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Properties of Fluids

1) Density or mass density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of the mass of a fluid to its volume. The SI unit of density is kg/m3. 2) Specific weight or weight density of a fluid is the ratio between the weight of a fluid to its volume. It is equal to the product of density and acceleration due to gravity. 3) Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to shear forces and is proportional to the rate of shear strain. The SI unit of viscosity is Ns/m2 or Pa·s. Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to fluid density.

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49 views

Properties of Fluids

1) Density or mass density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of the mass of a fluid to its volume. The SI unit of density is kg/m3. 2) Specific weight or weight density of a fluid is the ratio between the weight of a fluid to its volume. It is equal to the product of density and acceleration due to gravity. 3) Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to shear forces and is proportional to the rate of shear strain. The SI unit of viscosity is Ns/m2 or Pa·s. Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to fluid density.

Uploaded by

shreyas jadhav
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Properties of Fluids

Density or Mass Density.


• Density or mass density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of the mass of a fluid to its volume,
Thus mass per unit volume of a fluid is called density. It is denoted by the symbol 𝜌 (rho).
• The unit of mass density in SI unit is kg per cubic meter, i.e., 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 . The density of liquids
may be considered as constant while that of gases changes with the variation of pressure
and temperature.
maas of fluid
𝜌=
Volume of fluid
The value of density of water is 1 𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚3 𝑜𝑟 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 .
Specific Weight or Weight Density.
• Specific weight or weight density of a fluid is the ratio between the weight of a fluid to
its volume
• It is denoted by the symbol w.
Weight of fluid
𝑤=
Volume of fluid
(Mass of fluid)x Acceleration due to gravity
=
Volume of fluid
Mass of fluid x 𝑔
= =𝜌x𝑔
Volume of fluid

Specific Volume.
• Specific volume of a fluid is defined as the volume of a fluid occupied by a unit mass or
volume per unit mass of a fluid is called specific volume. Mathematically, it is expressed as
Volume of fluid
Specific volume =
Mass of fluid
1 1
= =
Mass of fluid ρ
Volume of fluid
• Thus specific volume is the reciprocal of mass density. It is expressed as 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔.
Specific Gravity.
• Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight density (or density) of a fluid to the
weight density (or density) of a standard fluid.
• For liquids, the standard fluid is taken water and for gases, the standard fluid is taken air.
Specific gravity is also called relative density. It is dimensionless quantity and is denoted
by the symbol S.
Weight density (density) of 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑆(𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑠) =
Weight density (density) of water
Weight density (density) of 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑆 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠) =
Weight density (density) of air
Thus weight density of a liquid= S x Weight density of water
= 𝑆 × 1000 × 9.81 𝑁/𝑚3
The density of a liquid
= 𝑆 × 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
= 𝑆 × 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3.
Viscosity
• Viscosity is defined as the property of a fluid which offers resistance to the movement of
one layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of the fluid.
• Shear stress acting between the fluid layers.
• This shear stress is proportional to the rate of change of velocity with respect to 𝑣.
• It is denoted by symbol 𝜏 (Tau).
𝑑𝑢
Mathematically, 𝜏 ∝ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢
𝜏 = 𝜇
𝑑𝑦

u+ du
dy u
du
y
Velocity Profile

u
Fig.1.1 Velocity Variation Near A Solid Boundry
Where 𝜇 is the constant of proportionality and known as co-efficient of dynamic viscosity
or any viscosity
𝜇
𝜇 = 𝑑𝑢
(𝑑𝑦 )

Thus viscosity is also defined as the shear stress required to produce unit rate of shear strain.
Units of Viscosity
𝑘𝑔𝑓−𝑠𝑒𝑐
• MKS unit of viscosity
𝑚2
𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒−𝑠𝑒𝑐
• CGS unit of viscosity
𝑐𝑚 2
• SI unit of viscosity = 𝑁𝑠/𝑚2
𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒−𝑠𝑒𝑐
• The unit of viscosity in CGS is also called Poise which is equal to
𝑐𝑚 2
1 1 1
• 1 poise = 10 𝑁𝑠/ 𝑚 , 1 centipoise = 100 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 OR 1𝐶𝑝 =
2
100
𝑝

Kinematic Viscosity.
• It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and density of fluid. It is denoted
by the Greek symbol (𝜗) called 'mu'
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 μ
𝜗= =
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 ρ
• In MKS and SI, the unit of kinematic viscosity is 𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 while in CGS units it is written as
𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠. In CGS units, kinematic viscosity is also known as stoke.
1 2
Thus, one stoke = 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠 = (100) 𝑚2 /𝑠

Newton's Law of Viscosity:


• It states that the shear stress (𝜏) on a fluid element layer is directly proportional to the rate
of shear strain. The constant of proportionality is called the coefficient of viscosity.
𝑑𝑢
𝜏= 𝜇
𝑑𝑦
• Fluids which obey the above relation are known as Newtonian fluids and the fluids which
do not obey the above relation are called Non-Newtonian fluids.
Variation of Viscosity With Temperature.
• Temperature affects the viscosity. The viscosity of liquids decreases with the increase of
temperature while the viscosity of gases increases with the increase of temperature. This
is due to reason that the viscous forces in a fluid are due to cohesive forces and molecular
momentum transfer.
• In liquids, the cohesive forces predominates the molecular momentum transfer, due to
closely packed molecules and with the increase in temperature, the cohesive forces
decreases with the result of decreasing viscosity. But in case of gases the cohesive forces
are small and molecular momentum transfer predominates.

Li q
ui d
s
Vi scocity

ses
Ga

Temperature
Fig. 1.2 variation of viscosity with temperature.
• With the increase in temperature, molecular momentum transfer increases and hence
viscosity increases.

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