Scribd
Upload
109 views24 pages

Ch06-Deflection of Beams - Lecture

This chapter discusses beam deflection. [1] Key equations from ordinary bending theory are presented for calculating deflection. [2] Deflection is analyzed for single and multiple load regions using the bending equation and boundary conditions. [3] The superposition method is introduced for finding deflection under combined loads.

Uploaded by

Leo Wong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
109 views24 pages

Ch06-Deflection of Beams - Lecture

This chapter discusses beam deflection. [1] Key equations from ordinary bending theory are presented for calculating deflection. [2] Deflection is analyzed for single and multiple load regions using the bending equation and boundary conditions. [3] The superposition method is introduced for finding deflection under combined loads.

Uploaded by

Leo Wong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

MECH2413

Engineering Mechanics
Chapter 06: Deflection of Beams

1
Content

• In this chapter, we will discuss the geometric result of a


beam being stressed: Deflection.
• First of all, a summary of important equations are given
for the ordinary bending theory.
• Then the deflection in different cases are discussed.
1) Single region calculation (single equation)
2) Multiple region calculation (multiple equation)
3) Superposition

2
Ordinary Bending Theory
• Consider an ordinary (uniaxial) bending,

• Under equilibrium conditions, we have


𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑀
= −𝑞, =𝑉
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
Ordinary Bending Theory
• The bending moment M and the shear force V are
the resultants of the normal stresses σ (acting in the
x-direction) and the shear stresses  (acting in the z-
direction), respectively

𝑀 = න 𝑧𝜎𝑑𝐴 ; 𝑉 = න 𝜏𝑑𝐴 ; 𝑁 = න 𝜎𝑑𝐴


4
Ordinary Bending Theory
• The strain ε and the shear strain
γ describe the deformation of an
arbitrary element of the beam
with length dx and height dz.
𝜕𝑢
𝜀=
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢
𝛾= +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 = 𝐸
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢
𝜏 = 𝐺𝛾 = 𝐺( + )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
5
Ordinary Bending Theory

• The neutral axis is an axis in the cross section of a


beam along which there are no longitudinal stresses
or strains.

• If the section is symmetric, isotropic and is not


curved before a bend occurs, then the neutral axis is
at the geometric centroid.

6
Deflection curve
for normal stress

7
Deflection curve
• To determine the beam deflection, we have the
following assumption.

w’

8
Assumptions
• Every point of a cross section undergoes the same
deflection in the z-direction. This implies that the
height of the beam does not change due to bending:
𝑤=𝑤 𝑥
𝜕𝑤
𝜀𝑧 = =0
𝜕𝑧
• Plane cross sections of the beam remain plane during
the bending. In addition to the displacement w, a
cross section undergoes a rotation. The angle of
rotation ψ = ψ(x) is a small angle

9
Assumptions
The displacement u of a point P
which is located at a distance z
from the x-axis is given by
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑧 = 𝜓 𝑥 𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝑥, 𝑧 z
=𝜓 𝑥
𝜕𝑧
• These two assumptions are
sufficiently accurate in the case
of a slender beam with a
constant cross section or with a
slight taper.

10
Deflection curve
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝜓 𝑥 𝑧
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 = 𝐸 =𝐸 = 𝐸𝑧𝜓 ′
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢
𝜏 = 𝐺( + ) = 𝐺(𝑤 ′ + 𝜓)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝑁 = න 𝜎𝑑𝐴 = 𝐸𝜓 ′ න 𝑧𝑑𝐴

∴ 𝑀 = න 𝑧𝜎𝑑𝐴 = 𝐸𝜓 ′ න 𝑧 2 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐸𝐼𝜓 ′

This equation is called constitutive equation for the


bending moment. The quantity EI is referred to as
flexural rigidity or bending stiffness.
11
Deflection curve
• Provided the bending moment M and the flexural
rigidity EI are known, we can obtain the slope w’(x)
and the deflection w(x), also called the elastic line,
by integration. Since w’=𝜓 whose direction is
started from the neutral axis.

𝐸𝐼𝑤 ′′ 𝑥 = 𝑀
𝑥
𝐸𝐼𝑤 ′ (𝑥) = න 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 W’
0
𝑥 𝑥
𝐸𝐼𝑤 𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
0 0

12
Boundary conditions
• To determine the deflection, we need to make use
of the derived equations together with boundary
conditions.
• We can distinguish two types of boundary
conditions.
1) Geometrical boundary conditions are
statements concerning the geometrical
(kinematic) quantities w or w’.
2) Statical boundary conditions are statements
referring to the stress resultants V or M.

13
Boundary conditions

14
Single region example #1
• Consider a cantilever beam (flexural rigidity EI)
subjected to a concentrated force F. The system is
statically determinate as the bending moment can
be calculated from the equilibrium conditions

15
𝑀 = −𝐹(𝑙 − 𝑥)

𝐸𝐼𝑤 ′′ = 𝐹(𝑥 − 𝑙)
2
𝑥
𝐸𝐼𝑤 ′ = 𝐹 − 𝑙𝑥 + 𝐶1
2
𝑥 3 𝑙𝑥 2
𝐸𝐼𝑤 = 𝐹 − + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
6 2
16
Single region example #1
• The geometrical boundary conditions

lead to the constants of integration:

Hence, the slope and the deflection are obtained


as 2
′
𝐹 𝑥
𝑤 (𝑥) = − 𝑙𝑥
𝐸𝐼 2
𝐹 𝑥 3 𝑙𝑥 2
𝑤(𝑥) = −
𝐸𝐼 6 2
17
Single region example #1
• The maximum slope and the maximum deflection
(at x = l) are

′
−𝐹𝑙2 −𝐹𝑙3
𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼

18
Multiple region example #1
• A simply supported beam is subjected to a
concentrated force F at x = a

19
Multiple region example #1
• Solution:
The shear force V has a jump (discontinuity) at x =
a and the bending moment is given by

Two regions are separated: the regions I (0 ≤ x ≤ a)


and II (a ≤ x ≤ l).

20
Multiple region example #1

21
Multiple region example #1
There are two boundary conditions:

There are two matching conditions. Since there are


no jumps in the deflection or the slope, these quantities
are continuous at x = a:

22
Method of Superposition
Consider the beam below. It is subjected to a line load
q1 and a force F2. The deflection can be obtained
through a superposition method.

23
Method of Superposition

𝑤 = 𝑤1 + 𝑤2
′ ′ ′
𝑤 = 𝑤1 + 𝑤2
𝑀 = 𝑀1 + 𝑀2
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2

24

You might also like