PREPARED BY : HETA J DESAI

Unit 1 Windows Introduction

- Concept of Windows, Icon, Menu
- Desktop
- Creating Folders and Shortcuts
- Finding Files and Folders
- Creating, copying, moving and deleting files
- Window Explorer
- Basic DOS commands

Window
When user opens any file or application (Software) then computer displays the
window on screen. This window helps to work within the file or application.
Following is the example of window.

Menu Bar Title Bar Tool Bar

Vertical
Scroll Bar

Horizontal
Scroll Bar

Tool Bar

Window objects (Parts):

- Title Bar: Title bar is the first line of the window. It displays the name of the
application and name of the file to the left hand side. It displays Minimize,
Maximize, Restore and close button to the right hand side. It also displays
the Quick Access tool box to the left hand side which shows the options of
move, maximize, minimize, close etc.

- Menu Bar: Normally, it is the next line of the title bar. The commands
available in application can access using menu bar.

Page 1 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

- Scroll Bar: Scroll bar is used to move the document window to the left,
right, up or down. Horizontal scroll bar is used to move the window left and
right. Vertical Scroll bar is used to move window up and down.

- Tool Bar: It is used to apply command directly in place of performing numbers of

steps of menu bar. Ex: Formatting tool bar, standard tool bar etc.

- Status Bar: It is the last line of the window. It shows the current status of
the file, cursor etc.

Types of windows:
1. Application Window: When user opens any application then one window is
opened. This window is known as application window. It is known as
parent window. Ex: MS Word, MS Excel window.

2. Document Window: The window which is opened within parent window is

known as document window. This is the place where user can type data.
(In above figure, see to the right hand side there are two close buttons.
First close button is of application window where as second close button is
of document window.)

3. Folder Window: This window is opened when user opens folder. This
window displays the files and subfolders available in the opened folder.
See the following figure.

Page 2 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

Operations of windows:
1. Moving a window with mouse:
Perform following steps:
- Select the window which you want to move from one place to another.
- Move the mouse pointer to the title bar of the window.
- Apply left click and hold it.
- Move the window to the location where you want to move.
- Release the mouse button after moving.

2. Moving a window with keyboard:

Perform following task:
- Press (Alt + Spacebar) using key board.
- It opens the control box to the left top of the window which contains many
options.
- Press M key to apply move command.
- Now use Arrow key to move the window on screen.

3. Maximize, Minimize, Resizing and closing a window with

mouse: Perform following steps:
- Title bar of the window contains maximize, minimize, restore and close
button to the right hand side.
- Select the maximize button to maximize the window.
- Select minimize button to minimize window.
- Select restore button to restore the window.
- Select close button to close the window.

4. Maximize, Minimize, Resizing and closing a window with

keyboard: Perform following task:
- Press (Alt + Spacebar) using key board.
- It opens the control box to the left top of the window which contains many
options.
- Press X to maximize window
- Press N to Minimize window
- Press R to Restore window
- Press C to Close window.

Icon:
Icon is the small graphical picture which represents file, application, folder, device and
other computers. The icon also displays the text as a name. Following are the examples:

Page 3 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

Menu:
Menu is displayed from the Menu bar of the window. File menu, Edit menu, View
menu etc. are available in menu bar. Each menu contains many commands
which are displayed with some name. This name contains the underline to one
letter. It helps to access the same command using shortcut key. (Ex: File Menu -
> New means Alt + F + N is the shortcut key for it.)

Desktop:
The first screen of windows operating system is known as Desktop.
- It provides the interface between User and applications.
- The desktop contains many objects like recycle bin, my computer, my
network place, and task bar.
- It can show wallpaper.
- It also displays many shortcuts created by users.
- The applications which are available in computer can access using the
start button of the task bar.
- It contains many Icons as well as shortcuts.

Desktop Components:

1. Task Bar:

It is located at the bottom of the Desktop. It contains start button to the left
hand side. Right hand side it contains System date and time, Volume
control and other shortcuts. All the opened as well as minimized files are
also displayed to the task bar. Start Button is used to open any application
available in computer. User can even change the position of Task bar to
the top, left or right of the screen.

How to select command (application) using START

Menu? Perform the following steps:
- Drag the mouse to the Start button.
- Click on Start Button.
- (One menu is displayed) Move the mouse to the application which you
want to open.
- Make left click from mouse on selected application.

2. Icon:
User can keep many applications, files and folders on Desktop. All these
display with Icon. These icons are displayed normally to the left hand side
of the desktop. User can re-position the icon based on his liking.

Page 4 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

How to arrange Icon on desktop?

Perform the following tasks:
- To re-arrange the position of icon on desktop first of all check whether
the “Auto Arrange” option is ON or OFF.
o Apply right click to the mouse on the blank area of the
desktop. o Select “Arrange Icon By” submenu.
Submenu contains many options
like: Name
Type
Size
Date
Auto arrange etc.

o If the Tick mark is there to the left hand side of “Auto Arrange”
option then again click on it to remove the tick mark.
- Select the Icon which you want to move.
- Drag icon to the place where you want to place it on desktop screen.
- Release Mouse.
- Desktop shows this icon to the new place.

3. My computer:

My computer is used to display all the drives’ information. It is used to

open the stored files or folders of the selected drive.

How to open My computer:

- From the Desktop, select the My computer icon.
- Double click on the icon using mouse.
- Following window of My computer is displayed on screen.

Page 5 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

- The window displays C, D, E, F drives information and DVD drive, Pen Drive etc.

User can open the My Computer using Start menu. Steps are as follows:
- Click on Start menu.
- Select the My computer option from the menu.

Tasks which can perform using My Computer:

- Access files and folders:
When user double clicks on any of the drives’ icon then user is able to
access the folders as well as files stored in it.

- Search Files:
From the right hand side of the My computer window, there is option for
“Search”. Using this option, any file can find from selected drive.

- Check property:
User can see the property of selected file, folder or drive. Select the drive,
file or folder and make right click, user is able to see the menu. Select the
Property option. It displays one window. It contains used space, free
space, exact path of the selected area,

Page 6 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

4. Recycle Bin:

Recycle bin is an icon on the Windows desktop. It represents a directory

where deleted files are temporarily stored. This allows you to retrieve files
which are deleted by mistake.
After some time, it is necessary to recycle bin to free up space on your hard
disk. You can also configure Windows so that it doesn't use the recycle bin at
all, but then you won't be able to retrieve accidentally deleted files.
Items in the Recycle Bin remain there until you permanently delete them from
your computer. These files can be restored back to their original location.

Perform following steps to restore files:

- Open Recycle bin folder from desktop.
- Select the file which you want to restore.
- Make right click to the file using mouse.
- Select Restore option from menu.
- (Then the file is removed from recycle bin and forwarded to its original location.)

5. My Network Place (Network Neighborhood):

Network Neighborhood is used to open other computer’s information to our

place. If your computer is in Network (Connected with other computers) then
using My network place, all opened computers can be visible and can access.
User is able to access only those files and folders which are shared by the
computer. Based on the permission given to the user, he is able to access the
files in either read only mode, or in read write mode.

Perform following steps:

- Select My network Place option from Desktop.
- Double click on it.
- It opens one window in which many computers’ name (Domain names)
are displayed.
- Select any one of the computer and double click on it.
- It displays all those files and folders which are shared by selected computer.

If My network place folder is not available on Desktop then user can access it from
the left part of the My computer window. (My network place or Network) option is
available. Make single left click and user is able to access the Network’s computers.

Page 7 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

Windows Explorer:
Window Explorer is the file manager which manages the files and folders stored
in computer. It allows user to access files and folders from one location.
The window is divided into two parts: the Left part (pane) is used to display the
Directory tree and the right part (pane) is used to display the files and folders’
information of the selected folder.

How to open Windows Explorer?

Perform the following task:
- Move mouse pointer to Start button of Task Bar.
- Apply right click to the start button.
- Select Windows Explorer or Explore option from sub-menu.
- Select the any drive from left pane. You can see the files and folders of
selected drive to the right pane.

It provides following facilities:

1. User can see the content of the selected drive and selected folders.
2. User can move, copy, delete and rename files and folders.
3. User can finds out files.
4. User can open the content of two windows simultaneously.
5. User can sort the files by name, by file size, by type (name of application) etc.
6. Files are displayed in hierarchy. So explorer can also gives the facility to
navigate previous and next level. etc.
7. User can format the disk using explorer. Perform following steps:
a. Select the drive from left pane.
b. Right click using mouse.
c. Select FORMAT option from the menu

Page 8 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

d. It displays one window then click on start button to start formatting.

Control Panel:
Control panel is used to control the computer system. Ex: Display of the window
can be changed, any program can be removed or installed, printer can be set
etc. To open control panel perform following steps:
- Select the Start Button from task bar.
- Select the Control Panel option from this menu.
- It displays one window.

- Select the icon which you want to perform. To see the detailed information
of the icon, click on it.
- It allows you to change the setting of the system.

Shortcut:
Shortcut is a path prepared to run any application or program easily and fast.
Perform the following task to create shortcut:
- Move pointer of cursor to blank area of desktop.
- Apply right click.
- It displays one menu.
- Select the New option which displays another sub-menu.
- Select the Shortcut option from it.

Page 9 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

- It displays following dialog box.

Page 10 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

- Select Browse button from it. It displays one dialog box

- Select the path whose shortcut you want to create or you can type the path or
.exe file to the text box.
- Press next button and give name to the shortcut.
- Press finish button.

Files and Folders:

File:
File is the collection of data which are stored in storage device. The file can be
one of the following:
- Document file: This file contains text as well as pictures in it. Ex: Biodata of user.
- Image file: This file contains picture. Ex: Picture of Taj Mahel.
- Audio file: This file contains audio recorded data. Ex: songs which we play
in computer.
- Video file: This file contains the audio visual data. Ex: Movies which we
play in computer.
- Program file: This file contains the program. The software which we access in
computer also of this type. Ex: MS Word, C program files.
- Database file: The file which is used to store data of students, employees etc are
of this type. Ex: Mark-sheet of the students prepared in MS Excel, or MS Access.

Folder:
Folder is also known as directory. It is the place where multiple files can store.
User can create many sub-folders in one folder. It helps user to keep similar files
and folders to one place.

Page 11 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

The computer stores data in form of directory tree. It becomes easy to find any
information from computer because of its hierarchical structure of directory. Here
in root all drives are there and files and folders are there in next levels.

How to create folder on Desktop?

Perform the following steps:
- Move pointer of cursor to blank area of desktop.
- Make right click.
- It displays one menu.
- Select the New option which displays another sub-menu.
- Select the Folder option from it.

- It display New folder on desktop.

- Give name to this folder.

How to create folder in computer?

User can create folder to any storage device. (Means in directory structure)
Perform the following task:
- Open Window Explorer. From this window, select any drive from left pane.
- To the right pane, it displays files and folders of the selected drive.
- Right click the mouse button to the blank area of the right pane.
- One menu displays. Select New option from it.
- It displays the submenu in which Folder option is available. Click it.

Page 12 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

- It displays the folder icon to the right pane.

- Give name to the folder.

How to rename a file or folder?

To change the name of the file or folder, perform the following task:
- Select the file or folder whose name you want to change.
- Make right click on it.
- It displays one menu. Select the rename option from it.
- Computer allows you to change the name. Rewrite the name to selected
file or folder.

How to select the files?

To select the files using Window Explorer, perform the following steps:
- Select the drives from the left pane of window explorer.

Page 13 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

- Double click over it or click on + sign which is available with drive.

- List of folders can display to the left pane.
- Select the folder in which the file is available.
- Apply single click to the file from right pane.

Copy File:
Using Mouse:
Following are the steps to copy files from one folder to another using mouse:
- Open Window Explorer.
- Open the folder whose file you want to copy.
- Select the file from right pane and apply right click of mouse.
- Select Copy option from menu.
- Select the folder where you want to copy the file.
- Apply right click of the mouse and apply paste option.

Using Keyboard:
Following are the steps to copy files from one folder to another using keyboard:
- Open Window Explorer.
- Select the folder whose file you want to copy.
- Select the file and press “Ctrl + C”.
- Select the folder where you want to copy the file.
- Press “Ctrl + Y”.

Moving File:
Using Mouse:
Following are the steps to move files from one folder to another using mouse:
- Open Window Explorer.
- Open the folder whose file you want to move.
- Select the file from right pane and apply right click of mouse.
- Select Cut option from menu.
- Select the folder where you want to move the file.
- Apply right click of the mouse and apply paste option.

Using Keyboard:
Following are the steps to move files from one folder to another using keyboard:
- Open Window Explorer.
- Select the folder whose file you want to move.
- Select the file and press “Ctrl + X”.
- Select the folder where you want to move the file.
- Press “Ctrl + Y”.

Page 14 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

CUI and GUI:

GUI and CUI both allows user to interact with computer.
CUI (Character User Interface) or (Command User Interface)
- User can interact with computer by specifying no. of commands.
- Display the result in black and white form.
- User cannot use mouse.
- User can open only one application at a time.
- DOS operating system allows user to interact using CUI.

GUI (Graphical User Interface)

- User can interact with computer graphically.
- User can use illustrations rather than text
- User can use icons.
- User can use mouse.
- User can open more than one windows screen at a same time.
- User can provide highly integrated environment in which different
applications have same look. So user familiar with one application can
easily work with another application.
- Windows operating system allows user to interact using GUI.

Control Panel:
1. Task Bar and Start Button:
Select the control panel and “Task bar and start button” option from window. It
displays the task bar property dialog box.

Page 15 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

- User can change the appearance of the taskbar.

o User can lock the task bar or can change the position of the task bar.
o User can automatically hide the task bar. If this option is selected
then it is visible when the mouse pointer is moved over it.
o User can displays the icons of small size on task bar.
o User can set the position of the taskbar either to the left, right, top
or bottom.

2. Date and Time:

Select the Control Panel and “Date and time” option. It display the following
dialog box which allows user to change the system time and system date.

First dialog box contains the button for “Change date and time”. Click on
this button, to change date and time.
It shows the second dialog box which displays the calendar as well
as clock from where the date and time can be changed.

3. Desktop Gadgets:
Select Control Panel and “Desktop Gadget” option to display gadgets on
desktop. It displays the dialog box which consists of many gadgets. Select
any of it to display on Desktop.

Page 16 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

4. Mouse:
Select the Control Panel and “Mouse” option. It displays the property
dialog box of the Mouse.

- Using this dialog box, user can switch the left and right button’s working.
- Using Pointer option, the pointer can be changed.
- User can change the speed of double click.
- The visibility of the pointer can be changed.

Page 17 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

DOS commands:

The full of DOS is Disk Operating System. It is an operating system which allows
the user to interact with computer using commands. It provides CUI to the user. It
is the single user, single task operating system.
Following are the steps to move to MS-DOS from Windows operating system:
- Click on Start Button from taskbar.
- Select Program + Accessories + Command Prompt options.
-

Or
- Click on Start Button + Run + cmd command.

It displays following window. It is known as command prompt. Type the

commands you want to perform and get the result.

Page 18 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

There are two types of Commands available:

Internal Commands External Commands

1 These commands are contains in These commands are not in built available
command.com file of MS DOS. in MS DOS.
2 These are built into command These are not included in the interpreter.
interpreter.
3 There isn’t need of any external file in There is a need of internal file in the
computer to read these commands. computer to read these commands.
4 These commands don’t vary from These may vary from system to system.
system to system (Any two computers with same MS dos
version may have different external
commands.

Internal Commands External Commands

1. CD / CHDIR 10. MKDIR / MD 1. ATTRIB
2. DIR 11. EXIT 2. EDIT
3. COPY 12. TYPE 3. TREE
4. REN 13. RD / RMDIR 4. XCOPY
5. DEL / ERASE 14. PROMPT 5. FORMAT
6. DATE 15. VOL 6. LABEL
7. TIME 16. HELP 7. DISKCOPY
8. CLS 8. DOSKEY
9. VER 9. COPY CON

Internal Commands:

1. CD or CHDIR:
CD command is used to change directory.
Syntax: CD directory name
Ex: C:\cd fybca move the command prompt from C: to C:\fybca>

CD.. Command is used to move to the parent directory of the current

directory.
Ex: C:\fybca> cd.. Move prompt to: C:>

CD\ command is used to move to the root directly.

Ex: C:/fybca/pcsoftware> cd\ directly move prompt to C:>

Page 19 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

2. DIR:
DIR command is used to see the list of files and sub-directories of the
currently selected directory.
Syntax:
DIR [drive:\path\files] [/p] [/w] [/L] [/A[[:]attributes]] [/B] [/D][/O [[:] sort
order]] /p: Pause temporary when file list fill the screen.
/w: displays the file name with extension only.
/L: displays the files and directories in lower case letters.
/A: Displays files and directory based on attributes. The attributes are as follows:
Attributes:
D : Directories R : Read only files
H : Hidden Files S : System files
“-“ With attribute means NOT. Ex: /A-D: Displays only file list.
/B: Display bare format. (No heading information or summary)
/D: Display the list column wise.
/O: Display the list based on given sorted order. The sorted orders can be one of
the following:
Sort order:
N : By name (Alphabetical) S: By size (Smallest first)
E: By extension (Alphabetical) D: By date/time (Oldest first)
G: Group Directories first. “-“ Prefix to reverse order.
Ex: DIR /O-N Display the files and directory in descending order by name.

3. COPY:
COPY command is used to copy file from one place to
another. Syntax: COPY source destination

Ex: To copy one file from one directory to another:

COPY c:\fybca> biodata.doc c:\sybca>
This command make duplicate copy of biodata file of FYBCA and copy it
to the SYBCA folder.

Ex: To copy multiple files from one folder to another:

COPY C:\fybca>*.doc c:\sybca>
This command copies all the .doc files from fybca folder to sybca folder.

4. REN:
REN command is used to rename
file. Syntax: REN old_file new_file

Ex: REN biodata.doc resume.doc

This command changes biodata.doc file’s name with resume.doc. (Means
the name of the file is changed but the content of the file is not changed.)

Page 20 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

5. DEL / ERASE:
DEL command is used to delete the
file. Syntax: DEL filename
DEL [/P] [/F] [/S] [/Q] [/A[[:]attributes]]
names or
ERASE [/P] [/F] [/S] [/Q] [/A[[:]attributes]] names
/P Prompts for confirmation before deleting each file.
/F Force deleting of read-only files.
/S Delete specified files from all subdirectories.
/Q Quiet mode, do not ask if ok to delete on global wildcard
/A Selects files to delete based on attributes
Attributes
R Read-only files S System files
H Hidden files A Files ready for archiving
“-“ Prefix meaning NOT.

Ex: DEL resume.doc This command deletes the resume.doc file from
current directory.
Ex: DEL *.doc This command deletes all the files whose extension is .doc.
Ex: DEL *.doc /A-R This command deletes all files whose extension is .doc
except Read only files.

6. Date:
This command displays or set the system date. It displays the date in the
format MM-DD-YY.
Syntax: DATE date
Ex: DATE Displays the system date and asks for new date.
Ex: DATE 12-25-2015 Sets the system date to given date.

7. Time:
This command displays or set the system time. It displays the time in the
format HH:MM:SS.
Syntax: TIME time
Ex: TIME Displays the system time and asks for new time.
TIME 12:23:23 Sets the system time to given time.

8. CLS:
This command is used to clear the
screen. Syntax: CLS

9. VER:
This command is used to display the window version of DOS.
Syntax: VER
Ex: VER Result is => Microsoft Windows [Version 6.1.7601]

Page 21 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

10. MD or MKDIR:
This command is used to create new directory or
subdirectory. Syntax: MD drive:/path directory
MD directory_name
Ex: MD C:/fybca result Create subdirectory (result) in FYBCA directory.
MD result Create subdirectory (result) in current directory.
MD a/b/c/d Create a, sub directory b, sub dir c, sub dir d.

11. EXIT:
This command is used to exit from command
prompt. Ex: C:/>EXIT

12. TYPE:
This command is used to open and read the saved file. It displays the content
of the file in command window. You can only read it but cannot edit it.
Syntax: TYPE <filename>

13. RD or RMDIR:
This command is used to remove the empty sub-directory. (First go to the
drive prompt and apply the command. It removes the directory if it is empty.)
Syntax: RD drive:\path\subdirectory [/S] [/Q]

/S: It is used to remove the empty directory tree.

/Q: (Quiet Mode). It is not going to ask to user if OK then remove a
directory tree with /S.

14. PROMPT:
This command is used to change the DOS command prompt. You can set
any new special prompt you want. The combination of special prompt
characters is also possible. If you use prompt command without any
option, the by default prompt is displayed.
Syntax: PROMPT [prompt text] [option]

Following are the special code used to set the prompt to special characters:
$A & (Ampersand) $H Backspace (erases previous
character)
$B | (pipe) $L < (less-than sign)
$C ( (Left parenthesis) $N Current drive
$D Current date $P Current drive and path
$E Escape code (ASCII code 27) $Q = (equal sign)
$F ) (Right parenthesis) $S (space)
$G > (greater-than sign) $T Current time
$V Windows XP version number

Page 22 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

Ex: PROMPT bca:-

Change the prompt to “bca:-“ in place of C:\>
PROMPT Display again the c:\> prompt.

15. VOL:
VOL command is used to displays the volume information about the
designated drive. It displays the volume label and serial number if they exist.
Syntax: VOL [drive:]

16. Help:
This command displays the help of the given
command. Syntax: HELP [command]
Ex: HELP dir Display the help for DIR command.

External Commands:

1. Attrib:
This command helps to change or display the attributes of the file. File can
be declared as read-only, read-write, archived, non-archived, hidden,
system file. Syntax: ATTRIB modes file_path /s
/s: used when file name contains the wildcard
characters. Modes:
+R : Read only mode
-R : Read-Write mode
+A : Archived mode
-A : Not Archived mode
+H : Hidden mode
+S : System file
-S : Remove system file settings.

Ex: ATTRIB biodata.doc Display the attributes of the biodata file.

Ex: ATTRIB +R biodata.doc Change the attribute of biodata file to read
only. Ex: ATTRIB –R c:/fybca> *.doc /S Changes the attributes of all doc
files of fybca folder to read-write.

2. EDIT:
This command is used to open the file in full screen. It allows you to do
changes in the file.
Syntax: EDIT <filename>

Page 23 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

3. TREE:
This command displays the directory structure graphically of the specified
drive. Syntax: TREE [drive:][\path]

Ex: TREE Display the directory tree of the current location.

TREE c: Display the directory tree of the c drive.
TREE c:\fybca> Display the directory tree of the fybca folder.

4. XCOPY:
This commands copies all files from one disk to another drive.
Syntax: XCOPY <drive> <drive>
Ex: XCOPY f: *.* c:\ Copy all f drives’ files to C: drive.

Note: COPY f:*.* c:\ and XCOPY f:*.* c:\ both are used to copy files from
one drive to another. But XCOPY command is more flexible and fast. Many
options can apply with XCOPY.
XCOPY f: c: /S Command copy all files including subdirectories.
XCOPY c:\fybca\*.doc f: /p This command prompts you Y/N to confirm while
copying all files to another disk.

5. Format:
This command erases all the files from the specified drive. User can store new
files in this drive.
Syntax: FORMAT drive
Ex: FORMAT c: Erase all files from c:

Page 24 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017

 PREPARED BY : Heta Janardan Desai

6. Label:
This command is used to view or change the label of the computer disk
drives. Syntax: LABEL [drive:] [label]

7. Diskcopy:
This command copies complete contents of one disk to
another disk. Syntax: DISKCOPY [drive1: [drive2:]] [/l] [/V] [/M]
/l: Copy only the first side of the disk.
/V: verify that the information is copied correctly.
/M: Force multi pass copy using memory only.

8. Doskey:
This command allows user to keep the history of commands used on the
computer. It allows frequently used commands to be used without having
to type the commands every time.
Syntax: DOSKEY macro = text
Create command macro named macro and sets its value to the text. After
defining macro, user can run the command by giving macro name directly
on command prompt.
Ex: DOSKEY bca=EDIT temp.txt This command creates bca macro
with given command.
Bca Now directly write macro name to execute same command.
(This command (macro) opens the temp file.)

9. COPY CON:
This command is used to create simple file from the DOS prompt. Ctrl + z
is used to save the file.
Syntax: COPY CON filename

Page 25 of 25

FOR FYBBA DIV A,B,C,D 9 September 2017