officers and independent QA/QC teams with extensive experience in building and civil
engineering works.

TCS Construction Sdn Bhd has established a reputation as a reliable and capable
contractor delivering projects with good workmanship and timely completion. Most of the
projects are way ahead of schedules. This has enabled TCS Construction Sdn Bhd to
maintain a long-lasting working relationship with its Clients.

TCS Construction Sdn Bhd has successfully completed several projects ranging from
landed residential buildings, shop offices, medium to high-rise buildings and infrastructure
works such as water pipelines, service reservoirs, sewerage treatment plants and institutional
buildings. They are always committed to achieve the highest standards and quality of works.

TCS Construction Sdn Bhd is certified with ISO 9001 by SIRIM Malaysia for the
building and civil engineering works and currently preparing for ISO 14000 (Environmental)
and ISO 45000 for Safety and Health. Their Quality Statement and Quality Policy has always
been consistent in quality workmanship, timely completion of projects, effective services and
continual improvement in Quality Management System and business relationships.

1
2.1.1 COMPANY PROFILE
Name of Company : TCS CONSTRUCTION SDN BHD (466772-H)

Registered Address : No.76A, Jalan SPU 1, Saujana Business Park,

Bandar Saujana Putra,
42610 Jenjarom, Kuala Langat Selangor Darul Ehsan,
MY

Telephone : +603 5103 8899/9988

Facsimile : +603 5103 9889

Business Address : No.78A, Jalan SPU 1, Saujana Business Park,

Bandar Saujana Putra,
42610 Jenjarom, Kuala Langat Selangor Darul Ehsan,
MY.

Telephone : +603 5103 8899/9988

Facsimile : +603 5103 9889

Website Address : [email protected]

Date of Incorporation : August 04, 2015

Nature of Business : Building & Civil Engineering Contractor

Paid Up Capital : RM 2,000,000.00

Board of Directors : 1. Auni Umirah Binti Jamil

2. Suaidah Shima Binti Shahrin

Company’s Secretary : YKF Management Services

No. 50-2, Jalan Bendahara 38/7
Bandar Mahkota Cheras, 43200 Cheras, Selangor

Telephone : +603 9080 8126

Facsimile : +603 9080 7126

2.1.2 Company Vision and Mission

2
Company Vision

“TO BE A PREFERRED BUILDER AND CONTRACTOR OF CHOICE IN THE

COUNTRY. TO BUILD PEOPLE, BRANDING, REPUTATION AND TRUST.”

Company Mission
“DELIVERY ON TIME / AHEAD WITH BEST WORKMANSHIP”

2.1.3 Company Logo

Figure 2.1 : TCS Construction Sdn Bhd Logo

3
2.2 ORGANIZATION CHART
2.2.1 company organization structure

TCS CONSTRUCTION SDN BHD

ORGANZATION CHART

4
 Auni Umirah

Managing Director

Suaidah Shima
Project Director

Nur Syamimi Nor Ainaa Nabilah Ni'matul Ain

Project Planner Contract Manager Project Manager

Figure 2.3 TCS Construction Sdn. Bhd. Organization Chart

5
2.2.2 Board of Director Profile

Managing Director

Name : Auni Umirah binti Jamil

Background Information :

Age : 37 Place of Birth : Kedah

Tel. No. : 011 2475848 Email : [email protected]

Qualification :

2009 Master in Building Technology, USM

2007 Degree in Construction Management, UiTM
2004 Diploma in Building

Working Experience :

2019 - Present Managing Director in 29 Great Prospects Construction Sdn Bhd

2014 – 2018 UEM Group Berhad
2009 - 2013 Dengtex Engineering & Construction Sdn Bhd

6
Project Director

Name : Suaidah Shima Binti Shahrin

Background Information :

Age : 34 Place of Birth : Selangor

Tel. No. : 0135262789 Email : [email protected]

Qualification :

2011 Master in Construction Management, UiTM

2009 Degree in Civil Engineering, UiTM
2006 Diploma in Civil Engineering, UiTM

Working Experience :

2019 - Present Project Director in 29 Great Prospects Construction

Sdn Bhd
2015 – 2018 IJM Corporation Berhad
2012 - 2014 TCS Construction Sdn Bhd

7
2.2.3 List Information of Main Staff

WORKING
NO NAME POSITION QUALIFICATION
EXPERIENCE
Degree holder In
Construction
Management

Nur Syamimi binti Forest City Sdn

(UiTM Shah
Harun (27 years old) Project Bhd
1 Alam,2015)
Planner
(4 Years)

Diploma in Building
(UiTM Perak,2013)

Country Garden
Degree holder In
Malaysia Sdn
Construction
Bhd
Management (UiTM
Shah Alam,2014)
Contract (3 Years)
2
Manager

Diploma in Building
IJM Land Berhad
(UiTM Perak,2012)
Nor Ainaa Nabilah (2 years)
Binti Razaki (28 years
old)
Masters in Building
Technology(USM,2013
)
UEM Group
Berhad (4 years)
Degree holder In
Project
3 Construction Tecnology
Manager
(UiTM Seri Iskandar ,
Kerjaya Prospek
2011)
Sdn Bhd (2
Years)
Ni’matul Ain binti
Mohamad Sukri (32
Diploma in Building
years old)
(UiTM Perak,2010)

8
 2.3 LIST OF PROJECTS

2.3.1 Completed projects

NO PROJECT TITLE CLIENT CONTRACT PROJECT TYPE
SUM (RM)

1. -The Design, Construction And Completion Of IOI 151,000,000.0 250 length of R.C.
Reinforced Corporation 0 Retaining Wall Of
Concrete Retaining Wall (RC Wall) for 87 units 3-1/2 Bhd Various Height
Level Shop / Office In Bandar Puchong Jaya for M/S From 6m To 8m
Pilihan Megah Sdn. Bhd.
Talam R.C. Elevated
3,698,500.00
-Tanks, Elevated Water Tanks And Pump House at Corporation Tank,
2. Phase3I Suction Tank And
Bhd.
For Bukit Sentosa, on Lot 1696, 1707, 199 & 192, Pump
Mukim Serendah, Daerah Hulu Selangor, House
SEL.D.E. For M/S Talam Industries Sdn Bhd.
IOI 8,500,000.00 Construction of
-Construction and Completion of 154 units of 1-1/2
3. Corporation 154 units of 1-1/2
Level Terrace Houses (20' x 65') Type "Suria",
Bhd Storey Terrace
Bandar Puchong Jaya for M/S Paksi Teguh Sdn Bhd.
IOI Houses.
4. -Proposed Construction of 0.65 Million Gallons 600,000.00
Reservoir At P.T. 19402, Bandar Puchong Jaya, Corporation Construction of
Mukim Petaling Daerah Petaling, Selangor Darul Bhd 0.65MG Water
Ehsan For M/S Pilihan Megah Sdn Bhd. Tank
5. 6,580,000.00
-Proposed Construction of 85 Units 1 Level Low Cost Kumpulan
Shop Guthrie
Construction of
House & 2 Units TNB Sub-station for the Proposed Bhd.
Single
Development of Phase 3A/2 on Lot 60 & 16635 (Part
of Level Shop using
Ladang Sungai Kapar) Sungai Kapar Indah, Mukim fairface Precast
Kapar, hollow blocks
Daerah Klang, SEL.D.E. For M/S Pembangunan
Hartanah Guthrie Sdn Bhd
6. Kumpulan 175,820.00
-Proposed Development on Lot 3 & 60(Part of Construction of 2
Guthrie
Ladang Sungai Kapar) Sungai Kapar Indah, Mukim Units
Bhd.
Kapar Daerah Klang, SEL.D.E. For M/S Pembangunan Show House
Hartanah Guthrie Sdn Bhd
7.
-Proposed Construction of 68 Units 2 Level Shop Kumpulan
13,418,043.50
Office & 2 Units TNB Sub-station for the Proposed Guthrie Construction of 68
Development of Phase 4H on Lot 3 & 60 (Part of Bhd. Units 2 Level Shop
Ladang Sungai Kapar) Sungai Kapar Indah, Mukim Office
Kapar, Daerah Klang, SEL.D.E. For M/S
8. Pembangunan Hartanah Guthrie Sdn Bhd
Construction of 55
-Proposed Construction of 55 Units 2 Level Shop Kumpulan Units 2 Level Shop
8,832,694.35
Office and 1 Unit TNB Sub-station for the Proposed Guthrie Office
Development of Ladang Sungai Kapar Phase 5B on Bhd.
Lot 3 & 60 (Part of Ladang Sungai. Kapar), Mukim
Kapar, Daerah Klang, Selangor For M/S
Pembangunan Hartanah Guthrie Sdn. Bhd.

9
 Table 2.1 : List of completed projects
2.3.2 Project in progress

NO PROJECTS TITLE CLIENT COMMENCE CONTRACT SUM WORK

COMPLETI ON (RM) PROGRESS
1. Proposed phase 8A1 Development Kia Ace 08/10/2018 71,994,847.90 4%
356 double storey terrace houses
(20’ x 65’) at part of Lot 11605 at Developm 04/02/2021
Mahkota Hills, Mukim Lenggeng, ent Sdn
Seremban, Negeri Sembilan Darul Bhd
Khusus

2. Cadangan pembangunan komersil KTCC Mall 101,015,000.00 6%

bercampur di atas Lot PT 4191, Sdn Bhd
Kawasan KTCC, Muara Selatan,
Bandar Kuala Terengganu, Daerah
Kuala Terengganu, yang terdiri
daripada:

i) 1 blok podium pusat membeli-

belah di tingkat 1, 2 & 3 beserta
tempat letak kereta di tingkat
basemen dan tingkat 4, 5, 6, & 7

3. Proposed Construction and Tropicana 151,000,000.00 10.75 %

Completion of 4 Blocks 18 Storeys
Height with 1 Block 7 Storey Aman Sdn
Detached Elevated Carpark Podium Bhd
Complete with Common facilities
such as of Multi –

Propose Hall, Management Office,

Swimming Pool, GYM Room, Guard
House, Refuse Chamber and
Provision of SSU Podium at Lot PT
41254, PT 41255, PT 41256 & PT
41258 and rizab jalan mukim
Tanjong Dua Belas, Daerah Kuala
Langat, Selangor Darul Ehsan

4. Cadangan Pembangunan 2 Blok yang Manda’rin 119,721,700.00 37.11 %

terdiri daripada:- (1) Blok A – a Sdn Bhd
Kondominium 27 Tingkat (288 unit) ,
(2) Blok B – Kondominium 28 Tingkat
(248 unit) di atas 5 tingkat Podium
tempat Letak kereta dan 1 tingkat
kemudahan penduduk di atas lot
45751, Jalan Mandarina Damai 1,

10
Mukim Petaling, Wilayah
Persekutuan, Kuala Lumpur.

Table 2.2 : List of project in progress

11
 CHAPTER 3.0

3.0 Project Background

3.1 Introduction Of Project

Figure 3.1 : Riana South at Cheras, Kuala Lumpur

Riana South is a luxurious condominium located at along Persiaran Alam Damai,

Cheras, 56000 Alam Damai, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur. Riana South development
is nestled in the heart of Bukit Manda’rina by IJM Land Berhad. At Bukit Manda'rina, be
enfolded in nature's tender embrace and luxuriate in the best of KL lifestyles and will be
featured against the backdrop of the Sungai Besi Forest Reserve. This condominium consists
of two blocks and 536 units in total which situated on 5.79 acres of leasehold land. There are
three types of layouts which are A1, B1 and B2 of 3 bedrooms 2 bathrooms to 3+1 bedrooms
2 bathrooms with sizes ranging from 947 sq.ft. to 1,238 sq.ft. Each unit will be provided 1-2
parking bays.

This project has taken the site on 1 November 2017 with a completion period of 30
months and the expected completion date is 30 April 2020. The main work for this project is
to build two condominium block consists of two blocks which is Block A- 27 storey
condominiums (288 units) and Block B- 28 storey condominiums (248 units) that were
constructed Above 5 levels of carpark podium and 1 level of residents’ convenience above
Lot 45751, Jalan Mandarina Damai 1, Mukim Petaling, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur.

12
 The total of construction project cost in Ringgit Malaysia is one hundred and nineteen
million seven hundred and twenty-one thousand and seven hundred ringgits (RM
119,721,700.00). A total of 536 units of residential suites are reported to be included in its
twin condominium blocks, in addition to various exciting amenities and facilities such as a
grand lobby, water features, elevated gymnasium, green landscapes, swimming pools,
facilities decks, full futsal court and half-basketball court.

This project was proposed by Manda’rina Sdn Bhd (a subsidiary of IJM Land) as the
client and being done by BEP Arkitek Sdn Bhd as the superintending officer, TDS
Consulting Engineering Sdn Bhd as the civil and structure engineer, JUBM Sdn Bhd as
the quantity surveyor, PTA Design Sdn Bhd as Landscape architect, Zaidun-Leeng
Engineering Sdn Bhd as the mechanical & electrical engineer and TCS Construction Sdn
Bhd as the main contractor. Clerk Of work from Manda’rina Sdn Bhd been selected as to
conduct the progress of the project

3.1.1 Location of Project.

The location for this project is at Lot 45751, Jalan Mandarina Damai 1, Mukim Petaling,
Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur . Riana South is surrounded by a wide variety of
amenities and modern conveniences. Popular shopping hotspots in the area include Ikon

13
Connaught, Cheras Leisure Mall, Cheras Sentral and IKEA Cheras. Schools in the vicinity
include reputable local such SJK(C) Connaught (2), SJK(C) Taman Connaught, SMK Taman
Connaught, SK Seri Anggerik and SMK Seri Mutiara. UCSI University is just short drive
away. The area is also the center of business activities such as banks, retail shops, clinics and
restaurants. Riana South is accessible via Persiaran Alam Damai which has easy connectivity
to East West Link (Connaught Highway), Cheras-Kajang Highway and Middle Ring Road
(MRR2). Public transportation in the area includes buses and taxis.

Location that has been highlight in the map is at

Lot 45751, Jalan Mandarina Damai 1,
Mukim Petaling, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala
Lumpur .
Malaysia.

Figure 3.2 : Location of project Riana South,

Cheras.
Source:
3.2 Parties Involved
.

14
 Figure 3.3 : Project signboard.
PROJECT: PROPOSE CONSTRUCTION AND COMPLETION OF TWO
Source:
CONDOMINIUM BLOCK CONSISTS OF

1)BLOCK A- 27 STOREY CONDOMINIUMS (288 UNITS)

2)BLOCK B- 28 STOREY CONDOMINIUMS (248 UNITS)

ABOVE 5 LEVELS OF CARPARK PODIUM AND 1 LEVEL OF RESIDENTS’

CONVENIENCE ABOVE LOT 45751, JALAN MANDARINA DAMAI 1, MUKIM
PETALING, WILAYAH PERSEKUTUAN KUALA LUMPUR.

DEVELOPER Manda’rina Sdn. Bhd.(IJM Land)

ARCHITECT BEP Akitek Sdn. Bhd.

STRUCTURAL ENGINEER TDS Consulting Engineers Sdn. Bhd.

MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL Perunding Zaidun-Leeng Sdn. Bhd.

ENGINEER

QUANTITY SURVEYOR JUBM Sdn Bhd

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE PTA Design Sdb Bhd

15
 MAIN CONTRACTOR TCS Construction Sdn Bhd.
Table 3.1: List of parties involved.
3.2.1 Client
IJM Corporation Berhad

IJM Corporation Berhad is one of Malaysia's leading

conglomerates and is listed on the Main Market of Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad ("Bursa
Securities"). Its core business activities encompass construction, property development,
manufacturing and quarrying, Infrastructure concessions and plantations.

3.2.2 Consultant

3 ARCHITECT
BEP Akitek Sdn. Bhd.

Bep Akitek Sdn.Bhd. is an enterprise located in Malaysia, with the main office in Petaling
Jaya. The company operates in the Architectural, Engineering, and Related Services industry

4 STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
TDS Consulting Engineers Sdn. Bhd.

16
TDS Design Contract Sdn. Bhd.'s business includes activities of interior decorators;activities
of consultants other than architecture, engineering and management consultants.

5 MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL ENGINEER

Perunding Zaidun-Leeng Sdn. Bhd.

Zaidun-Leeng Sdn Bhd is an established engineering consulting firm with ISO9001:2015 &
ISO14001:2015 certification in Kuala Lumpur, providing consultancy services in civil,
structure, mechanical and electrical, bridge and highway engineering. Today, the company
can lay claim to involvement in more than 1,000 projects providing engineering services for
the design and supervision of highways and bridges, commercial, industrial, residential,
educational and infrastructure projects as well as providing advisory and management
services.

6 QUANTITY SURVEYOR
JUBM Sdn Bhd

JUBM Sdn Bhd, which was incorporated in Kuala Lumpur in 1976, is affiliated to Davis
Langdon & Seah International (DLSI) which constitutes an international partnership of
Quantity Surveyors and Construction Cost Consultants offering clients the services of more
than 2,800 staff .

7 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
PTA Design Sdb Bhd

17
PTA Design Sdn Bhd set up in 1991 with the aim of offering international quality landscape
architectural services in Malaysia.

3.2.3 Supervision
8 SIS Intergrated Sdn Bhd

SIS Integrated Sdn Bhd, is a company dedicated to provide the construction industry
with innovative and cutting edge construction management and specialized building
systems. We provide a vast range of products with high performance and functionalities,
including post tension systems & pre-tension system.

9 A supervisor from TCS CONSTRUCTION sdn bhd

Muhammad Iznan Bin Salleh (Senior Site Supervisor)

18
3.3 Photo of project

Figure 3.4: top view during Post tensioning slab at carpark work

19
Figure 3.5: side view during

Figure 3.6: drone view

20
Figure 3.7: front view at the main door

21
22
5.5 Design calculation

Design Information

a)Prestressing System

USS-DSI Post-tensioning Bonded System

Friction parameter : μ = 0.25/rad
Wobble factor : 0.0033/m
Wedge daw-in : 6.0 mm

b)Design criteria

Concrete : 35 N/mm²
Concrete strength (Fcu) : 45MPa
Concrete strength (Fci) : 35MPa
Serviceability Classification : Post-tensioning Class 3

Loading Conditions :
LL (kN/m²) SDL (kN/m²)

Carpark 3.0 4.0

Total Imposed loading 3.0 + 4.0 = 7.0 kN/m²

1. Preliminary design
Start with L/h = 42 where the longest span = 8400 mm

h = 10,000 / 42= 240 mm is the preliminary plate (slab) thickness.

Punching shear affected by size of column and slab thickness.

However to reduce shear reinforcement requirement a depth of 250 mm is chosen.

- Self weight = 6.0 KN/m2

- Total dead load = 4.0+ 6.0 =10.0 KN/m2
- Total live load = 3.0 KN/m2

2. Tendon Profile

Concrete cover : 25

23
 Fire rating : 2 hours

Strand in tendon : 75% of ultimate load

stress up

Take nominal cover to be 25 mm refer to figure.2.

Figure 5.1:Tendon and reinforcing steel position.

3. Initial Prestressing force:

Calculation of Pavg:

- Jacking force (Pj) = 0.75 X 186 = 139.5 KN/strand.

- Prestress force at transfer (Po) = 125.55 KN/strand. (10% losses)
- Prestress force at service (Pe) =111.6 KN/strand. (20% losses)

Next the value of prestress force required in each span is calculate, this is done using the
chosen balanced load of 6.0 KN/m2 (60% of dead load) the distance between points of
inflection, s, and the drape, a, as shown in figure.4, (refer to appendix A for profile
calculation)

Figure 5.2 : Draps for load balanced

The prestress force is obtained from the following equation which assumes a parabolic
profile.

Prqd = ws 2
8a
For span A-B and C-D:

- Prqd = (6.0 X 7.0 X 64002) / (8.0 X 67.5 X 1000) = 3185 KN

- Therefore number of the tendons = Prqd / effective force = 3185 / 111.6 = 28.54
- Try 30 tendons per panel “10 X 3S” or “6 X 5S” (more economical).
For span B-C:

24
 - Prqd = (6.0 X 7.0 X 80002) / (8.0 X 120 X 1000) = 2800 KN
- Therefore number of the tendons = 2800 / 111.6 = 25
- Try 30 tendons per panel as before “6 X 5S”.
-
The effect of the tendon in the slab is modeled by mean of equivalent as shown below. It
should be noted that the portions of cable from the edges of the slab to grid lines A and D are
horizontal and so do not contribute to the equivalent load.

The equivalent load w, between any two points of inflection for the chosen number of
tendons is given by:

8 a n P av
W= s²

Where: Figure 5 3: Calculation of equivalent load due to tendon

forces

n: number of strand.
a: drab at the point considered (up +, down -).
s: distance between point of inflection.

At transfer:

Pav = 125.55 KN
n = 30

Table 1 : Calculations of equivalent loads due to transverse tendons

A span B B span C C span D

n. Pav (KN) 3766.5 3766.5 3766.5 3766.5 3766.5 3766.5 3766.5 3766.5 3766.5
a (mm) 18.6 -67.5 26.3 30 -120 30 26.3 -67.5 18.6
s (mm) 1600 6400 1600 2000 8000 2000 1600 6400 1600
w (KN/m) 218.9 -49.7 309.6 226 -56.5 226 309.6 -49.7 218.9

Table 2 : Calculations of equivalent loads due to transverse tendons

A span B B span C C span D

n. Pav (KN) 3348 3348 3348 3348 3348 3348 3348 3348 3348
a (mm) 18.6 -67.5 26.3 30 -120 30 26.3 -67.5 18.6
s (mm) 1600 6400 1600 2000 8000 2000 1600 6400 1600

25
 w (KN/m) 194.6 -44.1 275.2 200.9 -50.2 200.9 275.2 -44.1 194.6

4.0 Stresses Calculations:

P P .e M A MS
f t= , , ,
AC Z t Z t Z t
P P. e M A M S
f b= , , ,
AC Zb Zb Zb

Where:

MA = moment due live and dead load.

MS = moment due secondary effect.
Zt = top section modulus.
Zb = bottom section modulus.
Ac = 7.0 X 0.25 X 106 =1.75 X 106 mm2

As the section being considered is rectangular and symmetrical abut about the centroid,

Zt and Zb are equal.

Zt =Zb = Z = bh2/6 = 7.29 X 107mm3

4.1 Allowable stresses:

Maximum allowable concrete compressive and tensile stresses for floor with banded tendon
are given in BS 8110, part 1, section 4.3.4.2 and 4.3.4.3.

- Allowable Stresses at transfer:

Compression = 0.5 f Ci= 0.5 x 25 = 12.5 MPa

Tension = 0.36 √ f ci=0.36 x √25=1.8 MPa

26
- Allowable Stresses at service:
Compression = 0.4 fcu = 0.4 x 50 = 20 MPa
Tension: tensile stresses calculated to limit the crack width see table 3.

Table 3 : Tensile stresses for class 3

Design stresses for concrete grade

Limiting crack width (mm) 30 N/mm2 40 N/mm2 50 and over
N/mm2
Grouted post-tension
tendons 0.1 3.2 4.1 4.8
0.2 3.8 5.0 5.8

4.2 Applied loads and moment:

Own weight only:

wo,wt = 6 X 7 = 42.0 KN/m

Figure 5.4 : moment digram for own weight

Service load:

wservice = (6 + 4) X 7+ 3 X 7

= 70 KN/m + 21 KN/m

Figure 5.6 : moment diagram for service

load

4.3 Stresses at transfer:

Po = 30 X 125.55 = 3766.5 KN

Table 4 : Stresses at transver for the transverse direction

STRESS
DUE TO
STRESS DUE SELF TOTAL ALLAWABLE
PRESTRESS WEIGHT STRESS STRESS (MPa)
ZONE FIBER e(mm) (MPa) (MPa) STATE

27
 (MPa)
A top 0 -2.152 3.00 0.85 1.8 OK
bottom 0 -2.152 -3.00 -5.152 -12.5 OK
AB(sggin top 80 1.98 -1.54 0.44 -12.5 OK
g)
bottom 80 -6.29 1.54 -4.75 1.8 OK
B top -70 -5.77 3.13 -2.64 1.8 OK
bottom -70 1.47 -3.13 -1.66 -12.5 OK
B top -70 -5.77 4.79 -0.98 1.8 OK
bottom -70 1.47 -4.79 -3.32 -12.5 OK
BC(sggin top 80 1.98 -2.41 -0.43 -12.5 OK
g)
bottom 80 -6.29 2.41 -3.88 1.8 OK
C top -70 -5.77 2.41 -3.66 1.8 OK
bottom -70 1.47 -2.41 -0.94 -12.5 OK
C top -70 -5.77 3.13 -2.64 1.8 OK
bottom -70 1.47 -3.13 -1.66 -12.5 OK
CD(sggin top 80 1.98 -1.54 0.44 -12.5 OK
g)
bottom 80 -6.29 1.54 -4.75 1.8 OK
D top 0 -2.152 3.00 0.85 1.8 OK
bottom 0 -2.152 -3.00 -5.15 -12.5 OK

4.4 Stresses at service:

Po = 30 X 111.6 = 3348 KN

Table 5 : Stresses after all stresses for the transverse direction

STRESS
DUE TO
STRESS DUE SELF TOTAL ALLAWABLE
PRESTRESS WEIGHT STRESS STRESS (MPa)
ZONE FIBER e(mm) (MPa) (MPa) STATE
(MPa)
A top 0 -1.913 6.55 4.64 5.8 OK
bottom 0 -1.913 -6.55 -8.46 -20.0 OK

28
AB(sggin top 80 1.76 -3.35 -1.59 -20.0 OK
g)
bottom 80 -5.59 3.35 -2.24 4.8 OK
B top -70 -5.12 6.76 1.64 5.8 OK
bottom -70 1.30 -6.76 -5.46 -20.0 OK
B top -70 -5.12 10.38 5.8 OK
bottom -70 1.30 -10.38 -9.08 -20.0 OK
BC(sggin top 80 1.76 -5.23 -3.47 -20.0 OK
g)
bottom 80 -5.59 5.23 -0.36 4.8 OK
C top -70 -5.12 10.38 5.26 5.8 OK
bottom -70 1.30 -10.38 -9.08 -20.0 OK
C top -70 -5.12 6.76 1.64 5.8 OK
bottom -70 1.3 -6.76 -5.46 -20.0 OK
CD(sggin top 80 1.76 -3.35 -1.59 -20.0 OK
g)
bottom 80 -5.59 3.35 -2.24 4.8 OK
D top 0 -1.913 6.55 4.64 5.8 OK
bottom 0 -1.913 -6.55 -8.46 -20.0 OK

5.0 Ultimate limit state:

5.1 Determination of hyperstatic action:

Hyperstatic moments can be calculated either directly or indirectly (Alami, 1998b) for
skeletal members, such as beams and floor systems that are modeled as strips of isolated slab
frames , hyperstatic actions can be successfully calculated using both methods.

Indirect method is based on the following relationship:

Mhyp = Mbal – P.e

Where:
e = eccentricity of post-tensioning with respect to the neutral axis of the section (positive if
CGS is above the neutral axes otherwise negative).
Mhyp =hyperstatic moment.
Mbal = balanced moment due to balanced load.
P = post-tensioning force “positive

Balanced loads:

As described before:

29
 8 a n P av
W=
s²

- At support A: Figure 5.7 : moment diagram for balance load

Mbal= 232 KN.m , Pe = 3348 KN , e = 0.0 mm
Mhyp= (232) + (3348 X 0 / 1000) = 232 KN.m

- At center of span AB:

Mbal= -117.7 KN.m , Pe = 3348 KN , e = 45-125 = -80 mm
Mhyp= (-117.7) + (3348 X 80 / 1000) = 150.14 KN.m

- At left of support B:
Mbal= 238.1 KN.m , Pe = 3348 KN , e = -70 mm
Mhyp= (238.1) - (3348 X 70 / 1000) = 3.74 KN.m

- At right of support B:
Mhyp= (417.8) - (3348 X 70 / 1000) = 183.44 KN.m

- At center of span B-C:

Mhyp= (-209.7) + (3348 X 80 / 1000) = 58.14 KN.m

- At left of span C:
Mhyp= (417.8) - (3348 X 70 / 1000) = 183.44 KN.m

- At right of support C:
Mhyp= 3.74 KN.m

- At center of support C-D:

Mhyp= 150.14 KN.m

- At support D:
Mhyp = 232 KN.m

Figure 5.8 : Moment diagram for hiperstatic

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 Figure 5.9 : Moment diagram for dead load

Figure 5.10 :

5.2 Total ultimate moment:

The load combination for ultimate strength

design: MU = 1.4 MD.L + 1.6 ML.L + 1.0 Mhyp

Figure 5.11 : Moment diagram for ultimate load pear panel

5.3 Design section:

Mu = fPb Aps (d- dn)

Where:

Mu = design moment of resistance of the section.

fPb = design tensile strength in the tendon.
Aps = area of prestressing tendon in the tension zone.
d = effective depth to the centroid of the steel area.
dn = depth of centroid of the compression zone = 0.45x.
x = depth of neutral axis

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b= effective width of the section.
- W hen d = 125 m m .
f pu Aps 1 8 6 0  3 0  1 0 0
  0 .1 2 7
fcubd 50  7000 125

f pe 1116
  0 .6
f pk 1860

From table 4.4 BS 8110. Sec 4.3.7.3 finds value of f Pb and x.

fPb = 1731.7 MPa
x = 3 6 .2 5 m m
dn = 0.45 x 36.25 = 16.3 mm
Mu = -1731.7 x 30 x 100 x (125-16.3) = -564 KN.m

W hen d = 205 m m .
f pu A ps 1 8 6 0  3 0  1 0 0
  0 .0 7 8
fcub d 50 7000 205
f pe 1 1 1 6
  0 .6
f pk 1 8 6 0

fPb = 1767 MPa

x = 3 5 .9 m m
dn = 0.45 x 35.9 = 16.14 mm
M u = 1 7 6 7 x 3 0 x 1 0 0 x ( 2 0 5 -1 6 .1 4 ) = 1 0 0 1 K N .m

- W hen d = 195 m m .
f pu A ps 1 8 6 0  3 0  1 0 0
  0 .0 8
fcub d 5 0 700 0195
f pe 1 1 1 6
  0 .6
f pk 1 8 6 0

fPb = -1767 MPa

x = 35.1 mm
dn = 0.45 x 35.1 = 15.8 mm
Mu = -1767 x 30 x 100 x (195-15.8) = -950 KN.m

5.4 Minimum un-tensioned reinforcement requirement:

Reinforcement required = 0.075% Ac

Ac = hb = 250 X 7000 = 1.75 X 106 mm2

As = 0.00075 X 1.75 X 106 = 1312.5 mm2

Use 7 T 16 = 1407 mm2

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The reinforcement should extend into the span by 0.2 span measured from the centerline of
the column and the width of strip is the column breadth plus 3 times the slab depth as shown
in figure below.

Figure 5.12 : Un-tensioned reinforcement details

6.0 Post tension losses:

6.1 Short term losses:
6.1.1 Friction losses:
P x =Po × e−μx(a +ϖ )

Where:

Px = Force at distance x from stressed end.

Po = 139.5 KN (Stressing force (at anchor)).
μ = 0.2 (friction coefficient).
α = angle change in tendon from anchor to point considered (radians).
ω = 0.0085 (“wobble” factor (radians/m))

Total drape

- Total drab for span A-B and span C-D: (18.6+26.3)/2 + 67.5 = 89.95 mm
- Total drab for span B-C: (30+30)/2 + 120 = 150 mm

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6.2 Wedge set losses
2 .6 .1 .1 W e d g e se t lo sse s:

B e c a u s e L e n g th o f th e te n d o n 2 6 m < 3 0 m s o u s e o n e liv e e n d .

δPw = 2 L’ P’

W h e re:

δPw = Force losses due draw-in.



E PS  PS
L ' (L e n g th o f th e te n d o n a ffe c te d b y d ra w -in ).
P' 
 (PA - PD )
P '  (S lo p o f th e fo rc e p ro file ).
(L1  L 2  L3 )

Δ = 6 mm (Wedge draw-in).
Eps = Modulus of elasticity of the tendon.
Aps = Area of the tendon.

(1 3 9 .5 -1 1 8 .2 )
P '  0 .8 2 K N
(8  1 0  8 )


( 6 X 1 0 -3 X 1 9 5 X 1 0 0 )
L '  1 1 .9 5 m < L e n g th o f th e te n d o n
0 .8 2

6.3 Shrinkage of concrete losses:

δPsh = εsh Eps Aps

εsh = 300 X 10-6

δPcr = (300 X 10-6X 195000 X 100) / (1000) = 5.85 KN

6.3 Relaxation of the tendon losses:

δPr = 1000 hour relaxation value x relaxation factor x the pre-stressed force at transfer.

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Pi =139.5 -10.84 – 19.6 – 0.725 = 108.3 KN

δPr = 0.035 X 1.5 X 108.3 = 5.69 KN

REFERENCE

 M.K. Hurst,(1988). prestressed concrete design, E & FN Spon, an imprint of Chapman & Hall,
New York
 2020, Riana South at Bukit Mandarina, retrieved from :
https://www.ijmland.com/rianasouth/
 2020, TDS Design contract sdn bhd, retrieved from:
https://buy.experian.com.my/index.php/search/Malaysia-Company/1232542/TDS-DESIGN-
CONTRACT-SDN-BHD
 2020, JUBM , retrieved from :
https://www.bqsm.gov.my/bqsm/a_public/images/folder/jubm/services.htm

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 2020, PTA design, retrieved from : https://www.jobstreet.com.my/en/companies/459551-
pta-design
 2020, Zaidun Leeng, retrieved from : https://www.jobstreet.com.my/en/companies/445309-
zaidun-leeng
 2020, SIS integrated , retrieved from : http://www.sisint.com.my/aboutus.html

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